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FIRSTULYANOVSKARCHITECTURESUMMERSCHOOLLINKED May 2010

ir. W. (William) VeerbeekUrban Development

FLOOD RESILIENCE GROUP | WE Department | Unesco-IHEWestvest 7 | P.O. Box 3015 | 2601DA Delft | NetherlandsT: +31(0)15 2151 821 | M: +31(0)6 427 88 [email protected] www.floodresiliencegroup.org

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SILIE

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Flood Resilience Group, Unesco-IHE• Dura Vermeer Business Development•

WILLIAM VEERBEEKwww.fl oodresiliencegroup.org | w.veerbeek@fl oodresiliencegroup.org

ARCHITECTURE>URBAN/REGIONAL PLANNING>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE>URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION


ir. W. (William) VeerbeekUrban Development

FLOOD RESILIENCE GROUP | WE Department | Unesco-IHEWestvest 7 | P.O. Box 3015 | 2601DA Delft | NetherlandsT: +31(0)15 2151 821 | M: +31(0)6 427 88 [email protected] www.floodresiliencegroup.org

FLO

OD

RE

SILIE

NC

EG

RO

UP

Flood Resilience Group, Unesco-IHE, Delft• Dura Vermeer Business Development, Hoofddorp•


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ARCHITECTURE>URBAN/REGIONAL PLANNING>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE>URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION


FLOODRESILIENCEGROUP



DEVELOPING RESILIENCY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE CITY


RECILIENCY: CONCEPTSSystems

SYSTEMS:Any set of • interacting components that operate within an environmentSystems show • functional and non-functional behavior: local, globalSome behavior is goal oriented (e.g. maximizing profi ts)• Identifi cation of a system depends on perspective•

EXAMPLES:Corporate systems: e.g., Businesses• Physical / Socioeconomic systems: e.g. Cities• Mechanical systems: e.g. Machines• Social systems: e.g. Friends• Biological systems: e.g. Human body• etc.•

UNDER WHAT RANGE OF CONDITIONS DOES A SYSTEM FUNCTION (OPTIMALLY)?( )

Does you body perform well during -30 ºC or +40 ºC ?


RECILIENCY: CONCEPTSStatic vs Dynamic environment

STATIC ENVIRONMENT:No changes in conditions over time• Optimization possible: e.g. construction of bridge• Exceedance probabilities (norms in risk assessment)•

CLOSED SYSTEM:No fl ow of energy in and out of the system• Thus: Energy balance•

Energy can be capital, labour, resources, information, etc.


RECILIENCY: CONCEPTSStatic vs Dynamic conditions

DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT:Changes in conditions over time (gradual, volatile)• Uncertainty• Optimization diffi cult: System has to perform in diff erent circumstances•

OPEN SYSTEM:Flow of energy in and out of the system• Sometimes shortage, sometimes surplus•


RECILIENCY: CONCEPTSRobustness and Adaptation

ROBUSTNESS:Ability to withstand various stressor levels: • threshold capacityRedundancy (risk distribution)•

ADAPTATION:Ability to change (reconfi gure) the functioning of a system• Coping capacity, recovery capacity, adaptive capacity•

LIMIT OR DECREASE VULNERABILITY:Short term AND long term = Sustainability•


RESILIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITYResiliency leads to Sustainability

EXAMPLE FINANCIAL CRISIS:High level of optimization (positive feedback)• Short term perspective• Extremely fragile system (no diversifi cation)•

LESSONS LEARNED (OR NOT)Risk distribution, diversifi cation• Short term and long term horizion• Vulnerability assessment for a wider range of scenarios•

GOAL: SUSTAINABILE ECONOMY


SUSTAINABILITYWhat is it about?

Sustainability is the capacity to endure. (...) For humans it is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being.

HOW CAN WE ENSURE OUR WELL-BEING FOR THE LONG-TERM?

or

HOW CAN WE ENSURE OUR WELL-BEING IN CHANGING FUTURE CONDITIONS?


RECILIENCY: APPLICATIONHow does a city perform under changing conditions?

NICE STORY BUT WHAT DOES IT HAVE TO DO WITH US?Cities are systems that perform under changing conditions• Physical (e.g. climate), Social (e.g. demographics), Economic (e.g. crisis), etc.• Is your city robust/adaptive enough to cope with these changes?• Additional problem: • Current changes evolve faster than ever

“A city is a pattern in time. No single consituent remains in place”John Holland, 1995

LET’S FOCUS ON PHYSICAL CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: CLIMATE CHANGE


Drought

Heat

Severe precipitation

Trend change: Overall increase in temperatureMore extremes: Wetter, dryer, heat waves, storms

Severe storm events

CLIMATE CHANGEWhat is it about?

