life is like playing a violin in a concert while learning
TRANSCRIPT
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"Life is like playing a violin in a concert while learning to play and creating the
score as you are playing." Rabinovic et al, (2012, p. 2)
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IMPORTANT FACTS
1- Approx. 80% of Neurons are Excitatory & 20% are Inhibitory
4- Neurons are Connected in Loops and are Self-Organizing & Stable because
of Refractoriness of Excitatory Neurons
3- The EEG is the Summation of Synaptic Potentials and Changes in the
Frequency Spectrum Occur by Changes in Synaptic Potentials
6- EEG Biofeedback is Operant Learning in which a EEG event is followed
by a signal that predicts a future reward. This results in the release of Dopamine that alters synapses related to a ‘trace’ of the EEG event that occurred in the past.
Eric Kandel “In Search of Memory” Norton & Co., 2006 – Nobel Prize 2000Gyorgy Buzsaki “Rhythms of the Brain”, Oxford Univ. Press, 2006
2- Pyramidal neurons have resonant oscillations controlled by the membrane
potential, ionic conductances and feedback loops
5- Neurons operate in large Modules that are Cross-Frequency Sycnhronized
with Phase Shift and Phase Lock as Basic Mechanisms
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Reinforced with In-Phase
Suppressed if Out-of-phase
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In-Phase isReinforced
Out-of-Phase isSuppressed
Thalamic Gating to the Neurocortex
In-Phase isReinforced
Out-of-Phase isSuppressed
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Frontal LobeThinking, Planning,Motor execution,Executive Functions,Mood Control
Occipital LobeVisual perception &Spatial processing
Parietal Lobesomatosensory perception integrationof visual & somatospatial information
Temporal Lobelanguage function andauditory perception
involved in long term memory and emotion
Brodmann Areas
Parahippocampal GyrusShort-term memory, attention
Anterior Cingulate GyrusVolitional movement, attention, long term memory
Posterior Cingulateattention, long-term memory
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ϕϕϕϕ
Phase difference att1, t2, t3, t4 = 450
Phase difference att5, t6, t7, t8 = 100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+
-
0
Time
1stD
eri
va
tive
of
Ph
ase
-Dif
fere
nce
EEG Phase Reset as a Phase Transition in the Time Domain
00
900
ϕϕϕϕ
Phase difference at
t1, t2, t3, t4 = 450
Phase difference at
t5, t6, t7, t8 = 1350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+
-
0
Time
r2
r1
r1r2
1s
t D
eri
va
tive
of
Ph
ase
-Dif
fere
nce
Negative 1st
Derivative
Positive 1st
Derivative
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1st Derivative deg/100 msec
Phase D
iffe
rence -
deg
Phase Synchrony Interval
Phase Shift
Phase Shift Duration
Fp1-Fp1
Fp1-F3
Fp1-C3
Fp1-P3
Fp1-O1
Fp1-Fp1
Fp1-F3
Fp1-C3
Fp1-P3
Fp1-O1
Phase Difference in Degrees
1st Derivative deg/100 msec
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AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
LEFT Anterior - Posterior
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
RIGHT Anterior - Posterior
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
LEFT Posterior - Anterior
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
RIGHT Posterior - Anterior
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
6 cm 12 cm 18 cm 24 cm
Development of Phase Shift Duration
24 cm
6 cm
24 cm
6 cm
24 cm
6 cm
24 cm
6 cm
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6 cm 12 cm 18 cm 24 cm
Development of Phase Synchrony Interval
AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
LEFT Anterior - Posterior
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
RIGHT Anterior - Posterior
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
LEFT Posterior - Anterior
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
AGEs (0.44 – 16.22 Years)
mill
iseconds
0.44
1.61
2.59
3.49
4.45
5.50
6.49
7.52
8.40
9.56
10.4
411
.46
12.5
213
.51
14.4
515
.45
16.2
2
RIGHT Posterior - Anterior
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
6 cm
24 cm 24 cm
6 cm
6 cm
24 cm
6 cm
24 cm
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Published in NeuroImage – NeuroImage, 42(4): 1639-1653, 2008.
