libro el turismo y su relacion con la comunidad local

7/21/2019 Libro El Turismo y Su Relacion Con La Comunidad Local

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Gnrjstj ]jrhgkiuaghd d prdejtd cjhdkohgcd Agkohld cgs ]jcrgs5 d tu-roskd jadfnoad cj igsj njdfnoag hd Gnrjstj ]jrhgkiuaghd prdaurdu jhbgtozgr hdsrdtjords jstruturgcds gs hdtvjos bjojs njdfnoags cd ]fghgftd cg Idridrjkg, ohtjnrg-cgs gd qugcrd aufturgf j saod jadhkoad cds kuhoapods cj Nrgvgt, Ijzjrrds, IjfdEgrcok j Irjed cg Kgcrj cj Cjus.


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Qjrtd cd ]gej rdtjord girghnjhcd g gndrg algkgcg Ydtg cd Aghngd,hjfj ohsjrocds ds jhnjhlds cj rgpgcurg, g lostrog cd bghgtoskd rjfonodsd j ds ajhtrdscg pdjsog sjrtghjeg. D aorauotd jstruturdu jk rjcj ds kuhoapods cj Qjrrg Sgflgcg, QdEds cd Ijf Kdhtj, Srouhbd, Bfdrjs, Sgiorg j Qd Eds cd Jnotd.

Hd g distghtj g adkprdvgd cg vogiofocgcj cds rdtjords gaokg kjhaodhgcds, ohafusovjadk vosotgs prdnrgkgcgs cj nrupds, hd lduvj qugfqujr ohtjrjssj cds ndvjrhds bjcjrgf,jstgcugf j prjbjoturgs kuhoaopgos hg adhstrud cj pgrajrogs hjajssrogs adhsdfocgdcds rdtjords. G gprdvgd cj prdejtds corjaodhgcds gd cjsjhvdfvokjhtd cd turoskd adhto-hug ajhtrgfozgcg pdfotoagkjhtj j jadhdkoagkjhtj. Adhtrgrogkjhtj s pdftoags pifoags,qugfqujr kucghg pgrg g sustjhtgiofocgcj cd sjtdr cjvj sjr pgutgcg hg disjrvhaog cg

igsj fdagf j njstd adkpgrtoflgcg cds grrgheds prdcutovds cd turoskd. Sdcgvog, d ]rdejtd

Suroskd Qjrtghjed pdssuo rjadhljaokjhtd hgaodhgf j ohtjrhgaodhgf. D prdejtd rjgfozdudotd jhadhtrds gagckoad-aojhtads jk qugtrd jstgcds cd Irgsof ]grgig, ]jrhgkiuad,Iglog j Kohgs Njrgos, rjuhohcd, hd tdtgf gfnuhs koflgrjs cj pgrtoaopghtjs0 puifoadu 7=dirgs gagckoad-aojhtags, okprjssgs, jk AC j J-Idd`s, adhtjhcd gprdxokgcgkjhtj:== grtonds hg kgodrog ofustrgcds, j aotgcd jk ajhtjhgs cj pnohgs cg ^JI.


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92


Yjbjrhaogs

IJHO, Krod A. (9==2). ]dftoag j ]fghjegkjhtd cd Suroskd hd Irgsof. Qd ]gufd5 GFJ]L.(7??9). Njhjrgf Qystjks Sljdry. Hjw _dr`5 Irgzoffjr.

IDZFFH, Ydijrtd A. (9==9). ]fghjegkjhtd cd Jspgd Surstoad. Iguru5 JCZQA.

KGQO, Cdkhoad (9===). aod Arogtovd. 9g Jcod. Qd ]gufd5 Qjxtghtj.

IJYSYGHC, Njdrnjs. (7?>7). ]gosgnjk j Njdnrgg Bsoag Nfdigf5 jsidd kjtdcdfno-

ad. Agcjrhds cj Aohaogs cg Sjrrg. (71). Qd ]gufd5 ONZQ].

KDFOHG, Qjrnod j YDCYONZJQ, Qjrnod. (9==7). ]fghjegkjhtd Ohtjnrgf cd Suroskd5uk jhbdquj pgrg g Gkroag Fgtohg. Iguru5 JCZQA.

]DYSZNZJU, G. ]., BYJOSGQ, I. DFORJOYG, L. A. K. (Drns.). 9=73. Suroskd Qjrtg-hjed5 g adkuhocgcj, d fungr j ds sgijrjs fdagos. Otuoutgig, Igrfgvjhtd.

QJGIYG, Nodvghho B. (9=79). Suroskd Qjrtghjed5 jstrgtnogs, pfghds j gjs jk adku-hocgcjs. Oh QJGIYG, Nodvghho B. (Drn.). Adkuhocgcjs, Hgturjzg j Aufturg hd Suroskd.Edd ]jssdg5 Jcotdrg Zhovjrsotrog cg ZB]I.

(9==>g). Suroskd Qjrtghjed. Edd ]jssdg5 Jcotdrg Zhovjrsotrog / ZB]I.

(9==>i). Suroskd cj Igsj Fdagf5 ocjhtocgcj aufturgf j cjsjhvdfvokjhtd rjnodhgf. Edd

]jssdg5 Jcotdrg Zhovjrsotrog / ZB]I.

(9==7). D Suroskd Qjrtghjed adkd gftjrhgtovg jadhkoag pgrg d Qjkorocd. Oh Yjvostg]grgoighg cj Njdnrgg. Edd ]jssdg, Rd. 1(7)5?1-7=:.

(9===). Jads cd Suroskd5 d turoskd jadfnoad jk rjgs prdtjnocgs. Agkpohgs5 Jcotdrg ]gporus.

(7??


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9>


Suroskd, gatdrjs j okgnohgrods5 Yjjxodhjsg pgrtor cj jxpjrojhaogs cj turoskd sotugcgs

jh fg zdhg cj gkdrtonugaoh cjf ]grquj

Hgaodhgf Roffgrroag y fg Yjsjrvg HgaodhgfKdald Aldswjh`d jh jf sur cj Alofj7.

Crg. Kgrosjfg ]ofquokh Rjrg9

Ajhtrd cj Jstucods cjf Cjsgrrdffd Fdagf y Yjnodhgf

Zhovjrsocgc cj Fds Fgnds

Yjsukjh5

Bdagfozghcd fg rjjxoh jh ohoaogtovgs cj turoskd ohcnjhd-ru-rgfjs, jh jstg adkuhoagaoh jxpfdrgkds jh fds okgnohgrods y jx-pjrojhaogs jh tdrhd gf turoskd njhjrgcgs pdr adkuhocgcjs y/d

bgkofogs kgpualj y cj sus vosotghtjs. Fds lgffgznds ohcoagh qujpgrg fds gatdrjs ohcnjhgs jf turoskd lg trgsajhcocd g su rdf lg-iotugf cj gnjhtj cohgkozgcdr cj fgs jadhdkgs fdagfjs gf cjsjh-vdfvjrsj jh uh gkiojhtj cj rjovohcoagaoh tjrrotdrogf, aufturgf ycj gutdhdkg. Fds vosotghtjs pdr su pgrtj, guhquj kgydrkjhtjffjngh gf tjrrotdrod gtrgcds pdr fds gtrgatovds hgturgfjs prjsjh-tjs jh jf, kghojstgh uhg prjcospdsoaoh bgvdrgifj g jstj topd cjohoaogtovgs, pjrd kgtozgcg pdr su prdpog ohtjrprjtgaoh sdirj fdquj jhtojhcjh pdr gutjhtoaocgc y jf nrgcd cj pgupjrozgaoh quj

prjsjhtgh fds sjrvoaods turstoads dbjrtgcds pdr fg pdifgaoh fdagf.

Jxpfdrgr jh fgs jxpjrojhaogs cj fds gatdrjs ohvdfuargcds jh jstjjstucod ghtrodhjs y vosotghtjs pjrkotj ocjhtoagr gspjatds qujadhtroiuyjh g fg adhstruaaoh cj kdcjfds cj cjsgrrdffd turstoadaufturgfkjhtj pjrtohjhtjs.

]gfgirgs Afgvjs5 Suroskd0 tjrrotdrod0 jxpjrojhaogs0 okgnohgrods0 ad-kuhocgcjs kgpualj.

7 Fds rjsuftgcds prjsjhtgcds adrrjspdhcjh g fg prokjrg jtgpg cjf ]rdyjatd OHHDRG 79 HOH-7


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9)0 soh jkigrnd, pgrg gfnuhds cj jstds pujifds, fg gatovocgc turstoag lg

trgsajhcocd g su rdf lgiotugf cj gnjhtj cohgkozgcdr cj fg jadhdkg fdagf gf cjsjhvdfvjrsj

jh uh jspjaogf gkiojhtj cj rjovohcoagaoh tjrrotdrogf, aufturgf y cj gutdhdkg, jh jf agsd

cjf pujifd kgpualj, buhcgcd jh fg rjcuaaoh crstoag cj su tjrrotdrod ghajstrgf, fds oh -

tjhtds cj cosdfuaoh pgufgtohg cj sus rgsnds sohnufgrjs y fg sukosoh g fg griotrgrojcgc cj

pdftoags rjcuaaodhostgs okpufsgcgs pdr jf Jstgcd cj Alofj (Qjpfvjcg, 9==>0 Cuqujshdy,

9=77), g fd quj lg cj sukgrsj fgs gatugfjs gsporgaodhjs pdr pgrtj cj jstgs adkuhocgcjs

cj cjsgrrdffgr pfghjs cj vocg (Ifgsjr, 9==3), cjstohgcds g kotongr fds jbjatds pjrhoaodsds

cj fgs pdftoags hjdfoijrgfjs y prdkdvjr sus prdpogs vosodhjs cj iojhjstgr, cdhcj jf tjrro-

tdrod, g ks cj sjr adhsocjrgcd uhg pfgtgbdrkg pgrg sdstjhjr sus pratoags prdcuatovgs sj

trghsbdrkg jh uh vjrcgcjrd rjaursd jsporotugf, adkpujstd pdr rjgfocgcjs hd vosoifjs quj

pujcjh sjr tgh d ohafusd ks okpdrtghtjs quj dtrgs diejtovgs (Dfovjrg, 9=77).

Cj jspjaogf ohtjrs rjsuftg jstucogr jf agsd cj adkuhocgcjs kgpualj gsjhtgcgs jh tj-

rrotdrods kgragcds lostroagkjhtj pdr fg adhtrgcoaaoh jhtrj uhg pdifgaoh alofjhg jh

jxpghsoh y uhg pdifgaoh kgpualj rjpfjngcg lgaog zdhgs kdhtgdsgs cj rjbunod, gkj-

hgzgcgs ldy pdr uhg bujrtj prjsoh cjrovgcg cj fg isqujcg cj rjaursds pgrg sdstjhjr jf

arjaokojhtd jadhkoad (Gnuorrj, 7?>10 Q`jwjs jt gf. 9=79). Jh jstj jsajhgrod jf turoskd

sj pdsoaodhg jh jf okgnohgrod ohcnjhg adkd uhg dpaoh pgrg njhjrgr rjhtg y jkpfjd,

gcjks cj uhg jstrgtjnog cj adhsjrvgaoh cjf kuhcd kgpualj brjhtj g fg prjsoh jxtjrhgpdr sus tjrrotdrods y fds rjaursds quj jh jffds sj uioagh. Onugfkjhtj, jf turoskd cj igeg

jsagfg sj pjrfg, cjscj su puhtd cj vostg, adkd uhg gftjrhgtovg pgrg prdkdvjr bdrkgs

sustjhtgifjs cj daupgaoh y usd cjf tjrrotdrod.


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Jh jstg adkuhoagaoh jxpfdrgkds jh jstds okgnohgrods y jxpjrojhaogs cj adkuhocgcjskgpualj sotugcgs jh fg adkuhg cj ]ghnuopuffo, sur cj Alofj, y cj sus vosotghtjs, pgrgrjsagtgr gspjatds quj adhtroiuygh g fg adhstruaaoh cj uh kdcjfd cj cjsgrrdffd turstoadaufturgfkjhtj pjrtohjhtj g fgs rjgfocgcjs fdagfjs quj euhtd g prdpoaogr uhg rjpgrgaoh

lostroag cj nrupds jstonkgtozgcds pdr fg sdaojcgc alofjhg sj pjrfjh adkd jstrgtjnogs cjvocg sustjhtgifj jh tjrrotdrods quj prdnrjsovgkjhtj rjjegh fds jbjatds cj fg nfdigfozgaoh

rjg cj jstucod5

Fgs jxpjrojhaogs cj turoskd ghgfozgcgs jh jstj jstucod sj uioagh jh fgs fdagfocgcjs cj]daurg, Foquoj, Fgnd Hjftukj y Luotgn jh fg adkuhg cj ]ghnuopuffo gfrjcjcdr cj fds

prohaopgfjs gtrgatovds hgturgfjs quj adhbdrkgh jf cjstohd turstoad Qojtj Fgnds, nurg

agrgatjrozgcg pdr fg prjsjhaog cj uh adkpfjed locrdnrad okpdrtghtj cj rds y fgnds,uhg jxtjhsg rjc cj rjgs sofvjstrjs prdtjnocgs, bujhtjs cj gnugs tjrkgfjs y pgosgejs hgtu-rgfjs y rurgfjs cj nrgh vgfdr pgrg jf turoskd, pgufgtohgkjhtj trghsbdrkgcg jh uh pdfd cjgtrgaaoh cjf turoskd cj jhvjrngcurg (Sgah jt gf. 9=79) prdcuatd cj fg ohtjhsoagaohy covjrsoagaoh cj fgs konrgaodhjs aafoags cj turostgs prdvjhojhtj kgydrkjhtj cj fgYjnoh Kjtrdpdfotghg y Grguaghg.

