lighting efficiency "2013" dr mohamed helal

7/29/2019 Lighting Efficiency "2013" Dr Mohamed Helal

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Association Of Energy Efficiency Engineers

POBox 18 Zamalek Cairo Egypt # 11211 e mail: [email protected]

Energy Efficient Lighting

Modern energy efficient lighting technology is rapidly evolving and is creatingopportunities for E.E. Businesses for a win-win case for consumers , distributioncompanies , and Egyptian Government.

Lighting represents about 30 % of all electricity use in the Egypt with the total consumption ofmore than 51000 million KW/h a year ( 51TKw/h), according to the Egyptian Department of Energy .

Now, demand for efficient lighting solutions is spurring the growth of new options in energy-efficient lighting technologies, which can reduce energy use by up to 75%.

Despite the initial higher cost of some modern lighting technologies, energy-efficient lighting lastlonger than traditional lighting, making them less expensive over their lifetime.

Returns on energy-efficient lighting technologies range from 30-50 percent, a typical incandescentbulb, which wastes 90% of its energy as heat, lasts from 300-1,000 hours, while a comparablecompact fluorescent lamp (CFL) lasts up to 10,000 hours.

Meanwhile in Europe , USA there is a mandatory act to phase out incandescent lamps and to usemore efficient lamps a new light bulb efficiency standards in USA effective Jan. 1 will require

incandescent light bulbs to be 28% more efficient, which effectively phases out 100-watt bulbs.

Lighting manufacturers have spent millions to comply with the new standards by transitioning toenergy efficient lighting, now mandated by theEnergy Independence and Security Act of 2007.While inEgypt ware Government still subsidizing electric energy with more than > 25 Billionpounds in form of fuel subsidies and tariff subsidies there is no any serious Nationalefforts to start E.E. National plan or specific standards to stop the energy bleedingfrom the excessive use of non efficient products that are invading our marketsdamaging both National Economy and local National manufacturing producers andforce them to shut down they factory !!!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007


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AEEE is doing her best to educate local Governmental and institutional relateddecision makers to make new technology informations about efficient lightingavailable and easy digested even from non engineering back ground people .

Efficiency Labels in USA:

Lighting Facts label

Packages of most light bulbs sold in stores in 2012 will carry a new Lighting Facts label modeledafter the Nutrition Facts labels on food packages to help consumers compare the brightness andestimated energy costs of various types of light bulbs.

The new label will give consumers information about brightness, known as lumens, energy cost,lifetime, light appearance (warm or cool light), wattage, and whether the bulb contains mercury.

However, USACongress voted in December of 2011 to withhold funding for enforcement of the newregulationsfor nine months.

NEMA saidthe Congressional action undermines those investments and creates regulatoryuncertainty and creates consumer confusion resulting from a patchwork of state enforcement.

Nevertheless, upgrading to energy efficient lighting can help companies achieve the sustainabilityconcept of the triple bottom line in the form of lower energy costs, reduced environmental impact,and improved employee well being and productivity.

Given some of the complexities buyers face in making lighting decisions, its important to have thebasics of some of the most energy efficient lighting technologies explained.

Consider lighting output, not energy consumption

Traditionally, when considering lighting purchases, consumers relied on the number of watts, ameasure of how much electrical power the light source consumes. But with todays modern energyefficient lighting technologies, consumers need to instead consider lumens a measure of theamount of light produced.

For instance, buyers looking for an energy-efficient alternative to a 100-watt light bulb shouldconsider a 1,600 lumen CFL or LED light; a 75-watt bulb is equivalent to about 1,100 lumens; a 60-

watt light bulb is equal to about 800 lumens, according to the IEC new standard .
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/business/energy-environment/100-watt-bulb-on-its-way-out-despite-bill.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/business/energy-environment/100-watt-bulb-on-its-way-out-despite-bill.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/business/energy-environment/100-watt-bulb-on-its-way-out-despite-bill.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/business/energy-environment/100-watt-bulb-on-its-way-out-despite-bill.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/business/energy-environment/100-watt-bulb-on-its-way-out-despite-bill.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/17/business/energy-environment/100-watt-bulb-on-its-way-out-despite-bill.html?pagewanted=all


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Why the change? Using watts to describe the brightness of a lamp is similarto using gallons of gasoline to describe how fast a car can go, which wasnt aproblem when marketing incandescent bulbs that used only 10% of theirenergy to produce light, the rest wasted as heat.