INTELLIGENCE AND EEG PHASE RESET:
A TWO COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF PHASE SHIFT AND LOCK
Thatcher, R. W. 1,2, North, D. M.1, and Biver, C. J.1
EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience Research Institute. St. Petersburg, Fl1 and Department of Neurology, University of South Florida
College of Medicine, Tampa, Fl.2
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Regressions & Correlations of Phase Shift Duration Short Distances (6 cm)
Regressions & Correlations of Phase Locking Interval Short Distances (6 cm)
r = .876 @ p< .01 r = .954 @ p< .0001 r = .868 @ p< .01 r = .874 @ p< .01
r = -.875 @ p< .01 r = -.930 @ p< .001 r = -.895 @ p< .01 r = -.985 @ p< .0001
IQ = 78 + 13.78 x (msec) IQ = 70 +11.85 x (msec) IQ = 75 + 24.45 x (msec) IQ = 68 + 34.40 x (msec)
IQ = 143 - 3.11 x (msec) IQ = 142 - 3.36 x (msec) IQ = 132 - 4.57 x (msec) IQ = 140 - 20.08 x (msec)
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Phase Shift Duration (SD)
Phase Lock Duration (LD)
150 350
Full
Scale
I.Q
.
Time (msec)
40 60
Full
Scale
I.Q
.
Time (msec)
50
250
EPSPDuration
AverageSD
LD
Average
Pyramidal Cell Model of EEG Phase Reset and Full Scale I.Q.
High
Low
High
Low
Distant EPSPLoop Connections LD
Local IPSPConnections
SD
efLFP PrΘ−Θ=∆Φ
LFP
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AUTISM AND EEG PHASE RESET: A UNIFIED THEORY OF DEFICIENT GABA MEDIATED INHIBITION IN
THALAMO-CORTICAL CONNECTIONS
Thatcher, R. W. 1,2, Phillip DeFina2, James Neurbrander2, North, D. M.1, and Biver, C. J.1
EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience Research Institute., St. Petersburg, Fl1 and the International Brain Research
Foundation, Menlo Park, NJ2
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Shift Duration Short Distances Lock Duration Short Distances
Lock Duration Long DistancesShift Duration Long Distances
Msec
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA
Autism
Normals
NS =.0308 <.0001 =.0299 NS =.0060 NST-Tests (p):
Msec
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA
Autism
Normals
<.0001 <.0048 NS <.0001 <.0001 NS =.0002T-Tests (p):
Msec
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA
Autism
Normals
=.0487 =.0120 <.0001 =.0053 <.0001 <.0001 =.0360T-Tests (p):
Msec
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
DELTA THETA ALPHA1 ALPHA2 BETA1 BETA2 HI-BETA
Autism
Normals
<.0001 NS NS <.0001 <.0001 NS <.0001T-Tests (p):
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C. Alpha2 Lock Duration Short Distances
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Autism
Normals
msecmsec
A. Alpha1 Shift Duration Short Distances
Autism
Normals
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
msec
D. Alpha2 Lock Duration Long Distances
Autism
Normals
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
msec
B. Alpha1 Shift Duration Long Distances
Autism
Normals
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300MSEC
TO
TA
L C
OU
NT Central
Frontal
Occipital
AUTISM - ALPHA2 – PHASE LOCK DURATION 6cm INTER-ELECTRODE DISTANCES
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TEMPORAL QUANTA AND EEG LORETA PHASE RESET
Thatcher, R.W. North, D.M. and Biver, C. J.EEG and NeuroImaging Laboratory, Applied Neuroscience, Inc., St. Petersburg, Fl
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
msec
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
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35%
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50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
msec
0%
5%
10%
15%
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25%
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50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
msec
0%
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50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
msec
X-Shift
Z-Shift
Y-Shift
R-Shift
