link planning factors that determine your ptp solution · motorola solutions ptp link planning...
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Motorola SolutionsPTP
LINK PlanningFactors that determine your PTP Solution
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Agenda
• Motorola PTP Solutions• Key Questions• Propagation Effects
Freespace LossAtmospheric AbsorptionRain FadeClear Air Fading
• PTP LINKPlanner• Motorola PTP Products
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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WIDE RANGE OF MOTOROLA PTP OPTIONS
2.4 to 5.9 GHz
PTP 100 and 200 PTP 300, 500, 600
License-Exempt and Defined-Use Licensed Solutions
Licensed Solutions
PTP 800
6 to 38 GHz
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
4
How do I decide?
• What is the range?
• What is the throughput at that range?
• What is the availability?
The answers to all these questions depend on a number of factors, and change depending where the link is deployed.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Key Propagation Effects
Line-of-sight (LOS), freespace attenuation + atmospheric gas
(Oxygen, water vapour)
Fading due to Multipath from surface reflection
Diffraction Fading due to obstruction of
path by terrain
Atmospheric multipath fading due to
abnormal refraction
Attenuation due to rain / snow / dust
Distortion due to frequency
selective fading
Modelled according to ITU-R P.530
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Microwave link planning
• Freespace loss Lfs
• Gaseous absorption Lg
• Rain Lr
• Clear-air fading (multipath) Lm
As in [ITU-R P.530], propagation loss consists of:
Loss (dB) = Lfs + Lg + Lm + Lr
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Freespace Pathloss
)log(20)log(204.32 fdLfs ++= d = distance (km)f = frequency (MHz)
900 MHz
5 GHz26 GHz
900 MHz
5 GHz
26 GHz
“Perfect” Omni antenna
High-gain antennas at high freqs
0dB
15dB
32dB
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Atmospheric AbsorptionP = 1013 hPaT = 20 oCρ = 7.5 g/m3
Atmospheric Attenuation Factor ⎯o (dB/km)
6
0.009
0.015
11
0.185
23 38
0.110
80
0.303
0.001
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1 10 100
Frequency (GHz)
Atte
nuat
ion
fact
or (d
B/km
)
Dry gas Water vapour Total
60GHz Oxygenabsorption peak
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Key propagation effects above 6 GHz
1. Rain : can be severe
2. Clear-air fading (includes ducting) : can be severe
3. Obstacles and multipath : Unlicensed only for non-LOSFresnel zone should be clearfor Licensed
Licenced Mircrowave (PTP800) is designed forclear LOS operation only !!!
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Rain FadeFreq (GHz) ¼ wavelength
5.8 12.9 mm
11 6.8 mm
18 4.2 mm
23 3.3 mm
38 2.0 mm
Surface tension forms “pendant” shape
Water drop Water drop
on a leaf
Sphere is the shape with smallest surface area
Raindrop falling through air
Air resistance causes bottom of raindrop to
flatten
When raindropsize gets closeto wavelengthyou get power
absorption
Horizontal dimension isbiggest, soHorizontal
polarisationinteracts more
Largest raindrops
about 9 mm
< 2 mm
> 2 mm
5 mm
Photo: M.Sellars Photo: M.Sellars
H2O is a polarmolecule with aseparation of
charge, so it isaffected by microwaves
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11
Rain fade for V & H Polarisation
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Distance (km)
99.9
9% R
ain
fade
dep
th (d
B)
Vertical, 5 GHzHorizontal, 5GHzVertical, 18 GHzHorizontal, 18 GHzVertical, 23 GHzHorizontal, 23 GHz
23 GHzLarge gap betweenV and H polarisation
18 GHz
5 GHz
Rain rate 42 mm/hour
Horizontal polarisation is more attenuated by rain
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Rain Fading
Cambridge U.K.
