life%cycle%analysis% · 2013. 11. 13. · 1 1 1 1 cblcles0.1 3 3 3 3 cblcles0.3 1 1 1 1 cblbles1 1...

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Mrs Chantal Rudman Lecturer, Stellenbosch University, South

Africa

HiMA Workshop 7 November 2013

1

OUTLINE (a) Life Cycle Analysis (b) Life Cycle Analysis in HiMA context (c) The Way forward

2

Structural/FuncKonal/Economics/ Environment

Appropriate measurement

Are we addressing the key issues?

POLICIES + REGULATIONS

What are the key issues?

Sustainable?

Elements of sustainability?

3

What does LCA include LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact

Assessment

Life Cycle Analysis

SelecLon of impact categories

ClassificaLon

CharacterisaLon

NormalisaLon

Grouping

WeighLng

4

Life Cycle Assessment (ISO14040 2006))

LCA in road design LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

Materials ConstrucLon Use End of Life

Maintenance

ExtracLo

n

Prod

ucLo

n

On-‐site

equipm

ent

Traffi

c de

lay

Vehicle Ope

raLo

n

Lightning

Heat island

De

carbon

aLon

Recycling

T

T Land

fill

Recycle

T

T

5


Life Cycle Inventory

Life Cycle Impact

Assessment

Life Cycle Analysis

SelecLon of impact categories

ClassificaLon

CharacterisaLon

NormalisaLon

Grouping

WeighLng

6

Life Cycle Assessment (ISO14040 2006))

Materials ProducLon

Inventory Unit: Pavement Project

Reference: Huang (2009) 7

Pavement ConstrucLon Inventory Unit:

Pavement Project

Materials Transport

Inventory Unit: Pavement Project

CO2 N2O CH4 SO2 NOX NH3 CO

NMVOC

HC PM10 Heavy Metals

COD Phosphate

Nitrate

Noise

CharacterisaK

on Factor

Noise

EutrophicaLon

Eco-‐toxicity

Human toxicity

Photo Oxidant

FormaLon

AcidificaLon

Ozone DepleLon

Global Warming kg CO2-‐eq. (100yrs)

kg CFC11-‐eq.

kg SO2-‐eq.

kg C2H4-‐eq.

kg 1,4-‐dichlorobenzene-‐eq.

kg 1,4-‐dichlorobenzene-‐eq.

kg PO4-‐eq.

DALY (disability affected life years)

Energy Total

Materials Tonnage

DepleLon of Fossil Fuels

TOE (tonne of oil equivalent)

DepleLon of Aggregates Tonne Aggregates

Solid Waste for Landfill Tonne Solid Waste

8

CO2 SO2 NOX CO Heavy Metals

N2O NH3 CH4 NMVOC PM10 PAH

Global Warming EutrophicaLon Eco-‐toxicity Human

toxicity AcidificaLon Ground-‐Level

ozone creaLon

Assignment of Inventory Results (ClassificaLon)

Table 3-‐23 NormalisaLon Factors

9

Impact Category Indicator Result UK Total Year Data Source

DepleKon of Minerals

Aggregates 214 Mt 2004 QPA (QPA 2007)

DepleKon of Fossil Fuels

TOE 246,884 TOE 2005 DTI (DTI 2006

Global Warming CO2 559.223 Mt 2004 NAEI (NAEI 2006)

Stratospheric ozone depleKon

CFC11 88,000 t1 2003 WMO (WMO 2006)

AcidificaKon SO2 979 t 2003 NAEI (NAEI 2005)

Photo oxidant (ground-‐level ozone) formaKon

NMVOC (replace C2H4)2

1089 t 2003 NAEI (NAEI 2005)

Human Toxicity NH3 (replace 1,4-‐dichlorobenzene)2

300 t 2003 NAEI (NAEI 2005)

Eco-‐toxicity Heavy Metals (replace 1,4-‐dichlorobenzene)2

339.479 t3 2001 EA ( EA 2004)

