Light vs depth

Productivity vs depth

Productivity vs Light PG Gross Primary ProductivityPN Net Primary ProductivityR - RespirationPmax maximal photosynthesis valueIc compensation light intensity

Primary ProductivityFound near Upwelling AreasSeaWifs Satellite

Primary ProductivityFound near Upwelling AreasSeaWifs Satellite

Primary ProductivityNutrients Found near Upwelling Areas

Primary ProductivityCoastal Upwelling AreasSouth Africa: southwest coast

Primary ProductivityEquitorial Upwelling Areas

Primary Productivity

Protists - Zooplankton Foraminifera (Forams)

Test (shell) made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or agglutinated sediment particlesFossil tests used to age geological depositsFeed by extending pseudopodia through pores in testPelagic forms (calcareous)Often have spinesTests may form foraminiferan oozes, esp. in shallow water beneath tropics (white cliffs of Dover England)Benthic forms (calcareous or agglutinated)Calcareous tests can be important sources of sand for beaches

Protists - Zooplankton Foraminifera (Forams)Southern England: White Cliffs of Dover

Protists - Zooplankton Foraminifera (Forams)

Protists - Zooplankton Foraminifera (Forams)http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/imagelibrary/orbulinauniversa.htmlhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html

Protists - Zooplankton Radiolarians

Protists - Zooplankton Ciliates (Ciliophores)

Seaweed & Kelp

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Green Algae (Chlorophytes)EnteromorphaOften found in polluted areas; Used as bioassay toolUlva (Sea Lettuce)Found in areas with high nutrient levelsValonia (Bubble Algae)Tropical and subtropicalCaulerpaInvasive species (C. taxifolia)Codium (Dead Mans Fingers)MultinucleatedHalimedaCalcareous algaUlvaValoniaCaulerpa

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Green Algae (Chlorophytes)EnteromorphaOften found in polluted areas; Used as bioassay toolUlva (Sea Lettuce)Found in areas with high nutrient levelsValonia (Bubble Algae)Tropical and subtropicalCaulerpaInvasive species (C. taxifolia)Codium (Dead Mans Fingers)MultinucleatedHalimedaCalcareous algaCodiumHalimeda

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)PadinaSargassumFucus (Rockweeds)Intertidal and subtidal species; Ecologically importantLaminaria (Kelp)Some species consist of a single bladeCommonly used for foodPostelsia (Sea Palm)Usually on exposed rocky shorelines

LaminariaLaminariaFucus

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Egregia (Feather Boa)Common on rocky Pacific coastPelagophycus (Elk Kelp)Large float

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)May reach 100 m and grow up to 50 cm day-1Most common in cold water

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)May reach 100 m and grow up to 50 cm day-1Most common in cold water

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)Kelp Forests

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Red Algae (Rhodophyta)Common in shallow waterContain accessory pigments called phycobilinsStructurally less complex than brown algaeMay be heterotrophic or parasiticSome incorporate calcium carbonate into tissues (Why?)Coralline red algaeMany are commercially important

PorphyraSebdeniaHalimeda

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Life History of Alga

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Life History of Alga

Multicellular Algae - Seaweed Economic Uses of KelpFood SourceProductsPhycocolloidsAlgin (Extracted from kelp; harvested with boats)Carrageenan (Extracted from red algae)Emulsifier for dairy products, toothpaste, puddingsAgar (Extracted from red algae)Used to form jellies, thicken mixturesPreserves, pharmaceutical applicationsOtherFertilizers, additives in animal feeds

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Seagrasses (50 60 species)Not true grasses (related to lilies)Roots, stems and shoots grow from horizontal rhizomeFlowers typically small and inconspicuous (Why?)

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Seagrasses (50 60 species)Eelgrass (Zostera) Temperate Atl, Pac; Tropical Pac

Eelgrass (Zostera marina)

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Seagrasses (50 60 species)Surf grass (Phyllospadix) Temperate Pac

Surf Grass (Phyllospadix scouleri)

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Seagrasses (50 60 species)Turtle grass (Thalassia) Tropical

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Salt MarshesCord grass (Spartina)

Pickleweed (Salicornia)

SpartinaSalicornia

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Salt MarshesCord grass (Spartina)

Pickleweed (Salicornia)

SpartinaSalicornia

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Mangroves

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Mangroves vs Salt Marshes