EMC Safety EMC Safety General information General information

Facilitator : Bharat ShahFacilitator : Bharat Shah

AgendaAgenda• Define Safety, EMC and RF • Understand various Product

compliance related jargons

ITE products need….ITE products need….• Following certifications on product.

– Product Safety: Products should be tested using all applicable safety standards. This includes all Legal/Governmental (mandatory) as well as marketing/competitors driven (voluntary) private product safety standards

– EMC: Products should be tested using applicable EMC standards

– RF: Products should be tested using applicable RF standards

• Product Compliance: When product passes all safety/EMC and RF related standard

In essence…In essence…• Certifications listed on previous slide (Safety, EMC and RF)

require below information to accompany with product1. Product Identification mark2. Product characteristics mark3. Regional specific Environmental marks4. Product certification/License mark (Logo) 5. Product safety and EMC related information

Philosophical statement on Philosophical statement on Safety/EMC/RFSafety/EMC/RF

• Product designed by a manufacturer is always safe to use per EMC/Safety/RF requirements, then why to send product through testing ?– Customer need product to prove/demonstrate statement– Standard is statement of acceptable performance– Standards are collective inversion of bad experienced – Standard are least path of resistance to show that

product is safe to use in all aspects– Product need to pass minimum requirements of

standard – What standard to follow are based on product’s

marketing, legal and technical requirement

Definition of Safety, Definition of Safety, EMC, and RFEMC, and RF

Definition: SafetyDefinition: Safety• Product should be safe under normal operating and foreseeable

misuse condition• During process of breakage (failure) of single layer of

protection, product should not scare the end users• Product should stop working, but silently

• Product should have two layers of protection• Safety standard, UL 60950-1, is intended to reduce the

likelihood of death, injury and property damage, in case failure of single layer of protection

• Three classes of product: • Class I : The product with Safety GND Pin• Class II: The product without Safety GND Pin • Class III:Uses SELV (Safety extra-low voltage), Ex: Mouse

• Two types of Pluggable Equipment:– Type A : Equipment which is intended for connection to the

building installation wiring via a non-industrial plug and socket-outlet or a non-industrial appliance coupler, or both.

– Type B : Equipment which is intended for connection to the building installation wiring via an industrial plug and socket-outlet or an appliance coupler, or both, complying with IEC 60309 or with a comparable national standard

Product Safety Product Safety (UL/EN 60950-1 std)(UL/EN 60950-1 std)

Product SafetyProduct Safety(2)(2)• UL : Underwriter Laboratory • TUV : Germany Safety Company • ITE : Information Technology Equipments• AV: Audio Video products• SELV : Safety Extra Low Voltage• LPS : Limited Power Source• LCC : Limited Current Circuit• IEC : international Electrotechnical Commission• LVD : Low Voltage Directive

Emission:Emission:Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF)Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF)• EMF are invisible lines of force that surround all power line

distribution systems, electrical devices and wiring. They consist of an electric and magnetic fields component – Electric fields are created by differences in voltage: the

higher the voltage, the stronger will be the resultant field– Magnetic fields are created when electric current flows:

the greater the current, the stronger the magnetic field• An electric field will exist even when there is no current

flowing. If current does flow, the strength of the magnetic field will vary with power consumption but the electric field strength will be constant

• Electro Magnetic field (EMF) are created by Natural sources like the sun, thunderstorm activity and earth's magnetic field. As well as Human-made sources like microwave unit, TV antennas, radio stations or mobile phone base stations.

Here are example of natural and man-made Here are example of natural and man-made emission sourcesemission sources

Graphics :Source of EMF Graphics :Source of EMF (Emission)(Emission)

Electro Magnetic Fields Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF)(EMF)

• EMF of different frequencies interact differently with the body

• The higher the frequency the shorter the wavelength – Light speed, C= Frequency, F x Wavelength,

• Electromagnetic Fields (waves) are carried by particles called quanta– Ionized field : Electromagnetic waves whose energy per

quanta is very high and so can break molecular bonds between molecules. These are called ionized EMF

– Non-Ionized fields: Electromagnetic waves whose quanta are insufficient to break molecular bonds. These are called non-ionizing EMF

Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF)Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF)

• All electrical and electronics equipment are liable to produce Electro-magnetic field (EMF) as it carries pulsating Current and voltages– These RF energy, in excess, can radiates out and can

disturb proper function of the other digital devices. Therefore, these energy need to control

• All life on Earth has adapted to survive in an environment of weak, natural low-frequency electromagnetic fields (in addition to the Earth's static geomagnetic field)

