Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids

Volume 2

Liquid Crystals and Ordered Fluids

Volume 1 - Proceedings of an American Chemical Society Symposium, New York aty, September, 1969

Volume 2 - Selected papers from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Chicago, August, 1973

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

Liquid Crystals and rfrdered Fluids

Volume 2

Edited by JULIAN F. JOHNSON Institute of Materials Science University of Connecticut StO"S, Connecticut

and

ROGER S. PORTER Materials Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK-LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Liquid crystals and ordered fluids.

Papers, from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry held in Chicago during the national meeting of the American Chemical Society, August 1973, of the 3d of a series of meetings; papers of the 1st are entered under the title: Ordered fluids and liquid crystals; papers of the 2d are entered under: Symposium on Ordered Fluids and Liquid Crystals, 2d, New York, 1969.

1. Liquid crystals-Congresses. I. Johnson, Julian Frank, 1923- ed. II. Porter, Roger Stephen, 1928- ed. III. American Chemical Society. Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry. QD923.L56 548'.9 74-1269

ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2729-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2727-1 DOl: 10/1007/978-1-4684-2727-1

Selected papers from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry held in Chicago during the national meeting of the American Chemical Society, August, 1973

@1974Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1974 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011

United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE

This volume represents a collection of selected papers from a symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry held in Chicago during the national meeting of the American Chemical Society, August, 1973. The response was remarkable to this "By Invitation" symposium on Ordered Fluids and Liquid Crystals. The size alone expresses the growth of the field. The number of contributions assembled here, for example, is approximately twice that at each of the two previous American Chemical Society symposia on this subject. Contributions from eleven countries were presented and this volume contains more than this number of papers from abroad.

The increased attention to liquid crystals has brought some interesting trends in the kinds of systems, the experimental methods, and the nature of the lahoratories involved. There has, for example, been an impressive increase in the number of academic studies on liquid crystals. The works herewith published also represent an im­pressive variety of traditional and novel eXperimental techniques for the study of liquid crystals. These include rheology, infrared spec­troscopy, dielectrics, ultrasonics, pulsed NMR, the Kerr effect, plus thermal and electrical conductivity.

The volume includes cohesive sets of papers in several distinct areas. Included are groupings of papers on both polymers and on aqueous systems. An additional set involves the new emphasis on studies of specific subclasses of smectic mesophases. A collection of papers on cholesteric structures is also included. The predominant set of studies continues to be in the area of nematic mesophases. This, of course, is due to the spectacular features of this mesophase type -with both realized and potential applications. The nematic compositions now under wide study thus commonly exhibit mesophase behavior near ambient temperature as the result of either special syntheses and/or compound blending. Consequently, 1:he effects of electromagnetic fields on nematic mesophases continue to receive wide attention as a result of the optical features which make them suitable for visual displays.

v

vi PREFACE

This volume represents a comprehensive extension of Volume I which was published in 1970 by the same editors and publishing house. A unifying subject index is provided at the back of each volume. These books thus hopefully provide an overview of the continuingly impressive crescendo of activity in the field of Ordered Fluids and Liquid Crystals.

September 20, 1974

Roger S. Porter, Head Polymer Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts

Julian F. Johnson Department of Chemistry and Associate Director Materials Research Institute University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut

Symposium Co-Chairmen and Editors

CONTENTS

The Binding of Divalent Ions to the Phosphoglycoprotein Phosvitin 1

Kart Grizzuti and Gertrude E. Perlmann

Liquid Crystalline Behavior of Biologically Important Lipids. Polyunsaturated Cholesterol Esters and Phospholipids 11

D. M. Small, C. Loomis, M. Janiak, G. G. Shipley

An E.P.R. Investigation of the Alignment of Two Smectic A Liquid Crystals 23

Arthur Berman, Edward Gelerinter, George C. Fryburg and Glenn H. Brown

Pretransitional Behavior in the Isotropic Phase of Homologous Compounds Showing Nematic and Smectic C Type Order 33

T. R. Steger, Jr., J. D. Litster and W. R. Young

Electric Field Effects in the Nematic and Smectic Phases of p-n-Nonyloxybenzoic Acid 39

L. S. Chou and E. F. Carr

Stability of Molecular Order in the Smectic A Phase of a Liquid Crystal 53

C. E. Tarr, R. M. Dennery and A. M. Fuller

Molecular Diffusion in the Nematic and Smectic C Phase of 4-4'-Di-n-Heptyloxyazoxybenzene (HOAB) 63

