linux basic course ionrivera
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
1/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
LINUX Basic Course&apoleon 'ivera
(L) - DC* )&+
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
2/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
Introduction
What is Linux?
The Story of Linux.
How Linux is Built?
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
3/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
Linux Basic Course
Part 1 - S Installation !H"LPart 2 - Basic Co##andsPart - User and $rou%
&d#inistrationPart - Linux 'ilesyste#( 'iles and)irectoriesPart / - Hel% Utilities( User*asswordPart - SudoPart - 'ile *er#issions and &ccess
Part - &CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
4/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art -4* +n"tallation 'H5L
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
5/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
S Installation
Prere6#i"ite7
1. 8mware 9ork"tation 8er"ion .0
2. 'H5L:.2i i"o
. (vaila$le di"k "pace 2/; - root directory.> - c#rrent directory.>command:name
- run a command in the current directory when the currentdirectory is not on the path..> - parent directoryM - home directory
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
35/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
*athna#es
&/solute *athna#es($"ol#te i" typing the complete pathname G> i" there!erenceKionrivera"and$o@NO cd >etc>y#mKionrivera"and$o@NO
Brin,s you to the 7etc7yu# folder
!elati2e *athna#es 8.79Kionrivera"and$o@NO l"pl#gincon!.d y#m-#pdate"d.con!Kionrivera"and$o@NO cd .>pl#gincon!.d
he ..A - will go one level #p in the Ile "y"tem
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
36/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
'ile 2iewin, and #ani%ulation
Co##and )escri%tion
#+dir =ake" a directory1le Determine" Ile type
2iew Di"play" the content o! the Ile
cat to concatenate or type the content o! the Ile on "creen
touch Change" Ile time"tamp"
c% Copie" Ile" or directorie"
#2 =ove" Ile" or directorie". +t i" al"o #"ed a" renaming tool.
r# Delete" Ile" or directorie"
r#dir Delete" an empty directory
ln =ake" a link or pointer
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
37/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art :)"er and ;ro#p
(dmini"tration
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
38/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
wo =ethod"71. ;raphical )"er =anager ool2. Commandline ool
&dd a New User
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
39/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
&dd a New User
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
40/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.0
&dd a New User
(dd new #"er" !rom the command-line. *tart a terminal window"e""ion GApplications -> Accessories -> Terminal and at thecommand prompt enter a command "imilar to the !ollowing7
useradd ;# user0na#e< useradd ;# ionri2era
di i h i f
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
41/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.1
he propertie" o! a #"er may $e changed #"ing the "ame )"er
=anager tool #"ed to add a #"er a" o#tlined a$ove.. 9ork thro#gh thevario#" "creen" in the )"er Propertie" dialog !or the "elected #"er andclick on the 4B $#tton to apply the change".
"ditin, the *ro%erties of a User
) l i U
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
42/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.2
*elect the #"er to $e deleted and click on Delete. ( conIrmationdialog will appear providing the option to delete the #"erJ" homedirectory and temporary Ile". +! yo# wi"h to proceed, click onDelete.( #"er acco#nt may al"o $e deleted !rom command-line #"ing theuserdel#tility7
)eletin, User
+t i" al"o po""i$le to remove the #"erJ" home directory andmail "pool a" part o! the deletion proce""7
userdel user0na#e
userdel 3r user0na#e
&ddi $
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
43/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
&ddin, new $rou%
&ew gro#p" are added either #"ing the )"er =anager graphical tool, or$y #"ing the gro#padd command-line tool.
U * i t $
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
44/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
Lin#@ #"e" a user private groupG UPG "cheme, which make" )&+gro#p" ea"ier to manage. ( #"er private gro#p i" created whenever anew #"er i" added to the "y"tem.+t ha" the "ame name a" the #"er !or which it wa" created and that#"er i" the only mem$er o! the #"er private gro#p.
User *ri2ate $rou%
&ddi $
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
45/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
o add a gro#p !rom the command line, #"e the gro#padd#tility.
&ddin, new $rou%
,rou%add ,rou%0na#e
%tion )escri%tion
3f( 33force 9hen #"ed with -ggidand gidalready e@i"t", gro#padd
will choo"e another #ni6#e gid!or the gro#p.
3,,id ;ro#p +D !or the gro#p, which m#"t $e #ni6#e and
greater than 33.