EutrophicaKon NOX (replace PO4)2 1570 t 2003 NAEI (NAEI 2005)

Noise DALY 499.4 billion vehicle*km

2005 DfT (DfT 2006)

DepleKon of Landfill space

Landfill disposal 75 Mt4 2002 EA (The Environmental Agency 2007)

UK populaKon 60,209,500 2005 ONS (Office of NaKonal StaKsKcs 2007)

Grouping and WeighLng for Environmental Impact Categories

10

Impact Category Impact Area WeightingDepletion of Minerals Regional 3Depletion of Fossil Fuels Regional 11Global Warming Global 35Stratospheric ozone depletion Global 8Acidification Regional 5Ground-‐level ozone formation (fog) Regional 3.5Human toxicity Local 8.5Eco-‐toxicity Local 4Eutrophication Regional 4Noise LocalDepletion of Landfill space Regional 6Others Water, Freight 12Total 100


11

Local & Site Regional Global

Low

High

Noise

Eco-‐tox

Human-‐tox Landfill

Eutroph. Fog Minerals

AcidificaLon Ozone depleLon

Fossil fuel

Global Warming

Grouping and weighLng of environmental impact categories

12 Reference: Rijkswaterstaat(2011)

Rijkswaterstaat prentjie wat wys dat ‘n mens dit ook vir companies kan doen

13 Reference: Rijkswaterstaat(2011)

December 2009: South Africa commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at COP15 by:

-‐ 34 % by 2020 -‐ 42 % by 2025

February 2013: Minister Pravin Gordhan announces that government will spend R827 billion in next 3 years on infrastructure

May 2013: Treasury publishes Carbon Tax Policy Paper for public comment:

-‐ R120/ton CO2e starLng 1 January 2015 -‐ 10% increase per annum to 31 December 2019

October 2011: Cabinet approves NaLonal Climate Change Response Paper

14

LCA in road design LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS


Maintenance

ExtracLo

n

Prod

ucLo

n

On-‐site

equipm

ent

Traffi

c de

lay

Vehicle Ope

raLo

n

Lightning

Heat island

Rolling Resistance

Recycling

T

T Land

fill

Recycle

T

T

15

HiMA -‐ CONTEXT

A CLOSER LOOK AT EACH MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION

A CLOSER LOOK AT EACH MATERIAL CONTRIBUTION

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

GD l C l ES0.1

GD l C l ES0.1

GW l C l ES0.1

GW l C l ES0.1

CB l C l ES0.1

GD l C l ES0.3

GD l C l ES0.3

GW l C l ES0.3

GW l C l ES0.3

CB l C l ES0.3

GD l B l ES1

GD l B l ES1

GW l B l ES1

GW l B l ES1

CB l B l ES1

GD l C l ES1

GD l C l ES1

GW l C l ES1

GW l C l ES1

CB l C l ES1

GD l A l ES3

GD l A l ES3

GW l A l ES3

HMA l A

l ES3

CB l A l ES3

GD l B l ES3

GD l B l ES3

GW l B l ES3

HMA l B l ES3

CB l B l ES3

GD l C l ES3

GD l C l ES3

GW l C l ES3

GW l C l ES3

CB l C l ES3

GD l A l ES10

GW l A l ES10

HMA l A

l ES10

GD l B l ES10

GD l B l ES10

GW l B l ES10

CB l B l ES10

HMA l B l ES10

GD l A l ES30

GW l A l ES30

HMA l A

l ES30

GD l A l ES100

GW l A l ES100

HMA l A

l ES100

Emission

s (Mill Kg Co

2/km

)

