Lingelbach, Folklife in the Piazza del Popolo 1650

Lingenback Carnival in Piazza Colonna 1650

Bird in the Air Pump 1768 Joseph Wright English

18th century Enlightenment: science, reason, technology,

French Royal Government:

Monarchy: hereditary succession through royal families

dynasties: Valois to 16th C. Bourbon until French Revolution

Estates General: called in 1788, due to financial crisis meet in Versailles at royal palace

Representative body: not called by King since 1614

1st Estate the clergy2cd Estate the nobility3rd Estate the bourgeoisie (townsmen as representative of rest of agricultural population)

FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789                              

1789 ESTATES GENERAL           (first meeting since 1614)          meets in Versailles              1st estate (clergy): 2% (100,000); 2cd estate (nobles): 8% (400,000) 3rd estate (bourgeosie): represent other 90% of population

 Number of delegates: clergy 291, nobility 270, 3rd estate 578          conflict between privileged orders and population of 23 million:

  

POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENLIGHTENMENT:

possible forms of "enlightened" government     

I. ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM OR ABSOLUTISM builds on 17th C. models of absolutist royal rule, such as Louis XIV in France (“ l’ètat, c’est moi – I am the state.”)       

image of government by "enlightened," educated monarch, who legislates for good of society       models in eastern Europe: Prussia, Austro-Hungarian/Hapsburg Empire (Milan)

II. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY        model of English monarchy: King with consent of Parliament        limited powers of monarch, combined with representative assembly         make this a "reasonable" approach; first government of

French Revolution =

1789-92 Constitutional Monarchy: Constitution drafted by National Assembly (3 rd Estate plus supporters from 1st & 2cd)

1793 execution of Louis XIII as Citizen Capet

III. REPUBLICANISM        radical, non-monarchical alternative of American colonies in 1776 Revolution        1792-95 First French Republic influenced by Rousseau, by American Republic of 1776                             by classical model of ancient Roman Republic

David, Jacques-Louis (1748-1825). French neo-classical painter associated with French Revolution, Napoleon

David The Oath of the Horatii 1784

David 1789 Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of his Sons

David Oath of the Tennis Court 1791 (center = Talleyrand, Lafayette

July 14   PARISIAN REVOLT, STORMING OF BASTILLE -- armed revoltJuly 17            King capitulates, goes to Paris to submit to nation, wearing the                       TRICOLEUR: Flag = red & blue = city of Paris; white = royal flag                        Marquis de Lafayette: commander of Parisian city guard

August 4       END OF FEUDALISM: "The feudal regime is abolished in its entirety."August 10     DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN & CITIZEN:                                                        anti-feudal, social contract

Fall of the Bastille prison in Paris, 14 July 1789

Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830

David The Intervention of the Sabine Women 1794-99 with Paris’ Bastille in background as Capitoline Hill

1791-92 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY      October: Legislative Assembly elected 1792: Fall of Constitutional Monarchy due to war, pressure of Parisian risings

FIRST FRENCH REPUBLIC 1792-1795                 SECOND REVOLUTION (REPUBLICAN)       9-10 August: rising of Parisian population

1793 JAN: EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI (Citizen Louis Capet):

1794-95 The Terror

French flag tricoleur

red and blue = city of Pariswhite = royal flag

Marie Antoinette

with a Rose, 1783

Marie Louise Vigee-LeBrun

David

Marie Antoinette on her way to the guillotine 1793

David

Death of Marat

1793

Marat was Jacobinorator assassinated in his bath by young royalist Charlotte Corday

RISE OF NAPOLEON:

1795 Parisian rising suppressed by young General Bonaparte given command of army in Italy by new government of the Directory NAPOLEON’S INVASION OF ITALY 1796-1814

   1797 Napoleon's conquest of Venice, Rome, Pope as prisoner              sets up Italian kingdoms as part of French Empire Northern Italy: Cisalpine Republic Naples: Parthenopean Republic

             suppresses the Roman Inquisition in areas conquered

David

Napoleon Crossing the Alps at the St.Bernard Pass

1801

1799 CONSULATE: Napoleon is one of three consuls; end of revolutionary democracy

           1802 Napoleon declares himself "consul for life"           1804 "the government of the Republic is entrusted to an Emperor"

Major domestic achievements:            CONCORDAT WITH ROME 1802: Catholicism recognized as "religion of the majority of Frenchmen,"                but not established church; toleration retained            NAPOLEONIC CODE: 1804 Civil Code; 1807 Code Napoleon                        model of Roman legal code of Justinian

David, Napoleon in his study 1812

David, Pope Pius VII 18051800-1823

                   

David, Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of Empress Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris on 2 Dec 1804

Ingres, Napoleon as Emperor

David, Madame de Verninac, 1799

David, Madame Recamier, 1800

Arc de triomphe, Paris modelled on Arch of Titusbegun 1806

Arc de triomphe au carousel modelled on Arch of Constantine