"#$%##&' voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/Novembre 2014)"Linking Venus" Nev TechnoIogies of Memory and Reconfiguralion of Sace al lhe Warburg Library ImanueIa Ialli and Iranois Quiviger !"#$%&'(#)%" TheHamburgarlhislorianAbyWarburg's(1866-1929)ideaof ()*$)+%,--#&-./01$ Iends ilseIf lo inleresling refIeclions in lhe conlexl of vhal, in digilaI humanilies, ve caII loday lhe lechnoIogy of Iinking and lhevisuaIizalionofcomIexsyslems(Manovich2009and2012,Lima 2011). Numerous are lhe affinilies belveen Warburg's melhod of vork and lhe visuaI deveIomenls of semanlic veb, slarling from lhe idea of conneclingdiscreleareas.ThehysicaIconfiguralionoflheWarburg LibrarylheIargeslcoIIeclioninlhevorIdfocusedonRenaissance sludiesandlhehisloryoflhecIassicaIlradilionisbasedinfaclona slruclure aIIoving a rhizomalic modeI of conceluaI and iconograhic inlerconneclionamongcuIluraImaleriaIs,ralherlhanlradilionaI calegoriesandsyslemsofcIassificalion.SimiIarIy,lhemodeIofma-rhizomeisallhebasisofhisIaslro|ecl,lhe2"-5$*0-'vhich aIiedlhelechniqueof"monlage-coIIision"ofimages(Didi-Huberman-Michaud2007),rovinglhallhe"alIas"islhebesl reresenlalionaIformloemhasizeiconoIogicaIallernslhroughoul hislory.ThisbIevulhesequenliaInarraliveoflhebookishkindof IogicencouragingamelhodofvisuaImaing.olhlheLibraryand lhe2"-5$*0-slrongIyreIyonconlacl,andmovemenl, belveen differenl miIieus, and regislers, belveen areas lhal are usuaIIy ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 2 lhoughl of as dislincl and discrele (O' SuIIivan 2006: 17). InlereslingIy, lhemaingbelveendiscreledalaandavisuaIreresenlalionis reciseIylheaimof"informalionvisuaIizalion"or,&14A,-(Manovich 2009a).1TheaffinilybelveenWarburg'smelhodofvorkandrecenl formsofvisuaIizalionofcuIluraIdalasuggeslslhenlhaldigilaI lechnoIogiescouIdenhancelheresourcesoflheWarburgLibraryin vays lhal couId nol onIy refIecl bul aIso exand lhe originaI Ian of his founder.Yel,recenlro|eclsofdigilaIcIassificalionallheWarburg LibrarysuchasB4:-0&:25$/-havedemonslraledlhalvhiIe numerousarelhebenefilsofdigilaIizalion,numerousareaIsolhe chaIIengesinlhefirslIace,lhaloffindinglherighlcomromise belveenAbyWarburg'soriginaIIanofcIassificalionandlhenev ossibiIilies offered by digilaI lechnoIogy.ased on lhese assumlions, lhis arlicIe viII concern lhe olenliaI reconfiguralion, or "remaing", of lhe Warburg's Library resources in lhedigilaIenvironmenl,inorderlosuggeslfurlherdeveIomenlsof lhe exisling digilaI resources. The main queslions ve viII address are, firsl,hovlhe"narralivesace"oflheLibrarycanbe"remedialed" (oIler and Grusin 2001) lhrough nev lechniques of visuaIizalion, and, second,hovLinkedDalaandnevlechniquesofvisuaIizalioncan suorl,andhoefuIIyaugmenl,Warburg'smelhodoIogyincuIluraI hislory.2 IreciseIy because of lhe affinily belveen lhe "alIas" as bolh a 1Cfr.LevManovich,"WhalisvisuaIisalion`"(2011:37):Whalis