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10/50

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83N8 (*0& B/ (&0)(7 37 0&(JA B/ 63/& &aF&M0*7M+? 6*'B( A)FF6+? *7. 7*03B7*6 F(B.)M0=

gB.&(3MP %6B).? gB'&(0 %BN&6? Bernard Harris, and Sok Chul Hong offer extensive

evidence that extra nutrition for the bottom decile or two of English and French society in

the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries would have raised labor supply and

productivity. If one further assumes that poor relief brought the extra nutrition it wasmeant to bring, then the relative generosity of English poor relief before 1834 deserves

high marks for feeding the poor and raising their labor supply. Outweighing the famous

conservative argument that the poor relief would reduce labor supply, by encouraging

laziness and insolence, is the likelihood that labor supply would have been raised overall

given the magnitude of the positive survival effects estimated by Floud, Fogel, Harris,


19/50

"Z

and Hong. Unfortunately, England and Wales cut poor relief in 1834 and again in 1870,

delaying some of the nutrition gains until very late in the nineteenth century.25

Here too,

efficiency seems to have been sacrificed by holding back on social spending.

W 083(. J3AA&. BFFB(0)730+ J3N80 8*4& '&&7 08& .&6*+ 37 F)'63M 8&*608

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AM8BB637N? /*J36+ *AA3A0*7M&? *7. F)'63M 8&*608=#X

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B/ ABM3*6 AF&7.37N )F 0B *'B)0 "Z-,? 08&+ J)A0 A8*(& 08& AFB063N80 V308 A&4&(*6B08&( /B(M&A V8&7 B)( 83A0B(3M*6 &aF6*7*03B7A *(& 0B &7MBJF*AA 08& /)(08&(

*MM&6&(*03B7 B/ F)'63M AF&7.37N )F 0B *'B)0 "ZX,=

W 6B7NY()7 /B(M& 03FF37N 37 /*4B( B/ 83N8Y').N&0 NB4&(7J&70 ABM3*6 F(BN(*JA

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*7. 08& &aF&7.30)(& A3.&= 2(BAF&(30+ *7. .&JBM(*M+ 8*4& *66BV&. MB)70(3&A 0B


20/50

#,

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V&(& * 83N8 A8*(&? B/0&7 #h F&(M&70? B/ 08& 0B0*6 *JB)70 AF&70= O8& (&*AB7 V*A

A3JF6+ 08*0 08& FBB( 8*. 0B '& FB63M&. *7. MBJF6&0&6+ F(B43.&. /B(= d+ MB70(*A0?

B7M& .&JBM(*M+ *7. F(BAF&(30+ *7. B08&( M8*7N&A J*.& ABM3&0+ JB(& V36637N 0B

N34& *3. 0B F&BF6& 37 08&3( BV7 8BJ&A? V308 J373J*6 A)F&(43A3B7? 08& *.J373A0(*034&MBA0A /&66 *A * A8*(& B/ 08& *JB)70 AF&70= 90(3M0&( (&N3J&A *(& JB(& ')(&*)M(*03M *7.

JB(& MBA06+=

d+ 08& FBA0V*( &(*? F(BN(*JYBF&(*037N MBA0A 8*4& /*66&7 0B *6JBA0Y7&N63N3'6&

6&4&6A 37 08& 83N8Y37MBJ& USCE MB)70(3&A= 9B A*+ 7B0 B76+ .*0* B7 F(BN(*JA /B( 08&

FBB(? ')0 &AF&M3*66+ 08& .*0* B7 F&7A3B7 F(BN(*JA= T70&(7*03B7*6 .*0* B7 F&7A3B7


21/50

#"

A)FFB(0 F(BN(*JA A8BV 08*0 *.J373A0(*034& MBA0A *(& 6&AA 08*7 - F&(M&70 B/ 08&

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F)'63M A&M0B( 30A&6/=-,

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b&(J*7+? B7 * F&( M*F30* '*A3A=-"

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22/50

##

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23/50

#-

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F*(03M)6*(6+ 37 M&(0*37 MB)70(3&A= OB A8BV 083A? B7& 7&&.A 0B *4B3. c)A0 &a*J3737N

