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    LINUX OPERATINGSYSTEM

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    Linux is a free UNIX work

    alike operating system. It comes

    with full source code and oodles

    of UNIX freeware including the

    GNU C (and C++) compiler,Perl and Tcl / Tk.

    INTRODUCTION:

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    Linux runs on a variety ofcomputer architectures,

    including ARM, SPARC, Alpha,

    PowerPC, M68k, MIPS, andIntel.

    Linux is free on the Internet andyou can purchase CD-ROMs

    with Linux for about US$30-$50.

    INTRODUCTION:

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    Major companies are now

    endorsing Linux as a platformfor their wares, including IBM,

    Hewlett-Packard, Silicon

    Graphics, Oracle, Informix,

    and Sybase.

    INTRODUCTION:

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    Linux is an ideal platform for

    many potential users:With Linux, you can turn

    your PC into a UNIX

    workstation

    INTRODUCTION:

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    Users - who want to learn more about the UNIX

    operating system and the X Window System.

    Internet surfers - who want a powerful platform for

    cruising the Internet. System administrators - who want an alternative to

    expensive Windows systems and licensing issues.

    Programmers - who want a cheap home or small-

    business platform for developing software that can

    be used on other, more powerful UNIX systems.

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    HISTORY OF LINUX:Linux was created as an offshoot of Unix. It has

    more similarities to Unix than to any operatingsystems.

    As an operating system, Unix continues to be

    widely used in commercial environment, as well asin the educational world, although it is also often

    found running on todays client server intranet

    networks too.

    While versions of Unix have long been available

    for PCs, they never had the grace or power of the

    operating system available for minicomputers,

    mainframes and todays server.

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    In additional, the early commercial versions

    of Unix were costly, sometimes coating more

    than the PC hardware they were destined to\

    run onThis lack of accessibility ultimately gave

    birth day to Linux as a means to make an

    Unix-like operating system available on awidespread basis.

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    Evolution of Linux

    Richard Stallmand and the free software

    Foundation (FSF) began work on this

    alternative operative system in the mid-1980s.By the end of that decade, they had developed

    functional alternatives to every major Unix

    component except the kernel.Linux Torvalds at the university of Helsinki in

    Finland developed the original Linux Kernel

    in 1991.

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    In March 1992, version 1.0 of the kernel came

    into being, marking the first officially release

    of Linux. At this point, Linux ran most of thecommon Unix tools from compilers to

    networking software to X Windows.

    Linux continues to evolve as the pre-eminent

    Unix-clone operating system for PCs.

    Hardware support is now board, including

    the most popular and common peripherals;

    performance is strong, giving many pcspower comparable to that of mind range

    workstations such as Sun Microsystems

    SPARC systems.

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    Linux is even now ported to the

    PowerPC and Compaq alpha platforms,

    among others. Although technically

    todays Linux is not Unix because it fails

    to quality for the brand name, Linux is

    functionally equivalent to Unix almost

    every important way.

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    Linux is

    A Multi-user Operating SystemA Multitasking Operating System

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    Linux ApplicationAs an operating system, Linux can be used to

    develop almost any type of application. Amongthe applications available for Linux are the

    following:

    Text and word processing applicatiProgramming languagesX Windows

    Internet toolsDatabaseWindows & DOS Compatible SoftwareLinux as free software

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    Text and word processing

    application:Linux offers powerful tools for editing text

    files and processing text in an automated

    fashion.

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    Programming languages:

    A wide variety of programming and

    scripting languages and tools are available

    for Linux and all Unix operating systems.This abundance of programming tools

    makes it easy to develop new applications

    that can run not only on Linux but also onmost Unix and Unix like operating systems.

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    X Windows:

    X windows is Unixs answer to the

    graphically user interface. X windows is a

    highly flexible and configurable GUIenvironment that runs on Linux as well as

    on most Unix systems. Numerous

    applications that run in X windows help tomake Linux an easy to use operating

    systems.

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    Internet tools:

    In addition to supporting well known

    software such as Netscape and mosaic,

    Linux provide a wide range of internetsoftware, including character based and

    graphical mail-reading applications, the

    full range of software needed to create

    internet serves, plus complete network

    support to connect to the internet via a

    local network or modem.

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    Database:

    Linux provides a robust platform for

    running client server database

    applications. Today, oracle, Sybase andinformation all offer relational database

    products for Linux.

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    Windows and DOS

    compatibility software:Linux can be made to run DOS software

    with a high degree of stability and

    compatibility and offers several approaches

    to running windows software.

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    Linux as free software:

    Linux kernel and most of the applications

    written for Linux are available for free on the

    Internet, often with no restriction on the

    copying and redistribution of the software. to

    begin with, the Linux kernel is distributed

    under the GNU General Public License. This

    special software license, developed by stallmans free software foundation, promotes the

    open distribution and more importantly open

    development of software.

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    LINUX FEATURES:Version 7.1 of Red hat Linux offers several new

    features not found in earlier versions and stillnot found in all distribution of Linux. These

    features include the following:

    The 2.4 Linux KernelIntegrated PC hardware supportA diversity of platformsSupport for smaller devicesNew configuration toolsImproved X window systemsImprove performance Features

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    Few limits:

    The new kernel now supports a large

    amount of RAM (64 Gb), virtually

    unlimited multitasking and the ability tocreate a single volume over multiple disks

    for every large file.