Pavement Types

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

GD l C l ES0.1

GD l C l ES0.1

GW l C l ES0.1

GW l C l ES0.1

CB l C l ES0.1

GD l C l ES0.3

GD l C l ES0.3

GW l C l ES0.3

GW l C l ES0.3

CB l C l ES0.3

GD l B l ES1

GD l B l ES1

GW l B l ES1

GW l B l ES1

CB l B l ES1

GD l C l ES1

GD l C l ES1

GW l C l ES1

GW l C l ES1

CB l C l ES1

GD l A l ES3

GD l A l ES3

GW l A l ES3

HMA l A

l ES3

CB l A l ES3

GD l B l ES3

GD l B l ES3

GW l B l ES3

HMA l B l ES3

CB l B l ES3

GD l C l ES3

GD l C l ES3

GW l C l ES3

GW l C l ES3

CB l C l ES3

GD l A l ES10

GW l A l ES10

HMA l A

l ES10

GD l B l ES10

GD l B l ES10

GW l B l ES10

CB l B l ES10

HMA l B l ES10

GD l A l ES30

GW l A l ES30

HMA l A

l ES30

GD l A l ES100

GW l A l ES100

HMA l A

l ES100

Pavement Types

Emmisions (M

ill Kg Co

2/km

)

Pavement Types 16

HiMA in the construcLon phase

17

Product (ex-‐works) unit Energy (MJ/t)

GHG (kg eq. CO2)

AcidificaKon (kg eq. SO2)

Waste Eliminated (kg/

t) Source Data

Bitumen (ex-‐refinery) 4900 277 3.26 8 Eurobitume

CoaKng emulsion (ex-‐refinery) 3780 206 2.01 22.5 USIRF -‐ CST

Spraying emulsion (ex-‐refinery) 4000 220 2.17 24 USIRF -‐ CST

Cement 5602 978 2.42 2600 Cimbeton

Hydraulic binder 1961 342 2.42 2600 CST Colas

Crushed aggregate 58 2.1 0.04 2.4 USIRF

Fuel 45000 3.452 USIRF

Hot mix asphalt plant 367 41 USIRF

Warm mix asphalt plant 231 26 CST Colas

High modulus asphalt 404 45 CST Colas

Cold stabilizaKon plant 14.4 1 IVL

Milling + vacuum sucKon (per m2) 3.6 0.4 CST Colas

Hot recycling in-‐situ (per m2) 55 4 Colas MM

Cold recycling plant in-‐situ (per m2) 5.08 0.39 CST Colas

Soil stabilizaKon in place 12 0.8 IVL

Hot mix applicaKon 18 1.34 11.639 CST Colas

Cold mix applicaKon 15 1.12 9.7 CST Colas

ApplicaKon of bond coat (per m2) 1 0.08 CST Colas

Transport (t/km) 1.05 0.08 0.00047 USIRF

Racked in surface dressing (per m2) 1.6 0.12 0 USIRF

This table indicates the environmental impact of the raw materials when manufacturing 1 ton of product, from extracLon (quarry, quarry oil deposit, etc.) unLl it is sold to the producLon unit (refinery, cement factory, etc.)

Reference: Huang (2009)


18 ProducLon of bitumen for Asphalt

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS


Maintenance

ExtracLo

n

Prod

ucLo

n

On-‐site

equipm

ent

Traffi

c de

lay

Vehicle Ope

raLo

n

Lightning

Heat island

Recycling

T

T Land

fill

Recycle

T

T

Rolling Resistance


19


20

Reference: Dorchies (2008))


21

Reference: Dorchies (2008))

22

Reference: USIRF (2007)

