linking devices

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By: Maria Ciurana Bernat Cuenca David Ibáñez Kristel Laserna

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  • By: Maria Ciurana Bernat Cuenca David Ibez Kristel Laserna

  • BECAUSEWe use it to indicate the cause of an event or situation. It is used to link two clauses together within a single sentence. We need a comma between the clauses only if the sentence begins with because, not when because is in the second clause.

    Ex: Because Sam was ill, he couldnt go to schoolEx: Sam couldnt go to school because he was ill.

  • BECAUSE OFWe use it where the cause is a noun or noun phrase.

    Ex: Because of his illness, Sam couldnt go to school.Ex: Sam couldnt go to school because of his illness.

  • HOWEVERWe use it to indicate that one fact or idea contrasts with another, which is usually in the preceding sentence(s). As a linking device, however must have punctuation before and after it.

    Ex: Peter wanted to go to London. However, he didnt have enough money.Ex: It is said, however, that he went to New York two weeks later.

  • ON THE ONE HAND/ ON THE OTHER HANDWe use them together to contrast or compare two facts or ideas. They are usually used in different sentences and can be several sentences apart. Used in this way, they must have punctuation before and after.

    Ex: On the one hand, she wanted to move to Ireland. On the other hand, she wanted to stay with her family in Italy.

  • ON THE OTHER HANDWe use it on its own to contrast or compare a fact or idea with something that was said previously.

    Ex: When I was studying in Toronto I missed my parents a lot. On the other hand, I was having fun there.

  • CONTRARY TOWe use it to indicate that a fact or an idea contrasts with another which is untrue. Contrary to is followed by a noun or a noun phrase. It is often used in fixed expressions like contrary to common beliefs/opinion

  • WHEREASWe use it to indicate that a fact or an idea contrasts with another in the same sentence. We often use it to talk about small differences between things that are quite similar. Whereas can come at the beginning of a sentence, and a comma is needed between the clause if this is the case.

    Ex: Whereas John studied hard, Andy didnt study at all.

  • INDEEDWe use it followed by a comma, to introduce information that reinforces or extends a point just made. It is highly formal.

    Ex: That crash was horrible. Indeed, it could have been fatal.

  • IN CONCLUSIONWe use it to indicate the beginning of the final point or summary of what is being said.

    Ex: In conclusion, the film wasnt as good as I expected.

  • ON THE WHOLEWe use it to indicate that we are speaking generally without taking account of unusual cases.

    Ex: On the whole, automotive industry has gone broke.

  • THEREFOREWe use it to indicate that something follows logically from what has been said, or to introduce a result of it.

    Ex: Global warming is a fact. Therefore, we should act against its effects.

  • GIVEN THISWe use it to indicate that if we accept something is true, then what we are about to say follows logically from it.

    Ex: We know that drugs are harmful. Given this, we should advise people not to take them.

  • DESPITE/IN SPITE OFWe use it to indicate that something is not influenced or prevented by something else. Despite or in spite of is followed by a noun phrase or ing form and cannot be followed by a finite verb. However, despite/in spite of can be followed by a clause with a finite verb after the fact that.

    Ex: Despite being allowed to go, she decided not to.Ex: In spite of the rain, they went shopping.Ex: Despite the fact that we had the money, we didnt buy the gift.

  • IN COMPARISONWe use it in formal language to examine the difference between two things.

    Ex: Private schools have, generally, better facilities in comparison to public ones.

  • ALTHOUGH/THOUGHWe use it to indicate that there is an unexpected contrast between what happens in the main clause and what happens in the adverbial clause. Though is less formal. Though (but not although) is also used as an adverb to indicate that the information in a clause contrasts with the information in a previous sentence.

    Ex: Although most people prefer to go to the beach, Id rather go to the mountain.Ex: I like driving. I dont like driving in the city, though.

  • ASUsed to begin a subordinate clause to indicate that an event or situation happens or exists at the same time as another. In this use as is a conjunction joining two clauses in the same sentence. A comma is needed if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

    Ex: As I was drinking a beer, I saw one of my friends.

  • BY THENUsed to say that something happens before that point in time.

    Ex: I arrived late. By then, the flight had taken off.

  • PROVIDEDWe can begin subordinate clauses with provided to say that something is conditional. A comma is needed if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.

    Ex: It should have been a nice day, provided (that) it hadnt rained.

  • RESULT INWe use it + noun to express effect.

    Ex: The wind can result in the tennis match cancellation.

  • SOWe use it as a conjunction to talk about the consequence of an event, and as an adverb to indicate a conclusion or realisation that is a consequence of previous events or information.

    Ex: I saw you so I know you were there.Ex: We have an important match right now. So, lets go!

  • WHAT IS MOREWe use it to add emphasis to a point which supports or extends a previous statement.

    Ex: She has failed the exam. What is more, she has got a very low mark.

  • TO CAP IT ALLUsed to express that something is the final event in a sequence that is already becoming difficult to endure. It can begin a sentence or occur in the middle of one. It is an informal idiom.

    Ex: It was crowded, I couldnt see the runners, there were not hot dog vans about and, to cap it all, it started raining.

  • Complete the following sentences using a suitable linking device, choosing from these;whereas, therefore, indeed, because of, on the one hand, although, on the other hand.1.-Having a dog is a high responsability (...........) you must feed it.2.-Alice couldnt study (............) the noise that came from the street.3.-When they were at classroom, Neil was paying atention (............) John was talking to his best friend.4.-(............) He has lost his job he can afford expensive clothes.5.-(............) she is nice, but (............) she is quite selfish.6.-Andrew hadnt studied for his maths exam, (...........) he has failed.

  • Complete the following sentences using a suitable linking device, choosing from these;whereas, therefore, indeed, because of, pn the one hand, although, on the other hand.1.-Having a dog is a high responsability (INDEED)you must feed it.2.-Alice couldnt study (BECAUSE OF) the noise that came from the street.3.-When they were at classroom, Neil was paying atention (WHEREAS) John was talking to his best friend.4.- (ALTHOUG) He has lost his job he can afford expensive clothes.5.-(ON THE ONE HAND) she is nice, but (ON THE OTHER HAND) she is quite selfish.6.-Andrew hadnt studied for his maths exam, (THEREFORE) he has failed.

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