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    LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS

    A number of organizations, somecommercial and some volunteer,

    collect together versions of all these

    programs with the Linux kernel,

    test that everything works together,

    and then release a what is called adistribution of Linux.

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    LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS

    Most distributions are more or lessequal. The main differences lie in

    platform support, administration,

    and installation. For example, the

    PowerPC distribution, as you'd

    guess, focuses on Linux forPowerPC platforms.

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    The main Linux distributions include:

    DebianKondaraMNU/LinuxLinux Mandrake

    LinuxPPCRedHatSlackware

    StampedeSuSETurboLinuxMostly Linux

    http://www.debian.org/http://www.kondara.org/http://www.kondara.org/http://www.linux-mandrake.com/http://www.linuxppc.com/http://www.redhat.com/http://www.slackware.com/http://www.stampede.org/http://www.suse.com/http://www.turbolinux.com/http://www.turbolinux.com/http://www.suse.com/http://www.stampede.org/http://www.slackware.com/http://www.redhat.com/http://www.linuxppc.com/http://www.linux-mandrake.com/http://www.kondara.org/http://www.kondara.org/http://www.debian.org/
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    HARDWARE SUPPORT

    Linux runs on a number of hardwarearchitectures. By far the main platform,

    though, is Intel systems. Linux supports

    most Intel PC hardware. Linux supports a wide variety of older

    hardware and can run fine on 386s and

    486s you may have lying around. Linux runs fine on laptops.

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    HARDWARE SUPPORT

    Most Linux systems run Intel-compatible

    chips, as Linux grew out of the PC arena.

    Linux runs on a number of other

    architectures, though, including Alpha,

    MIPS, and SPARC from the traditional

    UNIX RISC realm.So, there's a lot of support for Linux in

    the non-Pentium world.

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    LINUX SOFTWARE

    Linux includes most standard UNIX,

    networking, and X Window

    applications in most distributions.In addition, more and more

    commercial software vendors are

    supporting Linux.

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    OFFICE SOFTWARE FOR LINUX

    In general, there's a lot moresoftware available for Windows than

    Linux, particularly in the area of

    office productivity software. Even so,

    you can get a number of packages for

    Linux, including:

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    OFFICE SOFTWARE FOR LINUX

    OpenOffice,org (open-source StarOffice)

    StarOfficeApplixWareCorel WordPerfect Office 2000

    AbiWord open source word processor very

    much like Microsoft Word.Siag Office, it sucks less.KDE KOfficeMaxwell word processorFreshmeat List of Office Applications

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    Desktop Applications

    Use Application

    Text editor nedit

    Text editor emacs

    Word Processor AbiWord

    Office Suite OpenOffice.orgEmail (text only) elm

    Email (graphical) Ratatosk

    Web browser Mozilla

    http://nedit.org/http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/info/info/emacshttp://www.abisource.com/http://www.openoffice.org/http://www.openoffice.org/http://www.tkrat.org/http://www.mozilla.org/http://www.mozilla.org/http://www.tkrat.org/http://www.openoffice.org/http://www.openoffice.org/http://www.abisource.com/http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/htbin/info/info/emacshttp://nedit.org/
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    WINDOWS APPLICATION LINUX: WINE

    WINE is a Windows applicationexecution environment that runs under

    Linux on Intel systems. With WINE, you

    can run many Windows applications,sort of like Sun's older WABI package,

    or Insignia's Soft PC. WINE, though, is

    free.The current status of WINE is available

    on the Web, along with a list of Windows

    applications and how well they work.

    H d R i t

    http://www.winehq.com/http://www.winehq.com/
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    Hardware Requirement

    For an ideal Linux based PC your computer must have

    the following :

    An IBM Compatible PC with minimum 80386.

    80486 is better.

    Any processor from Intel, Sparc , Alpha or AMDMinimum 128 MB RAM

    Minimum 2 GB free hard disk space

    Input devices such as keyboard, mouse etc.

    Controller cards such as SCSI, IDE, etc

    A Network card such as ISA, PCI, re USB etc.

    Sound card compatibility to Linux

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    Software Requirements

    A partitioning program such as

    fdisk or disk druid supplied by Red

    HatLinux Software package

    Linux Directories

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    Linux Directories

    Root(/)

    /bin - Contains Exe files/dev Contains Special device files/etc Contains all the systems wide

    config. information as text file

    /kernel Contains kernel specific code/lib Contains the library file/mnt Contains device(except harddisk)

    mounting files/tmp Contains temporary files/usr Contains the home directories ofthe users, source text for the online

    manual pages.

    St F I t ll ti Li

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    Steps For Installation LinuxInsert the CD in a M/c With new Hard disk

    Start the system

    Select the mode (Graphics)

    Create the different partitionRoot ( Preferebly 2GB)

    Boot (64 to 128 MB)

    Swap ( Double of RAM)

    Format the partition

    Select LILO for dual booting

    Select MBR for dual booting

    Provide the network address

    Select the appropriate firewall

    Set language & time format

    Set administrator password

    Select encryption method

    Install the required packages

    Reboot the systems

    M d f Li ti

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    Mode of Linux operation

    Text modeGraphics mode

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    Switching between different mode

    CTRL+ALT+F1- F6

    CTRL+ALT+F7

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    Commands of Linux

    dir

    cat cp

    rm

    mkdir

    chdir rmdir

    ls

    vi

    chmod