3=( 33+ey+ey>2alue 4verride >etc>login.de!"de!a#lt".
3o( 33non3uniue (llow to create gro#p" with d#plicate.
3%( 33%assword%assword )"e thi" encrypted pa""word !or the new gro#p.
3r Create a "y"tem gro#p with a ;+D le"" than /00.
5 dif i $
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
46/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
5odifyin, $rou%
)"ing =anager tool to modi!y gro#p". *elect the Systemde"ktop men#Groups!rom theAdministration"#$-men# to la#nch the ;ro#p"
=anager tool.
5 dif i $
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
47/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
o add an e@i"ting #"er to an e@i"ting gro#p !rom the command-line.
#"emod Q; gro#p:name1 #"er:name
o add an e@i"ting #"er to a n#m$er o! e@i"ting gro#p".
)"ermod Q; gro#p:name1:gro#p:name2,gro#p:name #"er:name
5odifyin, $rou%
) l ti $
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
48/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
)eletin, $rou%
( gro#p may $e deleted !rom a "y"tem #"ing the gro#pdel#tility.
,rou%del ,rou%0na#e
&ote that i! the gro#p to $e deleted i" the primary gro#p !or any
#"er it cannot $e deleted. he #"er m#"t Ir"t $e deleted, ora""igned a new primary gro#p #"ing the #"ermod command7
user#od ;, user0na#e,rou%del ,rou%0na#e
*ass ord " %iration
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
49/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
*assword "x%iration
o conIg#re pa""word e@piration !or a #"er !rom a "hell prompt, r#n the
!ollowing command a" root7
cha,eKoptionsN username
Force immediate pa""word e@piration $y r#nning the !ollowing commanda" root7
cha,e3d@username
*assword "x%iration
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
50/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./0
*assword "x%iration
%tion )escri%tion
3ddays *peciIe" the n#m$er o! day" "ince Xan#ary 1, 130the pa""word wa" changed.
3"date *peciIe" the date on which the acco#nt i" locked, in
the !ormat YYYY-==-DD. +n"tead o! the date, the
n#m$er o! day" "ince Xan#ary 1, 130 can al"o $e
#"ed.
3Idays *peciIe" the n#m$er o! inactive day" a!ter the
pa""word e@piration $e!ore locking the acco#nt. +!
the val#e i" 0, the acco#nt i" not locked a!ter thepa""word e@pire".
3l Li"t" c#rrent acco#nt aging "etting".
3#days *peci!y the minim#m n#m$er o! day" a!ter which the
#"er m#"t change pa""word". +! the val#e i" 0, the
pa""word doe" not e@pire.
35days *peci!y the ma@im#m n#m$er o! day" !or which the
pa""word i" valid. 9hen the n#m$er o! day"
"peciIed $y thi" option pl#" the n#m$er o! day"
"peciIed with the -doption i" le"" than the c#rrent
day, the #"er m#"t change pa""word" $e!ore #"ing
the acco#nt.
3Wdays
Shadow *assword
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
51/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./1
Shadow *assword
+n environment" with m#ltiple #"er", it i" very important to #"e shadowpasswordsprovided $y the shadow-utilspackage to enhance the"ec#rity o! "y"tem a#thentication Ile". For thi" rea"on, the in"tallationprogram ena$le" "hadow pa""word" $y de!a#lt.
*hadow pa""word" improve "y"tem "ec#rity $y moving encryptedpa""word ha"he" !rom the world-reada$le 7etc7%asswdIle to7etc7shadow, which i" reada$le only $y the root#"er.
"to*hadow pa""word" re in!ormation a$o#t pa""word aging.*hadow pa""word" allow the >etc>login.de!" Ile to en!orce "ec#rity
policie".
Creatin, $rou%s )irectories
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
52/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./2
Creatin, $rou%s )irectories
*y"tem admini"trator" #"#ally create a gro#p !or each ma%or pro%ectand a""ign people to the gro#p when they need to acce"" that pro%ectJ"Ile".9ith thi" traditional "cheme, Ile managing i" diZc#lt[ when "omeonecreate" a Ile, it i" a""ociated with the primary gro#p to which they$elong. 9hen a "ingle per"on work" on m#ltiple pro%ect", it $ecome"
diZc#lt to a""ociate the right Ile" with the right gro#p. However, withthe )P; "cheme, gro#p" are a#tomatically a""igned to Ile" createdwithin a directory with the setgid$it "et. he "etgid $it make"managing gro#p pro%ect" that "hare a common directory very "imple$eca#"e any Ile" a #"er create" within the directory are owned $y thegro#p which own" the directory.