informalionvisuaIizalion`DesilelhegrovingouIarilyofinfovis(a commonabbrevialionfor"informalionvisuaIizalion"),ilisnolsoeasylo come u vilh a definilion vhich vouId vork for aII kinds of ,&14A,- ro|ecls beingcrealedloday,andallhesamevouIdcIearIysearaleilfromolher reIaledfieIdsuchasscienlificvisuaIizalionandinformaliondesign.Lel's defineinformalionvisuaIizalionasamaingbelveendiscreledalaanda visuaI reresenlalion.2Thelerm"LinkedDala"refersloaseriesofbeslraclicesfor ubIishingandconneclingslruclureddalaonlheWeb.Iorfurlher informalion,seeizer,ChrislianHealh,Tomerners-Lee,Tim,"Linked Dala: lhe slory so far" (2011), 205-227. "#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 3 aradigmoflheknovIedgerocessandanearIylechniqueof visuaIizalion and recenl maing of dala, lhis endeavor slands oul as achaIIenging,yelexlremeIyfascinalinggoaI.ThearlicIeviII concenlraleonlhesecificcasesludyofamylhoIogicaIfigure,C#&)-, by Iooking al hov lhe olenliaI Iinks exisling in lhe four seclions of lhe LibrarycIassificalion(Image,Word,OrienlalionandAcliononlhe lhemeof"Venus")canbelransIaledinlodigilaIvisuaIizalion,lheir olenliaIforfurlherdeveIomenlandvhalimacllheyhaveonlhe rocessofknovIedgeroduclionandschoIarIylraining.Thiscase sludyisbasedonaro|eclinrogresscurrenlIydeveIoedbyoneof lheaulhors,IranoisQuiviger,forlheWarburgInsliluleLibrary.Iar fromlheambilionofbeingexhauslive,lhisarlicIeaimslosimIyIay lhegroundforfurlherinvesligaliononhovAbyWarburg'sideaof cuIluraIhislorycanbeaugmenledlhroughdigilaIlechnoIogylo ansver lhe needs of a changing research environmenl.+',#'$-, (%./,01)#2 -"& &)3)#-, 4'.-")#)0567%55)8),)#)05 -"& (4-,,0"305 9%$ #40 :-$8'$3 ;)8$-$2 VisuaIizalionisreadylobeamass mediumIernanda . Viegas and Marlin Wallenberg, D&$#+A,#% 14+ ,&14-$/#$,.-E.43 ThevisuaIizalionofIargecoIIeclionsof"bigcuIluraIdala"has beenoneoflhemaingoaIsselbyresearchersindigilaIhumanilies.3 WearedeaIinglodayvilhbiIIionsofimages,lexls,videos,designs, 3AsManovichcIarifiesinhisseminaIarlicIe"WhalisvisuaIizalion`", Themeaningsoflhevord"visuaIize"incIude'makevisibIe'and'makea menlaIimage.'ThisimIieslhalunliIve'visuaIize'somelhing,lhis 'somelhing'doesnolhaveavisuaIform.Ilbecomesanimagelhrougha rocess of visuaIizalion (Manovich 2011: 44). ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 4 holograhsavaiIabIeonlheInlernel,bullheyareofleninisoIalion. SliII,veknovlhalanyrefIecliononcuIlurebeginsvilhaninformaI comarisonbelveenmuIliIeob|eclsinorderlounderslandlheir simiIariliesanddifferences(Manovich2011).IncuIluraIhislorylhe mainqueslionislhen,hovcanvecomareaIIsuchinformalion, idenlifyingcorreIalions,allerns,Iong-lerminleraclions`Dala managemenllooIs,comaralivemalhemalicaImodeIs,charlsand schemalic fIovs are |usl some of lhe ossibiIilies offered loday by nev lechnoIogieslodeaIvilhcomIexsyslemsofcuIluraIdala.Hovever, asLevManovichhashighIighledinhisarlicIe"Museumvilhoul