Jf tjrrotdrod js cdkohgcd cjscj fg pjrspjatovg cjkdnrag pdr fg prjsjhaog kgpualj.]rjcdkohg uhg pdifgaoh gcuftg auyg adkpdsoaoh hd kujstrg cobjrjhaogs okpdrtghtjssjnh sjxd. Qu costroiuaoh pdr jcgc prjsjhtg uhg pdifgaoh edvjh kjhds hukjrdsg rjs-

pjatd g fg gcuftg adhsjaujhaog cj fgs trghsbdrkgaodhjs daurrocgs jh jf kuhcd rurgf qujfjs lg ohcuaocd g konrgr jh iusag cj dpdrtuhocgcjs g fgs nrghcjs urijs.

Augcrd 7. Ghtjajcjhtjs cjkdnrads y prdcuatovds cjf rjg cj jstucod.

Bujhtj5 Ajhsd cj ]difgaoh y Rovojhcg 9==9. Rjrsoh Yjcgtgk. Jfgidrgaoh prdpog.*Hdkjhafgturg5 G. Gnroaufturg. N. Nghgcjrg. A. Adhstruaaoh. A. Adkjraod kohdrostg. Q.

Qofvoaufturg.


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Fg pdifgaoh fdagf sj cjcoag prohaopgfkjhtj g gatovocgcjs gnradfgs y sofvadfgs euhtd gfgidrjs fongcgs g fg adhstruaaoh y gf adkjraod kohdrostg. Qj jhngrzgh gcjks pdr pgrtjcj fgs adkuhocgcjs ohcnjhgs kgpualj uh jhtrgkgcd cj pratoags prdcuatovgs trgcoaod-hgfjs, jhtrj jffgs, rjadfjaaoh cj brutds sofvjstrjs, lojrigs kjcoaohgfjs y jfgidrgaoh cj

grtjsghgs jh fghg y kgcjrg, adkjraogfozgcds jh pdag jstovgf, aughcd fg ffjngcg cj voso-tghtjs y prdpojtgrods cj sjnuhcgs rjsocjhaogs gukjhtg.

Jh jspjaad, jstj jstucod adkprjhcj jkprjhcokojhtds kjhdrjs adrrjspdhcojhtjs g5 uhgBjrog adstukirostg g agrnd cj ohtjnrghtjs cj uhg gsdaogaoh cj gnroauftdrjs y grtjsghds,fg kgydrg cj dronjh kgpualj. Jstg gatovocgc aujhtg adh 79 pujstds jh fds quj fgs sd -aogs y sdaods dbrjajh covjrsds prdcuatds adkd ngstrdhdkg tpoag agkpjsohg y kgpualj,grtjsghgs jh fghg y kgcjrg, tjeocds, edygs, prdcuatds cj ijffjzg drnhoads y pfghtgs kj-

coaohgfjs, sj uioag euhtd g fg Adstghjrg cj ]daurg jh uh prjcod dtdrngcd jh adkdcgtdg fg Gsdaogaoh0 uhg Gnrupgaoh cj turoskd jadfnoad y nugs fdagfjs adkpujstg pdrohtjnrghtjs cj vgrogs adkuhocgcjs ohcnjhgs cjf sjatdr cj Foquoj y gfjcggs quj dr-nghozgh jxaursodhjs jh tdrhd g fg agsagcg cj Foquoj, adhstotuocg jh jf lotd njdnradks cjstgagcd cjf kgaozd adrcoffjrghd0 uhg Adkuhocgc ohcnjhg quj drnghozg uh jvjhtdcj hgvjngaoh ghajstrgf y uhg bjrog ngstrdhkoag cj prdcuatds fdagfjs uioagcg jh Fgnd

Hjftukj0 y pdr ftokd, uhg Adkuhocgc ohcnjhg auyds ohtjnrghtjs prjstgh sjrvoaods cj

gfdegkojhtd, gfokjhtgaoh y jxaursodhjs grtoaufgcds jh tdrhd gf lukjcgf cj Luotgn, uio-agcd gf pdhojhtj cjf fgnd Agfgbqujh, adhstotuocd jh uh vgfodsd jhafgvj cj iodcovjrsocgc.Jstgs jxpjrojhaogs sj aorauhsaroijh jh rjgs cjhocgs pdr fg gckohostrgaoh fdagf adkduhocgcjs turstoags d prxokgs g jffgs7.

Bonurg 7. rjg cj jstucod.

Bujhtj. Jfgidrgaoh prdpog.

7 Qjnh Iduffh (7??>), fgs uhocgcjs turstoags adrrjspdhcjh g adhajhtrgaodhjs kjhdrjs cjjquopgkojhtd turstoad cjstohgcd g jxpfdtgr ohtjhsovgkjhtj uhd d vgrods gtrgatovds turstoads.


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Bdtdnrgbg 95 ]ujstg jh vgfdr cjf pgtrokdhod hgturgf y aufturgf g trgvs cj uh jvjhtd cj

hgvjngaoh pdr rutgs uvogfjs ghajstrgfjs kgpualj jh Fgnd Hjftukj.

Bujhtj. ]gkjfg Ydkjrd Fozgkg.

Bdtdnrgbg 9. Jfgidrgaoh adkocg trgcoaodhgf. Bdtdnrgbg 1. Jfgidrgaoh grtjsghgs.

Bujhtj. ]gkjfg Ydkjrd Fozgkg. Bujhtj. ]gufd Cgz.Ydcrnujz

Kjtdcdfdng.

]grg ghgfozgr fds okgnohgrods y jxpjrojhaogs cj adkuhocgcjs kgpualj quj njstodhgh

sjrvoaods turstoads ohcnjhd-rurgfjs y cj sus vosotghtjs sj dpt pdr rjgfozgr uhg ohvjs-tongaoh cj agratjr jxpfdrgtdrod y cjsaroptovd. Jf trgiged cj agkpd sj rjgfoz jhtrj9=71 y 9=73. Adhtjkpf uhg jtgpg cj prdspjaaoh rjgfozgcd jh fg jsagfg fdagf pgrgocjhtoagr fds sjrvoaods turstoads ohcnjhd-rurgfjs adkd tgkioh g sus rjprjsjhtghtjs,ghtjajcjhtjs quj pjrkotojrdh jfgidrgr uh agtgstrd adh fgs ohoaogtovgs cj turoskd sjfja-


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19


aodhgcgs y cosjgr fg agrtdnrgbg prjfokohgr. ]rjvod gf fjvghtgkojhtd cj cgtds sj jbjatug-rdh rjuhodhjs prjfokohgrjs pgrg ditjhjr jf adhsjhtokojhtd cj fgs adkuhocgcjs ohcnjhgskgpualjs y/d bgkofogs vohaufgcgs gf jstucod. Jhtrj fgs tahoags cj rjadfjaaoh cj cgtds sjusgrdh tahoags augfotgtovgs, quj pjrkotojrdh gajragrsj g fg tjktoag ohvjstongcg g trgvs

cj tjstokdhods drgfjs rjadnocds jh jhtrjvostgs nrupgfjs j ohcovocugfjs, sdkjtocgs adhpdstjrodrocgc gf ghfosos cj adhtjhocd. Qj ghgfozgrdh gcjks tjstokdhods rjadpofgcds jhuhg sjroj cj jhaujhtrds rjgfozgcds jh fg jsagfg fdagf jh jf kgrad cjf ]rdyjatd Hdcd cjJadhdkg Qdfocgrog y Suroskd Adkuhotgrod, jh jspjaogf, jf cjhdkohgcd Sjrajr Cofdndcj Jadhdkg Qdfocgrog y Suroskd Adkuhotgrod quj rjuho g costohtds rjprjsjhtghtjs cjfgs jxpjrojhaogs jstucogcgs adkd tgkioh g uhg pfurgfocgc cj gatdrjs fongcds gf sjatdr jhcostohtgs jsagfgs.

Fg pjrspjatovg augfotgtovg quj aokjhtg jstj jstucod sj adkpfjkjht adh fg aughtotgtovgkjcoghtj fg rjgfozgaoh cj uh jstucod sdirj fg cjkghcg turstoag adh jf prdpsotd cj rj-adnjr dpohodhjs cj fds usugrods cj sjrvoaods turstoads ohcnjhd-rurgfjs fdagfozgcds jh jfrjg cj jstucod jkpfjghcd pgrg jffd fg tahoag cj fg jhaujstg. Fg kujstrg sj adhbdrk cj71? vosotghtjs sjfjaaodhgcds pdr kujstrjd gfjgtdrod. Jf fjvghtgkojhtd cj cgtds sj jbjatujhtrj fds kjsjs cj jhjrd y bjirjrd cj 9=73.

Augcrd 9. Kujstrg cj vosotghtjs. Zhovjrsd cj jstucodZhovjrsd 729.131Jrrdr kxokd gajptgifj >% Hovjf cj adhghzg ?=Sgkgd cj fg kujstrg 71?

Kujstrg prdigiofstoag jstrgtoagcgJstrgtds7 Sdtgf vosotghtjs Brgaaoh adhstghtj Sdtgf kujstrgAdgropj


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11


YJQZFSGCDQ.

7 Drnghozgaoh jspgaogf cj fg gatovocgc turstoag jh fg jsagfg fdagf.

Qo iojh fg pujstg jh vgfdr cj fds rjaursds fdagfjs jh jf rjg prjadrcoffjrghg cj ohujhaogfgaustrj cj fg adkuhg cj ]ghnuopuffo lg bgvdrjaocd jf oharjkjhtd adhstghtj cj vosotgh -tjs adh jbjatds jadhkoads bgvdrgifjs pgrg fg pdifgaoh fdagf, fg prjsoh jejraocg pdrjf turoskd kgsovd lg dagsodhgcd gcjks uhg sjroj cj okpgatds sdaogfjs y gkiojhtgfjsgbjatghcd, jh jspjaogf, g fg pdifgaoh kgpualj, pfghtjgkojhtd rjjegcd jh fgs dpohodhjstrghskotocgs pdr fgs y fds rjprjsjhtghtjs cj fgs jxpjrojhaogs ghgfozgcgs, quj, gh aughcdrjadhdajh fds ijhjaods jadhkoads sjnuocds cjf gsojhtd cj gatovocgc turstoag jh jftjrrotdrod quj lgiotgh, tgkioh sdh adhsaojhtjs cj fgs tjhsodhjs y pdsoifjs adhoatds nj-

hjrgcds pdr jstg gatovocgc gf adfdhozgr y adkpjtor pdr fg daupgaoh y usd cj su tjrrotdrod.

Jh jf agsd cj fg roijrg cjf Fgnd Agfgbquh fg jagaog adfdhozgcdrg cjf turoskd sj gprjaogjh cds gspjatds, jh prokjr fungr, fg jafdsoh cj prdyjatds ohkdiofogrods jh tjrrjhds vjh-cocds d jhtrjngcds jh adkdcgtd g pgrtoaufgrjs y/d jkprjhcjcdrjs bdrhjds0 y jh sjnuhcdfungr, jf usd rjarjgtovd ohtjhsovd cj fgs pfgygs jh cjskjcrd cj fgs pdsoiofocgcjs cj sudaupgaoh pdr pgrtj cj fg pdifgaoh kgpualj. Cj ljald, fg kgydrg cj fgs y fds vosotghtjs

quj ffjngh g jstg fdagfocgc fd lgajh gtrgcds prohaopgfkjhtj pdr fgs gnugs adhtohjhtgfjs

7

jh tghtd jfjkjhtd ajhtrgf pgrg prgatoagr gatovocgcjs rjarjgtovgs gf gorj foirj jh jstg zdhg.