Phase Reset Shift Duration LORETA Default Brain Brodmann Area Pairs
Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left
Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left
Brodmann Areas (36 & 39) LeftEyes Closed
Eyes Opened
Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left
Brodmann Areas (23 & 30) Left
Brodmann Areas (9 & 39) Left
Brodmann Areas (28 & 36) Left
Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left
Brodmann Areas (24 & 29) Left
Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Right
Brodmann Areas (23 & 39) Right
Brodmann Areas (31 & 32) Right
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
0%
10%
20%
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100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
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100%
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Y-Lock
Eyes Closed
Eyes Opened
Brodmann Areas (8 & 10) Right
Brodmann Areas (21 & 36) Right
X-Lock
Brodmann Areas (8 & 40) Right
Brodmann Areas (21 & 36) Right
msec msec
Z-Lock
Brodmann Areas (28 & 32) Right
Brodmann Areas (28 & 30) Right
msec
R-Lock
Brodmann Areas (9 & 30) Right
Brodmann Areas (24 & 32) Right
msec
Phase Reset Lock Duration LORETA Default Brain Brodmann Area Pairs
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Relations Between Phase Reset Shift & Lock Means and the
Euclidean Distance Between Voxels
Distance (mm)
Sh
ift
Gro
up
Mean
s (
mse
c)
Distance (mm)
R = .633; p <= .0001
Left Phase Shift
Distance (mm)
Lo
ck G
rou
p M
ea
ns (
mse
c)
Distance (mm)
R = -.505; p <= .0001
Left Phase Lock
Sh
ift
Gro
up
Mean
s (
mse
c)
Distance (mm)
R = .491; p = .0027
Right Phase Shift
Lo
ck G
rou
p M
ea
ns (
mse
c)
Distance (mm)
R = -.379; p = .0249
Right Phase Lock
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
msec
Quanta Phase Shift Durations: N = 140 Under Each Quanta Duration
Brodmann Areas (8 & 9) Left
Brodmann Areas (30 & 31) Left
Brodmann Areas (36 & 39) LeftEyes Closed
Eyes Opened
A
1 2 3TemporalQuanta
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
200
400
600
800
1000
25
35
45
55
65
Euclidean Distance Between Brodmann Areas (mm)
mse
c
Phase Lock Duration
Phase Shift Duration
Gap = 135 msec
B Non-Linear Exponential Brodmann Area Distances: Shift vs Lock
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Published as a chapter in “Introduction to QEEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications” Thomas Budzinsky, H. Budzinski, J. Evans and A. Abarbanel editors, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, 2008.
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NormativeEEG Amplifiers
Patient EEGAmplifiers
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4 .5 5 5 .5 6 6. 5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13 .5 14 14. 5 15 15. 5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 2 1.5 2 2 22 .5 2 3 23 .5 24 24. 5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29 2 9.5 30 3 0.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
0. 5 1 1.5 2 2. 5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5. 5 6 6.5 7 7. 5 8 8.5 9 9. 5 10 10. 5 11 11.5 12 12. 5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15. 5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18. 5 19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23 23. 5 24 24.5 25 25. 5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28. 5 29 29.5 30 30. 5
Frequency 0 – 40 Hz
uV
Frequency 0 – 40 Hz
Equ
ilib
ration
Ra
tio
Normative Database Amplifier Matching – Microvolt Sine Waves 0 to 40 Hz
Equilibration Ratios to Match Frequency Responses
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0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
Delta Theta Alpha Beta
Corr
ela
tion C
oeff
icie
nt
Absolute Power
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
Delta Theta Alpha Beta
Corr
ela
tion C
oeff
icie
nt
Relative Power
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