Creatin, $rou%s )irectories
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
53/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
Creatin, $rou%s )irectories
Create the >var >mypro%ect directory $y typing the !ollowing at a "hellprompt7
#+dir 3% 72ar7#y%roAect
(dd the mypro%ect gro#p to the "y"tem7
,rou%add 72ar7#y%roAect
(""ociate the content" o! the >opt>mypro%ect> directory with themypro%ect gro#p7
chown root#y%roAect 72ar7#y%roAect
(llow #"er" to create Ile" within the directory, and "et the "etgid $it7
ch#od D 72ar7#y%roAect
(t thi" point, all mem$er" o! the #y%roAectgro#p can create and editIle" in the 72ar7#y%roAect7directory witho#t the admini"trator
having to change Ile permi""ion" every time #"er" write new Ile".
Users $rou%s tools and co##ands
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
54/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
Users $rou%s tools and co##ands
gro#padd ( command to add gro#p".
grpck ( command to veri!y the >etc>gro#p Ile.gro#pdel ( command to remove gro#p".gro#pmod ( command to modi!y gro#p mem$er"hip.pwck ( command to veri!y the >etc>pa""wd and>etc>"hadow Ile".pwconv ( tool to convert "tandard pa""word" to"hadow pa""word".pw#nconv ( tool to convert "hadow pa""word" to "tandardpa""word".#"eradd ( command to add #"er".#"erdel ( command to remove #"er".
#"ermod ( command to modi!y #"er"
User and $rou%s 'iles
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
55/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.//
User and $rou%s 'iles
>etc>pa""wd )"er acco#nt in!ormation.>etc>"hadow *ec#re #"er acco#nt in!ormation.>etc>gro#p ;ro#p acco#nt in!ormation.>etc>g"hadow *ec#re gro#p acco#nt in!ormation.>etc>de!a#lt>#"eradd De!a#lt val#e" !or acco#nt creation.
>etc>"kel> Directory containing de!a#lt Ile".>etc>login.de!" *hadow pa""word "#ite conIg#ration.
Standard Users List
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
56/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
Standard Users List
User UI) $I)
Ho#e
)irectory Shell *ac+a,esroot 0 0 >root >$in>$a"h "et#p
/in 1 1 >$in >"$in>nologin "et#p
dae#on 2 2 >"$in >"$in>nologin "et#p
sys - - - "et#p
ad# >var>adm >$in>$a"h "et#p
tty - / - - "et#p
dis+ - - - "et#p
l% >var>"pool>lpd >"$in>nologin "et#p#e# - - - "et#p
+#e# - 3 - - "et#p
wheel - 10 - - "et#p
cdro# - 11 - - #dev,=(B5D58
sync / G0 >"$in >$in>"ync "et#p
shutdown G0 >"$in >"$in>"h#tdown "et#p
halt G0 >"$in >"$in>halt "et#p
#ail 12 >var>"pool>mail >"$in>nologin "et#p
news 3 1 >var>"pool>new" >"$in>nologin "et#p
uuc% 10 1 >var>"pool>##cp >"$in>nologin "et#p
o%erator 11 G0 >root >"$in>nologin "et#p
Standard $rou%s
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
57/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
Standard $rou%s
$rou% $I) 5e#/ersroot 0 root
/in 1 root, $in, daemondae#on 2 root, $in, daemon
sys root, $in, adm
ad# root, adm, daemon
tty /
dis+ root
l% daemon, lp
#e#
+#e# 3
wheel 10 root
#ail 12 mail, po"tI@
uuc% 1 ##cp
#an 1/
,a#es 20
,o%her 0
2ideo 3
di% 0
ft% /0
loc+ /
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
58/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art E
Lin#@ File"y"tem",File" and Directorie"
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
59/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./3
The 7etc7fsta/ 1le
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
60/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.0
F"ta$ i" a Ile that contain" the in!ormation a$o#t the Ile"y"tem" thatwill $e mo#nted in the "y"tem.