Johannesburg South Africa
Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Bombay India
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Sydney Australia
Lattitude 52.2 N 26.1 S 3.2 N 18.6 N 6.5 S 33.9 S
Longitude 0.1 E 28.0 E 101.7 E 74.4 E 39.2 E 151.2 E
Rainfall rateR0.01 = 0.01%
22 mm/hr 51 mm/hr 116 mm/hr 74 mm/hr
95.5 mm/hr 45.9 mm/hr
For a 99.99% link need to know max rain rate not exceeded for 99.99% of the time then calculate path loss due to this amount of rain
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
13
99.99% Rain fade (Morocco 29mm/hour)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Link length (km)
Rai
n fa
de (d
B)
5.8 8.0 11.0 18.0 23.0 26.0 38.0
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
14
99.99% Rain fade (Malaysia 98mm/hour)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Link length (km)
Rai
n fa
de (d
B)
5.8 8.0 11.0 18.0 23.0 26.0 38.0
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• Beam spreading (commonly referred to as defocusing) • Antenna decoupling • Surface multipath • Atmospheric multipath
These mechanisms can occur by themselves or in combination
Clear-air fading
Fading NOT due to rain, particles, obstacles (trees, buildings)=> “CLEAR AIR fading”
Caused by extremely refractive layers of air in the atmosphere
According to ITU-R P.530-12, clear-air fading mechanisms include :
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“Duct” = Extremely refractive layer of air
Top of duct
Earth surface
• Ducts in atmosphere due to changing refractive index• Cause radio waves to bend back towards the earth surface• Primarily due to water vapour, worst above coastal areas
0
-39
-157
True Earth
0
-39
-157
Equivalent earth (standard atmosphere) 0
-39
-157
Flat Earth
Rays return to earth
Gradient of refractive index dN/dh = -39 units/km (linear)Change in temperature -> ducts change -> refractive index changes
linear
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Not correlated with rain, so fading effects considered independent
Based on data of refractive index - Can vary depending on the season – eg worst in summer months in UK
Use refractivity gradient to estimate probability of ducting as in ITU-R P.453
Cambridge U.K. Johannesburg South Africa
Abu-Dhabi UAE
Bombay India
Dar es Salaam Tanzania
Sydney Australia
Refractivity index dN1
-214 -261 -1321 -333 -248 -468
Geoclimatic factor K 2.6e-4 3.6e-4 0.189 5.8e-4 3.3e-4 1.4e-3
Clear air fading
ITU combines all types of clear-air fading
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Clear-air fading depends on:• Latitude – worse at equator• Altitude – worse at sea-level• Surface roughness – worse over flat ground• Inclination angle – worse on flat path• Frequency – worse at high frequency
Mountains - Low fading
Flat coastal - High fading
Ducts form easilyand persist
Ducts broken-up
Transmission pathlies inside a duct
Transmission pathcuts across ducts, => little refraction
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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99.99% Clear-air fade (Ashburton, U.K. vs Abu-Dhabi)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Link length (km)
Fade
(dB
)5.8 8.0 11.0 18.0 23.0
26.0 38.0 Abu-Dhabi 5.8 Abu-Dhabi 8.0 Abu-Dhabi 11
Abu-Dhabi 18 Abu-Dhabi 23 Abu-Dhabi 26 Abu-Dhabi 38
Abu-Dhabi
Ashburton, U.K.
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LINKPlanner calculates this automatically
Abu-Dhabi Clear-air fading
time
RSL
0.01% fade
mean
61dB
U.K. Clear-air fading
time
RSL
mean
0.01% fade24dB
Abu-Dhabi, at 40km, 8GHz signal will fade by 61dB for 0.01% of time
U.K., at 40km, 8GHz signal will fade by 24dB for 0.01% of time
99.99% Clear-air fade (Ashburton, U.K. vs. Abu-Dhabi)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Link length (km)
Fade
(dB
)
U.K. 8 GHz Abu-Dhabi 8 GHz
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Winnipeg, Canada: 99.99% Fading (Rain and Clear-air)
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Link length (km)
Fade
(dB
)
Rain 5.8 Rain 8 Rain 11 Rain 18 Rain 23 Rain 26 Rain 38CA 5.8 CA 8 CA 11 CA 18 CA 23 CA 26 CA 38
Rain 18GHz
Rain 23GHz
Clear-air fading
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Geographical variations
Sometimes rain dominates (usually at higher frequencies),whereas clear-air fading may dominate near the coast
Lake Mary
Charlottesville
Boston
Schaumburg
Dallas
Dodge CitySalt Lake City
Phoenix
Seattle
San Diego
GeorgeTownGrand Cayman
CityRain
(mm/hr)
Geoclimatic Factor K ( x 0.001 )
Salt Lake City 21 0.055
San Diego 25 0.190
Phoenix 33 0.130
Dodge City 36 0.170
Boston 41 0.329
Schaumburg 41 0.230
Seattle 41 0.091
Charlottesville 51 0.090
Dallas 55 0.245
Lake Mary 81 0.330
GeorgeTown, Gr. Cayman 84 0.250
Depends on intensity of heaviest
rainstormNOT
frequent drizzle
High values above 0.2mean high ducting
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
23
USA Rain Fade
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0Link distance (km)
99.9
9% R
ain
fade
dep
th
Boston 6GHzBoston 11GHzBoston 18GHzDallas 6GHzDallas 11GHzDallas 18GHzDodge City 6GHzDodge City 11GHzDodge City 18GHzLake Mary 6GHzLake Mary 11GHzLake Mary 18GHzPhoenix 6GHzPhoenix 11GHzPhoenix 18GHzSalt Lake City 6GHzSalt Lake City 11GHzSalt Lake City 18GHz
18GHz
11GHz
6GHz
Fading calculations for USA - RAINRain fade worstin areas of heavystorms (Florida)
Lower frequencies not affected much by rain
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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USA Clear-air fade
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Link distance (km)
99.9
9% F
ade
dept
h
Boston 6GHzBoston 11GHzBoston 18GHzGT Cayman Is. 6GHzGT Cayman Is. 11GHzGT Cayman Is. 18GHzSeattle 6GHzSeattle 11GHzSeattle 18GHzPhoenix 6GHzPhoenix 11GHzPhoenix 18GHzSalt Lake City 6GHzSalt Lake City 11GHzSalt Lake City 18GHz
Fading calculations for USA – Clear-air
Clear-air fadingworst on coast(Boston, Cayman Isl)
Best in Salt Lake City(high altitude, mountains, inland)
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Link Distances for 99.99% Availability, 256-QAM, 6-foot dish
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Frequency (GHz)
Distance (km)
Salt Lake City Phoenix GeorgeTown, G.Cayman Boston Lake Mary
6 GHz
11GHz
18GHz
Dominated by clear-air fading,worst on coast (Lake Mary)
Dominated by rain fading,worst in stormy areas(GeorgeTown)
Fading calculations for USA – Rain and Ducting combined
Salt Lake City has lowest rainfallso high frequencies travel quite far
Salt Lake City is in the mountainsso clear-air fading is low
18 GHz in Salt Lake City
travels further than 6 or 11 GHz in most
other places !