Climate Change (driver)Autonomous urban development (driver/receptor)

Drainage capacity• Urban heat island eff ect• Limited water suply•


Vulnerable delta cities, 2005Ice mass in Greenland

Chehalis river fl ood, Washington, USA, 2007Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

1992 2002

Flooding Minsk, Wit-Rusland, 2009Illustration urban water cycle

Sea level riseMany cities are located in deltaic regions

Flooding (river)Delta cities often cause enchroachment of rivers

Flooding (rainfall)Limiting drainage capacity

CLIMATE CHANGERelation to urban areas


Heat during the 4daagse, Nijmegen, 2007Illustration Urban Heat Island eff ect

Scammonden Reservoir, Yorkshire, UK, 2003Illustration groundwater level during drought

Wildfi res, Los Angeles, USA, 2008Forest fi res in de VS

Heat stressHeat islands because of densifi cation

DroughtLittle or no water retention in urban areas

FiresSuburbs adjacent to natural reserves



THE RUSSIAN ‘SOCIALIST CITY’:based on static rationalized requirements• Yet, the design is oversized; room for further development: Adaptible•



Transformation of Russian public space

CLIMATE CHANGEThe urban receptor


Transformation of public space into parking spaceShort-term thinking: cheap way to fullfi ll demand of growing car ownership•



Minsk, July, 2009

CLIMATE CHANGELoss of urban drainage capacity


Intensive land-use: land cover leaves almost no room for vegetation

CLIMATE CHANGEThe historic European city: Dense urban centres vs sparse outskirts


High %age of landcover is impervious: low infi ltration capacity (natural drainage)

Based on: Veerbeek et al (2009) Klimaatrobuust Nederland

DENSE CENTRES: IMPERVIOUS LAND COVERThe historic European city: Dense urban centres vs sparse outskirts


Landsat Infrared image of Rotterdam area

Based on: Veerbeek et al (2009) Klimaatrobuust Nederland

DENSE CENTRES: IMPERVIOUS LAND COVERThe Dutch urban areas are highly susceptible to extreme weather

Delft is representative for many Dutch cities (e.g. Rotterdam)

Especially industrial areas (e.g. port zones) are vulnerable.


URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION: BUILDING RESILIENCYMaking our urban areas less vulnerable to natural hazards

INVEST IN ROBUSTNESS AND ADAPTATION:Use the 4 capacities: threshold, coping, recovery, adaptive• Distribute your risk• Always solve multiple problems in a design• Design in space and time• Seek synergies• Design in an integrative manner: including public space• Solve problems locally•


HOTSPOT ROTTERDAM

Using Climate Change as an opportunity to drive new urban development• Research - Policy - Design - Investment•


ROTTERDAM GREEN ROOF INITIATIVEIncreasing the drainage capacity of buildings

Transform leftover spaces (roofs) into climate proof functional spaces• Subsidise green roof initiatives (tax cuts)• Frontrunner: develop green roofs on public buildings•


Biggest multi-functional levee in Europe• Combining a levee, park, retail, logistics• Connect currently seperated neighborhoods• Currently under construction•

ROOF PARKRotterdam, Netherlands, 2006-2012. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands


building programme

location

fl ood defense

combined functions

park


Stack diff erent functions on top of each other• Wrap the park around•


reference: Bercy, France

park area

mediteranian garden/glass house


Biggest multi-functional levee in Europe• Combining a levee, park, retail, logistics• Connect currently seperated neighborhoods• Currently under construction•


APPLYING THE STATE-OF-THE-ART CLIMATE TECHNOLOGYVistor centre marketing Rotterdam’s climate proofi ng ambitions• Cooling/Heating with solar power, water • Storing of energy by using phase-change materials•

FLOATING EXPOCENTRE ROTTERDAMRotterdam, Netherlands, 2008-2010. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands


Housing area located on the Meuse river bed• During high waters the houses fl oat• Hollow concrete base for buoyancy• International attention (e.g. Discovery Channel)•

AMPHIBIC COMMUNITY46 Housing Units, Maasbommel, Netherlands, 2002-2003. Dura Vermeer, Hoofddorp, Netherlands


FLOATING GREEN HOUSE NAALDWIJKRotterdam, Netherlands, 2003-2005. Dura Vermeer, Rotterdam, Netherlands

USING THE DUTCH WATER SYSTEM AS A CROP FIELDCooling/Heating using water• Moving an industry sector away from the city•


Low-level city

fl ood prone area

1:4000 year levee

new residential area

URBAN FLOOD MANAGEMENT DORDRECHTIntegrating fl ood risk in brownfi eld development

INTEGRATION OF FLOOD RISK IN BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT:Problem are became a ‘safe haven’• Knowledge driven•


HOUSING TYPOLOGIES FOLLOW FLOOD RISK:Living with water instead of fi ghting water•



NOT ENOUGH ‘CRITICAL MASS’ FOR A SINGLE CITYShip the theatre from city to city• On-shore facilities are limited to parking and logistics•

DOCKSTAGE: FLOATING THEATRE FOR THE DRECHTSTEDENServing 3 cities with a multi-functional theatre/concert hall


CONCLUSIONSDevelopment of the Russian provincial city

ADOPT A ‘NO-REGRET’ STRATEGY:Current interventions should not lead up to mistakes in the future• Rigourously analyse the current city in space and time• Develop a strong public space policy; public space is functional!• Adopt a system’s perspective; the city is not just a colleiton of objects•

DIVERSIFY AND LIMIT:Diversify your assets; distribute your risk• Create synergy instead of singular objects; combine functions• Smart growth; do not endlessly expand your cities•

INCLUDE ADAPTATION:Flexibility is a must; think in time• Develop fl exible development plans using scenarios• Abandon rigid zoning plans•


LEARN FROM WHAT IS THERE!The origins of the Russian cities are almost forgotton • Yet, there are many places with potential qualities• Adopt a local strategy, building on what is there instead of wiping things away•

CONCLUSIONSDevelopment of the Russian provincial city