linked open data - a means for public sector information management

Linked Open DataA Means for Public SectorInformation Management

Johann Höchtl, Danube University Kremshttp://www.donau-uni.ac.atPeter Reichstädter, Austrian Chancelleryhttp://www.bka.gv.at

http://www.donau-uni.ac.at/

http://www.bka.gv.at/

DEXAAugust 29 - September 2, 2011

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http://www.donau-uni.ac.at/en/department/gpa/telematik/index.phphttp://digitalgovernment.wordpress.com/

Agenda

Role of Open Data as an Integral Part of Public Sector Information Management

Components of an Open Data Infrastructure

State of Affairs of OGD in Austria

http://www.donau-uni.ac.at/en/department/gpa/telematik/index.php

http://digitalgovernment.wordpress.com/


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Transparency Participation Collaboration

““My Administration is committed to creating anMy Administration is committed to creating anUnprecedented level of openness in Government.“Unprecedented level of openness in Government.“

Barack Obama, “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies - Barack Obama, “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies - Transparency and Open Government,” Jan. 2009.Transparency and Open Government,” Jan. 2009.




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“Take the example of public sector information – possibly a €30 billion market in Europe. I have said it before, and I say it again: yes to open data!”

Neelie KroesNeelie KroesVice-President of the European CommissionVice-President of the European Commissionresponsible for the Digital Agendaresponsible for the Digital Agenda

““Lift-Off towards Open Government" conference, Brussels, 15 December 2010Lift-Off towards Open Government" conference, Brussels, 15 December 2010http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/752http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/752




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Open Government Data

Open Government Data are data sets released by the government on public interest. Usage is unconstrained with the right to re-share and re-purpose

without further notice.




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Open Data Principles Complete Primary Timely Easily Accessible Machine Processable Non-Discriminating Using Open Standards Liberal Licensing Reliable Free of Charge OR Non-Discriminating fees

Source: Sunlight Foundation http://sunlightfoundation.com/policy/documents/ten-open-data-principles/



http://sunlightfoundation.com/policy/documents/ten-open-data-principles/


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Information Management Generation, acquisition, collection and

management of information [1] Planning, organisation and supply of the

necessary organisational infrastructure to accomplish these goals in the most effective and efficient manner [1]

Information is a critical resource, availability and generation rate treated as a KPI [2]

[1] Stahlknecht & Hasenkamp: Einführung in die Wirtschaftsinformatik. 11Th Edt. Springer, Berlin - Heidelberg - New York 2005[2] Mertens, Wieczorrek (in Reference to Krcmar), Management Von IT-Projekten: Von Der Planung Zur Realisierung. Springer, 2006.




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Literature Research

[1] J. White, Managing information in the public sector, Armonk N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2007.[2] C.M. Shea and G.D. Garson, Handbook of public information systems, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.[3] B. Rocheleau, Public management information systems, Hershey PA: Idea Group Pub., 2006.




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Peculiarities of Public Sector Information Management

Functional discrepancies● Private: maximizing shareholder value● Public: political influence; supply of goods without a

market Conflicting targets, perceptions and interests in

public & private sector information management [1]● Risk, Authority, Accountability, Representativeness,

Stakeholders Information management performance measure

models complex due to conflicting targets

[1] B. Bozeman, Public values and public interest: counterbalancing economic individualism. Georgetown University Press, 2007.




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Peculiarities of Public Sector Information Management

States are special: From Weber's bureaucratic model [1], Porter's economic rooting [2] to Friedmans “Do we need a government?” [3]● Monopolist; executive and legal power; ● “The benevolent state”: Taking care for social equilibrium

A state (and it's administrative bodies) are not mere productive entities (Witness discrepancy to NPM?)

Conclusion: Information out-flow must be treated as a core element of public sector information management

[1] M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Grundriß der verstehenden Soziologie. Mohr Siebeck, 1980.[2] M. E. Porter, The competitive advantage of nations: with a new introduction. Free Press, 1990.[3] D. D. Friedman, “Do We Need a Government?,” 2005. [Online]. Available: http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/mps_iceland_talk/Iceland%20MP%20talk.htm. [Accessed: 01-Jul-2011].




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Architecture Model

Five level saturation model by Tim Berners-Lee presented at Gov2.0 Expo 2010@WDC

★ Available on the web (whatever format), but with an open licence★★ Available as machine-readable structured data (e.g. excel instead

of image scan of a table)★★★ as (2) plus non-proprietary format (e.g. CSV instead of excel)★★★★ All the above plus, Use open standards from W3C (RDF and SPARQL)

to identify things, so that people can point at your stuff★★★★★ All the above, plus: Link your data to other people’s data

to provide context

The 5 stars of open linked data http://inkdroid.org/journal/2010/06/04/the-5-stars-of-open-linked-data/Linked Open Data star scheme by example http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/star-scheme-by-example/



http://inkdroid.org/journal/2010/06/04/the-5-stars-of-open-linked-data/

http://lab.linkeddata.deri.ie/2010/star-scheme-by-example/


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Everything gets an URI Data is encoded in RDF URIs are kept persistent by policies and PURLs Ontologies describe NON-Information Resources

● Data entities are self-described by these government ontologies

RESTFul APIs for data access Data gets federated to meta data register Data searchable à la swoogle

Prerequisites




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URIs for everything

Naming scheme respects federal principle of subsidiarity and autonomy

● Mostly UK:http://{sector}.data.gov.uk/{concept}/<ID>http://education.data.gov.uk/school/4711/

vs.● Tentatively Austria:

http://data.{federallevel}.gv.at/{sector}/{concept}/<ID>http://data.bmf.gv.at/education/school/4711/

Spot a difference?




