lidarchaeology - university of british...
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LiDARchaeology:Archaeological GIS applications of airborne
LiDAR data
Nick WaberUBC Department of Anthropology
February 27th 2013UBC GIS Users Group
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LiDARchaeology:Archaeological GIS applications of airborne
LiDAR data
● LiDAR principles and practices– a very brief intro to LiDAR
● Archaeological Applications of LiDAR● My work with LiDAR● Open LiDAR: online data sources and
opensource software
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What is LiDAR?
Light
Detection
And
Ranging
● Focused beams of light (lasers) are directed at a surface
● The time it takes for the light to be reflected a sensor is measured
● The resulting data is used to determine the distance between the sensor and the target
● Dense beam clusters and multiple pulses and returns may be measured
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Why is LiDAR useful?
● Fast
● Unaffected by difficult terrain
● Very precise (~5-20cm spatial precision)
● Able to get past the vegetation canopy
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LiDAR collection
● Terrestrial– Pulses generated and
measured using a tripod-mounted unit
– Georeferenced via GPS
– Covers a relatively small area
– Can produce the most dense, precise point clouds
● Airborne– Pulses generated and
measured from an airplane-mounted unit
– Georeferenced via GPS
– Can cover large swathes of land very quickly
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LiDAR collection
● Airborne– Pulses generated and
measured from an airplane-mounted unit
– Georeferenced via GPS
– Can cover large swathes of land very quickly
NOAA 2012
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What is included in a LAS file?
Primary features:– XYZ point cloud
– Return number
– Classification number
– Intensity values
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XYZ Point cloud
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XYZ Point cloud
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XYZ Point cloud
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Pulse Return Number
● Multiple pulse returns from reflection off multi-tiered vegetation
● Last pulse return is ground level
● Pulse return differentials permit point classification (next slide...)
NOAA 2012
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Classification Number
● 0 never classified● 1 Unclassified● 2 Ground● 3 Low vegetation● 4 Medium Vegetation● 5 High Vegetation● 6 Building
(and more)
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Classification Number
● 0 never classified● 1 Unclassified● 2 Ground● 3 Low vegetation● 4 Medium Vegetation● 5 High Vegetation● 6 Building
(and more)
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Intensity
©Google 2013
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LiDAR Applications
● Forestry
● Petro Industry
● Hydrology
● Disaster Management
● Engineering
● Prospectors
● Archaeologists
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Archaeological Applications of LiDAR
● Site survey and identification● Site and feature mapping● 3D modelling and visualization
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Site/Feature Survey and Identification
From Chase et al. 2011
● Foliage-concealed surface features may be revealed on high-resolution bare earth models
● No machetes required
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Site/Feature Survey and Identification
Images courtesy of Fraser Valley Archaeological Project, SRRMC, SFU, UBC
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Site/Feature Survey and Identification
© FVRD 2008
Total Station Map of Village site. Fraser Valley Archaeological Project:Sts'ailes, SFU, UBC, SRRMC
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Site/Feature Mapping
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Site Modelling and Visualization
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Site Modelling and Visualization
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LiDAR in the field: Belize
● Chase et al. 2011– Caracol, Belize
– ~200 km2 survey
– Identified new structures, causeways, and LOTS of terraces
– More territory surveyed in 3 weeks than in the previous 85 years
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LiDAR in the field: England
● Challis et al. 2011– Intensity data analysis
– Prospecting for ancient landforms in river valleys
– ID paleochannels and earthworks
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LiDAR in the field: Mexico (Chiapas)
● Rosenwig et al. 2013– Izapa: Chiapan
piedmont region
– Identified previously unkown mounds
– Refined early topographic surveys
– Moving on to precise mound alignments
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LiDAR in the field: Mexico (Chiapas)
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My work with LiDAR
● 3D virtual reality– High-resolution DEMs
for high-res imagery
– Integrated feature reconstructions
– Immersive environments...?
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The (open) tools of the trade
● SAGA GIS– Free, opensource
– Excellent LAS handling
– Good point cloud control
– Great surface interpolation options
– Easy to learn
– Only Linux/Windows
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The (open) tools of the trade
● GRASS GIS– Free, opensource
– Extremely feature-rich
– Great 3D visualization
– Lots of online support
– Mac OSX, Linux, and Windows compatibility
– Steep learning curve
– LAS handling is... complicated
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The (open) tools of the trade
● Quantum GIS (QGIS)– Free, opensource
– Intuitive GUI
– Loads of plugins
– GRASS integration
– Lots of online support
– Easiest to learn
– Mac OSX, Linux, and Windows compatibility
– No native LAS handling
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Where to get LiDAR data (for free)
● Global: http://www.redarrowmaps.co
m/lidarportal/
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Where to get LiDAR data (for free)
● USA: http://www.opentopography.org/
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Where to get LiDAR data (for free)
● Oregon: http://www.oregongeology.org/dogamilidarviewer/
● Puget Sound: http://pugetsoundlidar.org/● Idaho: http://www.idaholidar.org/
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Where to get LiDAR data (for free)
● BC: http://www.nanaimo.ca/ortho/
● Nova Scotia: http://agrg.cogs.nscc.ca/resources/imagery/LiDAR
● Canada...?
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Where to get LiDAR data (for free)
● Global: http://www.redarrowmaps.com/lidarportal/ ● Global: https://www.lidar-online.com/product-list.php
● USA: http://www.opentopography.org/
● USA: http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/coastallidar
● BC: http://www.nanaimo.ca/ortho/
● Oregon: http://www.oregongeology.org/dogamilidarviewer/
● Puget Sound: http://pugetsoundlidar.org/● Idaho: http://www.idaholidar.org/
● Other links: http://www.laszip.org
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References
Challis, Keith, Chris Carey, Mark Kincey, and Andy J. Howard
2011 Airborne Lidar Intensity and Geoarchaeological Prospection in River Valley Floors. Archaeological Prospection. 18:1-13.
Chase, Arlen, Diane Z. Chase, John F. Weishampel, Jason B. Drake, Ramesh L. Shrestha, K. Clint Slatton, Jaime J. Awe, and William E. Carter
2011 Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science. 38:387-398.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Services Center
2012 Lidar 101: And Introduction to Lidar Technology, Data, and Applications. Revised. Charleston, SC: NOAA Coastal Services Center.
Rosenwig, Robert M., Ricardo López-Torrijos, Caroline E. Antonelli, and Rebecca R. Medelsohn
2013 Lidar mapping and surface survey of the Izapa state on the tropical piedmont of Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science. 40:1493-1507.