5@ample content7
[root@localhost root]# cat /etc/fstab
\ device name mo#nt point !"-type option" d#mp-!re6 pa""-
n#m>dev>mapper> > e@t de!a#lt" 0 1L($oot >$oot e@t de!a#lt" 0 2none >dev>pt" devpt" gid/,mode20 0 0L(home >home e@t de!a#lt" 0 2none >proc proc de!a#lt" 0 0
none >dev>"hm tmp!" de!a#lt" 0 0>dev>hda "wap "wap de!a#lt" 0 0
The 7etc7fsta/ 1le
The 7etc7fsta/ 1le
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
61/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.1
Device &ame - Ile"y"tem partition it"el! or data "o#rce.
=o#nt Point - where the data i" to $e attached to theIle"y"tem.
File"y"tem ype- Ile"y"tem type "#ch a" e@t2, e@t, etc.
4ption" - mo#nt option" to $e #"ed.
D#mp-!re6 - ad%#"t" the archiving "ched#le !or the partition.&ormally "et to
0 Gdi"a$le "ince d#mp $ack#p i"nEt #"ed.
Pa""-n#m - control" the order in which !"ck check" the device
!or error" at $oot time. he root device "ho#ld$e 1. 4ther partition" "ho#ld $e either 2 Gtocheck a!ter root or 0 Gto di"a$le checking !or thepartition altogether.
The 7etc7fsta/ 1le
The 7etc7fsta/ 1le
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
62/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.2
Commonly #"ed mo#nt option"7
de!a#lt" mo#nt the Ile"y"tem with the de!a#lt "etting"7 rw, dev,e@ec, a#to, no#"er, a"ynca"ync all inp#t and o#tp#t to the Ile"y"tem will $e donea"ynchrono#"ly.
(n o$"olete mo#nting option "ince e@i"tence o! %o#rnallingIle"y"tem type"
a#to Ile"y"tem will $e mo#nted #pon $oot#p and with themo#nt -a commanddev interpret character or $lock device Ile" on the Ile"y"teme@ec permit e@ec#tion o! $inarie"noa#to Ile"y"tem can only $e mo#nted e@plicitly Gi.e. #"ing themo#nt command
no#"er do not allow ordinary #"er" to mo#nt the Ile"y"temro mo#nt the Ile"y"tem a" read-onlyrw mo#nt the Ile"y"tem a" read-write
The 7etc7fsta/ 1le
Co##on 'ilesyste# Ty%es
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
63/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
Co##on 'ilesyste# Ty%es
ext 3 developed to overcome limitation o! the original e@tIle"y"tem. +t doe"nEt have %o#rnaling !eat#re
ext: 3 it allow" %o#rnalingextE 3 "#pport" h#ge individ#al Ile "ie and Ile"y"tem "ie.
+t can ena$le di"a$le %o#rnaling2fat 3 e@tended D4* Ile"ytemnfs 3 network Ile"y"tem #"ed to acce"" di"k" located onremote comp#ter"
s#/ 3 network Ile"y"tem that "#pport" the *=< protocol,#"ed $y 9indow" !or 9orkgro#p", 9indow" &, and Lan=anager
5ountin,7Un#ountin, of 'ilesyste#s
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
64/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
5ountin,7Un#ountin, of 'ilesyste#s
o =o#nt7
O mo#nt Qt ]!"type^ ]device^ ]mo#nt point^
e.g. mo#nt Qt n!" >dev>"da3 >app"
o )nmo#nt7
O cd >O #mo#nt ]mo#nt point^
e.g. #mo#nt >app"
Note 5a+e sure you are not wor+in, on the current #ount
directory( otherwise( it would show an error Fde2ice /usyGwhile un#ountin,.