WaIIs,ArlHisloryWilhoulNames:VisuaIizalionMelhodsfor HumaniliesandMediaSludies"(2012),inlhefirsldecadeoflhe21sl cenlury ro|ecls in digilaI humanilies mainIy focused on eilher lexluaI dala,suchasIileralure,hisloricaIrecordsorsociaImedia,orsaliaI dala,suchasIocalionsofeoIe,Iacesandevenls.Inolhervords, visuaImediaremainedoulsideoflhecomulalionaIaradigm.In morerecenlyears,nevlechniquesofvisuaIizalionhavebeen deveIoedvilhimressiveresuIls:usingsoflvare,vecanvisuaIize muchIargerdalasels,crealeanimaledvisuaIizalion,shovhov rocessesunfoIdinlime,comareimagesandlexlsand,even, maniuIalevisuaIizalionsinleracliveIy.NolonIycanveexressdala visuaIIy,bulvecanaIsodiscoverunknovnallernsandconneclions belveenlexls,images,holograhs,andsoon.ImIoyingnev lechniquesofvisuaIizalionloidenlifysimiIarilies,differencesand emerging allerns in cuIluraI dala couId lherefore radicaIIy change lhe vay ve conceive lhe reresenlalion of cuIluraI hislory.Theob|eclivesiIIuslraledaboveseemlobeverymuchinlune vilh Warburg's concel of ()*$)+%,--#&-./01$ lhal vas indeed based on lhe idea of recognilion, lhrough associalions, of allerns in lhe conlexl offIov,evoIulion,comIexily,helerogeneily,andcuIluraIhybridily. Wilhlhisinmind,lhesaliaIconfiguralionoflheLibraryresources vasconceivedaslo-)99#-$,lhroughhysicaIroximily,conneclions belveen cuIluraI maleriaIs. Il vas lhen u lo lhe schoIar lo exIore lhal "narralivesace"andmakelheseconneclions"visibIe".Hovever, "#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 5 Warburg'sideaIofcIassificalionfacedanumberofconslrainlsinlhe aerformal.Tomenlion|uslafevoflhem:inlhecIassificalionof images,lhecross-referencedcIassificalionofaholograhrequires moreduIicales,aIso,vhiIslexIoringlheLibrary,schoIarsare exosedloeilherlhechronoIogicaIandloograhicaIcIassificalionof maleriaIs, or, as in lhe case of images, lo lhe iconograhic one. In brief, aIlhoughWarburg'soriginaIIanofcIassificalionhadlhemerillo break lradilionaI syslems foIIoving disciIinary or aIhabelicaI orders, sliII lhe aer formal did nol aIIov lhe fuII exerience of lhe "narralive sace"ofhisLibrary.IinaIIy,lhereresenlalionofcuIluraIallerns seemedlobeanolherbigchaIIengeofWarburg's:lheIimilsoflhe vrillenIanguageandoflheIinearformoflradilionaIvrilingare,in facl,imIiedinlhechoiceoflhema-rhizomeformoflhe6$*0-.This Ieadslolhequeslion,lovhalexlenlshouIdlhe2"-5$*0-be considered as an earIy form of visuaIizalion`4

Iigure 1: 12 Iales from lhe 2"-5 6$*0- (coyrighl Warburg Inslilule) 4IorageneraIinlroduclionaboullhe6$*0-seehll://varburg.Iibrary. corneII.edu/ (Iasl accessed 7 May 2015). ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 6 ArguabIy,LinkedDalaandnevlechniquesofvisuaIizalioncan be aIied lo lhe very rich and comIex sel of "big cuIluraI dala" of lhe Warburg Inslilule Library. Il is cIear lhal lhe olenliaI of visuaIizalion goesfarbeyondlhero|eclofdigilisinglherichcoIIeclionoflhe LibrarylosimIymakeilmoreeasiIyaccessibIeforschoIarsvisiling lheInsliluleandvorIdvide.Infacl,digilaIlechnoIogiesareIikeIylo enhanceAbyWarburg'smelhodofvorkinavaylhalhysicaIsace oflheLibraryandaerformaldidnolaIIov,lhereforeaugmenling lheossibiIiliesofcrealingIinksbelveencuIluraImaleriaIs.Recenl digilaIro|eclssuchaslheB4:-0&:25$/-digilaIcoIIeclionoflhe Libraryhaveslarledsomevorkinlhisdireclion.Theiconograhic dalabaselhalhasbeencrealedshovslhevisuaIlradilionsoflhe ancienlgodsacrossmedia,chronoIogicaIIyandbyiconograhiclyes fromanliquilylomodernlimes.Inlhisvay,asingIekeyvordsearch makesilossibIeloIayoul25cenluriesofmylhoIogicaIimagery.ul hovcanvevisuaIizelhesaliaIarrangemenlsofolherreIevanl LibrarymaleriaIsongodsandmylhs`And,lovhalexlenlcouIdve exandlhecross-referencingbelveenmaleriaIs,inorderlovisuaIize lhecomIexallernsofreIalionsexislinginlheLibrary`The rhizomalicmodeIunderinninglheWarburgInsliluleLibraryoffers inleresling insighls in lhis direclion. "#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 7 ;)"?)"3 @0"'5> A0.-//)"3 #40 >"-$$-#)B0 5/-(0> %9 #40 :-$8'$3 ;)8$-$2The"LinkingVenus"ro|eclhadlvoiniliaIob|eclives:firsl, IinkingreIevanldalaonlhefigureofVenusexislinginlheWarburg InsliluleLibrary,incIudinglheIconograhicCoIIeclion,second, rovidingavisuaImaingofsuchconneclionsor,morereciseIy,a remaing of lhe cIassificalion originaIIy conceived by Warburg in lhe hysicaIsaceoflheLibrary.IngeneraIlerms,lhevisuaIizalion melhodfoIIovslvosles:firsl,coIIeclinglhedalaandlhen,figuring oullhebeslvaylodisIaylhesedalasolhallhereIalionshisand allernsinilmaybecomevisibIe(Manovich2012).Inlhisseclionve viIIinverllhisorderandshovfirsllhevisuaImainglhalhasbeen crealedlorovideasorlof"dislanlreading"(Morelli2013)oflhe varielyofmanifeslalionsofVenusinIuroeancuIluraIhislory,as reveaIed by lhe Warburg cIassificalion syslem. Irom rehisloric femaIe figurinesIalernamed'Venus'byschoIarsloIoIanski'sevocalionof C#&)-,&O)+,lhismylhoIogicaIfigurehasbeenlhecarrierofWeslern lhoughl on Iove and desire.AlaraclicaIIeveIvearedeaIingvilhlhreeinlerIinkedIayers: lheiconograhiclradilionherebasedonacorusofoverlhree lhousandimagesaccessibIeinlheWarburgIconograhicdalabase, VenusasamylhoIogicaIfigureinlhedifferenlsub|eclareasoflhe Library, and lhe allribules of Venus in lhe Library cIassificalion.The lhree Iayers have been reresenled as in lhe grahic beIov:8 8 Iorahigh-resoIulionversionseehll://varburg.sas.ac.uk/ mnemosyne/Venus_kbv.df (Iasl accessed 7 May 2015), . 1. ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 14 TheiconograhiclradilioncanbeexaminedonIineinlhe iconograhicdalabaseoflheWarburgInslilule,lhedigilaIversionof lhecoIIeclionofholograhsiniliaIIyassembIedbyWarburgand exanded by severaI generalions of curalors.9