Yjspjatd g fgs zdhgs cj kdhtgg, fds usds rjarjgtovds vohaufgcds g fg pujstg jh vgfdr cjfgs rjgs quj adhbdrkgh jf Qostjkg cj rjgs Qofvjstrjs ]rdtjnocgs cjf Jstgcd (]grquj Hg-aodhgf Roffgrroag y fg Yjsjrvg Hgaodhgf Kdald- Aldswjh`d) sdh rjgfozgcds kgydrkjhtj

pdr dpjrgcdrjs turstoads jxnjhds, sotugaoh arotoagcg gf ohtjrodr cj fgs adkuhocgcjsgfjcggs. ]ghdrgkg adkpfjed, so adhsocjrgkds fg gatugf vdfuhtgc jstgtgf cj okpfjkjhtgr

pfghjs cj cjsgrrdffd turstoad quj adhtjkpfgh foaotgaodhjs cj rjgs aorauhsarotgs g jstgsnurgs, tjrrotdrods quj cjscj jf okgnohgrod cjf pujifd kgpualj adrrjspdhcjh g su cdko-hods ghajstrgfjs, pdr tghtd, bdrkgh pgrtj cj sus rjovohcoagaodhjs (vgsj Gyfwoh, 9==


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ohdrnhoad ghtjs quj pfghoagcd gsukocd pdr fg gatovocgc turstoag jh jf rjg cj jstucod0kojhtrgs jh su trgsbdhcd rjvjfg hujvgs bdrkgs cj daupgaoh y jxpfdtgaoh cj fgs quj jhsu tojkpd adrrjspdhcojrdh g fgs rjgs cj rjbunod7 cj fg pdifgaoh kgpualj kjcoghtj jfsurnokojhtd jspdhthjd cj covjrsgs gatovocgcjs prdcuatovgs, jhtrj jffgs, jf turoskd.

9 Gprjaogaodhjs fdagfjs sdirj jf cjsgrrdffd cj fg gatovocgc turstoag.

Cj fg rjjxoh rjgfozgcg pdr pgrtj cj fds rjprjsjhtghtjs cj fgs jxpjrojhaogs jstucogcgs sjsonujh cds cognhstoads d ohtjrprjtgaodhjs gajrag cjf turoskd. Fg prokjrg sj gsdaog g fgvosoh cdkohghtj cjf koskd jh aughtd kdtdr cohgkozgcdr cjf jspgaod rurgf ohtjnrgcd jhuh sostjkg jhrgozgcd jh ohtjrjsjs jadhkoads gf sjrvoaod cj gatovocgcjs nfdigfjs. Cjscjsu puhtd cj vostg, fg hujvg rurgfocgc sj gsdaog g kdhdauftovds bdrjstgfjs, gnroaufturg

cj jxpdrtgaoh j ohafusd turoskd y g jffds sj rjsostjh, pujs fds difong, pdr uhg pgrtj, ggighcdhgr sus gatovocgcjs prdcuatovgs trgcoaodhgfjs y, pdr fg dtrg, g ldkdnjhjozgr susjspgaods. Jf prdajsd cj rupturg adh fg hdaoh cj cjsgrrdffd vostd cjscj fg pjrspjatovgdaaocjhtgf d woh`g, adkd fd cjhdkohgh, js jvocjhtj, y jh jf agsd adharjtd cjf turoskdadh jf kdcjfd cj fg nrgh ohcustrog, pdrquj g su euoaod bdkjhtg fg adfdhozgaoh cj susjspgaods, jf ohcovocugfoskd, fg adhajhtrgaoh cj fg prdpojcgc y jf cjspfgzgkojhtd cj fg

pdifgaoh fdagf lgaog dtrds tjrrotdrods.

Adkd uhg rjspujstg g jstg tjhcjhaog surnj jh sus rjfgtds uhg sjnuhcg ohtjrprjtgaohcjf turoskd quj nrgvotg jh tdrhd g pfghjs cj vocg vohaufgcds gf `kj kdnjh (iujhvovor kgpualj) cdhcj jf turoskd cj igeg jsagfg, jh jspjaogf, jf rjfgaodhgcd gf turoskdadkuhotgrod sj prjsjhtg adkd uhg gftjrhgtovg cj grkgaoh ocjhtotgrog brjhtj gf Jstgcd ygf sostjkg turstoad adhvjhaodhgf, gsdaohcdfd hd sfd g uhg bdrkg cj drnghozgr fg gatovo-cgc turstoag (]jrjord, 9=77) sohd tgkioh g uhg jstrgtjnog cj supjrvovjhaog y rjsostjhaog

pgrg jhbrjhtgr g fds ohtjrjsjs cj nrghcjs adhnfdkjrgcds jadhkoads quj gkjhgzgh suaufturg y tjrrotdrod. Zh afgrd jejkpfd fd adhstotuyj fg adkuhocgc ohcnjhg jkpfgzgcg jhFgnd Hjftukj, quj rjgfozg uh jvjhtd cj ghugf hgvjngaoh ghajstrgf cj agratjr ohtjrauf-turgf pgrg cobuhcor gspjatds cj su adskdvosoh rjfgaodhgcds g fgs gnugs adhtohjhtgfjs ykgsgs bdrjstgfjs, adkd tgkioh su rjsostjhaog g prdyjatds locrdjfatroads cj jkprjsgstrghshgaodhgfjs jh fg zdhg quj gbjatgh corjatgkjhtj g su pgtrokdhod hgturgf y aufturgf y,jspjaagkjhtj, gf cjsgrrdffd cj sus prdyjatds turstoads. Qj rjbujrzg jstg adhafusoh jhjf jstucod rjgfozgcd sdirj fg cjkghcg turstoag, auyds rjsuftgcds ohcoagh quj fg pdsoifj gf-tjrgaoh d kdcoagaoh cj fds pgosgejs fdagfjs prdvdagrg uhg coskohuaoh jh jf hkjrdcj ffjngcgs cj vosotghtjs (nrad 7), pujs, eustgkjhtj jf pgosgej y fds cobjrjhtjs jfjkjhtdsquj fd adkpdhjh sdh jf prohaopgf gtroiutd cjf tjrrotdrod quj kdtovg fds cjspfgzgkojhtds

lgaog jstg fdagfocgc.

7 Qjnh Q`jwjs, jt gf (9=79), tdcd jf sjatdr prjadrcoffjrghd cj fg Adkuhg cj ]ghnuopuffopdcrg cjhdkohgrsj lostroagkjhtj adkd uh rjg cj rjbunod g fg quj lgh gaajcocd fgs adkuhocgcjskgpualj cj fg zdhg. Jstgs rjgs lgstg hjs cjf sonfd \O\ pjrkghjaojrdh rjfgtovgkjhtj ohcjpjhcojhtjscjf adhtrdf alofjhd jejraocd g trgvs cj fg ffgkgcg ]gaoagaoh cj fg Grguaghg (7


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Nrad 75 Jh jf agsd quj jstds pgosgejs

sj gftjrgrgh vdfvjrg g rjotjrgr su vosotg.

Bujhtj5 Ohbdrkj cj Yjsuftgcds cjf Jstucod cj fg Cjkghcg, 9=73.

Jfgidrgaoh prdpog.

1 Gatdrjs j ohtjrprjtgaodhjs sdirj jf turoskd adkuhotgrod.

]grg fds ohtjnrghtjs cj fgs adkuhocgcjs fdagfjs vohaufgrsj g fg gatovocgc turstoag g trgvs

cjf turoskd adkuhotgrod lg rjsuftgcd pgrtoaufgrkjhtj gtrgatovd, pdrquj gpgrtj cj adhs-totuorsj jh uhg pdsoifj bujhtj njhjrgcdrg cj ohnrjsds adkpfjkjhtgrods y jh uhg jstrgtj-nog pgrg covufngr sus prohaopgfjs rjovohcoagaodhjs sj lg trghsbdrkgcd jh uhg gftjrhgtovg

pgrg rjadhstruor su kjkdrog j ocjhtocgc, cggcg pdr fds prdajsds cj gsokofgaoh aufturgf,tgkioh jh uh kjcod pgrg lgajr sdijrghg jh sus jspgaods rjaupjrgcds j onugfkjhtj jhuh agkohd pgrg cobuhcor fds prdifjkgs gkiojhtgfjs quj fjs gbjatgh. Qoh jkigrnd, jstg

pdsotovg vosoh sj vj gkjhgzgcg, pujs jh fds rjfgtds ghgfozgcds sj cjtjatgh aojrtgs ohquoj-tucjs gajrag cj fds pdsoifjs jbjatds pjrhoaodsds cj fgs pdftoags pifoags rjnufgcdrgs cjf

sjatdr quj fds ohstgh g agkiogr aojrtgs pratoags prdcuatovgs trgcoaodhgfjs pgrg gtjhcjrg fg cjkghcg turstoag. ]grg fgs y fds vosotghtjs jh agkiod, so iojh fg kgydrg cjsad-hdaj fg hdaoh cj turoskd adkuhotgrod, gsdaohcdfd prjbjrjhtjkjhtj g adkuhocgc y/dgsdaogaoh cj pjrsdhgs drnghozgcgs jh tdrhd gf turoskd70 y guhquj, kualds cj jffds yjffgs ffjngh gf tjrrotdrod gtrgcds pdr sus gtrgatovds hgturgfjs9 kghojstgh su kdtovgaohbgvdrgifj pdr jstj topd cj ohoaogtovgs vohaufgcgs g fg aufturg kgpualj0 soh jkigrnd, gfvovjhaogr jstgs jxpjrojhaogs cjtjatgh gfnuhgs cjaojhaogs gsdaogcgs, pdr uhg pgrtj, g suocjgfozgaoh sdirj fd quj jhtojhcjh pdr guthtoad quj rjspdhcj g uh agtfdnd prjvod cj

7 Lgh socd kftopfjs fgs ohtjrprjtgaodhjs rjgfozgcgs pdr fgs y fds jhaujstgcds sdirj jf turoskdadkuhotgrod0 soh jkigrnd, fgs hdaodhjs cj adkuhocgc drnghozgcg y gsdaogaoh cj pjrsdhgs, bujrdhfgs ks rjaurrjhtjs.9 Fds rjsuftgcds ditjhocds jh jf rjg cj jstucod gajrag cj fg cjkghcg ohcoagh quj fds trjsprohaopgfjs kdtovds pgrg vosotgrfg jh pdag jstovgf sdh jh prokjr fungr, cosbrutgr fg hgturgfjzg (1?,?%), jhsjnuhcd fungr, fgs pfgygs (73,3%) y jh tjrajr fungr, fgs gnugs tjrkgfjs (71,>%).


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agrgatjrstoags kjcoghtj fgs augfjs cjhjh g fg pdifgaoh kgpualj, y pdr dtrg pgrtj, gfnrgcd cj pgupjrozgaoh quj prjsjhtgh fds prdpods sjrvoaods turstoads ohcnjhd-rurgfjs.Jh jstj ftokd gspjatd ohuyj fg ohadrpdrgaoh cj fgs adkuhocgcjs ohcnjhgs gf prdajsdcj cjsgrrdffd turstoad soh adhsocjrgr, pdr pgrtj cj fgs ohstotuaodhjs pifoags y/d drngho-

zgaodhjs hd nuijrhgkjhtgfjs quj gpdygh coald prdajsd, fgs kftopfjs igrrjrgs quj prj-vogkjhtj cjijh jhbrjhtgr gtjhcocgs fgs agrgatjrstoags sdaogfjs, jadhkoags y aufturgfjscjf pujifd kgpualj7 . Hd distghtj, g jstgs cjiofocgcjs fgs y fds vosotghtjs adhtohghkghobjstghcd su jhtusogskd bgvdrgifj pdr jstj topd cj ohoaogtovgs y uh nrgh pdrajhtgejcjafgrg quj vdfvjrg g vosotgrfgs 9.

Adhafusodhjs.

Jf cjsjd cj jxpjrokjhtgr ohtjrgaaodhjs guthtoags (KgaAghhjff, aotgcd pdr Ndiio,9==1), pdr pgrtj cj fgs y fds vosotghtjs curghtj fgs augfjs pujcgh gaajcjr g vjr fg vocgadtocoghg cj fgs adkuhocgcjs kgpualj hd sonhoag trghsbdrkgrfgs jh gfcjgs pgrgcosgags,jh jf sjhtocd cj adhvjrtor jh uh jspjataufd su aufturg pgrg sgtosbgajr fgs tjhcjhaogs cjnrupds sdaogfjs cjkghcghtjs cj hujvgs kdcgfocgcjs cj turoskd costohtgs d adkpfjkjh-tgrogs g fgs adhvjhaodhgfjs, sohd cj lgajr vosoifjs kdcds cj vocg cj adkuhocgcjs trgco-aodhgfjs pgrg covufngr akd su vohaufgaoh adh fg hgturgfjzg, lg pdsoiofotgcd adhsjrvgr

fg iodcovjrsocgc fdagf kjcoghtj fg pujstg jh vgfdr cj aojrtgs pratoags aufturgfjs fongcgs gfds usds y adhdaokojhtds trgcoaodhgfjs cjf tjrrotdrod.