'ilesyste# Tools
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
65/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
'ilesyste# Tools
#+fs
*ynta@7mkfs t !fstype>!device>
"#ample$mkfs -t e#t% &dev&sda'
fsc+*ynta@7
!"ck Qt ]!"type^ ]device^
5@ample7!"ck Qt e@t2 >dev>"da3
'ilesyste# Tools
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
66/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
'ilesyste# Tools
tunefs*ynta@7
tune%fs c !numeric> -i !string> !device>
"#ample$tune%fs c (%) i *m &dev&sda'
9here7-c ma@im#m mo#nt co#nt-i interval $etween check"
o di"a$le check"7
tune%fs c -( i ) &dev&sda'
'iles and )irectories
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
67/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
'iles and )irectories
Linux Co##and Sy#/ols
5@ample7 sort ! +le(,t#t($ove, "ort" the content o! Ile1.t@t
5@ample7 cat Ile1.t@t Ile2.t@t
($ove e@ample, di"play" the content o! Ile1.t@t and redirect" it" o#tp#tto Ile2.t@t
5@ample7 cat Ile1.t@t ^ Ile2.t@t
hi" di"play" the content o! Ile1.t@t and redirect" to Ile2.t@t $y
in"erting it into ne@t line.
_5@ample7 p" Q!a@ _ grep ]"tring^_ wc Ql($ove e@ample, di"play" the o#tp#t o!ps $a"ed on target "tring andco#nt" it" line n#m$er. Command di"play" the o#tp#t o! the la"t
command wc -l
'iles and )irectories
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
68/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
'iles and )irectories
'ile and )irectory 5ani%ulationo create a directory7 mkdir !directory>o remove a directory7 rm rf or rmdir]directory^ G#"e Qr! torec#r"ively and !orcea$ly remove a directory
o change directorie"7 cd !directoryname>o print c#rrent working directory7 pwdo Ind a Ile or a directory7 +nd !sourcedir> -name!directoryname&+lename>
Li"t content" o! a directory7 l" ]directory:name^l" Ql Gli"t" the long !ormat o! directoryin!ormationO l" -ldrw@r-@r-@ cli` #"er 102 X#n 1 0370 dir1-rw-r--r-- 1 cli` #"er 32 X#n 172 Ile1
S S S S S S S S S S S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ owner gro#p "ie date time name_ _ _ _ n#m$er o! link" to Ile or directory content"_ _ _ permi""ion" !or world_ _ permi""ion" !or mem$er" o! gro#p
_ permi""ion" !or owner o! Ile7 r read, w write, @ e@ec#te -no
'iles and )irectories
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
69/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
'iles and )irectories
'ile and )irectory 5ani%ulationo create an empty Ile7 to#ch ]Ilename^o edit a Ile7 vi ]Ilename^o copy Ile" 7
cp +le( +le%cp +le/s0 dirname
o rename Ile" 7
G)ni@ doe" not rename, it move" !rom one Ilename to anothermv oldname newname
o move Ile" to a di`erent directory.mv +le directorymv +le/s0 directory
o remove Gdelete Ile"7rm +lenamerm +le( +le% ,, +le1rm -f +lename- !orced removal o! a Ilerm -i +lename- interactive 6#ery $e!ore removalrm -r +lename- rec#r"ive delete - dangero#".
rm -rf dir/s0 +le/s0- rec#r"ive !orce - C('5F)LRRR
'iles and )irectories
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
70/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.0
'iles and )irectories
'ile and )irectory 5ani%ulation
Jiewin, 'iles without %enin,cat+lename- concatenate" and print. hi" will print o#t the content" o!the Ile to the "creen.
cat+le( ,, +le1- Concatenate and print. hi" will concatenate "everalIle" together and print to the "creen.
more+lename- di"play" Ile" one page G"creen at a time. Beep" oneline o! te@t !rom the previo#" "creen.
less +lename oppo"ite o! more, *crolling-#p and down i" it"advantage.
tail +lename o#tp#t" the la"t part o! the Ile.
tail f +lename o#tp#t" appended data o! a Ile in real-time a" the Ilegrow".
tail ()) +lename o#tp#t" la"t 100 line" o! the Ile.
*art : &cti2ity
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
71/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.1
*art : &cti2ity
1. (dd a virt#al di"k into yo#r virt#al machine Ge.g. 2 ;< in "ie2. Format the di"k with Ile"y"tem type e@t
Command"7mkfs t e#t* !device>mkfs,e#t* !device>
. =o#nt the di"k with mo#ntpoint !ormat G>Ir"tname:la"tnameCommand7mount t e#t* !device> &+rstnamelastname
. )nmo#nt the Ile"y"tem. 'an !"ck to conIrm i! there areincon"i"tencie". (dd it into >etc>!"ta$ to a#tomatically mo#nt d#ring$oot-#p.Command7umount &+rstnamelastnamefsck,e#t* !device>
/. 'e$oot. File"y"tem "ho#ld $e a#tomatically mo#nted a!ter re$oot.. (!ter re$oot, create 2 directorie" #"ing name", ]Ir"tname^]la"tname^ into yo#r mo#nted directory.