AllhelimeofvrilinglheoenaccessdalabasehoIdsover3300 imagesofVenus,encomassinglheenlirevisuaIlradilionfrom anliquilylolheresenl.Theseimagesarearrangedbyiconograhic lyes,bulcanaIsobeexaminedchronoIogicaIIybymeansofasimIe keyvord search.As for Venus in lhe Warburg Library, lhe grahic above sels side bysidelhelyoIogicaIorganisalionoflheiconograhicdalabaseand lhe Library cIassificalion. The Ialler is reresenled as a gianl avemenl fealuringlherinciaIseclionsconlainingmaleriaIreIaledloVenus. ordering lhe ouler circIe are lhe allribules of Venus lhal in lurn Iink lo furlherseclionsoflheLibrary.WecannovbriefIyexaminelhe resence of Venus in lhe Library. 9hll://varburg.sas.ac.uk/holograhic-coIIeclion/iconograhic-dalabase/ (Iasl accessed 7 May 2015). "#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 15 IMAGI C"()0"# #% D%&0$" C$# EF5# 9,%%$GFH IIale 1 ThefirslseclionoflheLibrarymereIybacksulheiconograhic lradilionbymeansofbooksandessaysreIaledloreresenlalionsof Venus from re-hisloricaI figurines lo lhe Greek Ahrodile, lhe Roman VenusandilsearIymodernadalalionsinIuroeanarls.These incIudeeffigiesofVenusinseclionssuchasCIassicaIIconograhy, SurvivaI of CIassicaI arl incIuding MedaIs, Coins, Cameos, OiI Iams, ScuIlure, and Archileclure. Arlislic educalion from lhe Renaissance lo lhe19lhcenluryvasbasedonlhesludyofanliquescuIlure.Thus imagesofVenusvereconsideredmodeIsoffemininebeauly,and fealure in didaclic Iileralure addressed lo asiring arlisls. 10Iorahigh-resoIulionversionseehll://varburg.sas.ac.uk/ mnemosyne/Venus_kbv.df (Iasl accessed 7 May 2015), . 2. Calions see al lhe end of lhis arlicIe. ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 16 WORD ;-"3'-30I ;)#0$-#'$0I J'$B)B-, %9 +,-55)(-, ;)#0$-#'$0 EK"& 9,%%$GFF IIale 2 The Image seclion, on lhe firsl fIoor of lhe Library, deaIs vilh lhe hislory of lhe reresenlalion of Venus. On lhe second fIoor, lhe seclion enlilIedWord,rovidesanovervievofVenusinCIassicaIandosl-CIassicaIIileralure.TheseincIudeaIargecoIIeclionofearIymodern iIIuslralededilionsofcIassicaIlexlsinarlicuIarOvid's 2#$034+=/4-#-.Iurlhermore,acoIIeclionofmylhoIogicaIdiclionaries, comiIing lhe rinciaI lexls from lhe anliquily lo lhe resenl, oens a IargesecliononlhecircuIalionofcIassicaIlhemesandIegendsinlhe MiddIeAgesandlheRenaissance.InlhefoIIovingseclion,IicloriaI SymboIs,VenusisnolonIyacharaclerandamylhoIogicaIfigurebul aIsoasymboIofIoveandIuslfealuringinearIymodernembIems, 11Iorahigh-resoIulionversionseehll://varburg.sas.ac.uk/ mnemosyne/Venus_kbv.df, (Iasl access 7 May 2015), . 4. "#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 17 roverbs,rinlerdevices,#JK*,?+,-andevenoslaIslams.TheIasl seclionoflhisfIoordocumenlslhehisloryandlransmissionof knovIedge,incIudingIncycIoaediasandWorIdChronicIes,vhere accordinglolheeuhemerisllradilionVenusischaraclerizedasan ancienl deified queen. ORIINTATION A0,)3)%"I J()0"(0I 74),%5%/42 EL$& -"& M#4 9,%%$GFK IIale 3 This seclion unveiIs lhe lransformalion of Venus from ReIigion lo IhiIosohy.ThesecliononlheReIigionsoflheGraeco-RomanvorId deaIs vilh her various cuIls. In hiIosohy she fealures in many lexls, fromlheoeningIinesofLucrelius'P#+#+)3&0$)+0loIIalonicand Neo-IIalonicdiscussionsofIovebyRenaissancehiIosoherssuchas 12Iorahigh-resoIulionversionseehll://varburg.sas.ac.uk/ mnemosyne/Venus_kbv.df, (Iasl accessed 7 May 2015), . 5. ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 18 MarsiIioIicinoandLeoneIbreo.ChrislianskellheIagannamesof Ianels, and consequenlIy reserved lhe aearance of ancienl gods in lhere-modernsky.ThusAslroIogyislhemainchanneIlhrough vhichVenussurvivedlhelransilionfromlheancienllolhemedievaI vorId.HereshefealuresasoneoflhesevenIanelsinaslroIogicaI IileralureandaIsoincaIendars,aImanacsandevenbookIelsonlhe ChiIdren of IIanels lhal describe lhe characlerislics of lhose born under hersign.InlhesecliononMagicVenuscanbeseenonlaIismans, nameIy images inlended lo channeI her Ianelary energy on roilious days. She is aIso lhe energy lhal binds melaIs in AIchemy. Geograhy discussesherbirlhIaceasCyrus,Medicineassocialeshernamelo sexuaIIyconlracleddiseasesandusesherfealuresforanalomicaI modeIs. Iven lhe maing of lhe hand in chiromancy incIudes a finger of Venus (lhe smaII finger) and a mounl of Venus. "#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 19 ACTION J%()-, -"& 7%,)#)(-, N)5#%$2 EM#4 9,%%$G FL IIale 4 InlhisarloflheLibraryveencounlerVenusinLileralureon Women,asanideaI,amodeIoraoinlofreferenceinmallersof seduclion,sex,marilaIIifeandroslilulion.ThesecliononMusic incIudeslheorelicaIeIaboralionsonlheharmonyoflhesheresof vhichVenusisoneasveIIasoeraIibrellisellinglhegoddesson lheslage.SimiIarIy,inlhesecliononfeslivaIsandfeslivecuIlure, VenusisafamiIiarresenceinageanlsandbanquelsceIebraling dynaslicveddings.SomelimeshumansIayherroIe,olherlimesshe fealures as a slalue of =0=,#+ 30./Q, vood or casl sugar. The Iasl seclion, oIilicaIhislory,mighlnolalfirslseemarlicuIarIyreIevanlloour 13Iorahigh-resoIulionversionseehll://varburg.sas.ac.uk/ mnemosyne/Venus_kbv.df, (Iasl accessed 7 May 2015), . 6. ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 20 lheme, if nol lhal mosl Iuroean dynaslies had lheir anceslors relraced lo lhe Iegend of Troy. Venus is in facl cenlraI lo Roman hislory, as she is lhe molher of Aeneas, lhe mylhicaI founder of Rome. D%$0 ,)"?5 Thiscombinaloryexercise,belveenonemylhoIogicaIfigureand lhe various disciIines reresenled in lhe Library rises exonenliaIIy if veexlendillolhemuIliIeallribulesofVenus.TherinciaIare: aIe, arms, arrov, baIance, bov and arrovs, burning hearl, Cerberus, dog,doIhin,doves,eagIe,ferliIilysymboIs,fIovers,frog,girdIe (VenusKeslohoros),goal(VenusIilragia),hearl,|eveIIery,Iion, mirror, musseI, myrlIe, oIive branch, arlridge, robe vilh mylhoIogicaI scenes (Venus of Ahrodisias), sea monsler, sheII, shi, svan, symboIs ofIsis(Ahrodile-Isis),lorch,lorloise,veiI,vine-Ieavesandoy, vings.IachallribulecanbeIinkedlofurlherseclionsoflheLibrary. Ior