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Trust by Reliability

Internet Addresses come and go URIs shall be reliable by organizational

consensus. UK: 10 years [1], Austria: 5 years

Fancy URIs remain invariant by means of permanent Urls (PURL) [2]

PURLs interpretation of HTTP-Header response values harmonize with Semantic Web Interpretation

[1][1] [1] Chief Technology Officer Council, “Designing URI Sets for the UK Public Sector.” Chief Technology Officer Council, Oct-2009.[2] http://purl.oclc.org/docs/index.html



http://purl.oclc.org/docs/index.html


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Functional requirements Data provider

● Data upload● Metadata handling● Search & browse facility● Managing restrictions concerning dowload limits / API access

Metadata provider● Powerful search service● Discovery service● Harmonized ontology of resources● Generation of new information




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Data provider – metadata provider

Search

DBMetadata

DB DB

SearchSearch

ContentContent ## ##

# Interest to get content into metadata-DB




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Data provider

Internal View

Internal Database

External View

OpenDataStore

data.gv.atapi.data.gv.atdata.gv.at/admin

data.gv.at/rss

RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries

Web Interface

DB2

DB1

data.<organisation>gv.at/katalog

RESTFul JSON-Interface

Filtering stage

SPA

RQ

L

Publish/Subscribebroadcast

Search Service




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Metadata provider

RDF-Browser

Javascript Libraries

Web Interface

data.<organisation>gv.at/katalog

RESTFul JSON-Interface

SPA

RQ

L

OntologyDatabase

Discovery Service

Publish/SubscribeEndpoint

get announcement

retrieve metadataOntology Modelling

Tool

Search Service




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Ontologies for Non-Information Resources (NIR)

Ontologies about NIRs classify Open Linked Data about Information Resources (IR)

Enable computer systems to reason about reality

Automated service discovery Optimal resource allocation for

processes




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Austria is no more a white spot oin the map!




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Status Quo Austria

OGD prepared by competence center for internet society (“KIG”) and approved by Counsel of Ministers on February 25 2011

Part of government programme of red/green coalition Vienna 1 Official Site

● http://data.wien.gv.at/

2 Initiatives of “Civil Society”● http://gov.opendata.at● http://www.open3.at

3 “Scraping sites”● http://offenedaten.at/● http://www.open3.at● http://at.ckan.net/



http://data.wien.gv.at/

http://gov.opendata.at/

http://www.open3.at/

http://offenedaten.at/

http://www.open3.at/

http://at.ckan.net/


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Status Quo Austria ctd. There is no single politician or political party pushing the “movement”

First: pushed by “civil society”● Technology Center Vienna (ZIT) funded project OGD Austria● Individuals & enthusiasts● Public administration service providers & suppliers

Later: Endorsed by (parts of) public administration● Vienna, Linz, Salzburg?, Graz?● Municipal (city) level!

Organisational setting: Cooperation OGD Austria, members of administration (municipalities, provinces & federal level), academia, economy & specific topic members (eg. INSPIRE)

Target: Jointly agreed conventions on Metadata, Naming & Design Rules (URIs) & best practices on how to publish Open Government Data on all federal levels




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Status Quo AustriaTentative Principles 10 sunlight-principles with more attention to data protection and data

persistence

License: CC-BY 3.0 AT● With PPDL under consideration for cases not applicable to CC-BY eg. Law

Use CKAN for Metadata-Repository● Use CKAN for Data Repository?

Naming schemas:● data.<body>.gv.at/katalog/<sector>● data.<body>.gv.at/nutzungsbedingungen gives License● data.<body>.gv.at/formate – Which data formats are supported and their

meaning

Metadata is required subset of Dublic Core with some attributes extended from INSPIRE ● Strong connex to INSPIRE




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In the Future ... Semantically parseable thesaurus of administrative

domains seen from a user perspective (“Lebenslagen”) Open Data Apps challenge Meta-data portal Austria

● Harvesting all officially available OGD under a coherent, accessible and intuitively navigable UI

Publish to European Data Portal Harmonized ontology of Public Administration services

● With links to external knowledge resources like DBPedia, etc. for international comparability

Incorporate elements of OGD infrastructure into national government data exchange framework




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Thank you!

Questions

? Johann Höchtl, Danube University Kremshttp://[email protected]

Peter Reichstädter, Austrian Chancelleryhttp://[email protected]



http://www.donau-uni.ac.at/

http://www.bka.gv.at/

linked open data - a means for public sector information management

Education

public values

open government conference

management generation

open dataa

shareholder value public

sunlight foundation

free press

nondiscriminating feessource