LIGHTING MATERIALS incandescent light bulbs arc lamps gas-discharge lamps, e.g.,fluorescent lightsandcompact fluorescent lamps,neon lamps,flood lamps, modernphotographic flashes lasers light-emitting diodes, includingOLEDs sulfur lamps

Different types of lights have vastly differingefficienciesandcolor of light. NameOptical spectrumNominalefficiency(lm/W)Lifetime (MTTF)(hours)Color temperature(kelvin)ColorColorrenderingindex

Incandescent light bulbContinuous4-172-200002400-3400Warm white (yellowish)100

Halogen lampContinuous16-233000-60003200Warm white (yellowish)100

Fluorescent lampMercuryline +Phosphor52-100 (white)8000-200002700-5000*White (various color temperatures), as well as saturated colors available15-85

Metal halide lampQuasi-continuous50-1156000-200003000-4500Cold white65-93

Sulfur lampContinuous80-11015000-200006000Pale green79

High pressure sodiumBroadband55-14010000-400001800-2200*Pinkish orange0-70

Low pressure sodiumNarrow line100-20018000-200001800*Yellow, no color rendering0

Light-emitting diodeLine plus phosphor10-110 (white)50,000-100,000Various white from 2700 to 6000*Various color temperatures, as well as saturated colors70-85 (white)

Induction Lamp (External Coil)Mercuryline +Phosphor70-90 (white)80,000-100,000Various white from 2700 to 6000*Various color temperatures, as well as saturated colors70-85 (white)

*Color temperature is defined as the temperature of ablack bodyemitting a similar spectrum; these spectra are quite different from those of black bodies.The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all practical purposes, amonochromaticorange/yellow light, which gives a similarly monochromatic perceprtion of any illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting usages. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since thelight pollutionthat they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra.