EXAMPLE CASE STUDY-‐CONSTRUCTION PHASE

ALSO

23

S*150G1125C4SUBGRADE

125C4SUBGRADE

70mm HiMA

S1100C4100C4SUBGRADE

100C4SUBGRADE

50mm HiMA

S*80BC150C4SUBGRADE

150C4SUBGRADE

50mm HiMA

40AAG150C3300C4SUBGRADE

300C4SUBGRADE

90mm HiMA

40AAG120BC450C3200G7SUBGRADE

450C3200G7SUBGRADE

90mm HiMA

150C3150C3SUBGRADE

100 HiMA

50AG150G1150C3150C3SUBGRADE

ES0.1 ES0.3 ES1.0 ES10

ES30/50

ES100

Reference: Horak

EXAMPLE CASE STUDY-‐CONSTRUCTION PHASE

24

S*150G1125C4SUBGRADE

125C4SUBGRADE

70mm HiMA

S1100C4100C4SUBGRADE

100C4SUBGRADE

50mm HiMA

S*80BC150C4SUBGRADE

150C4SUBGRADE

50mm HiMA

40AAG150C3300C4SUBGRADE

300C4SUBGRADE

90mm HiMA

40AAG120BC450C3200G7SUBGRADE

450C3200G7SUBGRADE

90mm HiMA

150C3150C3SUBGRADE

100 HiMA

50AG150G1150C3150C3SUBGRADE

ES0.1 ES0.3 ES1.0 ES10

ES30/50

ES100

30% Rap


•  CONCEPTS TO CONSIDER

(a) What is the implicaLon of import vs local refineries i.e 10-‐20 Pen, 15-‐25Pen? (b) What is the influence of traffic delay?

25


Maintenance

ExtracLo

n

Prod

ucLo

n

On-‐site

equipm

ent

Traffi

c de

lay

Vehicle Ope

raLo

n

Lightning

Heat island

Rolling Resistance

Recycling

T

T Land

fill

Recycle

T

T

HiMA in the maintenance phase

26

HiMA in the maintenance phase

(a) Longer life pavements (Endurance limit?) (b)Influence of RAP (the re-‐use of HIMA, healing concept, are polymer modified binders being used and what is its residual life?) (c) The funcLonal limit of pavements (Life Lme as well as Project size unit)

27



Maintenance

ExtracLo

n

Prod

ucLo

n

On-‐site

equipm

ent

Traffi

c de

lay

Vehicle Ope

raLo

n

Lightning

Heat island

Rolling Resistance

Recycling

T

T Land

fill

Recycle

T

T

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

HiMA in the use phase

28


29

-‐Road Roughness -‐Pavement Vehicle interacLon and -‐Challenges with measuring fuel consumpLon


5 15 40 95 56

122

644

0

200

400

600

800

1000

ES0.1 ES0.3 ES1 ES3 ES10 ES30 ES100

Ord

er s

ize

diffe

renc

e be

twee

n co

nstru

ctio

n an

d us

e ph

ase

E80 Classification

CONSTRUCTION VS USE PHASE FOR VARIOUS ROAD CATEGORIES – ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Vehicle class Vehicles per day /per lane

Lower Limit Upper Limit ES0.1 20 75 ES0.3 75 220 ES1 220 700 ES3 770 2200 ES10 770 2200 ES30 2200 6500 ES100 6500 40000

30


PVI is a useful alternaLve

31

Akbarian


Reference: Akbarian et al (2013)


32

-‐Bespreek konsepte soos Rolling resistance+rr,PVI ens, en dat dit moontlik ‘n verskil kan

maak, ekwivalent aan construciton phase.Moontlik, n voordeel.


Reference: Akbarian et al (2013)

The case study?


are the key issues?

LCA Calculators-‐ available to public

•  Athena Impact EsLmator (Canada) •  Huang (UK) •  DuboCalc (Netherlands)

33

Reference: Santero (2009)

The case study?


are the key issues?

THE WAY FORWARD?

34

•  GENERAL

•  HiMA

-‐Impact categories and shadow pricing -‐Establish a usable LCA calculator -‐Localised factors for South Africa

-‐Understand “transfer funcLons” -‐ImplicaLon of funcLonal requirements -‐Address issues for LCA for HiMA

life%cycle%analysis% · 2013. 11. 13. · 1 1 1 1 cblcles0.1 3 3 3 3 cblcles0.3 1 1 1 1 cblbles1 1...

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