]grg jffd sj pfghtjg, cjscj fds rjfgtds gftjrhgtovds5 rjtdkgr pratoags aufturgfjs prcocgs dsokpfjkjhtj pdstjrngcgs prdcuatd cj fds prdajsds cj gsokofgaoh g fg sdaojcgc cdkohgh-tj0 bdrtgfjajr jf sjhtocd adkuhotgrod jhtrj fds ohtjnrghtjs cj fgs adkuhocgcjs kgpualj

pgrg kotongr fds jbjatds cj fgs pdftoags hjdfoijrgfjs quj lgh cggcd pratoags gsdaogtovgstrgcoaodhgfjs y, jh adhsjaujhaog, bgaofotgr fg arjgaoh cj rjcjs cj turoskd jhtrj adkuho -

cgcjs cospjrsgs pdr fg njdnrgbg adkuhgf0 y bdkjhtgr fg ldrozdhtgfocgc jhtrj fds costohtdsgatdrjs quj ohtjrgatgh jh jf tjrrotdrod adh ohtjrjsjs covjrsoagcds y, jh gfnuhds agsds,lgstg adhoatovds. Fgs y fds vosotghtjs jh agkiod kujstrgh su jhtusogskd pdr jstj topd cjohoaogtovgs y cjafgrgh quj vdfvjrg g vosotgrfgs, gcjks, pgrg kotongr fgs cjaojhaogs cjtja-tgcgs rjgfozgh uhg sjroj cj rjadkjhcgaodhjs quj vgrgh cjscj jf kjedrgkojhtd cj gspjatdsrjfgaodhgcds g fg prdpog ohoaogtovg cj turoskd, fg gkpfogaoh cj fg dbjrtg cj gatovocgcjsrjfgaodhgcgs adh fg hgturgfjzg y aufturg, jf kjedrgkojhtd cjf jquopgkojhtd y auocgcd cjfjhtdrhd lgstg fg ohtjhsoagaoh cj fds jsbujrzds puifoaotgrods pgrg cgrfgs g adhdajr.

7 Rgsj adkuhoagaoh ohtotufgcg5 Suroskd adkuhotgrod adkd jstrgtjnog cj supjrvovjhaog yrjsostjhaog cj adkuhocgcjs kgpualj jh jf sur cj Alofj, prjsjhtgcg jh jf ROOO Adhnrjsd Ohtjrhgaodhgf cjNjdnrgbg cj Gkroag Fgtohg, ajfjirgcd jh fg Zhovjrsocgc Adkpfutjhsj cj Kgcroc jh 9=73.9 Qjnh fds rjsuftgcds ditjhocds jh jf jstucod cj fg cjkghcg jf ?>,


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Jh cjhotovg, pgrg gvghzgr jh uhg prdpujstg jh fg augf jf turoskd trgsaojhcg g uhg sok-pfj jstrgtjnog cj fdagfozgaoh jspdhthjg cj hujvds prdajsds prdcuatovds jh jf jspgaodrurgf hds pgrjaj gcjaugcd bdrtgfjajr fds jsbujrzds rjgfozgcds pdr pgrtj cj jstgs adkuho-cgcjs jh uhg prdpujstg cj turoskd quj adhtroiuyg g kghtjhjr vonjhtj jf adhdaokojhtd

cjf tjrrotdrod, fg sgiocurg y fg trgcoaoh kgpualj sotugaoh quj okpfoag prjvogkjhtj fgadkprjhsoh prdbuhcg jhtrj fg pfurgfocgc cj gatdrjs rjfgaodhgcds gf turoskd sdirj aufjslgh socd fds gadhtjaokojhtds lostroads quj lgh kdfcjgcd su rjgfocgc, pujs sfd g pgrtorcjf kghjed cj jstj adhdaokojhtd sj pdcrh cosjgr jstrgtjnogs turstoags quj rjspdhcg cjkghjrg ks jbjatovg g fgs hjajsocgcjs quj jkghgh cjscj fgs prdpogs adkuhocgcjs.

Hdtg5 Fg gutdrg cj jstg adkuhoagaoh cjsjg gnrgcjajr g fds oh-tjnrghtjs cj fgs adkuhocgcjs ohcnjhgs Eugh Agroph, Eugh Alg-gpo0 Ygkdh Alohadfjb y Jkofod Jpughad, tdcgs adkuhocgcjskgpualj ghajstrgfjs adkd tgkioh g fgs adkuhocgcjs ohcnjhgsOhgfgb`jh0 Agaoquj Ffghagph y g fg Gsdaogaoh cj pjqujds gnro-auftdrjs y grtjsghds cj ]uaurg pdr sus vgfodsds gpdrtjs pgrg rjg-fozgr jstj jstucod.


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11). Yjnodhjs cj Yjbunod5 Jf Cjsgrrdffd cj fg Adkuhocgc _ Jf ]rdaj-sd Cdkohoagf jh Kjstozd Gkroag, Ohstotutd Ohconjhostg Ohtjrgkjroaghd.

G_F^OH, E. (9==, 221-2>>.

]JYJOYD, \. (9=77). Jf turoskd adkd pgtrokdhod aufturgf okgnohgrod5 Yjjxodhjs gpgrtor cjf agsd cjf turoskd `uhg, jh5 Suroskd y ]gtrokdhod, :, 71-9:.

Q@J^JQ, E. A., QDFGYO, K., NZJYYG, C. & EGFGIJYS, C. (9=79). Fds pgosgejscjf gnug5 hgturgfjzg j ocjhtocgc jh fg aujhag cjf rd Rgfcovog, jh5 Aluhngrg, Yjvostg cjGhtrdpdfdng Alofjhg, 33, h 9, 9??-179.

QJ]ZFRJCG, I. (9==>). Jf turoskd kgpualj jh fg jharuaoegcg cj fg nfdigfozgaoh ycj fgs rjovohcoagaodhjs tjrrotdrogfjs, jh5 Cghs J. Cgz jt J. Kgsbjrrjr (jc.) R AdfdquodOhtjrhgaodhgf cj Yjfonoh y Qdaojcgc. Zhovjrsocgc cj Qjvoffg, Jspgg.


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QSDA@JY, @. (9==>). Ocjhtoty gs dr`5 Alghnohn Edi Dppdrtuhotojs ghc Ohconjhdus Ocjh-toty oh tlj Srghsotodh td g Sdurost Jadhdky, oh5 Ghtlrdpdfdny db ^dr` Yjvojw, 9


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Cjsgrrdffd sdstjhoifj cjf turoskd,uhg korgcg cjscj fg sdstjhoiofocgc

sdaodaufturgf jh jf Hdrdjstj Grnjhtohd

7Irigrg Agtgfghd

Yjsukjh

Jf pgtrokdhod sdaodaufturgf y hgturgf js uh adkpdhjhtj jsjhaogfcj fg kdtovgaoh ohoaogf cj uh vosotghtj jh rjfgaoh gf cjsjd cj vo-

sotgr uh cjstohd turstoad cjtjrkohgcd. Gcjks, fg bdrkg cj vocg,adstukirjs y ajfjirgaodhjs quj sj cjsgrrdffgh jh fg pdifgaoh cjuhg rjnoh sujfjh jstgr htokgkjhtj vohaufgcds adh jf gtrgatovdturstoad. Qoh jkigrnd, jh dagsodhjs suajcj quj jf okpgatd qujnjhjrg fg gujhaog cj vosotghtjs pujcj cjnrgcgr fgs gatovocgcjsadtocoghgs cj fgs adkuhocgcjs ghtrodhgs quj jh jf ohoaod lgighadhbdrkgcd jf gtrgatovd prohaopgf cjf cjstohd.

Jh jstj trgiged sj jxpdhj akd fg gatovocgc cjf turoskd gbjatg gfgs adkuhocgcjs hgtovgs jh fg zdhg cjf Hdrdjstj Grnjhtohd, jspj-aogfkjhtj jh Sofagrg y ]urkgkgrag, fdagfocgcjs pjrtjhjaojhtjsg fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag. Fujnd sj vohaufg jsj okpgatd adhfgs adhajpaodhjs cj sdstjhoiofocgc y jh pgrtoaufgr adh fg gutjhto-aocgc sdaodaufturgf cj fgs adkuhocgcjs rjajptdrgs. Jstj jstucodsj sustjhtg, hd sdfd jh buhcgkjhtds tjroads y cgtds aughtotgto-vds sohd tgkioh sj gpdyg jh uh trgiged jkproad quj rjjeg fgspjrajpaodhjs cj fds pdifgcdrjs jh rjfgaoh g sus ajfjirgaodhjs ybjstovocgcjs ohtjrhgs y g fg prjsjhaog cj fds turostgs jh jf fungr.

]gfgirgs afgvjs5 turoskd, pgtrokdhod, sdstjhoiofocgc, aufturgf, Hd-rdjstj Grnjhtohd

7 Irigrg Agtgfghd js Foa. jh Suroskd (ZQGF), Copfdkgcg jh Suroskd Qdstjhoifj(ZHA]) y Kn jh ]rdajsds cj ohtjnrgaoh rjnodhgf y Kjradsur (ZIG)


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Lgffgznds

Jf arjaokojhtd cjf turoskd jh jstg rjnoh cj fg Grnjhtohg, tuvd uh okpgatd pdsotovd jh jfcjsgrrdffd cj fg rjnoh y jh fg rjvgfdrozgaoh cj aojrtds gspjatds aufturgfjs. G su vjz, fds

ijhjaods ditjhocds pdr kjcod cj jstg trghsbdrkgaoh sj jvocjhaogrdh jh kjedrgs jh fgagfocgc cj vocg cj fg pdifgaoh fdagf.7Qoh jkigrnd, sdh kjhds adhdaocds fds pjreuoaodsquj dagsodhg uhg jxpghsoh cjsdrcjhgcg j ofokotgcg cjf turoskd, jspjaogfkjhtj g pgrtorcjf turoskd kgsovd.

Luid ohoaogtovgs pdr pgrtj cj fg gckohostrgaoh pifoag tjhcojhtjs g fg adhsjrvgaoh cjfpgtrokdhod kgtjrogf9. Qoh jkigrnd, fds arotjrods cj pfghoagaoh y cj njstoh hd adhso-cjrgrdh, cj uhg kghjrg gcjaugcg, fds vhaufds ocjhtotgrods, sokifoads y cj pjrtjhjhaogquj adhbdrkgh jf grrgond y fgs rjfgaodhjs d fg ghocgc quj uhj uhg cjtjrkohgcg sdaojcgc,jspjaogfkjhtj fg pdifgaoh fdagf.

Fg pgtrokdhogfozgaoh sonhoa uhg rjvgfdrozgaoh cj fg aufturg jh aojrtds gspjatds j lozdrjvovor y sjhsoiofozgr g fg pdifgaoh fdagf sdirj fg okpdrtghaog cj jstg aufturg quj tojhjuh dronjh kuy fjeghd.

Jf turoskd pujcj sjr adhsocjrgcd adkd uhg dpdrtuhocgc quj pdsjjh gfnuhds pgsjs cjjadhdkgs ciofjs pgrg gvghzgr gf cjsgrrdffd, so js quj sj adhsocjrgh pgrgfjfgkjhtj kj-

aghoskds tjhcojhtjs g gpgaonugr fds okpgatds hjngtovds quj stj pujcj prdvdagr tghtd jhjf kjcod gkiojhtj, adkd jh fds liotds y adstukirjs cj fgs pdifgaodhjs rjajptdrgs cjscjuh gspjatd sdaod-aufturgf.

Kjtdcdfdng

Qj utofoz jf ktdcd cdaukjhtgf y jstgcstoad pgrg jsidzgr uh prokjr cognhstoad y fuj -nd sj prdbuhcoz sdirj rjgs cj ohtjrs jspjaags. Qj ffjv g agid uh ghfosos cj cgtds

aughtotgtovd rjfgaodhgcds gf oharjkjhtd cjf turoskd jh fg rjnoh cjf Hdrdjstj Grnjhtohdadh hbgsos jh fgs fdagfocgcjs cj Sofagrg y ]urkgkgrag. (Ffjngcgs cj turostgs, jstgifjao-kojhtds ldtjfjrds y pfgzgs, gds 9==9-9=7=)

Qj rjgfoz uh jstucod cj agkpd igsgcd jh jhaujstgs g cujds cj jstgifjaokojhtds ld-tjfjrds cj Sofagrg y ]urkgkgrag y jhaujstgs sjko-jstruaturgcgs g ohbdrkghtjs afgvj(gutdrocgcjs cj turoskd cj fg rjnoh)

7 Jf gukjhtd cj fgs ohvjrsodhjs, fg adhstruaaoh cj ldtjfjs y cj vovojhcgs prdvda uhg rjga-tovgaoh cj fg gatovocgc jadhkoag huhag ghtjs vostg jh jstj sotod y pdr adhsonuojhtj jf iojhjstgr sdaogfcj fg pdifgaoh fdagf kjedr hdtgifjkjhtj rjjehcdsj jh jf oharjkjhtd cjf jkpfjd, fds ohnrjsds cj fgpdifgaoh fdagf.9 Adkd sj lg jvocjhaogcd jh jf kghtjhokojhtd cj aojrtgs jstruaturgs grquotjathoags, bgalgcgsy kgtjrogfjs cj adhstruaaoh.


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Fujnd sj sostjkgtozgrdh fds cgtds rjadfjatgcds y sj jbjatu uhg adkpgrgaoh cj fds rj-suftgcds ditjhocds jh Sofagrg y jh ]urkgkgrag.