With new energy efficient lighting products using fewer watts to produce the same amount of

brightness entering the market, however, it makes sense for manufacturers to market these newproducts based on a value of brightness, or lumens.

Measuring Lighting Quality

A couple of key terms to keep in mind when considering aspects of lighting quality are colorappearance and the Color Rendering Index (CRI).

Correlated Color Temperature scale

Color appearance measures color of the light source using Kelvin (K) temperature. The lower the

Kelvin temperature (27003000 K), the warmer the color of the light. The higher the temperature(36005500 K), the cooler, and more bluish, the light appears.

CRI is an internationally accepted measure of how well a light source renderscolors, compared to incandescent and daylight sources. The CRI scale of 0 and100, with 100 representing perfect color rendering based on illumination by a 100-

watt incandescent light bulb.

Color appearance and CRI values for energy-efficient lighting technologies:

Incandescent bulbs: 2,700 K, 100 CRI Cool white fluorescent tube: 4,100 K, 62 to 80 CRI Noon sunlight: 4,500 K to 5,400K, 100 CRI

LUMENS: The new way to shop for light

Lessons from USA department of Energy

New federal lighting regulations to help consumers make green lighting choices


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Starting Jan. 1, 2012, new federal regulations will require the most common light bulbs to be moreenergy efficient. Specifically, bulbs must produce the same amount of lumens (light output) for less

wattage (energy consumption).

Lumens - the new way to shop for light

All packages of light bulbs sold in stores after the New Year will carry a new Lighting Facts label modeled after the Nutrition Facts labels on food packages to help consumers compare the

brightness and estimated energy costs of various types of light bulbs.

The new label will give consumers information about brightness, known as lumens, energy cost,lifetime, light appearance (warm or cool light), wattage, and whether the bulb contains mercury.

Traditional, incandescent light bulbs will not meet the new efficiency standards and will no longer beavailable at most stores.

Traditional 75 watt incandescent light bulbs will no longer be available as of Jan. 1, 2013, andtraditional 40 and 60 watt incandescent light bulbs will no longer be available as of Jan.1, 2014.

To measure the brightness, or lumen levels, of lighting types use this rule of thumb:

Replace a 100-watt incandescent bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 1600lumens

Replace a 75W bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 1100 lumens Replace a 60W bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 800 lumens Replace a 40W bulb with an energy-saving bulb that gives you about 450 lumens.

Energy Efficient Lighting Technologies Compared

Here are the top technologies in energy efficient lighting and how they compare to standardincandescent bulbs:


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Fluorescents/Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)

Fluorescent lamps use about 25% of the energy used by lamps to provide the same amount ofillumination. CFLs are short, curly versions of long tube fluorescent lights

use 75% less energy produce 75% less heat last 10 times longer than comparable traditional incandescent bulbs Fluorescent bulbs contain a small amount of mercury. Many retailers recycle CFLs for free.

Halogen Incandescent

Halogen incandescent is smaller version of incandescent bulbs and highly energy efficient

use 25% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs lasts up to three times longer than traditional incandescent bulbs some models can last up to three times longer than traditional incandescent


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Light Emitting Diodes (also referred to as Solid State Lighting)

Light Emitting Diodes (LED): most energy efficient and rapidly-developing lighting technology

use 80% less energy than incandescent lamps offer better light quality than almost any other type of energy efficient lighting last 25 times longer than traditional incandescent bulbs last up to three times longer than CFL lamps

Magnetic Induction Fluorescent

Magnetic induction fluorescent: the energy is transferred through the bulbs glass byelectromagneticinduction

saves 40% of energy use over traditional fluorescent counterparts use 80% less energy than incandescent lamps some models have life expectancy of up to 100,000 hours induction lighting also has better color rendition Glare free when compare to LED lamps or HID lamps

Induction lighting is one of the best kept secrets in energy efficient lighting.USADepartment of Energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction


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Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH)

Ceramic Metal Halide lamp (CMH) is relatively new energy efficient lighting technology usingmetallic atoms as the main source of light, creating a bluish light similar to daylight excellent in shoplighting, street and architectural lighting

light created by CMH lamps are bluish with a CRI of up to 90 Light created by the MMH ( Malty Metal Halides ) lamps can be 4400K are excellent for

street lighting with CRI of > 65 and produce > 160 Plm/W ( > 18000 Plm for the 100W )

use 20% of the power of comparable tungstenincandescent light bulbsLighting Type Summary