• Natural low-frequency EM fields come from two main sources: Sun, and thunderstorm activity– These fields are classified as non-ionizing radiation because t

he frequency is too low for there to be enough photon energy to ionize atoms

• There are various EMF Standards/Tests to measure level of EMF of products

Emission: Radiated EMF Emission: Radiated EMF • Radiated EMF can be measured as below

– The standards EN 55022 controls limit and test procedure

Emission : Conducted EMFEmission : Conducted EMF Conducted emission can travel through

conductors and measured as below The standards EN 55022 controls limit and test procedure

Emission: Conducted V/S Emission: Conducted V/S RadiatedRadiated

Immunity Immunity • Immunity (aka Susceptibility) means product should functi

on (within specification) in presence of EMF energy from neighboring equipments

• EMF energy can attack on the device in various frequencies and power level

• The types of immunity test simulated are those to which product is likely to expose during normal usage

Noise

•Here is graphical representation of SusceptibilityHere is graphical representation of Susceptibility

Immunity : Graphical presentationImmunity : Graphical presentation

Immunity :ESDImmunity :ESD• ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE or ESD, is the term most

often used to describe the sensitivity of electronic components to static electrical charges– The standard EN 61OOO-4-2 controls limit and

test procedure on ESD

Immunity: RSImmunity: RS• RADIATED SUSCEPTIBILITY : To verify the immunity of

equipment or systems against electromagnetic fields generated by radio transmitters or any other device emitting continuous wave-radiated electromagnetic energy– The standard EN 6IOOO-4-3 controls limit and test

procedure on RS

Immunity: EFTBImmunity: EFTB• ELECTRICAL FAST TRANSIENT BURST:To verify the immunity of the

equipment or systems against bursts of very short transients generated– Example: Relay contacts bouncing (conducted interference)

• The significant characteristics of these transients are fast rise time, short duration, low energy but with high repetition rate

• The standard EN 61000-4-4 controls limit and test procedure on EFTB

Immunity: SurgeImmunity: Surge• Surge : EN 61000-4-5

Immunity: CSImmunity: CS• Conducted Susceptibility : To verify the immunity

of electronic equipment against disturbance field – Test standard EN61000-4-6

Immunity: MFSImmunity: MFS• Power Frequency Magnetic Test :To verify the immunity

of equipment against magnetic fields originating from power frequency currents in nearby conductors or from other devices (e.g., leakage of transformers)– Test standard EN61000-4-8

Immunity: Voltage Dip and Immunity: Voltage Dip and InterruptInterrupt

• To verify the immunity of equipment which may be sensitive to voltage dips and short voltage interruptions– Test Standard EN61000-4-11, Voltage Dip and

Interrupt test

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)Compatibility (EMC)

• EMC means during product’s operation emitted EMF should be no more than delineated by standards and should operate in presence of EMF generated by the adjacent equipments, provided emitted EMF by the adjacent equipments are in limit of standard

• i.e. EMC = EMI (Emission) + EMS (Susceptibility)• Emission = A product emits (radiates) electromagnetic

fields during it normal operation with in limit delineated by standards

• Susceptibility/Immunity = A product should withstand and function with in Specification even if permitted (by standards) amount of radiation energy impinge on it from neighboring equipments

Noise EMSEMS EMIEMI

Here is graphical representation of EMC Here is graphical representation of EMC EMC = Emission+ SusceptibilityEMC = Emission+ Susceptibility

Graphics : EMCGraphics : EMC

Standards: EMC Standards: EMC

Emission Standards Immunity Standards

EN 55022 Emission

Conducted/Radiated EN 61000-3-2 Harmonics current emission

EN 61000-3-3 Voltage fluctuation Test

EN 61OOO-4-2 ESDEN 61OOO-4-3 RSEN 61OOO-4-4 EFTBEN 61000-4-5 SurgeEN 61OOO-4-6 Conducted RFEN61000-4-8 Magnetic FieldEN61000-4-11 Dip & Interrupt

Keyword words DefinitionKeyword words Definition

• FCC : Federal Communication Commission• CFR : Code of Federal Regulation• CISPR :International Special Committee on Radio

Interference • EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility • EMI: Electromagnetic Interference• EMS:Electromagnetic Susceptibility• ESD:Electrostatic Discharge • EFT/B: Electrical Fast Transient Bursts• RS : Radiation Susceptibility

RF (Radio Frequency)RF (Radio Frequency)• RF band ranges from 3 KHz to 300 GHz

• Cordless devices which are using RF band to communicate (with receiver and transmitter) called RF devices

• RF carries useful information in modulated form• RF devices (wireless) needs to verify/certify that it is

emitting radio waves in accordance to national and international standards to perform useful task

• Most of the country requires a national RF certification, and have a specific mark (logo) needs to be visible on the labels/packaging.