ABM3*6 &aF&7.30)(&A *A A8*(&A B/ bE2? V83M8 M*7 '& .(34&7 '+ 08& *N& N(B)F A8*(&A B/0B0*6 FBF)6*03B7= W JB(& 0&6637N P37. B/ &aF&7.30)(& J&*A)(& 3A * (&6*034& A)FFB(0

(*03B? .343.37N KABM3*6 &aF&7.30)(&A B7 08& &6.&(6+3#) #4+#)41 3#).09L '+ KABM3*6

&aF&7.30)(&A B7 08& +B)7N3#) 10=9, 3#).09L= 9)M8 * (*03B A8B)6. '& *'B4& )730+? B/

MB)(A&? A37M& 08& *4&(*N& .&F&7.&7M+ (*03B 3A 83N8&( /B( 08BA& B4&( $h 08*7 /B(

+B)7N&( *N& N(B)FA= 5& M*7 MBJF*(& 08& A*J& (*03B *M(BAA MB)70(3&A 0B .&0&M0


24/50

#G

B)063&(A= C*6M)6*037N A)M8 (*03BA 0*P&A ABJ& VB(P? ')0 /B(0)7*0&6+ J)M8 B/ 08& VB(P

8*A '&&7 .B7& /B( )A *6(&*.+= %3N)(& $ A8BVA ABJ& B/ I)63* >+7M8fA M*6M)6*03B7A B/

A)M8 *7 370&(Y*N&YN(B)F A)FFB(0 (*03B? N(*F8&. *N*37A0 08& B4&(*66 ABM3*6 AF&7.37N

A8*(&=-i O8& ')6P B/ MB)70(3&A 37 %3N)(& $ 8*4& A3J36*( 370&(Y*N&YN(B)F (*03BA?

V8&08&( 08&+ *(& 83N8Y').N&0 V&6/*(& A0*0&A 63P& %(*7M& *7. 9V&.&7? B( 6BV&(Y

').N&0 A0*0&A 63P& W)A0(*63*? T(&6*7.? B( C*7*.*= O8&(& *(& /B)( B)063&(A? 8BV&4&(? *66

B/ 08&J 8*437N ABM3*6 &aF&7.30)(&A 08*0 0360 8&*436+ 0BV*(. 08& &6.&(6+^ I*F*7? 08&

@730&. 90*0&A? T0*6+? *7. b(&&M&= %B( 08& @730&. 90*0&A B7& 3JJ&.3*0&6+ 0837PA B/ 08&

/*M0 08*0 9BM3*6 9&M)(30+ *7. Q&.3M*(&? 'B08 MB7M&70(*037N B7 WJ&(3M*7A B4&( $h

+&*(A 37 *N&? *(& JB(& N&7&(B)A 08*7 F)'63M A)FFB(0 /B( 08& FBB( B/ VB(P37N *N&=

[&0 08& B)063&(A *(& 7B0 &a0(&J& 37 08& N&7&(BA30+ B/ 08&3( A)FFB(0 /B( 08& &6.&(6+

08&JA&64&A? *A .&/37&. '+ KABM3*6 &aF&7.30)(&A B7 08& &6.&(6+ F&( &6.&(6+ F&(AB7L m

KbE2 F&( M*F30*L= g*08&( 08&+ A0*7. B)0 '&M*)A& 08&+ N34& AB 63006& 0B 08BA& B/

VB(P37N *N& *7. 0B M836.(&7=

OB (&37/B(M& 08& MB77&M03B7 '&0V&&7 08& ABM3*6 &aF&7.30)(& '3*A J&*A)(&A

*7. .&N(&&A B/ A)MM&AA 37 M)(37N FB4&(0+? 6&0 )A MB7A3.&( * .3//&(&70 .*0* A&0

37M6).37N *..303B7*6 MB)70(3&A BJ300&. /(BJ 08& >+7M8 A0).+= %3N)(& i .(*VA B7 *7

USCE A0).+ MBJF*(37N FB4&(0+ *JB7N 08BA& B/ VB(P37N *N& V308 08& ABM3*6

&aF&7.30)(&A 08*0 *(& AF&M3/3M 0B VB(P37N *N&= U)( /B)( B)063&(A /(BJ %3N)(& $ DI*F*7? 08& @730&. 90*0&A? T0*6+? *7. b(&&M& D *N*37 BMM)F+ B7& &7. B/ 08& AF&M0()J?