examIe, lhe rose is an allribule of Venus bul aIso of her anlilhesis, lhe Virgin Mary. Il fealures in many seclions of lhe Library, from SliII-LifeloLileralure,ImbIems,olany,Ierfumery,Gardening, anquelingandIeslivaIs,loIisllhemoslobvious.TheolenliaIfor visuaIisinginlerseclionsbelveenonesub|eclandanolherare considerabIe. Asilslands,lhero|eclhasaIIovedabasicraidvisuaIizalion nameIya"dislanlreading"(Morelli2013)ofaIIlhelexluaIand iconograhicaIresourcesonVenusavaiIabIeallheWarburgLibrary. ThiscouIdbereIicaledforolherlhemes,bulilcouIdaIsobeusedal anevenmoresohislicaledIeveIlocomarelexlsandimages,lo ro|ecllimeinlosace,lovisuaIizelemoraIchanges.asicaIIy,il couId exlend Warburg's melhod of vork beyond lhe Iimils of lhe aer formal. Crealing Iinks belveen cuIluraI arlefacls is |usl lhe firsl sle lo makelhesemanlicinlerconneclionsbelveenaIIlheseresources "visibIe",ilislhevaylolransIalelheminlodalalhalcouId enormousIyincreaselheossibiIiliesloexIoreallerns.Thisis usuaIIylhe|obofavisuaIizaliondesigner,hovever,lheinuloflhe "#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 21 humaniliesschoIariscruciaIlounderslandhovlodoil,reciseIy because il is in facl a lransIalion of media lexls/arlefacls such as books, holograhs, fiIms, carloons, visuaI arls, fiIms, elc. inlo significanl dala lhalcalurelheirconlenl,formanduse.TechniquesofvisuaIizalion arenolslandardizedandinmanycaseslheyhavelobeinvenledand lheorized. Hence, lhe firsl queslion lo be ansvered is, vhich "dala" are reIevanl in lhe case of lhe cuIluraI arlefacls of lhe Warburg Library`+%"(,'5)%"6 O4-#P5 "01#Q TherearesliIInumerousqueslionslobeansvered.TheymainIy concernlheraclicaIvaysinvhichlolransIaleWarburg'sideaof cuIluraIhisloryinlolechniquesofvisuaIizalion.Thearrangemenlof lheseclionsoflheWarburgLibrarycerlainIyencouragesinluilive conneclionsbelveenfieIdsofknovIedge.IlaIsoIendsilseIflo combinaloryexercises,asiIIuslraledabove,reveaIinglheresenceof ideasandlhemesinWeslerncuIluraIhislory.Thisaroachis arlicuIarIycomalibIevilhlhedireclioncurrenlIylakenbydigilaI humanilies under lhe imuIse of lhe semanlic veb and in arlicuIar ofLinkedDala.IacheIemenl,suchasanindividuaI,orinlhecase sludy described a mylhoIogicaI figure, is reresenled by ils "allribules" aIso caIIed "roerlies" or "fealures". Iach allribule corresonds lo a laglhalcanbeconnecledlosimiIarlags.AIyinglhesemelhodslo lhe groving eIeclronic resources of lhe Warburg coIIeclions is lhe Ian oflheforlhcomingyearsandamounlslosellingulheinfraslruclure for a lransdisciIinary maing of knovIedge. UnIike lhe 2"-5 AlIas, vhich is lhe oulcome of a seIeclion of images,lheLibraryrovidesravmaleriaIorganisedlhemalicaIIyand chronoIogicaIIyacrosscalegoriesexressingWarburg'sambilionof sellingua"hisloricaIsychoIogyofHumanily"(Gombrich1986). ThiscansellhegroundvorkformainglhemuIliIealhsof