Bohgfkjhtj sj jsidzgrdh adhafusodhjs igsgcgs jh jf ghfosos cj fds rjsuftgcds ditjhocds

jh fgs jhtrjvostgs y jh fg fjaturg cj fds cdaukjhtds sdirj fg sdstjhoiofocgc y adhsjrvgaohcjf pgtrokdhod ohtghnoifj.

Irjvj cjsaropaoh sdirj jf HDG y fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag

Ghtjs cj gldhcgr sdirj fds jbjatds cjf turoskd jh jstg zdhg js hjajsgrod adhtjxtugfozgrfg ohvjstongaoh cjsaroiojhcd suaohtgkjhtj fg zdhg diejtd cj jstucod, pdrquj jffd gcjks

pjrkotj adkprjhcjr jf pdrqu cj fg sjfjaaoh cj jstj fungr pgrg jf jstucod cj agsd.

Fg zdhg cj fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag sotugcg jh fg rjnoh Hdrdjstj Grnjhtohd (HDG)sj agrgatjrozg pdr sjr uh sotod quj dbrjaj uh pgosgej hgturgf y uh pgtrokdhod aufturgf cjnrgh gtrgatovd. Gff sj rjsporg pgz, sj cosbrutg cj fg hgturgfjzg jh su ks purg jxprjsoh ysj pjraoij fg koxturg cj aufturgs quj rjjegh fds rjsgiods cj fds tojkpds prjlosphoads, fgohujhaog cj fds ohags y fds rgstrds cj fg adhquostg jspgdfg.7

Fgs bdrkgs cj vocg trgcoaodhgf cjf ldkirj grnjhtohd sj sustjhtg, jh pgrtj, pdr jf pgsgcdaufturgf cj fg pdifgaoh ohcnjhg, fg ohadrpdrgaoh cj fg aufturg lospghg, pdr fgs trgcoaodhjskftopfjs - prdcuatd cjf gfuvoh cj ohkonrghtjs cj hgfjs cjf sonfd \O\ y prohaopods cjf\\ - y jh fg gatugfocgc sj fj ggco jf adkpdhjhtj ohhgtd quj agrgatjrozg gf kuhcd cj fgnfdigfozgaoh. stg ftokg gprjaogaoh prdpog cj fg jrg cj fg pdskdcjrhocgc tojhcj g njhj-rgr uhg kuhcogfozgaoh cj fds vgfdrjs fd quj prdvdag uh kgydr gbh pdr fg rjgrkgaoh cjuh jhtdrhd aufturgf quj fds uhoag y kjcoghtj jf augf sj fds rjadhdaj. (Bdrnodhj0 9==1).

Cj jstj kdcd, fg rjnoh cjf HDG adkprjhcj uh gighoad cj cjstohds turstoads kuy pgrto-aufgr y adh uh adkpdhjhtj aufturgf, quj fd cobjrjhaog cjf rjstd cj fgs zdhgs cjf pgs. ]drfd tghtd, pgrg pdcjr aughtoagr fgs vgrogaodhjs cj fds ueds cjf turoskd jh jstg zdhg js

prjaosd tdkgr gfnuhds cgtds aughtotgtovds quj pjrkotjh disjrvgr gfnuhgs vgrogifjs qujsdh rjfjvghtjs pgrg kjcor jf cjsgrrdffd turstoad.

Adh rjspjatd g fg costroiuaoh rjnodhgf cj fgs pjrhdatgaodhjs jh 9=77, fg rjnoh hdrtjpgrtoaop adh jf


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jh jf tdtgf cj pjrhdatgaodhjs adrrjspdhcj g fg aoucgc cj Iujhds Gorjs quj adhajhtrg jfkgydr pdrajhtgej (9:%).7Qo iojh fg rjnoh cjf hdrtj hd sj agrgatjrozg pdr jstgr cjhtrd cjfds prohaopgfjs cjstohds, jstg costroiuaoh njdnrag jquotgtovg hds ohcoag quj daupg uhg

pdraoh rjfjvghtj cj fg tdtgfocgc cj pjrhdatgaodhjs.

AZGCYD 7. ]jrhdatgaodhjs sjnh rjnoh

Bujhtj5 Jfgidrgaoh prdpog g pgrtor cj fds cgtds jxtrgcds cjf Ghugrod Jstgcstoad 9=77 cjf

Kohostjrod cj Suroskd cj fg Yjpifoag Grnjhtohg.

Qonuojhcd jf ghfosos sdirj fds cgtds rjfgaodhgcds gf turoskd jh fg rjnoh y gajrahcdhdsks gh g fg zdhg cj jstucod pdcjkds disjrvgr quj jh fg prdvohaog cj Eueuy luid uhgukjhtd prdnrjsovd y adhstghtj cjf turoskd cjscj jf 9==1 jh gcjfghtj, prohaopgfkjhtj

jvocjhaogcd pdr fg aghtocgc cj ffjngcgs cj turostgs g fg prdvohaog.

AZGCYD 9. Ffjngcgs cj turostgs g fg prdvohaog cj Eueuy

Bujhtj5 Disjrvgtdrod Surstoad cj fg ]rdvohaog cj Eueuy

7 Js okpdrtghtj cjstgagr quj fujnd cj Iujhds Gorjs jf rjstd cj fgs rjnodhjs tojhjh uhg pgrtoao-pgaoh rjfgtovgkjhtj sokofgr, quj rdhcg jhtrj jf


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Jstj oharjkjhtd cjf ued cj turostgs g fg prdvohaog cj Eueuy sj trgcued tgkioh jh uhoharjkjhtd cjf ohnrjsd cj turostgs g fg zdhg cj fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag cgcd quj stgadhstotuyj uhd cj fds prohaopgfjs cjstohds vosotgcds jh fg zdhg cjf Hdrdjstj Grnjhtohd.Qjnh fg jhaujstg sdirj jf pjrf cjf vosotghtj rjgfozgcg pdr jf Disjrvgtdrod Surstoad cj fg

]rdvohaog cj Eueuy, jh jf gd 9=79 jf


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kjhtj pdr jstj kdtovd quj sj sjfjaaodhgrdh jstgs cds fdagfocgcjs adkd jstucods cj agsd gfghgfozgr fg sdstjhoiofocgc sdaodaufturgf cjf turoskd jh fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag.

Jh jf cjsgrrdffd cj jstg ohvjstongaoh js okpdrtghtj cjstgagr jf kdkjhtd jh jf quj Fg Wuj-

irgcg cj Lukglugag buj cjafgrgcg adkd ]gtrokdhod cj fg Lukghocgc pdr fg ZHJQAD y fgstrghsbdrkgaodhjs jadhkoad-sdaogfjs quj sj prdcuejrdh fujnd cj jsj gadhtjaokojhtd afgvj.

Fg eustoagaoh cj fg sjfjaaoh jh fg augf fg zdhg buj ngfgrcdhgcg adh jf rjadhdaokojhtdcj fg ZHJQAD sj igsg prohaopgfkjhtj jh trjs topds cj gtroiutds5 jf gkiojhtj hgturgf, jf

pgtrokdhod tghnoifj y jf pgtrokdhod ohtghnoifj. Jh rjfgaoh gf gkiojhtj hgturgf sj cjs-tga fg njdfdng, fg njdkdrbdfdng, jf afokg, fgs rutgs hgturgfjs, fds pgsds cj kdhtgg,jhtrj dtrds. Fujnd, jf pgtrokdhod tghnoifj sj agrgatjroz pdr fg grquotjaturg rjfonodsg, aovofbjrrdvogrog, fgs vovojhcgs rurgfjs y fds kdfohds, tdcd jffd adhajiocd adkd uh jspgaodjh trhsotd jh costohtds kdkjhtds lostroads. _, hgfkjhtj, jf pgtrokdhod ohtghnoifj sjgsdao g fg fjhnug qujalug, fg hgrrgtovg drgf y bdf`froag, fg adpfjgcg, fg rjfonodsocgc cjdronjh prjlosphoad y agtfoad, ohstrukjhtds y jstofds kusoagfjs, grtjsghgs, vjstokjhtgs,

pratoags tjxtofjs y prdcuaaoh gfbgrjrg. (Srdhadsd0 9=790 7==).

Cj jstj kdcd, fg hujvg adhcoaoh cj fg Wujirgcg adkd ]gtrokdhod gukjht fg vosoio-focgc cjf fungr y rjbdrz fg adhstruaaoh cj fg gtrgatovocgc kgraghcd uh agkohd lgaog fgvgfdrozgaoh jadhkoag, aufturgf y sokifoag. G pgrtor cj fg cjafgrgaoh adkd pgtrokdhod

sj fj dtdrn uhg agrgatjrstoag jspjaag gf fungr quj fd lozd ks adkpjtotovd pdr jf ljaldcj quj gtrged g uhg nrgh aghtocgc cj ohvjrsodhjs y aojrtgkjhtj g ks turostgs.

Js hjajsgrod cjstgagr quj g pgrtor cj jsj ljald luid uhg sjroj cj hdrkgs y fjnosfgaohtjhcojhtjs g fg prjsjrvgaoh y adhsjrvgaoh cj fds gspjatds grquotjathoad y aufturgfadkd sj jvocjhaog jh fg sghaoh cj fg fjy cj ]gosgej prdtjnocd y jh jf cjarjtd pgrg fg adh-aojhtozgaoh sdirj fg okpdrtghaog cj fg prdtjaaoh cjf pgtrokdhod. Qoh jkigrnd, g pjsgrcj fds ohtjhtds tjhcojhtjs g fg adhsjrvgaoh cjf fungr jh su jstgcd hgturgf fg Wujirgcg

subro trghsbdrkgaodhjs prdpogs cj fds prdajsds cj vgfdrozgaoh pgtrokdhogf y prdcuatdtgkioh cjf jbjatd jadhkoad quj jf oharjkjhtd cjf turoskd prdvda jh fg rjnoh.

]gtrokdhod cj fg lukghocgc y turoskd

Adkd sj kjhaodh jh jf gpgrtgcd ghtjrodr, fg cjafgrgaoh adkd ]gtrokdhod cj fg Lukg-hocgc g fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag eun uh pgpjf okpdrtghtj jh jf gukjhtd cjf turoskdy jh fg rjvgfdrozgaoh cj fg aufturg cjf fungr y js pdr jstj kdtovd quj sj ghgfozgh prohao-

pgfkjhtj gfnuhgs pjrspjatovgs sdirj jf pgtrokdhod y pgrtoaufgrkjhtj fg rjfgaoh cj stjadh jf turoskd.

Jf pgtrokdhod pujcj sjr ohtjrprjtgcd cj covjrsgs kghjrgs quj cjpjhcjh cjf tojkpd y cjfg aufturg jh fg augf sj jhaujhtrj ohkjrsd. ]dr jsd koskd rjsuftg kuy cobaof jhagsoffgr fg


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cjsaropaoh cj pgtrokdhod jh pgrkjtrds eds cgcd quj fds sonhoagcds pujcjh agkiogrg trgvs cjf tojkpd y cjf jspgaod.

Js aojrtd quj so lgifgkds cj pgtrokdhod hds rjkotokds lgaog gfnh vjstonod cj gadhtjao-

kojhtds lostroads. Qoh jkigrnd, hd lgy uhg grnukjhtgaoh fohjgf quj pjrkotg rjfgaodhgrcorjatgkjhtj gf pgtrokdhod adh jf jstucod cjf pgsgcd. Jh uh sjhtocd, jf pgtrokdhod sjrjfgaodhg g fgs bdrkgs jh fgs quj aojrtds jfjkjhtds kgtjrogfjs, kotdfdngs, trgcoaodhjsbujrdh sjfjaaodhgcds y adhvjrtocds jh rjaursds jh fg gatugfocgc y sjnh fgs jxonjhaogs cjf

prjsjhtj. Qjnh Nrglgk, jf vgfdr gtroiuocd g fds sotods sj sustjhtg ks jh jf adheuhtd cjvgfdrjs y cjkghcgs adhtjkpdrhjgs quj jh su krotd ohtrhsjad (Nrglgk, 9==9).

Cjhtrd cj fds covjrsds usds y cjhdkohgaodhjs quj sj fj cg gf pgtrokdhod, jf turoskd

sj jhaujhtrg htokgkjhtj fongcd lgaog fds sotods pgtrokdhogfjs. Jh jstj sjhtocd, jh fdquj sj rjjrj gf diejtd cj jstucod cj jstj trgiged, fg cjafgrgaoh adkd ]gtrokdhod cj fgLukghocgc cj fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag sonhoa uh lotd afgvj jh jf oharjkjhtd cj fggatovocgc turstoag jh fg zdhg.