7BV cB37&. '+ Q&a3MB? RB(&*? O)(P&+? *7. C*7*.*= O83A N(B)F B/ MB)70(3&A 8*A 08&

6BV&A0 V36637N7&AA 0B 374&A0 * A8*(& B/ bE2 37 F&BF6& B/ VB(P37N *N&? V308 08& (&A)60

08*0 08&+ 8*4& ABJ& B/ 08& 83N8&A0 FB4&(0+ (*0&A /B( 08*0 "XY$G *N& N(B)F= WN*37?

08&3( .3A037N)3A837N /37N&(F(370 3A 08&3( 6BV V36637N7&AA 0B 374&A0 0*a JB7&+ 37 08&

+B)7N *7. 08& J3..6&Y*N&.? 7B0 08&3( 0(&*0J&70 B/ 08& &6.&(6+= W (&6*0&. USCE

.3*N(*J A8BV37N 08& FB4&(0+ *7. AF&7.37N (*0&A /B( 08& &6.&(6+ A8BVA 7B (&4&*637N

.3//&(&7M&A=-X

TA 08& (&6*034& )7.&(374&A0J&70 37 08BA& )7.&( 08& *N& B/ $h ABJ&0837N MBA06+

37 0&(JA B/ bE2` O8& *7AV&( .&F&7.A B7 08& ABM3*6Y').N&0 MB)70&(/*M0)*6 B7&

M8BBA&A 0B FBA&=


25/50

#h

%0=9/#)2&5/=&4 >7O*P& ABJ& B/ 08& NB4&(7J&70 JB7&+ AF&70 B7 08& &6.&(6+?

*7. A83/0 30 0BV*(. 08& 6&*.37N P37.A B/ ABM3*6 F(BN(*JA /B( M836.(&7 *7. 08BA& B/

VB(P37N *N& K&.)M*03B7? F(&4&7034& B)0YF*03&70 8&*608 M*(& /B( 08& M836.(&7? VB(P&(

(&0(*3737N? &0M=L=

%0=9/#)2&5/=&4 ?7 2(34*03\& F&7A3B7A? (&.)M37N 0*a&A *7. J*7.*037N

37.343.)*6 A*437NA *MMB)70A /B( B6. *N&=

O8)A /*( 08& 0&a0 8*A 3JF63&. 08*0 V& *(& MBJF*(37N *M0)*6 F(*M03M& V308

CB)70&(/*M0)*6 W? *7. /B( 083A MBJF*(3AB7 08& *7AV&( 3A M6&*(6+ +&A? 08& '3*A 37 /*4B(

B/ 08& &6.&(6+ 3A M6&*(6+ MBA06+ 37 0&(JA B/ bE2= O8*0 3A &43.&70 /(BJ 08& A3JF6& /*M0

08*0 374&A037N 37 8)J*7 .&4&6BFJ&70 '(37NA * 83N8&( (&0)(7? 08& &*(63&( 08& A0*N& B/

MBN73034& *7. M*(&&( .&4&6BFJ&70= O8& 3JFB(0*7M& B/ 083A FB370 8*A (&M&706+ '&&7

)7.&(637&. 37 08& V(3037NA B/ 2&.(B C*(7&3(B *7. I*J&A


26/50

#$

F*(03M3F*03B7 (*0& 37 FB6303MA= O8&+ 8*4& A)MM&&.&. 37 N*3737N 370&(N&7&(*03B7*6

0(*7A/&(A? V308 B( V308B)0 * 7&0 &//&M0 B7 bE2=

[&0 ABJ&0837N 8*A 0B N34& 37 08& 0V&70+Y/3(A0 M&70)(+? *A J*7+ 8*4& 6B7N

V*(7&.= O8BA& B4&( 08& *N& B/ $h V366 NB B7 (3A37N *A * A8*(& B/ 08& *.)60 FBF)6*03B7?