J. A. Murphy, J .-W. Doane and D. L. Fishel

Diffusion in Oriented Lamellar Phases by Pulsed NMR 67 Mingjien Chien, B. A. Smith, E. T. Samulski and C. G. Wade

vii

viii

Rotational Diffusion in the Nematic Phase: Part I K. S. Chu. B. L. Richards. D. S. Moroi and W. M. Franklin

Possible Phase Diagrams for Mixtures of 'Positive' and 'Negative' Nematic Liquid Crystals

Richard Alben

Vibrational Spectra of Liquid Crystals. VIII. Infrared Spectroscopic Measurements of Order in Nematics and Nematic Solutions

Bernard J. Bulkin. Terry Kennelly and Wai Bong Lok

Changes in Thermodynamic and Optical Properties Asso­ciated with Mesomorphic Transitions

J. R. Flick. A. S. Marshall and S. E. B. Petrie

Kinetics of Field Alignment and Elastic Relaxation in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals

T. S. Chang. P. E. Greene and E. E. Loebner

Studies on the Molecular Arrangement in Liquid Crystals by Polarization of Fluorescence

S. Sakagami. A. Takase. M. Nakamizo and H. Kakiyama

Molecular Order and Molecular Theories of Liquid Crystals

W. L. McMillan

A New Lyotropic Nematic Mesophase Robert C. Long. Jr. and J. H. Goldstein

NMR Studies of the Interaction between Sodium Ions and Anionic Surfactants in Some Amphiphile-Water Systems

H. Gustavsson. G. Lindblom. B. Lindman. N .-0. Persson and H. Wennerstrom

The Dependence of Some Properties of Aqueous Liquid Crystalline Phases on Their Water Content

Per Ekwall

Dielectric Relaxation in Lipid Bilayer Membranes S. Takashima and H. P. Schwan

CONTENTS

73

81

85

97

115

125

141

147

161

177

199

CONTENTS ix

Numerical Computations for the Flow of Liquid Crystals 211 Bruce A. Finlayson

The Investigation of Lipid-Water Systems. Part 5. Infra-red Spectra of Mesophases 225

M. P. McDonald and L. D. R. Wilford

Optical Properties of Nematic Poly-y-Benzyl-L-Glutamate 237 Donald B. DePre and James R. Hammersmith

Liquid Crystal-Isotropic Phase Equilibria in Stiff Chain Polymers 243

Wilmer G. Miller, Juey H. Rai and Elizabeth L. Wee

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Polypeptide Liquid Crystals 257 William A. Hines and Edward T. Samulski

Magnetic Relaxation of Poly-y-Benzyl-L-Glutamate Solutions in Deuterochloroform 267

B. M. Fung and Thomas H. Martin

Polymerization of P-Methacryloyloxybenzoic Acid and Methacrylic Acid in Mesomorphic N-Alkoxy-Benzoic Acids 277

A. Blumstein, R. Blumstein, G. J. Murphy, C. Wilson and J . Billard

Thermotropic Liquid Crystals. VI. The Preparation and Mesophase Properties of Asymmetrically 4,4'-Disubstituted Phenyl Benzoates 293

Mary E. Neubert, Leo T. Carlino, Richard D'Sidocky and D. L. Fishel

Effects of Certain Central Groups on the Liquid Crystal Properties of Dicarboxylic Esters 307

Lawrence Verbit and Robert L. Tuggey

Relations of Two Continuum Theories of Liquid Crystals 315 James D. Lee and A. Cemal Eringen

Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Supercooled MBBA 331 J. O. Kessler and J. E. Lydon

The Dielectric Properties of Nematic MBBA in the Presence of Electric and Magnetic Fields 341

P. G. Cummins, D. A. Dunmur and N. E. Jessup

x CONTENTS

Bulk Viscosities of MBBA from Ultrasonic Measurements 351 K. A. Kemp and S. V. Letcher

Order Parameters and Conformation of Nematic I!.-Methoxy­benzylidene-:e.-n-Butylaniline (MBBA) by NMR Studies of Some Specifically Deuterated Deriva-tives 357

Y. S. Lee, Y . Y . Hsu and D. Dolphin

The Anisotropic Electrical Conductivity of MBBA Containing Alkyl Ammonium Halides 367

Roger Chang

Continuum Theory of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 383 A. Cemal Eringen and James D. Lee

Chirality in Mixed Nematic and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 403 N. Oron, K. Ko, L. J. Yu and M. M. Labes