• Sometime, national authority needs to be informed on operation of RF device in their national territory and which would not interfere with others radio devices

RF testing criterionRF testing criterion• The types of RF test simulated are;

– Spectrum Bandwidth– Band Edge – Channel RF power (EIRP)– Spectrum density– Modulation type

• Product Compliance: When product passes all safety/EMC and RF related standard

Questions:Questions:

Questions:Questions:• What type of test are perform on corded & cordless

product for FCC & CE ?

FCC CE

Corded product Emission testing; FCC Class B

EMC Directive, LVD Directives

Cordless product Emission testing; FCC Class B and FCC Class C

EMC Directive, LVD Directives, RTTE directivesBattery Directives

Questions:Questions:• What is the different between CE, TUV & UL ?

– CE stands for Conformité Européenne and it represents that product is being certified for product’s related (all) applicable Directives.

• Low Voltage Directive (LVD) 2006/95/EC• EMC Directive 2004/108/EC • Radio Telephone and Telecommunication

Equipment (RTTE) Directive 1999/5/EC• Battery Directive 2006/66/EC• Packaging Directive 94/62/EC

– UL and TUV are product Safety related Certification Organization. Both can test product per LVD, 2006/95/EC and issue their mark to product.

What is test requirement What is test requirement for Laser products ?for Laser products ?

• CE mark require to pass LVD which requires product must safe to users– Therefore, Laser product need to test

using EN 60825 (Laser related) Standard to certify that product is safe.

• UL needs to have product tested per IEC 60825 standard with US deviation

TO recap……TO recap……• IEC is international standard writing Body.

– It is Mother of all standards. – EN, UL and all standard derived from it with minor

deviations.– EN standards are EU harmonized standard derived

from IEC– UL standards are USA standard derived from IEC

• CE mark needs product tested for applicable EU Directives

• Each Directive has a list of EN (European) Standards• EN standards are harmonized standard for EU• CE DoC should have list of Directives and all

applicable EN standard

Product labelProduct label

AgendaAgenda• Understand label content • Minimum information needed on

label with too little space for label

• Understand label requirement

General information (1)General information (1)• Following certifications are acquired on product.

– Product Safety: Products should be tested using all applicable safety standards. This includes all Legal/Governmental as well as marketing/competitors driven product safety standards

– EMC: Products should be tested using applicable EMC standards

– RF: Products should be tested using applicable RF standards

General information(2)General information(2)• Certifications listed on previous slide (Safety, EMC and

RF) require below compliance information to accompany with product1. Product Identification mark2. Product characteristics mark3. Regional specific Environmental marks4. Product certification/License mark (Logo) 5. Product safety and EMC related information

General information (3)General information (3)• Compliance information priority

– Below is compliance information’s order of priority. 1. Product Identification mark2. Product characteristics mark3. Regional specific Environmental marks4. Product certification/License mark (Logo) 5. Product safety and EMC related information

• Higher Priority (1=Highest, 5 = Lowest) information should be on Label in accordance to the space availability

• In case of product with small label, lowest priority information can be skipped from product label

• The information which does not appear on label must appear on users guide

General information (4)General information (4)• These information must made available to users, minimum

one time, either in form of Product label or on user’s guide (product brochure).

• Information with highest priority (#1 has highest priority and # 5 has lowest priority) should be on label and the rest must be on users’ guide. – Logitech includes detail FCC and CE DoC on software **

and on Logitech web site **, while short version of DoCs are on users guide.

• ** How to retrieve these information must be on users guide.

• When it’s not possible to put the marking directly on the product, (due to size or the function of the product) it is acceptable (need prior permission) to have these information on the user’s guide.

Belly label guideline (1)Belly label guideline (1)• Product label can be molded, sprayed, glued, or

printed onto the product. • All applicable guideline from below list should be

adhered. – Label material, Ink, Glue should be NRTL recognized– Text on label Should be same size and same font type– The graphics of the mark (UL, CE) should be proportional

in size/shape. – The information on the label for a typical logo (example

UL logo), should remain in the same vicinity of the logo, on the label.

– The Information should be permanent, comprehensive and easily discernible on the device.

Belly label guideline (2)Belly label guideline (2)• Location of Label

– The information should be on exterior part of the equipment (preferably not on the bottom for heavy equipment > 7 kg).