Incandescent light bulb The modern incandescent lightbulb, with a coiled filament of tungsten, was commercialized in the 1920s developed from the carbonfilamentlamp introduced in about 1880. As well as bulbs for normal illumination, there is a very wide range, including low voltage, low-power types often used as components in equipment, but now largely displaced by LEDsThere is currently interest in banning some types of filament lamp in some countries, such as Australia planning to ban standard incandescent light bulbs by 2010, because they are inefficient at converting electricity to light. Sri Lanka has already banned importing filament bulbs because of high use of electricity and less light. Less than 3% of the input energy is converted into usable light. Nearly all of the input energy ends up as heat that, in warm climates, must then be removed from the building byventilationorair conditioning, often resulting in more energy consumption. In colder climates where heating and lighting is required during the cold and dark winter months, the heat byproduct has at least some value.Halogen lampHalogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescents, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 C is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz), but sometimes aluminosilicate glass. This is often sealed inside an additional layer of glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, reducing UV emission and because halogen bulbs can occasionally explode during operation. One reason is if the quartz bulb has oily residue fromfingerprints. The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places unless enclosed by the luminaire.Those designed for 12 V or 24 V operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control, also they have higher efficiencies (lumens per watt) and better lives than non halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout life.Fluorescent lampFluorescentlamps have much higher efficiency than filament lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent.Fluorescents were mostly limited tolinearand a round 'Circline' lamp until the 1980s, with other shapes never gaining much popularity. Thecompact fluorescent lamp(CFL) was commercialized in the early 1980s.Most CFLs have a built-inelectrical ballastand fit into a standard screw or bayonet base. Some make use of a separate ballast so that the ballast and tube can be replaced separately.Typical average lifetime ratings for linear fluorescent tubes are 10,000 and 20,000 hours, compared to 750 hours (110 V) and 1000 hours (240 V) for filament lamps.Some types of fluorescent lamp ballast have difficulty starting lamps in very cold conditions, so lights used outdoors in cold climates need to be designed for outdoor use to work reliably.Fluorescents come in a range of different color temperatures. In some countries cool white (CW) is most popular, while in some, warmer whites predominate.In the United States, fluorescents most often come in cool white (CW), with some home bulbs being a warm white (WW), which has apinkishcolor. In between there is an "enhanced white" (EW), which is more neutral. There is also a very cold daylight white (DW). Compact fluorescent lamps are usually considered warm white, though many have a yellowish cast like an incandescent. "Warm" and "cool" are entirely relative terms and almostarbitrarysocolor temperatureand thecolor rendering index(CRI) are used as absolute scales of color for fluorescents, and sometimes for other types of lighting.LED lampSolid stateLEDshave been popular as indicator lights since the 1970s. In recent years,efficacyand output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in niche lighting applications.IndicatorLEDsare known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively (due to high LED cost per watt), and consequently have much shorter lives.Due to the relatively high cost per watt, LED lighting is most useful at very low powers, typically for lamp assemblies of under 10 W. LEDs are currently most useful andcost-effectivein low power applications, such asnightlightsandflashlights. Colored LEDs can also be used for accent lighting, such as for glass objects, and even in fake ice cubes for drinks at parties. They are also being increasingly used as holiday lighting.LEDefficiencies vary over a very wide range. Some have lower efficiency than filament lamps, and some significantly higher. LED performance in this respect is prone to being misinterpreted, as the inherent directionality of LEDs gives them a much higher light intensity in one direction per given total light output.Single colorLEDsare well developed technology, but white LEDs at time of writing still have some unresolved issues.1. CRI is not particularly good, resulting in less than accurate color rendition.2. The light distribution from the phosphor does not fully match the distribution of light from the LED die, so color temperature varies at differing angles.3. Phosphor performance degrades over time, resulting in change of color temperature and falling output. With some LEDs degradation can be quite fast.4. Limited heat tolerance means that the amount of power packable into a lamp assembly is a fraction of the power usable in a similarly sized incandescent lamp.LED technology is useful for lighting designers because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single color LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture.In the last few years, software has been developed to merge lighting and video by enabling lighting designers to stream video content to their LED fixtures, creating low resolution video walls.For general domestic lighting, total cost of ownership of LED lighting is still much higher than for other well established lighting types.Carbon arc lamp Carbon arc lamps consist of two carbon rodelectrodesin open air, supplied by a current-limitingballast. Theelectric arcis struck by touching the rods then separating them. The ensuing arc heats the carbon tips to white heat. These lamps have higher efficiency than filament lamps, but the carbon rods are short lived and require constant adjustment in use. The lamps produce significantultra-violetoutput, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protecting from direct sight.Invented byHumphry Davyaround 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light. They were used commercially beginning in the 1870s for large building and street lighting until they were superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light. Carbon arc lamps operate at high powers and produce high intensity white light. They also are a point source of light. They remained in use in limited applications that required these properties, such asmovie projectors,stage lighting, andsearchlights, until after World War 2.Discharge lamp[editAdischarge lamphas a glass or silica envelope containing two metalelectrodesseparated by a gas. Gases used include,neon,argon,xenon,sodium,metal halide, andmercury.The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term 'arc lamp' is normally used to refer to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps.With some discharge lamps, very high voltage is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of theballastcircuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp.Some lamp types contain a little neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage, with no external ignition circuitry.Low pressure sodium lampsoperate this way.The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults.

FIXTURES

Alight fixture(US English),light fitting(UK English), orluminaireis an electrical device used to create artificial light by use of anelectric lamp. All light fixtures have a fixture body and a light socket to hold the lamp and allow for its replacement. Fixtures may also have a switch to control the light. Fixtures require anelectrical connectionto a power source; permanent lighting may be directly wired, and moveable lamps have aplug. Light fixtures may also have other features, such asreflectorsfor directing the light, anaperture(with or without alens), an outer shell or housing for lamp alignment and protection, and anelectrical ballastorpower supply. A wide variety of special light fixtures are created for use in theautomotive lightingindustry,aerospace, marine andmedicine.Portable light fixtures are often called "lamps", as intable lampordesk lamp. Intechnical terminology, thelampis the light source, what is typically called thelight bulb.

