light holt 2006- chap 13-14. electromagnetic spectrum higher frequency higher the energy
TRANSCRIPT
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Light
Holt 2006- chap 13-14
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Electromagnetic Spectrumhigher frequency higher the energy
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Speed of light c = f
What is the frequency of an electromagnetic wave if it has a wavelength of 1.0 km?
C = speed of light = 3 X 10 8 m/s
F = c / = 3 X 10 8 m/s / 1000 m
F = 300,000 Hz = 3 X105 Hz
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Galileo
• 1667- Tried to make a measurement of light by covering and uncovering lanterns and measuring how long it takes for the light to be seen
• Conclusion: The speed of light is 10 X the speed of
sound
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Roemer• 1675 -Made the first calculation of the speed of light
using data for astronomical observations
• Roehmer method- measured the time differences of an eclipse of one of Jupiters’s moons to calculate c
• Conclusion : c = 200,000 km /s
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Michelson• Used a rotating mirror and plane mirror
placed km apart (created better optical equipment to use and used Galileo experiment as a basis)
• Conclusion:
c = 2.997924562 X 10 8 m/s
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Illuminance E = I / d2
• E = illuminance- lux (lumen/ m2)• I= luminous intensity – lumen • d = distance – m
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Illuminance Example
• What is the illuminance of a 100 lumen light source that is 50 m away?
E = I / d2
E = 100 lumen / (50 m)2
E = 0.04 lux
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Regular Reflection
Law of reflection angle of incidence = angle of reflectionIf the angle of incidence is 30o then the angle of
reflection is also 30o
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Irregular Reflection
EX: Sand, water- this how you get glare and a bad sun burn
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Flat mirrors(plane mirrors)
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Concave Spherical Mirrors
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Images
• Real Image (di =+) image is upside down and can be projected on a screen
• Virtual Image (di =-) image is right side up and can not be projected on a screen
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Mirror Equation
do – object distance (p is often used)
di- image distance (q is often used)
F- focal length
1 + 1 = 1
do di f
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Magnification Equation
hi- image height
ho – object height
di- image distance
do- object distance
Magnification = hi = di
ho do
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Ray diagramsConcave mirror with the object
beyond C
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Concave Mirror with the object between C and f
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Concave mirror with object between f and the mirror
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Convex Mirror
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Which picture fits with what ray diagram?
• Concave Concave Convex
• Real image virtual virtual
image image
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EX 1: Concave Mirror - Real Image
• An object is 3 cm high and is 6 cm away from a concave mirror having a radius of 10cm.
• A. Where is the image located?
• B. What is the height of the image?
• C What type of image is formed and is it right side up or upside down?
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EX1: Use the 1/x (x-1) key
Do = 6 cm f = 5 cm(1/2 the radius)Ho = 5 cm
1 = 1 - 1 di f do
1 = 1 - 1 di 5 6
di = + 30 cm to the left of the mirror ( beyond the radius or the center of curvature)
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EX1: Example of Magnification
• The term magnification does not mean that the image is necessarily larger
hi = di hi = 30
ho do 3 6
hi = 15 cm ( image is larger than object)
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EX 1:
• The image is real because it is positive.
• The object is upside down and on the same side as the object
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EX 2: Concave Mirror - Virtual
• An object is 3 cm high and is 4 cm away from a concave mirror having a radius of 10cm.
• A. Where is the image located?
• B. What is the height of the image?
• C What type of image is formed and is it right side up or upside down?
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EX 2: Use the 1/x (x-1) key
Do = 4 cm f = 5 cm(1/2 the radius)
Ho = 5 cm1 = 1 - 1
di f do
1 = 1 - 1
di 5 4
di = -20 cm to the right of the mirror ( “behind” the mirror)
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EX 2: Example of Magnification
• The term magnification does not mean that the image is necessarily larger
hi = di hi = - 20
ho do 3 4
hi = - 15 cm ( image is larger than object)
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EX 2: The image is virtual because it is negative.
The object is right side up and appears in or “behind” the mirror
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EX 3:Convex Mirror Problems
A pencil is placed 10 cm in front of a convex mirror that has a focal length of 8.00 cm. The pencil is 5 cm high.
A. Where if the image formed?
B. How tall is the image of the pencil?
C. What type of image is formed and is it rightside up or upside down?
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EX 3: Use the 1/x (x-1) key
Do = 10 cm f = - 8 cmHo = 12 cm
1 = 1 - 1 di f do
1 = 1 - 1 di -8 10
di = -4.4 cm to the right of the mirror ( “behind” the mirror)
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EX 3: Example of Magnification
• The term magnification does not mean that the image is necessarily larger
hi = di hi = - 4.4
ho do 5 10
hi = - 2.2 cm ( image is smaller than object)
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All images from a Convex mirror are virtual
The image will be negative and smaller.