The following table illustrates the relative differences in color, efficiency, and lifetime of various energyefficient lighting technologies:

Lighting type Efficacy(lumens/watts)

Lifetime(hours)

Color Rendition Index(CRI)

Color Temperature(K)

Standard Incandescent bulb 1022 500-3,500 98-100 (excellent) 2,700-2,800 (warm)

Induction Lamps 70-8050,000-

100,00080-88 (good)

2,700-6,500 (warm to

cold)

Straight tube fluorescent 30-110 7,000-24,000 5090 (fair to good)2,700-6,500 (warm to

cold)

Compact fluorescent lamp

(CFL)50-70

10,000

20,00065-88 (good)

2,700-6,500 (warm to

cold)

Ceramic metal halide (CMH) (

MMH)70-115 5,000-20,000 70 (fair) 3,700 - 4400(cold)

Cool white LEDs (light

emitting diodes)60-92

35,000-

50,00070-90 (fair to good) 5,000 (cold)

Warm white LEDs 27-5435,000-

50,00070-90 (fair to good) 3,300 (neutral)


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Consider Photopic, Scotopic, Mesopic Visionbefore Specifying Lumen Requirements

Are all Lumens Equal? Consider how the human eye perceives light

Merging photopic, scotopic vision cuts energy costs, boosts visibility perception

The science of measuring light, in terms of how the human eye perceives its brightness, is calledphotometry.

The eye has two primary light-sensing cells in the retina, known asphotoreceptors, called rods andcones, referring to their geometric shapes.

Cones process visual information under daytime, or photopic light levels

Rods are used in near-complete darkness, referred to as scotopic conditionsPhotopic light levels have excellent color discrimination, where colors seem the same under scotopicvision.

lamps with high S/P ratios provide sharper vision both outdoors and indoors. So, a 200-wattmagnetic induction lamp would appear just as bright or brighter than a sodium vapor or metal halideof twice the wattage.

The ratio of scotopic luminance (or lumens) versus photopic luminance in a lamp is called the S/Pratio, which is a multiplier that determines the apparent visual brightness of a light source as well ashow much light a lamp emits that is useful to the human eye, referred to as visually effective lumens

(VELs).

Scotopic and Photopic Ratios


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Generally, lamps with high S/P ratios provide sharper vision both outdoors and indoors. So, a 200-watt magnetic induction lamp would appear just as bright or brighter than a sodium vapor or metalhalide of twice the wattage.

Heres the math showing a 50% energy reduction:

A 400w Metal Halide lamp has a manufacturers rating of 54.6 lumens per watt; so, 400 x54.6 = 21,840 lumens x 1.497 (S/P ratio) = 32,541 VELs. A 200w Induction lamp has a manufacturers rating of 81 lumens per watt; so, 200 x 81 =

16,200 lumens x 1.96 (S/P ratio) = 31,752 VELs.

Mesopic combining rods and cones

Between photopic and scotopic light levels is a range called mesopic, which are low but not darkoutdoor lighting conditions where both cones and rods combine photopic and scotopic response toprocess visual information. Most artificial light systems emit outdoor light levels in the mesopicrange.

Mesopic

Now, as we mentioned in a previous article, the seven color bands produced when sunlight is refractedthrough a prism red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet are part of the electromagneticspectrum thats visible to the human eye and all have different wavelengths.

To describe how the eye responds to those wavelengths, the lighting industry uses the term

luminosity function, also called luminous efficiency function.

Photopic luminosity function best approximates the response of the human eye in daylight andscotopic luminosity function is used to describe the eyes response to extremely low light (nighttime)levels.


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Scotopic Photopic Mesopic

Commercial photometry is important for lighting installers and their clients in choosing the bestlocations to install fixtures as well as ensuring maximum efficiency of lighting systems.

Problem is, commercial photometry only considers the photopic luminosity function, which wasestablished in 1924 by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), and has almost always

been recognized as underestimating how the blue and violet end of the spectrum where the eyeshifts in scotopic conditions contribute to perceived luminance.

In the past, lighting manufacturers used light meters to determine lumen output, or luminousefficacy, of a fixture in order to gain maximum energy efficiency. But these devices relied only onphotopic conditions, in keeping with the decades-old assumption that light sensitive rods only kickedin at low-light, or nighttime, conditions.