. (!ter creating the directorie", create a Ile on each directory and p#ta content>data into it.
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
72/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art D
Help )tilitie")"er Pa""word
Linux 5an *a,es
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
73/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
#anSyntax
man K"ectionN command-name
Linux 5an *a,es
Settin, an account %assword
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
74/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
%asswdSyntax
pa""wd K-optionN #"ername
%tions the can /e used
o lock the acco#nt
Syntax pa""wd Ql ]#"ername^
o #nlock the acco#nt
Syntax pa""wd Q# ]#"ername^
o view the pa""word "tat#" o! the acco#ntSyntax pa""wd Q* ]#"ername^
Se , a accou %ass o d
*assword &,in,
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
75/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
5na$ling pa""word aging $y editing login.de!"
cat /etc/login.defs
, ,
*assword &,in,
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
76/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
5dit the >etc>de!a#lt>#"eradd
he +&(C+85 "etting" indicatewhen to change the acco#nt toinactive a!ter the pa""word ha"e@pired
he 5P+'5 "etting can "et ane@plicit e@piration date !or all new#"er" in the !ormat YYYY-==-DD
&ote7
he a$ove mention "tep only a`ectnewly created #"er a!ter the"etting" ha" $een change. +n orderto #pdate e@i"ting #"er "ettingplea"e #"echage command.
, ,
*assword &,in,
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
77/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
o #pdate the "etting" !or #"er"that already e@i"t, #"e the chagetool
chage -M 60 {username}
hi" will "et #"ernameP(**:=(:D(Y* "etting to 0 day"and #pdate the "hadow Ileaccordingly.
, ,
How to di"a$le pa""word aging !oran #"er acco#nt
o t#rn o` the pa""word e@piration!or an #"er acco#nt, "et the!ollowing7
-m 0 will "et the minim#mn#m$er o! day" $etween pa""word
change to 0
-= 33333 will "et the ma@im#mn#m$er o! day" $etween pa""wordchange to 33333
-+ -1 Gn#m$er min#" one will "etthe Pa""word inactiveA to never
-5 -1 Gn#m$er min#" one will "et(cco#nt e@pire"A to never.
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
78/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art K*#do
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
79/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
9hy we need to #"e "#do
- 5levate #"er privilege"- 5@ec#te command" !rom another #"er
-Logging Q log" "#do e@ec#ted command"
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
80/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.0
How to execute sudo
sudo su -
sudo system-config-netor!
sudo reboot
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
81/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.1
"dit 7etc7sudoers 1le
2i 7etc7sudoers-edit man#ally the >etc>"#doer" Ile
2isudo
- vi environment
- check" i! there "ynta@ error
*ample checking7
visudo
>>> /etc/sudoers: syntax error near line 22
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
82/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.2
"dit 7etc7sudoers 1le
)e1nin, Co##and &liasCmnd_Alias ALIA_!A"# $ command% command2
#xam&les:
Cmnd_Alias '()WA*# $ /+in/r&m, /usr/+in/u&2date,
/usr/+in/yum
Cmnd_Alias L'CA)# $ /usr/+in/u&dated+
Cmnd_Alias "-C'""A!. $ /s+in/re+oot, /s+in/iconi0
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
83/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
"dit 7etc7sudoers 1le
)e1nin, User &lias1ser_Alias ALIA_!A"# $ user%, user2
#xam&les:
user "AC3I!#$C'""A!.
1ser_Alias (1LL)I"#* $ millert, mi4e, dowdy
1ser_Alias 5A*)I"#* $ ed, edd, eddy
1ser_Alias 'L.)I"#* $ michael, 6ac4son
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
84/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
"dit 7etc7sudoers 1le
)e1nin, !un as &lias*unas_Alias ALIA_!A"# $ user%, user2
#xam&les:
*unas_Alias '5 $ o&erator
*unas_Alias .7 $ orad+, sys+ase
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
85/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice./
"dit 7etc7sudoers 1le
)e1nin, Host &lias3ost_Alias ALIA_!A"# $ host%, host2
#xam&les:
3ost_Alias 5A*C $ sun%8, s&arcstation%8
3ost_Alias LI!19 $ rhel, rhel;, rhel
3ost_Alias !( $ nssrv%, nssrv2
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
86/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
"dit 7etc7sudoers 1le
)e1nin, 5ain *art1#* 3') $ =*1!A C'""A!.