WeslerncuIluraIhislory.Thefoundalionsarelheresincelheconlenls oflheLibraryisofcourseaccessibIelhroughlheindisensabIe slandardfaciIiliesofaneIeclroniccalaIogue.YelanexlslevouIdbe ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 22 lovisuaIiseaIIlhesedalalhroughlheLibraryandlheiconograhic dalabase cIassificalion. LinkedDalacurrenlIyservesfieIdssuchaseconomics,oIilics, science,sociaIIifeandsociaImedia.IlaIieslohumanaclivilies roducing dala lo be anaIysed vilhoul lhe aid of comulers. Adaling lhesemodeIslolheWarburgcIassificalionsysleminorderlodisIay big cuIluraI dala amounls, in comuling lerms, lo selling u lhe means by vhich lhe resuIl of any search on a given lheme, sub|ecl or erson, vouIdroduceanddisIayamaofilscuIluraIhisloryacross disciIines and across media.IinaIIy,byexosingIinksandreIalionsbelveenlhings,beings andideasacrosslimeandsaceWarburg'scIassificalionisinilseIfa research looI lhal encourages researchers lo vork in a lransdiciIinary vay. 14 y encouraging a nelvorking modeI of hysicaI, emolionaI and conceluaIexIoralionoflhebooks,lheorganizalionofWarburg's LibrarycIearIychaIIengedslandardizeddisciIinaryboundaries. WarburgvasinfaclinleresledinlhehisloryofcuIlure,inils sychoIogicaIandsociaIconlexls,andinlheirresecliveimaclon arlisls and on lhe deveIomenl of slyIes. SimiIarIy, his alIas modeI vas nolmadefordefinileIycIassifying,forexhauslingIymakingan invenlory,orforcalaIoguingonceandforaIIasinanarchive,bul insleadforgalheringsegmenls,orarceIIingoullhevorId,vhiIe reseclingilsmuIliIicilyandilshelerogeneily,andforgivinga IegibiIilylolheunderIyingreIalions(Didi-Huberman2011).Indeed, cuIluraIhislory,incIudingaIIhisloriesofarl,isananlhoIogyof samIeslhal,overlheyears,havebecomeembIemalicoflheirlime. AIyingcomulinglooIslolheanaIysisofIargequanliliesoflexls 14 As asarab NicoIescu highIighls in lhe inlroduclion lo his 20&,1#-$4 41 8+0&-:,-.,=*,&0+,$5(2002),lransdisciIinarily(acrossandbeyondaII disciIines)isinfacldifferenlfrombolh"inlerdisciIinarily"(aIying lhemelhodsfromonedisciIineloanolher)and"muIlidisciIinarily" (leamsfromvariousdisciIinescombiningloinvesligalearesearch queslion) (NicoIescu 2002: 1)."#$%##&, voI. IV, n. 8 (Novembre/November 2014) 23 andimagesmayaIIovmoreallerning,moreconlexluaIisalionand rovide more ground lo asserl broad ideas. :%$?5 ()#0& izer,Chrislian-Healh,Tom-erners-Lee,Tim,"LinkedDala:lhe slory so far", 0+?)+9T-6$*0-41 D309#-, Nev York, CorneII Universily Iress, 2012. Kinder, Marsha - McIherson, Tara, 8+0&-3#:,0 O+,.$,4&-E 8/# P,9,$0*' $/# 6+$-0&:$/#N)30&,$,#-'OakIand,UniversilyofCaIiforniaIress, 2014. Lima,ManueI,C,-)0*H43=*#J,$5G20==,&9F0$$#+&-41D&14+30$,4&,Nev York, Irincelon ArchilecluraI Iress, 2011. ImanueIa Ialli Iranois Quiviger, 7#%8#./&4*49,#- 41 2#34+50&:;#.4&1,9)+0$,4&41 0+?)+9@,?+0+5 24 Manovich, Lev, "Museum vilhoul WaIIs, Arl Hislory Wilhoul Names: VisuaIizalionMelhodsforHumaniliesandMediaSludies",UJ14+: N0&:?44V41