Cylindrically Symmetric Textures in Mesophases of Cholesteryl Esters 411

Fraser P. Price and Chan S. Bak

Induced Rotary Power in Ternary Mixtures of Liquid Crystals 421

James Adams, Gary Dir and Werner Haas

Conductivity Differences in the Cholesteric Textures 429 Gary Dir, James Adams and Werner Haas

Electro-Optical Properties of Imperfectly Ordered Planar Cholesteric Layers 437

C. J. Gerritsma and P. van Zan ten

Temperature Dependence and Rheological Behavior of the Shear-Induced Grandjean to Focal Conic Transition in the Cholesteric Mesophase 449

John Pochan, Peter Erhardt and W. Conrad Richards

Mesomorphic Behaviour of Optically Active Anils: 4-n-Alkoxybenzylidene-4 1-Methylalkylanilines 461

Y . Y. Hsu and D. Dolphin

Comments on the Relaxation Process in the Cholesteric-Nematic Transition 483

R. A. Kashnow, J. E. Bigelow, H. S. Cole and C. R. Stein

CONTENTS xi

Effects of Detergents on Isolated Rat Lymphocyte Plasma Membranes 495

D. N. Misra, C. T. Ladoulis, L. W. Estes, and T. J. Gill III

Heterocyclic Liquid Crystals and Some Air Force Applica-tions of Mesomorphic Compounds 507

Rudolph A. Champa

Catalysis in Micellar and Liquid Crystalline Phases 515 S. Friberg and S. I. Ahmad

Liquid Crystal Dynamics as Studied by EPR and NMR 525 I. Zupanci~, M. Vilfan, M. ~entjurc, M. Schara, F. Pusnik, J. Pid and R. Blinc

Influence of Molecular Structural Changes on the Meso-morphic Behavior of Benzylideneanilines 541

Zack G. Gardlund, Ralph J. Curtis and George W. Smith

Domain Formation in Homogeneous Nematic Liquid Crystals 557 J. M. Pollack and J. B. Flannery

Phase Diagram of Mixed Mesomorphic Benzylideneanilines -MBBA/EBBA 573

George W. Smith, Zack G. Gardlund and Ralph J. Curtis

Some Mechanistic Aspects of the Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Induced Circular Dichroism (LCICD) Pheno­menon

F. D. Saeva

Effect of Cholesteryl Alkanoate Structure on the Pitch of the Cholesteric Mesophase

Harry W. Gibson, John M. Pochan and DarLyn Hinman

On the Theories of Optical Reflection from Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Films

J. Shashidhara Prasad

Some Mesomorphic Properties of N- (p-Azidobenzylidene)­Anilines

Craig Maze and Henry G. Hughes

581

593

607

613

xii CONTENTS

Stable. Low Melting Nematogens of Positive Dielectric Anisotropy for Display Devices 617

G. W. Gray. K. J. Harrison. J. A. Nash. J. Constant. D. S. Hulme. J . Kirton and E. P. Raynes

Electric Field Induced Deformation in Nematic Phenyl Benzoates 645

G. Baur. A. Stieb and G. Meier

Kerr Effect in the Isotropic Phase of p-Azoxyanisole 657 N. W. Madhusudana and S. Chandrasekhar

Correlation Time of the Proton-Electron Interaction in MBBA with Traces of Nitroxyde Molecules 663

Jean-Pierre Le Pesant and Pierre Papon

Brillouin Scattering in the Isotropic Phase of MBBA 671 T. R. Steger. Jr. and J. D. Litster

Periodic Distortions in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal 677 Jacques Rault

Erasure of Textures Stored in Nematic-Cholesteric Mixtures 705 B. Kerllenevich and A. Coche

Rheological Properties of Thermotropic and Lyotropic Meso-phases Formed by Ammonium Laurate 711

B. Tamamushi and M. Matsumoto

Liquid Crystals. II. Liquid Crystalline Properties of Trans-cinnamic Acid Esters 723

Freeman B. Jones. Jr. and Joseph J. Ratto

Effect of Structure on the Stability of Nematic Mesophases 733 Michael J. S. Dewar. A. Griffin and R. M. Riddle

Quantum Chemical Evaluation of Intermolecular Forces in a Compound Producing Lyotropic Liquid Crystal: Part I. 743

R. K. Mishra and N. K. Roper

Quantum Chemical Evaluation of Intermolecular Forces in a Compound Producing Lyotropic Liquid Crystal: Part II. Consequences of Introduc-tion of a Dissimilar Molecule 759

R. K. Mishra and R. S. Tyagi

Index 773