1ser_Alias 3ost_Alias $ Cmnd_Alias !'5AW.:/5AW.:
#xam&les:
- ALL $ '()WA*#, L'CA)#, "-C'""A!.
(1LL)I"#* !( $ ='5 /+in/vi
SU)
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
87/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
"xa#%le 7etc7sudoers 1le
"#doer".t@t
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
88/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art
'ile *er#issionsand &ccess
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
89/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
&ccess to 1les is de%endent on a users identi1cationand the %er#issions associated with a 1le.
Ty%es of &ccess
!ead1les contents can /e exa#ined
directories contents can /e exa#inedWrite1les contents can /e chan,eddirectories contents can /e chan,ed
"xecute1les 1les can /e used as a co##anddirectories can /eco#e current wor+in,
directory
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
90/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.30
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
91/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.31
ch#od Change the Ile acce""
touch )pdate time"tamp on Ile or create a new Ileu#as+ Change de!a#lt Ile acce""chown Change the owner o! a Ilech,r% Change the gro#p o! a Ilesu *witch yo#r #"er identiIernew,r% *witch yo#r gro#p identiIer
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
92/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.32
ch#odQ Change Permi""ion o! a Ile
*ynta@7ch#od#ode0list 1leM Change permi""ion" o! the IleG"
Jalues
r 'ead permi""ion read Q w 9rite permi""ion write Q 2@ 5@ec#te permi""ion e@ec#te Q 1
"#ample$
chmod !1
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
93/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
Sy#/olic5ethodSet 1
u = user
g = group
o = others
a = all
Set 2
+ = add
-= remove
= = set
Set 3
r =read
w = write
x = execute
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
94/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
ctal 5ethod
rwxrwxrwx = complete file permission
rwx||rwx||rwx
3 sets of rwx:
Set 1 is the permission for user owner
Set 2 is the permission for the group ownerSet 3 is the permission for others
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
95/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3/
ctal 5ethod
Octal values:
R = w = 2 x = 1
!f a file has a permission of rwxr"xr"x# the octal valueof the permission is $$$$$$$$%
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
96/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
)pdate time"tamp on Ile or create a new Ile
*ynta@7touch 3a#cO 1le M"#ample$
touch new1le
-a Change the acce"" time to time
-m Change the modi!y time to time-c +! the Ile doe" not e@i"t, do not create it
&ote7 to#ch command allow" yo# to create a new, empty Ile. +!the Ile already e@i"t", it will #pdate the time"tamp on the
Ile
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
97/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
u#as+ 3 Permi""ion =a"k
*ynta@7
u#as+ 3SO #odeO
"#ample$#ma"k Q*#ma"k 02
&ote7 the ma"k that yo# de"ignate will only $e active inyo#r "e""ion, once yo# log o#t, it will revert $ack to thede!a#lt ma"k
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
98/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.3
chown Change File 4wner"hip
*ynta@7chown owner ,rou%O 1lena#e M
"#ample$chown #"er2 >tmp>#"er2>!1
&ote7 4nly the owner o! a Ile Gor root can change theowner"hip o! the Ile
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
99/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.33
ch,r%
*ynta@7
ch,r% new,rou% 1lena#e
"#ample$chgrp "y" te"tIle
&ote7 4nly the owner o! a Ile Gor root can change the gro#pidentiIer a""ociated o! the Ile
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
100/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.100
ch,Creating a "harea$le directoryr%
*ynta@7
ch#od ,Prws testdir
5@ample7chgrp gro#p"hare te"tdir
1ote$ All users with the groupshare will 2e a2le towrite&change +les within the testdir directory
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
101/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.101
suQ *witch )"er +D
*ynta@7su userna#eO"#ample$
"# ai3
'ile *er#issions and &ccess
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
102/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.102
1. Change the Ile permi""ion o! myIle to make it rw-r-@r--2. )pdate the time"tamp o! te"tIle to the c#rrent time.. Change yo#r permi""ion ma"king in a way that when yo#e@ec#te #ma"k Q *, the re"#lt will $e #rw@,gr,or
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
103/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art &CL
&CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
104/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.10
J"!JI"W
- 9hy (CL"- ype" o! (CL entrie"
- 5na$le (CL
- 8iewing (CL"
- (pplying (CL"
&CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
105/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.10/
Why &CLs
- 'ile owner control" permi""ion
- 9ant to give s%eci1c user or ,rou% a$ility toacce"" to 1les and directories
&CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
106/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.10
Ty%es of &CL "ntries
"ntry ty%e Text for#
4wner #"er77rw#
&amed #"er #"er7name7rw#
4wning gro#p gro#p77rw#&amed gro#p gro#p7name7rw#
=a"k ma"k77rw#
4ther" other77rw#
&CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
107/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.10
"na/le acl on 1lesyste#
*et acl on Ile"y"tem
mount o acl /dev/ /
For per"i"tent conIg#ration"G"#rvive a re$oot
vi /etc/sta+
/dev/ / ext acl%
%
&CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
108/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.10
Jiew acl status 3 ,etfacl-)"er #tility to e@amine the (CL on a partic#lar Ile
- 5@amine" a IleE" inode to detemine whatpermi""ion" are "et
0etacl /
0etacl %2@txt
ile: %2@txt
owner: root
0rou&: rootuser::rwB
0rou&::rBB
other::rBB
&CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
109/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.103
Set &CL on 1le 7 directory 3 setfacl
- )"er command #tility to "et, modi!y, or delete (CL"on a Ile
- Can $e ran $y Ile owner or anyone given permi""ionto modi!y permi""ion"
setacl m u:root:rwx ileWhere:
Bm B modiy
u ty&e o acl=user
root name o the user
rwx ty&e o &ermission=read only,write and
execute
&CL
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
110/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.110
"xa#%les
setacl s u:alice:rx:i my(ile
setacl m o::drwx my(ile
setacl u my(ile
setacl d u:alice my(ile
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
111/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.
*art QLinux Networ+in,
*in,
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
112/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.112
)"e" the +C=P protocolE" mandatory5CH4:'5b)5* datagram to elicitan +C=P 5CH4:'5*P4&*5 !rom a
ho"t or gateway.
\ping ]+P^
or\ping ]FbD&^
Traceroute
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
113/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.11
rack" the ro#te packet" takeacro"" an +P network on their wayto a given ho"t. +t #tilie" the +P
protocolE" time to live GL Ieldand attempt" to elicit an +C=P+=5:555D5D repon"e" !rom each
gateway along the path to the ho"t
\tracero#te ]FbD&^
\tracero#te ]+P^ Ifcon1,
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
114/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.11
+" #"ed to conIg#re the kernel-re"ident network inter!ace". +t i"#"ed at $oot time to "et #p the
inter!ace a" nece""ary. +! noarg#ment" are given, i!conIgdi"play" the "tat#" o! the c#rrently
active inter!ace". +! a "ingleinter!ace arg#ment i" given, itdi"play" the "tat#" o! the given
inter!ace only Ifcon1,
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
115/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.11/
\ i!conIgcheck the property o! a "inglenetwork inter!ace.
\i!conIg eth0
a""ign an ip on the y
\ i!conIg ]+P^ ]netma"k^
]device^ !oute
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
116/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.11
=anip#late the kernelE" +P ro#tingta$le. +t" primary #"e i" to "et #p"tatic ro#te" to "peciIc ho"t" or
network" via an inter!ace a!ter itha" $een conIg#red with i!conIg
!oute
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
117/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.11
(dd" a ro#te to the network132./..@ via eth0A
\ ro#te add Qnet 132./..0netma"k 2//.2//.2//.0 dev eth0
check the c#rrently ro#ting ta$le
\ro#te -n
Netstat
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
118/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.11
Print network connection", ro#tingta$le", inter!ace "tati"tic",ma"6#erade connection" and
m#ltica"t mem$er"hip
di"play all tcp connection" with it"
a""ociated program
\net"tat -tap
"thtool
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
119/120
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. he in!ormation contained herein i" "#$%ect to change witho#t notice.113
b#ery or control network driver andhardware "etting".
Check the inter!ace property.
\ ethtool ]device&ame^
Than+ you
-
7/25/2019 Linux Basic Course Ionrivera
120/120