Gf pgtrokdhod sj fj pujcj cgr uh usd jadhkoad, aufturgf y lgstg gkids. Jh fd quj sjrjjrj gf turoskd, jf pgtrokdhod js uhd cj fds rjaursds ks okpdrtghtjs cjf turoskd oh-tjrhgaodhgf. Ks gff cj tdcgs fgs sjnkjhtgaodhjs quj jxostjh jh fg gatovocgc turstoag ysdirj tdcd jh rjfgaoh g fds costohtds topds cj kjragcds, jf pgtrokdhod, yg sjg kgtjrogfadkd ohkgtjrogf adhstotuyj uhd cj fds kgydrjs gtrgatovds quj gatovgh jf cjsjd cj fds

pdtjhaogfjs vogejrds g vosotgr fds sotods jh cdhcj jstds sj jhaujhtrgh d vosotgr corjatgkjhtjfg zdhg cjafgrgcg pgtrokdhod.

Fg rjfgaoh jhtrj pgtrokdhod y turoskd js cj uhg nrgh prdbuhcocgc. Js uhg rjfgaoh cjrjtrdgfokjhtgaoh y cjpjhcjhaog kutug cgcd quj pdr uh fgcd jf pgtrokdhod pujcj sjr

adhsocjrgcd adkd pgrtj cj uh rjaursd turstoad y pdr dtrd uh fungr turstoad pujcj tdrhgr-sj gtrgatovd prdcuatd cj fg pgtrokdhogfozgaoh cjf rjg d cj uh sotod jspjaad. G su vjz,jf turoskd js uhg pdtjhaogf bujhtj cj rjaursds jadhkoads ohcospjhsgifjs pgrg ngrghtozgrfg prdtjaaoh y prjsjrvgaoh cj uh pgtrokdhod. (Gfkorh0 9==25 7=9)

]jrd jstg rjfgaoh cj rjtrdgfokjhtgaoh jhtrj turoskd y pgtrokdhod bgaofotg fg prjsjhaogcj adhoatds susaotgcds jhtrj cobjrjhtjs sjatdrjs5 jh jspjaogf sj pujcj kjhaodhgr fg

prcocg cj ocjhtoagaoh cj gfnuhds sjatdrjs cj fg pdifgaoh fdagf adh gqujffds jfj-

kjhtds fjnotokgcds adkd pgtrokdhod uhg vjz quj sdh vgfdrozgcds y trghsbdrkgcds gfadhsukd turstoad. ]dr jsg rgzh surnj jf ohtjrrdnghtj sdirj so jf turoskd cjf topd pgtro-kdhogf hd adhstotuyj uhg okpdsoaoh y quj so pdr jstd koskd sj prdcuaj uhg gbjatgaohlgaog fg pdifgaoh fdagf.


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htokg, quj sj cg cjhtrd cj fgs bgkofogs y quj jhnfdig uh adheuhtd cj rotds, kostoaoskd y

trgcoaodhjs cj fg pdifgaoh hgtovg. Cj jstg kghjrg, gf oharjkjhtgrsj jf ohnrjsd cj turostgs

g fg rjnoh cj fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag sj prdcued uh agkiod sustghaogf jh jf hdrkgf

cjsjhvdfvokojhtd cj fgs adkuhocgcjs fdagfjs jh rjfgaoh g fg pratoag cj jstgs ajfjirg-

aodhjs prdpogs cj su aufturg.

Dtrds cj fds agkiods prdvdagcds pdr jf turoskd jh fg rjnoh sj jvocjhaogh jh fg ajfjirgaoh

cjf Agrhgvgf. Qjnh jf jstucod cj Srdhadsd, jh pgrtoaufgr jh jf agptufd quj cjsgrrdffg fg

jstjtozgaoh cj fg Wujirgcg, jf Agrhgvgf cj Kgokgr sj vdfvo kuy pdpufgr, y sj cjsvortu

jf sjhtocd prdpod cjf Agrhgvgf. ]dr jf adhtrgrod, jf Agrhgvgf cj ]urkgkgrag gh adhsjrvg

su gutjhtoaocgc. Jh jstj agsd fg gujhaog cjf turoskd jst prdvdaghcd cj fg koskg kghjrg

quj adh fg ]galgkgkg uhg cjsvortugaoh cj fg aufturg prdvdagcg pdr fg ffjngcg cj njhtjgejhg g fg adkuhocgc y adh ohtjhsodhjs cj pgrtoaopgr jh jstgs jstgs quj hd fj sdh prdpogs.

Dtrg cj fgs bdrkgs jh fgs quj sj disjrvg uhg gbjatgaoh cjf turoskd jh jstds gspjatds auf-turgfjs js jh rjfgaoh g fg rutohg fgidrgf jh fg quj gfnuhds cj fds jkpfjgcds cj fgs ldstjrgsy ldtjfjs cj fgs zdhgs jsth ohkjrsds. _g sjg jh ]urkgkgrag adkd jh Sofagrg luid uhoharjkjhtd cj fg aghtocgc cj jstgifjaokojhtds ldtjfjrds pgrg pdcjr sgtosbgajr fg cjkghcgarjaojhtj quj sj vjhg njstghcd cjscj 9==9 jh gcjfghtj. Js aojrtd quj jstj arjaokojhtdcjf turoskd prdvda aojrtd cjsgrrdffd prdcuatd cjf oharjkjhtd cj pujstds cj trgiged, kg-ydrjs sgfgrods y kjedrjs adhcoaodhjs cj vocg pgrg fg pdifgaoh fdagf. Qoh jkigrnd, jxostjuh pjqujd sjnkjhtd cj tdcd jstj gighoad cj jbjatds adfgtjrgfjs quj sj jvocjhaog jh fdstrgigegcdrjs cj fds jstgifjaokojhtds ldtjfjrds. Jh gfnuhgs dagsodhjs fds jkpfjgcds cj fdsldtjfjs tojhjh quj rjhuhaogr g pgrtoaopgr cj fds rotds trgcoaodhgfjs cgcd quj cjijh aukpforadh aojrtd ldrgrod cj trgiged y stj rjsuftg ohgkdvoifj. Gs, fujnd cj jfgidrgr fg agcjhg cjjbjatds quj jf turoskd prdvdag sj pujcj pjraoior quj uhd cj sus jbjatds js jf agkiod cj

liotds cj fds pdifgcdrjs fdagfjs gf tjhjr quj rjhuhaogr g uhg gatovocgc quj ghtjs jrg pro -kdrcogf jh su vocg pdr jf adheuhtd cj vgfdrjs y skidfds quj jffd rjprjsjhtgh jh sus vocgs.

Jstucod cj agsds5 ]urkgkgrag y Sofagrg

Fgs fdagfocgcjs cj ]urkgkgrag y Sofagrg sdh njhjrgfkjhtj fds sotods ks vosotgcdspdr fgs pjrsdhgs quj ffjngh gf fungr pdr kdtovds turstoads. ]grg fdnrgr uh ghfosos oh-coagtovd cjf jbjatd quj njhjr jf oharjkjhtd cjf turoskd jh fg zdhg cj fg Wujirgcg cj

Lukglugag sj rjgfozgrdh jhtrjvostgs g pjrsdhgs quj lgiotgh jf fungr y quj tojhjh uhadhtgatd uocd adh fds turostgs adkd sdh fds rjajpaodhostgs y cujds cj fds ldtjfjs yldstjrgs cj gkigs fdagfocgcjs. G su vjz, sj rjgfozgrdh jhtrjvostgs g ohbdrkghtjs afgvjadkd gutdrocgcjs cj fg Qjarjtgrg cj Suroskd cj fg ]rdvohaog cj Eueuy y fds corjatdrjscj turoskd cj fds kuhoaopods adrrjspdhcojhtjs.


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Fds rjfgtds cj fgs jhtrjvostgs, pjrkotjh gldhcgr sdirj fg kdcoagaoh cj fds liotds yadstukirjs cj fg pdifgaoh fdagf prdcuatd cjf grroid cj turostgs, sdirj tdcd jh tjkpdrg-cg gftg. G su vjz, sj ohtjhtg ohcgngr sdirj jf jbjatd jh fg pdifgaoh fdagf cj fgs pratoagscj fgs ajfjirgaodhjs y trgcoaodhjs adkpgrtocgs adh fds turostgs. Bohgfkjhtj, sj jxtrgj

uhg dpohoh sdirj jf ljald adharjtd cj fg Cjafgrgaoh adkd ]gtrokdhod cj fg Lukg-hocgc cj fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag y fg rjfgaoh cj jsj ljald adh fg prjsjrvgaoh yauocgcd cjf fungr.

Jh rjfgaoh g fg prokjrg prjnuhtg, nrgh pgrtj cj fds jhtrjvostgcds adohaocojh quj s sjlgh kdcoagcd fds liotds y adstukirjs cj fg pdifgaoh fdagf pjrd quj jffd hd js pgrtjsfd cjf turoskd sohd tgkioh cj fg nfdigfozgaoh. Gcjks sj disjrv uhg cobjrjhaogsustghaogf jhtrj Sofagrg y ]urkgkgrag jh rjfgaoh g fg prjsjrvgaoh cj fgs aufturgs y

trgcoaodhjs tpoags.

Jh jf agsd cj ]urkgkgrag, fgs rjspujstgs cj fds jhtrjvostgcds vgrgh sjnh su pjrspja-tovg sdirj fd quj sonhoag uhg gbjatgaoh g fds liotds y adstukirjs cj fg pdifgaohfdagf. Gs, gfnuhgs pjrsdhgs kghobjstgrdh quj jf oharjkjhtd cjf turoskd jh fg fdagfocgcgbjat fg vjstokjhtg cj fds hods, fg trghquofocgc quj agrgatjrozgig gf pujifd ghtjs cj fgohtjhsg gujhaog cjf turoskd y jf hovjf pgosgestoad (pdr jf gukjhtd cj jstgifjaokojhtdsldtjfjrds, rjstgurghtjs y fdagfjs).

]dr dtrg pgrtj, gfnuhds jhtrjvostgcds kjhaodhgrdh quj jf jbjatd sj lg vostd prohao-pgfkjhtj jh jf hovjf cj cjsgrrdffd cj fg fdagfocgc cgcd quj g pgrtor cjf 9==9 fg zdhgjxpjrokjht kgydrjs y hujvgs bujhtjs cj trgiged.

]dr jf adhtrgrod, sfd gfnuhgs pjrsdhgs coejrdh quj hd luid uhg gbjatgaoh prdcuatd cjfg ffjngcg cj turostgs g fg zdhg.

Jh rjfgaoh g Sofagrg, fds jhtrjvostgcds adohaocojrdh rjfgtovgkjhtj adh fds jhtrjvostg-cds jh ]urkgkgrag, pjrd luid kgydr rjbjrjhaog gf jbjatd cj fg kgsovocgc cjf turoskdy su okpgatd jh fg adhtgkohgaoh y jh jf usd cjf gnug pdtgifj adkd uh rjaursd jsagsd7.]dr dtrg pgrtj, luid uhg kohdrg cj jhtrjvostgcds quj kghobjstgrdh quj hd adhsocjrgighquj luiojsj uh agkiod jh fds usds y adstukirjs cj fg pdifgaoh fdagf y dtrds jxprjsgrdhuhg pdsoaoh cugf jh rjfgaoh gf jbjatd quj jf turoskd prdvdag.

7 Zhd cj fds gspjatds g rjsgftgr jh rjfgaoh gf turoskd y su okpgatd jh uhg zdhg cjtjrkohgcgjs fg utofozgaoh cjskjcocg cj aojrtds rjaursds. Fds rjaursds sdh utofozgcds, g vjajs pdr fds turostgs y gvjajs pdr fg pdifgaoh fdagf. Jh jstj sjhtocd, jf turoskd trgj aojrtds prdifjkgs adh fg utofozgaoh cj jstdsrjaursds yg sjg pdr jf usd jxajsovd d iojh pdrquj lgy uhg bgftg cj kghtjhokojhtd d ohvjrsoh pgrg fdnrgruhg kjedrg cj fg cospdhoiofocgc cj jsds rjaursd. Zh jejkpfd cjstgagcd js jf agsd cjf gnug, auyd usd pdrfds turostgs js cj sjos g cojz vjajs kgydr quj pdr fg pdifgaoh fdagf, arjghcd prdifjkgs jh fgs rjnodhjsadh jsagsjz cj gnug. (Irogssdufos, 9==95 7=>:). Jstj prdifjkg sj lg kghobjstgcd rjaurrjhtjkjhtj jh fgsjhtrjvostgs rjgfozgcgs g fg njhtj quj lgiotg jf fungr.


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Qjnh fg jhaujstg rjgfozgcg g uhg ohbdrkghtj afgvj pjrtjhjaojhtj g fg Qjarjtgrg cj Suros-kd cj fg ]rdvohaog cj Eueuy luid uh okpgatd adhsocjrgifj, prdcuatd cj fg nrgh gujhaogcjf turoskd jh fds ftokds gds, y jffd sj kghojstg jh quj fgs pjrsdhgs sj tojhjh qujtrgsfgcgr lgaog dtrds jspgaods pgrg pdcjr adharjtgr sus ajfjirgaodhjs adh trghquofocgc.