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Parabolic Mirrors• All light converges at focal pt
• Sperical Aberration - light converges away from focal pt
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Color- ROYGBIV
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Color- ROYGBIV• Sir Isaac Newton- light breaks into a
light spectrum
• Spectrum – orderly arrangement of colors after passing through a prism
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Seeing color
• To see a color it must be reflected into your eye
• If Green is reflected ( all others are absorbed), the you see green
• White is when all the colors are reflected
• Black is when all the colors are absorbed
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Primary Colors of Light
• Red, Green and Blue light
• Mix them together and you get white light
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Secondary Light• Cyan, magenta and yellow
Red
yellow Magenta
Green Cyan Blue
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When cyan, magenta and yellow are combined you get black.
They are also known as primary pigments
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Polarized Light
• Light normally travels in multiple directions or dimensions
• Polarized light waves orientated to a particular plane ie: vertical or horizontal
• Ex: polarized sun glasses
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Misc. Vocab• Luminous- produces its own light ex: sun
• Illuminated- reflected light only ex: moon
• Transparent- can see through clearly ex: clear glass
• Translucent- cannot see through clearly ex: frosted glass
• Opaque- cannot see through at all ex: wall
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Refraction
• Bending of a wave as it passes between different substance of different densities
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Index of Refraction
n = c / v
n= index of refraction
C = speed of light in a vacuum
V = speed of light in medium
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Snells Law
n- index of refraction
I- incidence ni
r- refraction
- angle nr
ni sin i = nr sin r
i
rINDICES OF REFRACTION
MEDIUM n
VACUUM 1.00
AIR 1.00
WATER 1.33
ETHANOL 1.36
CROWN GLASS 1.52
QUARTZ 1.54
FLINT GLASS 1.61
DIAMOND 2.42
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Optical Density
• The property of a medium that determines the speed of light in a medium
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Example of Snell’s Law
• A ray of light is incident upon a diamond at 45o. What is the angle of refraction?
ni sin i = nr sin r
1 ( sin 45o) = 2.42 (sin r)
r = 17o
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Lenses
• Converging
light comes together
Diverging
light spreads
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Types of Lenses
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Lens Problem
• Mathematically, done exactly like mirrors
• Real image is on the right side of the lens
• Virtual image is on the same side of the lens as the object (left)
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Converging Lenses-Real Image
• Object beyond 2f
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Converging Lens- Virtual Image
• Object is between f and the lens
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Diverging Lens
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EX: Converging Lens- Real
• An object is 3 cm high and is 10 cm away from a converging having a focal point of 4 cm.
• A. Where is the image located?
• B. What is the height of the image?
• C What type of image is formed and is it right side up or upside down?
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EX: Converging Lens- real
Do = 10 cm f = 4 cmHo = 3 cm
1 = 1 - 1 di f do
1 = 1 - 1 di 4 10
di = + 6.67 cm to the right side of the lens
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EX: Converging Lens- real
• The term magnification does not mean that the image is necessarily larger
hi = di hi = 6.67
ho do 3 10
hi = 2 cm ( image is smaller than object)
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EX: Converging Lens- real
• The image is real because it is positive.
• The object is upside down and on the right side of the lens
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EX: Converging Lens- Virtual
• An object is 3 cm high and is 4 cm away from a converging having a focal point of 6 cm.
• A. Where is the image located?
• B. What is the height of the image?
• C What type of image is formed and is it right side up or upside down?
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EX: Converging Lens- Virtual
Do = 4 cm f = 6 cmHo = 3 cm
1 = 1 - 1 di f do
1 = 1 - 1 di 6 4
di = -12 cm to the right side of the lens
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EX: Converging Lens- Virtual
• The term magnification does not mean that the image is necessarily larger
hi = di hi = -12
ho do 3 4
hi = -9 cm ( image is larger than object)
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EX: Converging Lens- Virtual
• The image is virtual because it is negative.
• The object is right side up and on the left side of the lens ( same side as object)
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Eye
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Parts of the Eye
Sclera - white part of the eye
Iris - colored part of the eye (theorized that it attracts light into the eye)
Cornea - clear covering over a pupil
Lens – focuses image on retina
Retina – contains cells that transform light waves into electrical waves
Optic nerve – carries electrical wave to the brain where it is translated
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Eye Problems
Farsighted -can’t see close up
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Color Blindness
• Red-Green – do not see red or green
• Blue –Yellow – do not see blue or yellow
• Monochromatic – see only black and white
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Total Internal Reflection
• Light bounces inside without refracting through the transparent cable
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Fiber Optics
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Fiber Optics
• Communication- cables
• Medical- surgery “scopes”
• Entertainment goods- toys, Xmas trees
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Rainbows• Refraction- reflection- refraction
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Mirages
• Refraction and reflection
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LASERLight Amplification Stimulated Emissions Radiations
• Monochromatic - one color
• Coherent – light is parallel
• Minimum Divergence- light spreads very
little