FCC Rules for 6 GHz:Smallest antenna = 6ftShortest path = 17 km
FCC Rules for 11 GHz:Smallest antenna = 2.6ft
Shortest path = 5 km
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
26
Simple Questions?
What is the range?
What is the throughput at that range?
What is the availability?
There is no “quick answer” to these questions, a lot depends on your location and a number of factors for your link
Calculating these factors manually would be very time consuming!
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
27
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
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MOTOROLA LINKPlanner software MOTOROLA LINKPlanner software
Link planning should be carried out BEFORE equipment purchase / install
Download the FREE tool from http://www.motorola.com/ptp/software
Start the PTP LINKPlanner tool
Create sitesCreate linksRequest path data from MotorolaFree 3 metre Terrain Data (US Only, 10 metre world wide)Aerial Photography (free from Google Earth)
Load obstruction data into link toolsObstructions estimated from aerial photography and local knowledge
Estimate antenna heights
Estimate appropriate antenna sizes
Estimate environmental noise
Configure link for customer needs
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
29
Long link, 112km
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
30
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
31
Fresnel zone – clear if possible
Width of First Fresnel zone (n=1)28GHz, d=10km, Fn ≈ 5m
Curvature of EarthRadius of Earth 6371km‘Effective Earth Radius’ factor – typically 4/3‘bulge’ ≈ 1.5m for d=10km
ITU-R P.526 model for irregular terrain
d2d1
Fn
21
21
ddddnFn
+=
λ
PTP 800 is designed for clear LOS operation only !!!
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
320 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55Distance (km)
6
11
15
18
23
26
38
Frequency (GHz)
Short, high-capacity links
Short, high-capacity links
Short, high-capacity links
Medium links
Medium links
Long trunks
Long trunks
4.9 - 5.8 Unlicensed
0.5
Regulator may not license < 5km or 17km (FCC)
Minimum link dist ~ 0.5km
Distances calculated for various frequencies assuming:128QAM, 99.99%, 4-foot dishes, “medium” fading (rain = 58 mm/hr, refractive index dN1 = -219)
Guidance for PTP 800 link distances
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
33
PTPFeature PTP 100 PTP 200 PTP 300 PTP 500 PTP 600 PTP 800RF bands
(GHz)2.4, 5.2, 5.4, 5.8 4.9, 5.4 5.4, 5.8 5.4, 5.8
2.5, 4.5, 4.8, 4.9, 5.4, 5.8,
5.96 – 38
Max. Throughput 14 Mbps 21 Mbps
25 Mbps –50 Mbps LOS
option105 Mbps 300 Mbps 368 Mbps
(full duplex)
Max. LOS Range
35 mi (56 km) with
reflector
5 mi (8 km) Integrated antenna
155 mi (250 km)
155 mi(250 km)
124 mi(200 km) NA
Max. NLOS Range NA NA 6 mi (10 km) 6 mi (10 km) 5 mi (8 km) NA
Security 56-bit DES128-bit AES
56-bit DES128-bit AES
128/256-bit AES
128/256-bit AES
128/256-bit AES;
FIPS 140-2
128/256-bit AES
Wind Speed Survival
118 mph (190 kph)
118 mph (190 kph)
202 mph (325 kph)
202 mph (325 kph)
202 mph (325 kph)
150 mph (242 kph)
Operating Temperature
-40º~131º F (-40º~55º C)
-40º ~131º F (-40º~55º C)
-40º~140º F (-40º~60º C)
-40º~140º F (-40º~60º C)
-40º~140º F (-40º~60º C)
-27º~131º F (-33º~55º C)
PRODUCTS AND KEY FEATURES
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34
SummeryWhy use Lower frequencies ??
Unlicensed – No Licence Fees
Unlicensed – Quick and Easy to deploy – No Frequency Co-ordination
Long Distance
Non Line of Site possible
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © 2010 Motorola, Inc. All rights reserved.
35
SummeryWhy use higher frequencies ??
Bandwidth – much more available > 10GHz
Easier to make Narrow-beam antennas (e.g. point-to-point links)
Better frequency re-use (e.g. 38GHz, 60GHz)
Always use LINKPlanner!!
Q&A