Jh rjfgaoh gf sjnuhcd ohtjrrdnghtj sj prjnuhtg so adhsocjrgh quj jf ljald cj quj fdsturostgs pgrtoaopjh cj fgs ajfjirgaodhjs fdagfjs pujcj prdvdagr gfnh okpgatd jh fg pd-

ifgaoh fdagf. Jh jstj agsd lgy uhg cobjrjhaog sustghaogf jh rjfgaoh g Sofagrg y g ]urkg-kgrag. Jh ]urkgkgrag, jh rjfgaoh g fg ajfjirgaoh cj fg ]galgkgkg, pdr jejkpfd, sjrjgfozg uhg ajrjkdhog jxafusovg pgrg fds turostgs. Kojhtrgs quj tgkioh cjsgrrdffgh jf rotdjh bgkofog, htokgkjhtj, soh ohadrpdrgaoh cj njhtj quj hd js cjf fungr. ]dr jf adhtrgrod,jh Sofagrg, cgcg fg kgydr kgsovocgc cjf turoskd, fds turostgs pgrtoaopgh cj augfquojr bjsto-

vocgc. Js aojrtd quj fgs koskgs bgkofogs sdh fgs quj cjaocjh giror sus pujrtgs y adkpgrtoradh jffds fg ajfjirgaoh, soh jkigrnd, jstj ljald hd js iojh vostd pdr gfnuhds cj fdsfungrjds, kojhtrgs quj pgrg dtrds hd fd vjh adkd gfnd kgfd sohd adkd pgrtj cjf prdajsdcj gpjrturg aufturgf quj jxostj jh fg pdifgaoh fdagf.

Bohgfkjhtj, fg tjrajrg prjnuhtg ohcgng sdirj so adhsocjrgh quj jf oharjkjhtd cjf turoskdfujnd cj fg Cjafgrgaoh adkd ]gtrokdhod cj fg Lukghocgc cj tdcg fg rjnoh jstuvd

gadkpggcd pdr kjcocgs tjhcojhtjs g fg prjsjrvgaoh cjf fungr.

Js aojrtd quj jf trkohd prjsjrvgaoh adkprjhcj costohtds gspjatds g jvgfugr, tgfjs adkdfg prjsjrvgaoh cj fg hgturgfjzg, cjf pgosgej, cj fg aufturg, cjf auocgcd cjf kjcod gkiojh-tj. Cj kdcd quj fgs rjspujstgs g fg koskg prjnuhtg vgrogrdh adhsocjrgifjkjhtj sjnhfgs pjrajpaodhjs quj agcg jhtrjvostgcd lgyg gcquorocd g fd fgrnd cj jstds ftokds cojzgds cjscj quj sjcjafgr adkd ]gtrokdhod cj fg Lukghocgc g fg zdhg cj fg Wujirgcg.

Jh njhjrgf, luid uhg adohaocjhaog agso uhhokj jh quj fg prjsjrvgaoh cjf fungr js uhtjkg pjhcojhtj okpdrtghtj jh fg rjnoh. Gfnuhds kjhaodhgrdh jf ljald cj quj sj utofozg fg pgtrokdhogfozgaoh adkd uh hjndaod, pgrg gtrgjr turostgs y g fg vjz hd prjsjrv jffungr. Sgkioh kjhaodhgrdh quj jh fds ftokds gds arjao fg adhtgkohgaoh cj fg zdhg.

]dr dtrg pgrtj, gfnuhds jhtrjvostgcds jxprjsgrdh quj luid aojrtgs jstrgtjnogs pdr pgrtj cjfndiojrhd, pjrd quj jffgs surnojrdh kuald cjspus cj fg nrgh gujhaog cjf turoskd, pdr fdquj adhsocjrgh quj jstgs ohoaogtovgs hd bujrdh prdvosdrogs, cgcd quj jh kualgs dagsod-hjs yg lgig adhstruaaodhjs rjgfozgcgs. Jhtrj fgs kjcocgs pgrg fg prjsjrvgaoh cjf fungrkualds hdkirgrdh fg fjnosfgaoh vonjhtj sdirj jf kghtjhokojhtd cj fgs bgalgcgs y sdirjfg utofozgaoh cj cjtjrkohgcds kgtjrogfjs jh fgs hujvgs adhstruaaodhjs, fd quj ohaocojhjf kghtjhokojhtd cjf gspjatd jcofoaod tpoad cj fg zdhg.


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G su vjz, dtrd nrupd cj jhtrjvostgcds costohnuo jhtrj fg ohoaogtovg pifoag y fg provgcg.Qjnh uhg dpohoh adhsjhsugcg, hd luid jstrgtjnogs pdr pgrtj cjf ndiojrhd quj tojhcghgf auocgcd y g fg prjpgrgaoh cj fgs fdagfocgcjs qujirgcjgs pgrg rjaoior uh kgydr agucgfcj turostgs. ]dr jf adhtrgrod, sj vgfdrozgrdh aojrtgs ohoaogtovgs pdr pgrtj cj fds cujds cj

fds ldtjfjs y ldstjrgs cjf fungr.

Zhg cj fgs aujstodhjs g adhsocjrgr js quj, so iojh hd jrg pgrtj cj fg prjnuhtg, kualdskjhaodhgrdh fds prdifjkgs jstruaturgfjs quj pgcjajh gfnuhgs fdagfocgcjs jh rjfgaoh gfg sdirjagrng cjf turoskd. Jhtrj jffds sj rjrojrdh, jh prokjr fungr, gf adhoatd quj trgjgpgrjegcd fgs bgfjhaogs jh aughtd gf gigstjaokojhtd cjf gnug pdtgifj, cj jhjrng jfatroag,fg sdirjagrng cj fgs pfghtgs cj trgtgkojhtd cj rjsocuds afdgagfjs, fg bgftg cj pfghjgkojhtdurighd y fg agrjhaog cj ohbrgjstruaturg pgrg gtjhcjr jkjrnjhaogs kcoags.

Bohgfkjhtj, gfnuhds cj fds ohbdrkghtjs afgvj ohcoagrdh quj so iojh luid gfnuhgs kjcocgspdr pgrtj cjf ndiojrhd tjhcojhtjs g fg prjsjrvgaoh, stgssj okpfjkjhtgrdh rjfgtovgkjhtjtgrcj d iojh hd bujrdh suaojhtjs pgrg gtjhcjr jf nrgh ued cj turostgs quj ffjn g fg rj -noh cjscj fg Cjafgrgaoh adkp ]gtrokdhod cj fg Lukghocgc lgstg fg gatugfocgc.

Adhafusoh

Jf turoskd js uhg cosaopfohg cj nrgh gfaghaj tjktoad y quj pujcj sjr jstucogcd cjscj covjrsgscosaopfohgs y pjrspjatovgs. Jh jstj trgiged sj prjtjhco ghgfozgr gf turoskd cjscj jf jhbdqujcj fg sdstjhoiofocgc sdaodaufturgf jh uh jspgaod njdnrad turstoad cjtjrkohgcd. Jf sotod js-adnocd pgrg jf ghfosos buj jf Hdrdjstj Grnjhtohd, jh pgrtoaufgr fg rjnoh cj fg Wujirgcg cjLukglugag y sj ffjv g agid uh jstucod cj agsd jh fgs fdagfocgcjs cj ]urkgkgrag y Sofagrg.

Gf ghgfozgr fg sdstjhoiofocgc cj fg gatovocgc turstoag cjscj jf gspjatd sdaodaufturgf surnjhcovjrsds ohtjrrdnghtjs jh rjfgaoh g fgs adhtrgcoaaodhjs quj jf jhtrgkgcd cjf araufd turstoadrjvjfg gf jhbrjhtgrsj adh fg adhsjrvgaoh cjf fungr y jf auocgcd cjf kjcod gkiojhtj. Jh ku-algs dagsodhjs rjsuftg kuy cobaof adhnjhogr jf arjaokojhtd jadhkoad y jf cjsgrrdffd adh fgsdstjhoiofocgc. Fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag buj sjfjaaodhgcg adkd uhd cj fds sotods cjafgrg-cds adkd ]gtrokdhod cj fg Lukghocgc pgrg su adhsjrvgaoh y pgrg fdnrgr uhg rjvgfdrozgaohcj fg aufturg, quj jh jstj fungr jh pgrtoaufgr adhstotuyj uhd cj fds rjaursds ohkgtjrogfjs jsjh-aogfjs. Qoh jkigrnd, lgirg quj ghgfozgr adh kgydr ronurdsocgc so jf oharjkjhtd cjf turoskd,quj surno g pgrtor cj fg cjafgrgaoh adkd pgtrokdhod cj fg Wujirgcg, hd rjpjrauto jh fgs ad-

kuhocgcjs fdagfjs jh aughtd g fg adhsjrvgaoh cj sus trgcoaodhjs y cjf pgtrokdhod ohkgtjrogf.Fg zdhg cj fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag gfijrng adh ohtjhsocgc uh pgtrokdhod ohkgtjrogf cjtopd lostroad, fohnstoad y jsporotugf y tdcd jffd okpfoag uh vgfdr gnrjngcd gf vgfdr hgturgfquj yg pdsjj pdr sus agrgatjrstoags njdkdrbdfnoags, su rjfojvj, su vjnjtgaoh y su bguhg.Qoh jkigrnd, jh fds ftokds gds hd sj disjrvgrdh kjcocgs tjhcojhtjs g fg prjsjrvgaoh cj


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jstj pgtrokdhod ohkgtjrogf, y, cgcg fg brgnofocgc cj jstj topd cj rjaursds, js prdigifj quj jfadheuhtd cjf pgtrokdhod aufturgf vgyg pjrcojhcd sustghaog jh jf tojkpd pucojhcd adrrjr jfrojsnd cj quj aojrtds gspjatds aufturgfjs qujcjh cjnrgcgcds g fgrnd pfgzd.

Js aojrtd quj luid ohoaogtovgs pdr pgrtj cj fg gckohostrgaoh pifoag tjhcojhtjs g fg adh-sjrvgaoh cjf pgtrokdhod kgtjrogf, adkd sj jvocjhao jh jf kghtjhokojhtd cj aojrtgsjstruaturgs grquotjathoags, bgalgcgs y kgtjrogfjs cj adhstruaaoh. Qoh jkigrnd, fds aro-tjrods cj pfghoagaoh y cj njstoh hd adhsocjrgrdh cj uhg kghjrg gcjaugcg g fds vhau-fds ocjhtotgrods, sokifoads y cj pjrtjhjhaog quj adhbdrkgh jf grrgond y fgs rjfgaodhjs dfg ghocgc quj uhj uhg cjtjrkohgcg sdaojcgc, jspjaogfkjhtj fg pdifgaoh fdagf, adh fdsjspgaods hgturgfjs, ohafusd aughcd jf pgtrokdhod ohkgtjrogf buj cjaosovd pgrg fg cjsonhg-aoh cj fg ZHJQAD.

]dr dtrg pgrtj, js hjajsgrod kjhaodhgr quj jf arjaokojhtd cjf turoskd jh fg rjnoh sonho-a hovjfjs cj cjsgrrdffd adhsocjrgifj jh fg pdifgaoh fdagf. Js prjaosd rjadrcgr quj fg

prdvohaog cj Eueuy js uhg cj fgs prdvohaogs ks pdirjs cj fg Grnjhtohg y jh fg zdhg cjfg Wujirgcg jh pgrtoaufgr jxostgh adhcoaodhjs cj prjagrojcgc, jh costohtds kiotds tgfjsadkd fg sgfuc, fg vovojhcg, jf trgiged.

Jh jstj sjhtocd, jf oharjkjhtd cjf turoskd jh fg rjnoh y su jbjatd kuftopfoagcdr, euhtd adhjf gukjhtd cj fgs ohvjrsodhjs, fg adhstruaaoh cj ldtjfjs y cj vovojhcgs, prdvdagrdh uhgrjgatovgaoh cj fg gatovocgc jadhkoag huhag ghtjs vostg jh jstj sotod y pdr adhsonuojhtjjf iojhjstgr sdaogf kjedr, luid uh oharjkjhtd cjf jkpfjd, gukjhtgrdh fds ohnrjsds cjfg pdifgaoh fdagf y sj fj co uh okpufsd g fg ohbrgjstruaturg cj cjtjrkohgcds cjstohds.

