lingg endler
TRANSCRIPT
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The Physics of HomeopathyOverviewOverview
Alexander Tournier PhD
Kuala Lumpur 2011
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Homeopathy: A controversial subject
1 Principle of similars – ‘Like cures like’
– Vaccines , anti-allergy treatments
2 Principle of dilutions – Potentisation
– Ultra-high dilutions!
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The need for Physics in Homeopathy
Homeopathy NOT Scientific ? ?
Physics point of view
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A Clash With Conventional Science
Dilutions Weakening effect
Potentisation
Bio-active Memory
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Requirements For Homeopathy
Serial dilutions
Memory Biologically active
?
WATER
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Water is simple?
• Density anomalies: ice lighter than water
• Unusual thermodynamical properties
• 15 known phases of water!
• One of the best known solvents
Water remains an intense area of research
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Scientific process of discovery
Experiments
Basic Properties
Theories
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Animals
Plants
Cells
Animals
Biological moleculesPhysical properties
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Effect of Thyroxine 30x on frog metamorphosis
• Tadpoles were treated with Thyroxine 30x
• The number of animals having • The number of animals having entered 4-legged stage was counted
• Experiments were blinded
Gerhard Lingg and P. C. Endler Int J High Dilution Research 2011 10(37)
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Effect of Thyroxine 30x on frog metamorphosis
70% measuring point
Freq
uen
cy o
f 4
legg
ed t
adp
ole
s
Results reproduced by 5 researchers in 20 sub-experiments
From C Endler, private communication
Time (Days)
N = 1650/groupp < 0.01*
Freq
uen
cy o
f 4
legg
ed t
adp
ole
s
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Effect of Thyroxine 30x on frog metamorphosis
Sealed Vials
Endler etal Veterinary and Human Toxicology. Vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 259-260. 1995
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CD
Digitized signals
Sensitivity to EM signals
(micro-wave and mobile)
Thyroxine
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Effect of potentized gibberellic acid 30x on wheat seedlings
• Stalk length after 1 wk
• 3 experimental groups:
– Water
– Succussed water 30x
– Gibberellic acid 30x
• Number of shoots > 2000
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Effect of potentized gibberellic acid 30x on wheat seedlings
Recent results from Endler’s lab
• Germination rate showed no difference
• Verum stalk length was 8.35% smaller than control (W 30x)
• Statistically highly significant p < 0.001
• Reproduced 4 times
Pfleger et al Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2011) 19, 164—169
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Basophil degranulation experiments
• Release of cell contents
• Induced by anti-IgE
• Inhibited by histamine• Inhibited by histamine
• Investigate effect of high-dilution of histamine
• Measured by flow cytometryHuman basophil stained by Alcian blue
Sainte-Laudy and Belon Homeopathy (2009) 98, 186–197
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Basophil degranulation experiments6C 15C 30C
Effect of histamine dilutions from 10-10 to 10-120 M
Sainte-Laudy and Belon Homeopathy (2009) 98, 186–197
Reproduced 8 times
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Digital homeopathy
Recording
CDReplayReplay
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BenvenisteDigibio : Digital Biology
• Coagulation rates are reduced by presence of thrombin inhibitor
Movie
• Use digitized thrombin inhibitor
• Measured by optical densityProf J Benveniste
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BenvenisteDigibio : Digital Biology
p < 0.0001
,� water�, � water exposed to water signal
�, � water exposed to digitized signal
Experiments performed by Jamal Aissa (experimenter in Benveniste’s lab)
Jonas, etal (2006). "Can specific biological signals be digitized?". FASEB Journal 20 (1): 23–28.
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Results from Montagnier
• Properties of high-dilutions
– Not affected by chemical solvents
– Not affected by digestive enzymes
– Sensitive to freezing– Sensitive to freezing
– Heat
– Have characteristic EM signal
• ‘Cross-talk’
– A blank water sample can ‘pick-up’ signal from active homeopathic sample
Prof L Montagnier
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Effect on Enzymatic Reactions
Starch Maltoseα-amylase
Starch MaltoseMerc Cor
30C
1.6 x fasterP < 0.01
Sukul Homeopathy (2002) 91, 217–220
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UV Spectroscopy
Group of Roy report differences
UV spectra Nux Vom vs Nat Mur
Rao etal Homeopathy (2007) 96, 175–182
Group of Roy report differences between UV spectra of different
remedies
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UV Spectroscopy
Copper Sulfate UV Spectra p < 0.001
Wolf, Wolf, Heusser, Thurneysen , Baumgartner eCAM 2009 May 27
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Thermoluminescence
Rey, Homeopathy (2007) 96, 170–174
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Summary from experimentsWhat do we know of ultra-high dilutions so far?
• Not just water!
• Work through glass
• Information can be recorded and replayed
• Work on cells and enzymes
Theory: possible explanation
• Stable water structures carrying information
• Electromagnetic effects involved
• Bioactive – therapeutic effect
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Water structures- Memory- Potentisation- Bioactive
?
THEORY #1: Quantum Coherence
THEORY #2: Dipole Theory
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Quantum Coherence DomainsGiuliano Preparata (1942-2000)
Emilio Del Guidice
QCDQCD
25nm 25nm
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High-dilutions ExperimentsA
vera
ge d
om
ain
siz
e
• Recent experiments show that dilutions do not follow standard theories
• Explained by QCDs
Yinnon Yinnon Mod Phys Lett B (2009) 23(16) 1959-1973
Ave
rage
do
mai
n s
ize
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THEORY #2Water Dipole Theory
+
Dr Lo
-
+
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Atomic Force Microscopy
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‘Seeing’ water clustersAFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)
Lo et al. Physics Letters A 373 (2009) 3872–3876
High density Low density
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Water ClustersEM (Electron Microscopy)
Gann & Lo Double Helix Water
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Conclusions
• There are a few well established experiments which show consistent reproducibility
• There is evidence for the presence of novel water structureswater structures
• These water structures could have all the required properties to explain homeopathy
• Area is still in its infancy and needs a lot more work
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Summary from experimentsWhat do we know of ultra-high dilutions so far?
• Not just water!
• Work through glass
• Information can be recorded and replayed
• Work on cells and enzymes
Theory: possible explanation
• Stable water structures carrying information
• Electromagnetic effects involved
• Bioactive – therapeutic effect
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Effect of potentized gibberellic acid 17x on dwarf peas
• shoot length stimulation of +11.2%
• p value highly significant p = 0.007
Baumgartner etal Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2008) 16, 183—191
Reproduced 3 times
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Predictions from Dr Lo
• Formation of stable water structures
• Due to the presence of charged particles in the water
• 10 Å in diameter or more• 10 Å in diameter or more
• Clusters of such structures could be 100 to 1000 nm in diameter
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Plant ‘cross-talk’ experiments
Stephan Baumgartner
Plastic pocket
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THEORY #1 Quantum Coherence Domains
Richard Feynman (1918 – 88) Giuliano Preparata (1942-2000)
Emilio Del Guidice
Quantum Electrodynamics
Magnetic Field Coherence domains
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EM Properties ofCoherence Domains
• Able to store EM information
• Require an external magnetic field for stability
• Biologically relevant size
• Tend to aggregate
• 25 % volume of water