Fixture Types

Free-standing or portable Table lamp fixtures, standard lamp fixtures, and office task light luminaires. Balanced-arm lampis a spot light with an adjustable arm such asanglepoiseorLuxo L1. Gooseneck lamp NightlightFixed Recessed light the protective housing is concealed behind a ceiling or wall, leaving only the fixture itself exposed. The ceiling-mounted version is often called a downlight. "Cans" with a variety of lamps this term is jargon for inexpensivedownlightingproducts that are recessed into the ceiling, or sometimes for uplights placed on the floor. The name comes from the shape of the housing. The term "pot lights" is often used in Canada and parts of the US. Cove light recessed into the ceiling in a long box against a wall. Torch lamp,torchire, or floor lamp. Troffer recessed fluorescent light fixtures, usually rectangular in shape to fit into a drop ceiling grid Surface-mountedlight the finished housing is exposed, notflushwith surface Chandelier Pendant light suspended from the ceiling with a chain or pipe Sconce provide up or down lights; can be used to illuminate artwork, architectural details; commonly used inhallwaysor as an alternative to overhead lighting. Track lightingfixture individual fixtures ("track heads") can be positioned anywhere along the track, which provides electric power. Under-cabinet light mounted below kitchen wall cabinets Ceiling fan- May sometimes have a light, often referred to as a light kit mounted to it. Emergency lightingorexit sign connected to abattery backupor to an electric circuit that hasemergency powerif themains powerfails High- and low-bay lighting typically used for general lighting for industrial buildings and oftenbig-box stores Strip lights or Industrial lighting often long lines of fluorescent lamps used in awarehouseorfactory Outdoor lightingandlandscape lighting used to illuminate walkways,parking lots,roadways, building exteriors and architectural details,gardens, andparks. High-mast, usuallypole- orstanchion-mounted for landscape, roadways, and parking lots Bollard A type of architectural outdoor lighting that is a short, upright ground-mounted unit typically used to provide cutoff type illumination for egress lighting, to light walkways, steps, or other pathways. Solar lamp Street light Yard lightSpecial-purpose lights Accent light Any directional light which highlights an object or attracts attention to a particular area Background light for use invideo production Blacklight Christmas lights-also called fairy lights or twinkle lights and are often used atChristmasand other holidays for decoration. Flood light Safelight(for use in adarkroom) Safety lamp(for use incoal mines) Searchlight(for military and advertising use) Security lighting Step light Strobe light Traffic light Theatrical Stage lighting instrument Intelligent lighting Followspot Wallwasher

Lamp Types Arc lampsXenon arc lamp,Yablochkov candle FluorescentFluorescent lamp,compact fluorescent lamp(CFL),Induction lamp,blacklight. Fuel lampsBetty lamp,butter lamp,carbide lamp,gas lighting,kerosene lamp,oil lamp,rush light,torch,candle,Limelight,gas mantleSafety lamps:Davy lamp&Geordie lamp Gas-discharge lampandhigh-intensity discharge lamp(HID)Mercury-vapor lamp,Metal-halide(HMI,HQI,CDM),Sodium vaporor "high-pressure sodium" Neon sign Incandescent lampA-lamp,Parabolic aluminized reflector lamp(PAR), reflector lamp (R), bulged reflector lamp (BR) (refer to lamp shapes) Obsolete types:limelight,carbon button lamp,Mazda (light bulb),Nernst glower Novelty:Lava lamp Special purpose:heat lamp,Globar,gas mantle Halogen special class of incandescent lamps Nuclear:self-powered lighting Plasma lamp Light-emitting diode(LED) (solid-state lighting)Light-Fixture Controlls 3-way 2-circuit switch Dimmer Light switch(often part of the light socket orpower cordon portable fixtures) Lighting control system Motion detector Timer Touch X10 (industry standard)systems

Manuel, Bryan Justin B.201120019Arch. Doctor, Reynald