For lighting installers and their clients, that meant the effectiveness of certain lighting products usedin nighttime applications, such as street lighting, in terms of energy efficiency and visual safety, was

being underestimated.

LED Street Lighting


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In addition, relying only on photopic luminous function to measure nighttime illuminations requiressome light sources to use excessive energy to generate the necessary light level.

Realizing the potential cost-savings that an alternative measure of lighting scenarios could producecoupled with the fact that photopic and scotopic were not mutually exclusive and that rods wereactive, not only in low-light but also during interior light levels, researchers set out to develop a new

measurement.

Bridging the gap between scotopic and photopic

Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institutes Lighting Research Center (LRC) developed aUnified System of Photometry, which integrates both the scotopic and photopic luminousefficiency functions into a measurement system that can be used for any light level, includingmesopic, perceptible to the eyes.

LRC researchers estimated that about half of U.S. streetlights could cut energy consumption byabout 50 percent annually saving one billion kilowatt hours using a Unified System ofPhotometry to design more energy efficient lamps, including LEDs, without sacrificing perceptions

of visibility and safety.

In Egypt an Egyptian National Company replaced the 400W HPS with HP CFL of 100W in the26July main commercial street since 2009 the project still working and presenting an excellent casestudy , but Egyptian Government never give any attention or even send a thanks letter to thecompany donor ?? Maybe because they are Egyptian .

The project is one the cases that being taken as reference for SEL technique

Cutting energy consumption in street lighting

Field demonstration results in rural and suburban areas of Connecticut,Massachusetts, and Texas verified that by implementing the Unified System ofPhotometry the street lighting system consumed 30 to 50 percent less electric powerand the residents believed they could see better and said they felt safer, whencompared to lighting systems designed using the traditional system of photometry.

Commenting on the field tests, LRCs Director of Energy Programs, Peter Morante, described how, innighttime conditions, the human eye is more sensitive to short-wavelength light, which producescool tones like blue or green, as opposed to long-wavelength light, which produces warm tones like

yellow and red.

By replacing traditional, yellowish high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with coolwhite light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or LEDs,we can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting whilemaintaining or even improving visibility in nighttime conditions, .


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POB 18 Z l k C i E t # 11211 il @ il

Zamalek 26 July street Project Oct 2009

In this Project a HW ( High Watt ) energy saving Amalgam lamps 5U 100W will be used toreplace 400W HPS the S/P ratio of 2.6 is clear and project still running without maintenancesince 2009

AEEE will start a National pilot project in September 2013 using MMH lamps of100W to replace 250W HPS and 70W induction lamps to replace 170W HPS in theNasr City district in cooperation with Ministry of Energy and Electricity under thepatronage of H.E. Minister Ahmed Emam Minister of Electric power and energy -

Eng. Gaber El Desuky Chairman of E.E.H.Co. Eng. Medhat Ramadan Head ofDistribution Companies and Eng. Mustafa Rohaiem Chairman of North CairoElectric Distribution Co. the project aim to save up to 1.4GW power when isNationally implemented .

Sources for this article and further reading:

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/spectrally_enhanced.html http://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/42327.pdf http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/GrotonFinalReport.pdf

http://knol.google.com/k/environmental-aspects-of-magnetic-induction-lamps http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/

download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdf

For more informations contact Dr. Mo. Helal :[email protected]
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/spectrally_enhanced.htmlhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/spectrally_enhanced.htmlhttp://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/42327.pdfhttp://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/42327.pdfhttp://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/GrotonFinalReport.pdfhttp://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/GrotonFinalReport.pdfhttp://knol.google.com/k/environmental-aspects-of-magnetic-induction-lampshttp://knol.google.com/k/environmental-aspects-of-magnetic-induction-lampshttp://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdfhttp://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdfhttp://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdfhttp://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdfhttp://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdfmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdfhttp://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/literature_library/white_papers/download/photopic_scotopic_lb.pdfhttp://knol.google.com/k/environmental-aspects-of-magnetic-induction-lampshttp://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/pdf/GrotonFinalReport.pdfhttp://gaia.lbl.gov/btech/papers/42327.pdfhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/spectrally_enhanced.html

lighting efficiency "2013" dr mohamed helal

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