c)A0 *A 08&+ 8*4& .B7& B4&( (&M&70 M&70)(3&A= O8& (*03BA B/ 08& &6.&(6+ 0B 08BA& B/

VB(P37N *N& *(& (3A37N JBA0 BJ37B)A6+ 37 S*A0 WA3* *7. T0*6+? ')0 7B MB)70(+ 3A

&a&JF0= O8& J*37 (&*AB7 3A A3JF6+ 08& )FV*(. J*(M8 B/ A&73B( 63/& &aF&M0*7M+= O8&

7*0)(*6 AB6)03B7 B/ 8*437N F&BF6& VB(P 0B 6*0&( *N&A? 0B 8B6. /3a&. 08& A8*(& B/ 08&3(

*.)60 634&A AF&70 *0 VB(P? 8*A '&&7 )7.&(J37&. '+ * .&M637& 37 08& *4&(*N& *N& B/

J*6& (&03(&J&70? 08B)N8 083A 8*A 83A0B(3M*66+ MB70(3')0&. 6&AA 0B 08& 6&7N08&737N B/

(&03(&J&70 08*7 8*A 08& 3JF(B4&J&70 37 63/& &aF&M0*7M+=G, WA ABJ& 8*4& *(N)&.?

MB)70(3&A 7&&. 0B .&43A& V*+A 0B F(&4&70 * (3A& 37 0*a*03B7 B7 '&8*6/ B/ F&7A3B7A

K*7. &6.&(6+ 8&*608 M*(&L '+ 37.&a37N &*M8 MB8B(0fA *77)*6 F&7A3B7 '&7&/30A 0B 30A

A&73B( 63/& &aF&M0*7M+= 9V&.&7fA 17B03B7*6 .&/37&. MB70(3')03B7: F&7A3B7 A+A0&J

8*A 08*0 .&A3(*'6& /&*0)(&? 08B)N8 9V&.&7 D 63P& B08&( USCE MB)70(3&A D 3A A0366

N(BF37N /B( AB6)03B7A B7 08& &6.&(6+ 8&*608 M*(& /(B70=G"

kT= 9)JJ*(+

5836& 08& 83A0B(+ B/ F(34*0& *7. F)'63M '&8*43B( 0BV*(. ABM3*6 37A)(*7M& *7.

ABM3*6 *AA3A0*7M& 8*A B76+ '&N)7 0B '& V(300&7 B7 08& N6B'*6 6&4&6? 083A &AA*+ /B)7. 30

&*A+ 0B F3MP ABJ& 6BVY8*7N37N /()30? 37 08& /B(J B/ 637PA '&0V&&7 &MB7BJ3M 08&B(+

*7. *7 &MB7BJ3M 83A0B(+ /&*0)(37N HB(08 W06*703M &aF&(3&7M&= W7 B'43B)A 7&a0 0*AP

3A 0B '(&*P B)0 B/ 08& MB7/37&A B/ S)(BF&*7 *7. HB(08 WJ&(3M*7 &aF&(3&7M&?

F6)7N37N 370B 08& 83A0B(+ B/ 7B7Y/*J36+ ABM3*6 37A)(*7M& *7. ABM3*6 *AA3A0*7M& 37B08&( MB7037&70A=

2(34*0& 37A)(*7M& *7. M8*(30+ *FF&*( 0B 8*4& *.4*7M&. A6BV6+ 0B JB.&A0

6&4&6A? 8&6F&. '+ 08& ()6& B/ 6*V *7. 37MBJ& N(BV08= 2(34*0& N3437N 8*A 7B0 '&&7


27/50

#i

M(BV.&. B)0 '+ 08& (3A& B/ F)'63M *3.? '&M*)A& 30 8*A *6V*+A /30 08& 1V*(J N6BV: JB.&6

'&00&( 08*7 08& *60()3AJ JB.&6 B/ M*(37N *'B)0 08& *NN(&N*0& MB7])&A0 B/ 7&&.=

O83A &AA*+ A)NN&A0A ABJ& 0&70*034& A)JJ*(+ c).NJ&70A B7 08& 83A0B(+ B/

&//3M3&7M+ 37 08& F(B43A3B7 B/ ABM3*6 37A)(*7M& *7. ABM3*6 *AA3A0*7M&= O8(B)N8B)0

83A0B(+? *7. A0366 0B.*+? J*7+ BFFB(0)7303&A /B( N(BV08Y&78*7M37N F(B43A3B7 8*4&

'&&7 A*M(3/3M&. '+ 'B08 A&M0B(A= O8BA& BFFB(0)7303&A *(& (&4&*6&. '+ 83N8 (*0&A B/

J*(N37*6 (&0)(7 B7 A&4&(*6 /(B70A? F*(03M)6*(6+ 374&A0J&70A 37 8)J*7 M*F30*6

/B(J*03B7= O8& F(34*0& A&M0B( /*M&A .*)7037N F(B'6&JA B/ /(&&Y(3.37N F(B'6&J 37

*AA3A0*7M&? *A+JJ&0(3M 37/B(J*03B7 37 ABJ& 4B6)70*(+ 37A)(*7M& J*(P&0A? *7.