Delta Theta Alpha Beta
Corr
ela
tion C
oeff
icie
nt
Coherence
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
Delta Theta Alpha Beta
Corr
ela
tion C
oeff
icie
nt
Amplitude Asymmetry
Cross-Validation of NeuroGuide vs NxLink
Anterior Posterior
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Correlations between DSCOREs with FULL IQ, VERB IQ, & PERF IQ
r = .829
p < .0001
PERF IQ Discriminant Scores with PERF IQ
PE
RF
IQ
DSCOREs
r = -.815
p < .0001
VERB IQ Discriminant Scores with VERB IQ
VE
RB
IQ
DSCOREs
FULL IQ Discriminant Scores with FULL IQ
r = -.800
p < .0001
FU
LL
IQ
DSCOREs
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Histograms of Discriminant Functions using IQ Score Measures
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5
VERB IQ <= 90VERB IQ >= 120
90 < VERB IQ < 120
EEG Discriminant Scores
N = 95
N = 270
N = 77
VERBAL IQ
PR
OP
OR
TIO
N P
ER
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5
PERF IQ <= 90
PERF IQ >= 120
90 < PERF IQ < 120
EEG Discriminant Scores
N = 67
N = 302
N = 73
PERFORMANCE IQ
PR
OP
OR
TIO
N P
ER
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-5 -3 -1 1 3 5PR
OP
OR
TIO
N P
ER
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
EEG Discriminant Scores
FULL IQ <= 90
FULL IQ >= 120
90 < FULL IQ < 120
N = 97
N = 267
N = 70
FULL IQ
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Multiple Regressions of QEEG with FULL IQ
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
Phase
Difference
Coherence Phase Reset
per Second
Phase Reset
Locking
Interval
Means
Amplitude
Asymmetry
Phase Reset
Duration
Means
Burst
Amplitude
Means
abs(OUT-
PHASE)
Cross
Spectral
Power
abs(IN-
PHASE)
Absolute
Power
Phase Reset
Amplitude
Means
Peak
Frequency
QEEG MEASURE
MU
LT
IPL
E R
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Essentials of Operant Conditioning
1- Specificity – Reinforce EEG events in hubs/modules in networks related
to the patient’s symptoms. Minimize compensatory hubs/modules.
4- The interval of time between the spontaneous ‘emitted EEG event’ & the
‘feedback signal’ can not be too short, approx. < 250 msec? or too long approx. 20 sec?
2- The ‘Feedback Signal’ must predict a large & significant future reward
3- Discrete and novel feedback signals increase the probability of linking
the signal and a future reward, i.e., “contingency”
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Principles1- Specificity of EEG Event (E) = Neural State Interval (I)
2- Contiguity Window ( C) = Time period preceding and following a E
3- Contingency of Reward Signal (S) = Feedback signal time locked to E
4- Reward Strength ( R) = Value of the reward if N successes occur in an interval of time, e.g., toys, candy,
cookies, money, etc.
Ordinal or Nominal measureReward Strength (R)
Feedback signal time locked to E
(msec)
Contingency of Reward Signal (S)
Time preceding/following E (msec –
sec)
Contiguity Window (C)
Z Scores and Brodmann areas linked
to symptomsSpecificity of EEG Event (E)
A General Theory of EEG Operant Conditioning and Z Score Biofeedback
Category Measurement
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Example of Bursts of Theta Rhythms (4 – 8 Hz) in the Human EEG
Burst Duration approx. 200 msec to 600 msec
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Moving Window of Operant Learning Quanta
Preconscious
Phase Shift
Neural
Recruitment
0 250-250-500-750-1,000 500
Phase
Lock
Time (msec)
Operant Association
Window
Spontaneous Neural State
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1- “Behavioral approaches
emphasize compensation” (p. 21)
2- “Restorative approaches
emphasize improving weak or
lost function” (p. 21)
“A compensation occurs when a
Noninjured brain region takes over
The function of the injured region.
True recovery involves improvement
In function in an injured area.” (p. 22)
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