– Letter symbols and Graphic symbol should be use in accordance to IEC standards 60027 and 60417 respectively.

– It is also OK to have label info on the area which is easily ACCESSIBLE BY HAND and easily readable up on time of purchase.

• Example: Cellular phones marking is under the battery door cover

Belly label guideline (3)Belly label guideline (3)– In case, if label deteriorates aesthetics value of

product, It is an acceptable to have label under lid or under battery door cover, provided • 1) Lid/cover needs to open before first use of

product and 2) Lid/cover is easily accessible by hand

• Informational on whereabouts of product label is on users guide

– It is acceptable to have label info on the loose parts like Battery door cover, if Battery door is functional part of product

Product label Guideline (4)Product label Guideline (4)• Text on label:

– Text size and type of font should be same through out on the label, unless specify by the agency.

– When the requirements says LOGO size need to be legible that means, it should be minimum of 3 mm

– The graphics of the mark (UL, CE) should be proportional in size/shape.

– The information on the label for a typical logo (say for UL logo), should remain in the same vicinity of the logo, on the label.

• Marking on label– The Information should be permanent, comprehensive and

easily discernible on the device.• Permanent means it should not be rubbed off with

commonly used chemicals. Also, it should remain legible under normal use and reasonable foreseeable abuse.

Product label Guideline (5)Product label Guideline (5)• Material of label

– Recognized component, suited for type of surface used.And should stand minimum surface temperature of 40 degree C

• Ink – Recognized, suitable to the label material and should be

in Contrast to the background on which it appear• Glue

– Recognized, suitable to label and surface material. None of the edges of label should be lifted off the surface after normal use and reasonable foreseeable abuse. It should stand minimum surface temperature of 40 degree C

Product label Guideline (6)Product label Guideline (6)• Permanence of marking test

– ITE standard (UL60950, Cl. 1.7.13) says• Permanence of marking test should be performed

using equivalent to wiping/cleaning force (No force Limitation) with cloth (cheesecloth pad) that has been dampened with water and then with petroleum spirit for 15 seconds with maximum speed of unit wipe per second.

– Toys standards (UL696 Cl. 33) • Permanence of marking test should be performed

using 3 to 5 pound (13.3 N to 22.2 N) of force with cloth (cheesecloth pad) that has been dampened with water and then with petroleum spirit for 5 time (No speed limit)

1. Product Identification mark1. Product Identification mark1. Product Identification mark

– Logo or Trade mark– Manufacturer's name or Responsible

vendor name– Product model number or type reference – Part number and Serial number for

traceability – Made in XXXX– Intended use of product (Printer, Scanner….)

2. Product characteristics 2. Product characteristics MarkMark

2. Product characteristics (Letter symbols and/or Graphic symbol)

– Power rating (optional for device not connected to wall outlet)

– Rated voltage– Symbol nature of supply (for DC only)– Rated frequency range (for AC only)– Rated current in ma– Rated power in Watt

– In/out door usage of product– SELV, LPS product– Out put plug information– Switch On/Off information– Fuse information (if users replaceable)

3.3. Region specific EnvironRegion specific Environmental markmental mark

3. Region specific Environmental mark• Product should mark with all specific to region mark.• WEEE mark, Recycle mark, Energy Efficiency/Saving mar

k, China RoHS mark are example of it– WEEE requires :

» Provide crossed out Wheel Barrel logo on product

» Needs to provide info on how to remove recyclable (secondary) battery from product

» Product disposal info» “Wheel barrel” logo’s meaning in users

native language

WEEE logo explanation : WEEE logo explanation : EnglishEnglish

EMC/Safety/RF MarkEMC/Safety/RF Mark4.Product should mark with all EMC/Safety/RF and

applicable License and certification numbers– Product should mark with all EMC/Safety/RF and applicable Licen

se and certification numbers.– Product licensed/Certification is necessary to legally import

product in some country.– This topic will be discussed under “Logo and Certification”

presentation

5.5. Product safety infoProduct safety info5. Product safety and EMC related information

– Product safety, maintenance, advisory, recycling and disposal information must be with product.

– Product EMC related information should be with product.• Both of these MUST accompany with product

– These information should be on paper. • If partial of these information is on software or on

Logitech website, information on how to retrieve these info. must be provided on users guide.

– It should be in native language of product being sold• This topic will be discussed under “Information on Users

Guide” presentation

Thank YouThank You

Question / Comment/ Question / Comment/ ConcernConcern