*'B4& *66 08& 37*'3630+ 0B &7/B(M& 6B7NY0&(J 6&7.37N MB70(*M0A 08*0 VB)6. (&F*+

F(34*0& 6&7.&(A /B( 374&A0J&70A 37 8)J*7 M*F30*6= O8& F)'63M A&M0B( /*M&A .*)7037N

F(B'6&JA B/ B(N*73\*03B7? /(&& (3.37N? *7. 08& MB7M&70(*03B7 B/ 4B3M& 370B AF&M3*6

370&(&A0 N(B)FA V8BA& B'c&M034&A MB7/63M0 V308 J*a3J3\37N ABM3*6 &//3M3&7M+=

O8& (3A& B/ F)'63M ABM3*6 37A)(*7M& *7. *AA3A0*7M& V*A 8&6. '*MP /B( J366&773*

)7036 08& *((34*6 B/ A0*0& /3AM*6 M*F*M30+ F6)A 08& AF(&*. B/ J*AA FB6303M*6 4B3M&=

OBN&08&( 08&A& BF&7&. 08& .BB( 0B 6BV&(YMBA0? JB(& &//3M3&70? 6&AA ')(&*)M(*03M

F)'63M F(B43A3B7= O8& (3A& B/ )734&(A*6 0*aY'*A&. &.)M*03B7 *7. 8&*608 8*A '(B)N80

N(&*0 N*37A 37 bE2? *7. &*(6+ FBB( (&63&/ J*+ 8*4& .B7& AB 0BB= [&0 /(BJ 08& "Z$,A

B7? 08& /)(08&( &aF*7A3B7 B/ ABM3*6 AF&7.37N 8*A V*7.&(&. *V*+ /(BJ 30A F(BYN(BV08 &N*630*(3*7 ABM3*6 0*(N&0A 0BV*(. (&6*034& )7.&(Y&JF8*A3A B7 *3. 0B 08&

+B)7N *7. B4&(Y&JF8*A3A B7 *3. 0B 08& &6.&(6+= 9BJ&0837N 8*A 0B N34& 37 08& (*F3.6+

*N37N ABM3&03&A B/ 08& 0V&70+Y/3(A0 M&70)(+=


28/50


29/50

#Z

Costa, Dora L. 1998. The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History,1880-1990.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

C)06&(? E*43. Q= *7. E*7 2= >+= #,""= 1O8& K2*F&(L5B(P B/ Q&.3M37&^ @7.&(A0*7.37NT70&(7*03B7*6 Q&.3M*6 CBA0A=:C0=)9&4 02 D5090'*5 @#).3#5/*6#.#h? # K9F(37NL^-Y#h=

E*86'&(N? Q*0\? R*(37 S.J*(P? *7. )7.]43A0? #,"#= 1S0873M E34&(A30+ *7.2(&/&(&7M&A /B( g&.3A0(3')03B7?:C0=)9&4 02 @04*/*5&4 D5090'1"#,? "K%&'()*(+L^ G"Yi$=

E37M&MMB? Q*(P= #,""= @04*/*5&4 !)&9.20)'&/*09. &9+ @=(4*5 E*9&95#.7 D=)03#I JUMVNJOJW:C*J'(3.N&^ C*J'(3.N& @734&(A30+ 2(&AA=

E37M&MMB? Q*(P *7. b*'(3&6 R*0\= %B(08MBJ37N= 190*0& C*F*M30+ *7. >B7NYg)72&(/B(J*7M&:=C0=)9&4 02 D5090'*5 S)0;/"=

S*A0&(6+? 53663*J *7. gBAA >&437&= "ZZi= 1W/(3M*fA b(BV08 O(*N&.+^ 2B63M3&A *7.S0873M E343A3B7A?: B=&)/#)41 C0=)9&4 02 D5090'*5.""#? GG KHB4&J'&(L? "#,-Yh,=

