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10/1/2018 1 Ether Glycerophospholipids

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Page 1: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Ether Glycerophospholipids

Page 2: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Platelet-activating Factor

Page 3: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Glycerophospholipids ‐ Plasmalogens

• Found in the cell membrane 

• Structure: 

Unsaturated fatty alcohol at C1 connected by ether bond

In mammals: at C3; phosphate + ethanolamine or choline

Sphingolipids

Page 4: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Ceramide: Fatty Acid joined to Sphingosine

HO‐CH‐CH=CH‐(CH2)12CH3O║

CH‐NH‐C‐(CH2)n‐CH3ICH2‐OH

Page 5: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Sphingomyelin is Phosphocholine Ester of Ceramide

HO‐CH‐CH=CH‐(CH2)12CH3O║

CH‐NH‐C‐(CH2)n‐CH3ICH2‐O      ‐CH2‐CH2‐N(CH3)3

+P

Page 6: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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GLYCEROL

FATTY ACID

FATTY ACID

PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROL

PHOSPHATE

ALCOHOL

Sphingophospholipids

Page 7: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Sphingophospholipids –Sphingomyelins & Ceramides

• Sphingomyelins: found in large amounts in brain & nerves

• Structure:– Sphingosine as the alcohol– Two nitrogenous bases: sphingosine itself & choline

– One long‐chain fatty acid– Phosphoric acid

• Ceramides: the amino group of sphingosine is attached to a F.A by an amide linkage

– Found in spleen, liver & RBCs

Page 8: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Glycolipids Lipids that contain carbohydrate residues

Sphingosine as the alcohol

Contains a very long‐chain fatty acid

They are present in cerebral tissue (cerebrosides)

Classification: number & nature of carbohydrate present;

Glycolipids are Formed by Linking one or More Sugars to Ceramide

Ceramide +

‐Glucose or Galactose   Cerebroside

‐Sulfated Galactose  Sulfatides

‐Oligosaccharide    Globoside

‐Oligosaccharide with NANA   Gangliosides

Page 9: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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N‐Acetylneuramininc Acid (NANA)

Page 10: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Steroid Nucleus

SteroidsA group of lipids that have fused‐ring structure of 3 six‐membered rings, and 1 five‐membered ring

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CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

HO

CH3

Steroids: • Cholesterol: The parent compound of all steroids

• Bile Salts ( Bile Acids)

• Steroid Hormones:

• Vitamin D

Page 12: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Cholesterol

The most important sterol in animal tissues as free alcohol or in an esterified form (with linoleic, oleic, palmitic acids or other F.A)

Steroid hormones, bile salts &vitamin D are derivatives

Tissues contain different amounts of it that serve a structural & metabolic role (adrenal cortex ≈ 10%, whereas, brain is 2%)

Reduces membrane fluidity

Sources: 

Can be synthesized in the body from acetyl‐CoA

In the diet (butter, milk, egg yolk, brain, meat & animal fat)

Does not exist in plants o stabilizing extended chains of FA due to hydrophobic interactions

Page 13: Lipids chemistry - nleaders.orgnleaders.org › ... › Lipids-chemistry-lecture-3.pdf · Microsoft PowerPoint - Lipids chemistry Author: DR.Faisal Created Date: 10/1/2018 10:04:28

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Bile acids• They are produced from oxidation of cholesterol in the liver 

• Produce cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids

• Get conjugated with glycine (mainly) to produce glycocholic, 

• Exist as sodium or potassium salts

Bile acids ‐ functions

• Their function is as follows:

1) Emulsification of lipids during digestion

2) Activation of pancreatic lipase

3) Help digestion & absorption of fat‐soluble vitamins

4) Solubilizing cholesterol in bile & prevent gall stone formation

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Pregnane Group (C21)

Estrane Group (C18) Androstane Group (C19)

Classes of steroid hormones

Class Source of the hormone

Progesta-gens

21 corpus luteum

Glucocorticoids,

21 adrenal cortex

Mineralo-corticoids

21 adrenal cortex

Andro-gens

19 testes

Estrogens 18 ovaries