SAF)&6*A? 9&(N3B= #,"#= 1W(& E3M0*0B(A83FA >&AA g&.3A0(3')034&` W CBJF*(*034&

W7*6+A3A B/ 9BM3*6 9F&7.37N 37 S)(BF&? "Zh,D"ZX,:= D=)03#&9 A#6*#; 02D5090'*5 -*./0)1 "$? # KQ*+L^ #""Y#-#=SA0(37? W6&a*7.&(? "ZXX= 1W.J373A0(*034& CBA0A /B( 9BM3*6 9&M)(30+ 2(BN(*JA 37

9&6&M0&. CB)70(3&A?: 805*&4 8#5=)*/1 ?=44#/*9h"? XX^ #ZY-"=%3A8'*MP? 2(3M& k= #,",= 19BM3*6 5&6/*(& SaF&7.30)(&A 37 08& @730&. 90*0&A *7. 08&

HB(.3M CB)70(3&A? "Z,,Y#,,-: HdSg Working Paper 15982 (May).%3A8'*MP? 2(3M& k= *7. Q&63AA* W= O8BJ*AAB7= #,,$= 19BM3*6 T7A)(*7M& *7. 2)'63M

WAA3A0*7M&:? 37 Carter, Susan et al.(eds.), The Historical Statistics of the UnitedStates: Millennial Edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, Volume2, pp. 2-693 through 2-835.

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b*(/37P&6? T(V37? >&& g*37V*0&(? *7. O3JB08+ 9J&&.37N= #,",= H#&4/" &9+ H#42&)#8/&/#.7 P. >'#)*5& & X&,,&)+ 0) & X#&+#)R Ua/B(.^ Ua/B(. @734&(A30+ 2(&AA=

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Go, Sun and Peter H. Lindert. 2010. The Uneven Rise of American Public Schools to1850.Journal of Economic History70, 1 (March): 1-26.

bB(.B7? IB&6= "ZG,= 1CBJF*(*034& CBA0A B/ W.J373A0&(37N 2)'63M WAA3A0*7M&^ W7W7*6+A3A B/ 08& W.J373A0(*034& SaF&7A&A B/ #X 2)'63M WAA3A0*7M& WN&7M3&A.)(37N "Z-XY-Z:= 805*&4 8#5=)*/1 ?=44#/*9-? # K%&'()*(+L^ ""Y#,=


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Mitchell, Olivia S. 1998. Administrative Costs in Public and Private Retirement Systems.In Martin Feldstein (ed.),Privatizing Social Security. Chicago: University of

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903N630\? IBA&F8 S= #,,,= D5090'*5. 02 /"# @=(4*5 8#5/0)= -(. &.303B7= H&V [B(P^ 5=5=HB(0B7=

9)''*(*B? R=? W73()..8* dB77&(c&&? I&*737& d(*308V*30&? 9B73+* C*(4*68B? R&7&S\&J&7*(3? C*(B6 b(*8*J? *7. W6*7 O8BJFAB7= "ZZi= 8&2#/1 G#/ @)0,)&'.&9+ @06#)/1 A#+=5/*097 X#..09. 2)0' %)0..N%0=9/)1 DT3#)*#95#= 5*A837N0B7^5B(6. d*7P=

k*7 >&&)V&7? Q*(MB './#)+&' JKVVNJKMV:&&)V&7? Q*(MB


32/50

-#

53663*JAB7? I&//(&+ b= *7. R&437 UfgB)(P&= O83A 4B6)J&= 1T70(B.)M03B7^WM83&4&J&70A B/ *7. g&A3A0*7M& 0B b6B'*6 C*F30*63AJ:? C8*F0&( "=

5BB.6*7.&(? 90&//3&? O&((+ C*JF'&66? *7. E*43. @=


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--

Table 1. Theoretical Influences on Social Insurance and Social Assistance

'()*+, *-./0+-)1KB)0A3.& 08& /*J36+L '()*+, +..*.2+-)1KN(*70A? 0*a '(&*PAL /B(9)FF6+ B/ F(34*0& 37A)(*7M& A&(43M&A 9)FF6+ B/ F(34*0& F836*708(BF+

O(*7A*M03B7A MBA0A KYL O(*7A*M03B7A MBA0A? /(&& (3.37N KYL@730 BF&(*037N MBA0 7&0 B/ 0*a&A KYL? @730 BF&(*037N MBA0 7&0 B/ 0*a&A KYL?

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