Jh dtrd drcjh, hd jf turoskd jspjaagkjhtj, pjrd s fg pgtrokdhogfozgaoh sonhoa uhgrjvgfdrozgaoh cj fg aufturg jh aojrtds gspjatds j lozd rjvovor y sjhsoiofozgr g fg pdifgaoh

fdagf sdirj fg okpdrtghaog cj jstg aufturg quj tojhj uh dronjh kuy fjeghd quj sj rjkdhtg g7=.=== gds cj lostdrog. Jh jf adhtjxtd gatugf cj fg rjvgfdrozgaoh cj fd gidronjh, fd adffgjs vgfdrozgcd pdsotovgkjhtj cjscj gbujrg, y tgkioh cjscj gcjhtrd, pdr quojhjs jh gfnhkdkjhtd sj vojrdh cjhdstgcds pdr su adhcoaoh cj gidronjh. (Srdhadsd0 9=79)

Cjscj uhg vosoh ks njhjrgfostg y nfdigf, js pdsoifj adhsocjrgr gf turoskd adkd uhgdpdrtuhocgc quj pdsjjh gfnuhds pgsjs cj jadhdkgs ciofjs pgrg gvghzgr lgaog jf cj-sgrrdffd, so js quj sj adhsocjrgh pgrgfjfgkjhtj kjaghoskds tjhcojhtjs g gpgaonugr fds

okpgatds hjngtovds quj stj pujcj prdvdagr, tghtd jh jf kjcod gkiojhtj, adkd jh fdsliotds y adstukirjs cj fgs pdifgaodhjs rjajptdrgs cjscj uh gspjatd sdaod-aufturgf.

Qonuojhcd jstg fhjg cj pjhsgkojhtd, y adh uh sjsnd ks dptokostg jf turoskd pdcrg jh-

adhtrgrsj jhtrj fgs kjedrjs y ks vogifjs jstrgtjnogs cj cjsgrrdffd, sojkprj quj sj tjhng


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uhg igsj jadhkoag khokg pgrg sustjhtgrfd y sj dbjrtj adh uh jhbdquj jstrgtnoad cj

kjragcdtjahog turstoag rjspdhsgifj, gpfoaghcd uh adhtrdf adhsaojhtj sdirj fds agkiods

cjsjgcds, adh pgrtoaopgaoh y ijhjaod cj fg pdifgaoh gutatdhg y cj fds afojhtjs. (Gygfg

Agstrd0 9==15>2)

Bohgfkjhtj, js okpdrtghtj cjstgagr jf arjaokojhtd cjf turoskd jh jstg rjnoh cj fg Gr-

njhtohg cgcd quj, jh trkohds njhjrgfjs, tuvd uh okpgatd pdsotovd jh jf cjsgrrdffd cj fg

rjnoh y jh fg rjvgfdrozgaoh cj aojrtds gspjatds aufturgfjs. G su vjz, fds ijhjaods ditj-

hocds pdr kjcod cj jstg trghsbdrkgaoh sj trgcuejrdh jh kjedrgs jh fg agfocgc cj vocg cj

fg pdifgaoh fdagf, soh jkigrnd, sdh kjhds adhdaocds fds pjreuoaods quj dagsodhg uhg jx-

pghsoh cjsdrcjhgcg j ofokotgcg cjf turoskd, jspjaogfkjhtj g pgrtor cjf turoskd kgsovd.

G kdcd cj adhafusoh, tdcd prdajsd cj cjsgrrdffd cjf turoskd sj gsdaog g bujrtjs ok-

pgatds jadhkoads, sdaodaufturgfjs y gkiojhtgfjs, prdcuatd cj fds jbjatds quj prdvdag

jf trgsfgcd cj fds turostgs, su kdcd cj gatugr y fg sgtosbgaaoh cj sus hjajsocgcjs jh fds

cjstohds rjajptdrjs. ]dr jstd koskd js hjajsgrod adhsocjrgr adh kgydr prdbuhcocgc fgs

kdvofocgcjs y trghsbdrkgaodhjs quj jstj bjhkjhd prdvdag jh fgs sdaojcgcjs ghtrodhgs

y fg rjfgaoh agkioghtj cj stgs adh sus adstukirjs y liotds trgcoaodhgfjs, cgcd quj

jstgs adkuhocgcjs adhbdrkgh jf prohaopgf jfjkjhtd cjf pgtrokdhod ohkgtjrogf quj pd-sjjh fds cjstohds quj adkprjhcjh fg dbjrtg turstoag cj fg rjnoh Hdrtj cj Grnjhtohg y jh

pgrtoaufgr fg Wujirgcg cj Lukglugag.


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Ioifodnrgbg

Gfkorh, G.0 Ijrtdhajffd, Y. y Srdhadsd, A. (9==2). Suroskd, pgtrokdhod y tjrrotdrod5 Zhg cosau-soh cj sus rjfgaodhjs g pgrtor cj agsds cj Grnjhtohg. Jstuc. pjrspjat. tur. vdf.7:, h.9, pp. 7=7-793.

Gygfg A. (9==1) Adhtrgcoaaodhjs jhtrj turoskd, jadhdkg y jadfdng. Yjvostg5 Jadhdkg y Cjsg-rrdffd, Hd. 9 / Rdf. 711 / Euf.-Coa.

Ijrtdhajffd, Y. (9==2) Suroskd, tjrrotdrod y sdaojcgc. Jf kgpg turstoad cj fg Grnjhtohg. Jh puifo-agaoh5 Gkroag Fgtohg5 aocgcj, agkpd j turoskd. Gkgfog Ohs Njrgonjs cj Fjkds, Khoag

Grrdyd, Kgrg Fgurg Qofvjorg. AFGAQD, Qgh ]gifd.

Irogssdufos, L. (9==9). Qustgohgifj tdurosk ghc tlj qujstodh db tlj adkkdhs, Ghhgfs db Sdurosk

Yjsjgral, Rdf. 9?, Hd. 3, pp. 7=2:7=


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Yovgs Ngrag, E. y Kgngch Cgz, K. (9==>) Fds Ohcoagcdrjs cj Qdstjhoiofocgc jh jf Su-roskd. Jsaujfg Zhovjrsotgrog cj Suroskd cj Gsturogs, Zhovjrsocgc cj Dvojcd, jh YJROQ-SG CJJADHDKG, QDAOJCGC, SZYOQKD _KJCODGKIOJHSJ- YJQSKG H 2,

Qgfgzgr, H. I. (9==2). Ghtrdpdfdng cjf turoskd jh pgsjs jh cjsgrrdffd5 ghfosos artoadcj fgs aufturgs, pdcjrjs j ocjhtocgcjs njhjrgcds pdr jf turoskd. Sgiufg Ygsg, eufod-co-aojkirj, ??-79-


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:2 - >?).

Jf jstucod jh kjhaoh hd ohafuyj g Fg Yjnoh Idndt Auhcohg-kgrag, g pjsgr cj quj js fcjr jh adkpjtotovocgc jh jf pgs (9=71,p. >?), y quj pdsjj aobrgs okpdrtghtjs jh turoskd cj hjndaods,jadturoskd, ngstrdhkoad, rjfonodsd y gvjhturg0 adh gtrgatovdshgturgfjs pgrg jf cjsgrrdffd cjf turoskd cj iojhjstgr. (9=79, p.1>- 3=).

Js pdr jffd quj jstj prdyjatd iusag ocjhtoagr jh fg Yjnoh Idnd-t - Auhcohgkgrag fgs gftjrhgtovgs cj turoskd cj iojhjstgr qujhd sdh vosoifjs pgrg jf pifoad y quj pujcjh sjr pdtjhaogfozgcgs.


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Qj gpdyg jh fg rjvosoh cj bujhtjs sjauhcgrogs jxtrgcgs cj fgpdftoag pifoag y cj jstucods rjgfozgcds pdr jhtocgcjs pifoagsy provgcgs adkpfjkjhtgcgs adh trgiged cj agkpd adh jf h cjocjhtoagr gftjrhgtovgs prjsjhtjs jh fg rjnoh y quj hd lgh socdrjbjrjhaogcgs jh hohnh jstucod.

Jf diejtovd prohaopgf js adhdajr fgs gftjrhgtovgs cj cjsgrrdffdcjf turoskd cj iojhjstgr hd vosoifj jh fg Yjnoh Idndt - Auh-cohgkgrag, sj pfghtjgh adkd diejtovds jspjaads fds sonuojh-tjs5 Zioagr jh jf kgpg cj fg rjnoh fgs gftjrhgtovgs cj turoskdcj iojhjstgr cjsadhdaocgs pdr jf pifoad y pdr fgs gutdrocgcjsturstoags0 agrgatjrozgr fgs gftjrhgtovgs cj turoskd cj iojhjstgrocjhtoagcgs y fdagfozgcgs jh aughtd g ohbrgjstruaturg, pratoagsghajstrgfjs cj fgs adkuhocgcjs0 Afgsoagr fgs gftjrhgtovgs cj tu-roskd cj iojhjstgr, cj gaujrcd g fds sgijrjs ghajstrgfjs, jhadh-

trgcds jh fg Yjnoh Idndt Auhcohgkgrag, adh jf h cj cosjgrhujvds prdcuatds turstoads pdr zdhgs.

Jf kgrad tjroad jst uioagcd cjhtrd cj fg tjdrg cjf cjsgrrdffdjadhkoad rjnodhgf y fdagf, y prohaopgfkjhtj jh jf pjhsgkojh-td cj Qalukpjtjr quojh grnukjhtg quj fd okpdrtghtj sdh fgsohhdvgaodhjs rgcoagfjs, gqujffgs agpgajs cj prdvdagr agkiodsrjvdfuaodhgrods (7?>9.), adkpfjkjhtgcd adh Jf diejto-vd buhcgkjhtgf cj fg Drnghozgaoh Kuhcogf cjf Suroskd (DKS)sjr fg prdkdaoh y cjsgrrdffd cjf turoskd adh vostgs g adhtroiuor

gf cjsgrrdffd jadhkoad, fg adkprjhsoh ohtjrhgaodhgf (Drngho-zgaoh Kuhcogf cjf Suroskd, ( 9=71, p.7).

Fg ohhdvgaoh cjf prdyjatd sj buhcgkjhtg jh fds sonuojhtjs rjsuf-tgcds jspjrgcds5

Zioagr jh jf kgpg cj fg rjnoh fgs gftjrhgtovgs turstoags cjiojhjstgr hd vosoifjs fdnrghcd gatugfozgr jf ohvjhtgrod tu-rstoad.

Agrgatjrozgr fgs gftjrhgtovgs cj turoskd cj iojhjstgr rjad-

hdaojhcd y rjaupjrghcd fds adhdaokojhtds ghajstrgfjs, j oh-brgjstruaturg jxostjhtj jhtrj dtrds. Covocor fg rjnoh pdr zdhgs g pgrtor cj fgs gftjrhgtovgs cj

turoskd cj iojhjstgr jhadhtrgcgs. Gatugfozgaoh cj jspgaods gagckoads cjf rjg cosaopfohgr cj

fds prdnrgkgs. Bdrtgfjajr fg fhjg cj ohvjstongaoh cjf prdnrgkg adh prd-

cuatds y rjsuftgcds.

Qj vohaufgrgh jstucoghtjs cj fds prdnrgkgs cj Sjahdfdng jh

Njstoh Surstoag y Ldtjfjrg y prdbjsodhgf jh GckohostrgaohSurstoag y Ldtjfjrg kjcoghtj trgigeds cj nrgcd y sjkoffjrds cjohvjstongaoh.

]gfgirgs afgvj5 Suroskd cj Iojhjstgr, Cjsgrrdffd, sdstjhoiofocgc, rj-nodhjs pjrobroags, Yjnoh Idndt Auhcohgkgrag.


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Kgrad tjroad

Jf kgrad tjroad cjf prjsjhtj prdyjatd cj ohvjstongaoh ajhtrg su gtjhaoh jh jstucogr fdscobjrjhtjs jhbdqujs cj fg tjdrgs cjf cjsgrrdffd fdagf adh jf h cj adkprjhcjr fg okpdr-

tghaog quj tojhj pgrg fg Yjnoh Idndt Auhcohgkgrag, lgajr vosoifj sus pdtjhaogfocgcjsturstoags hd vosoiofozgcgs quj grtoaufgcgs adh fds sgijrjs ghajstrgfjs fj pjrkotor kjedrgrjf arjaokojhtd y cjsgrrdffd rjsgftghcd adkd jejs buhcgkjhtgfjs fg ohhdvgaoh rgcoagf, yjf turoskd adkd kdtdr cj cjsgrrdffd rjnodhgf.

Fgs tjdrgs cjf cjsgrrdffd rjnodhgf y fdagf gpgrjajh g kjcogcds cj fg cagcg cj fds gds sj-tjhtg y prohaopods cj fds daljhtg, cjhohcdsj sjnh Ifghad (9==1) adkd Zh adheuhtd cjcohkoags pdftoags, ohstotuaodhgfjs, jadhkoags y sdaogfjs quj pjrsonujh cj kghjrg addr-cohgcg jf fdnrd cj prdpsotds adkuhjs cj iojhjstgr, adhvovjhaog y agfocgc cj vocg pgrg td-cds fds nrupds sdaogfjs quj sj jhaujhtrgh jh uh tjrrotdrod d fdagfocgc cjtjrkohgcg (p. 9


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Jh jstj drcjh cj ocjgs sj pujcj prjsjhtgr uh arjaokojhtd jadhkoad cjsjquofoirgcd,jhtrj pgsjs d gf ohtjrodr cj uh koskd pgs cj tgf kghjrg quj sj cjij ohajhtovgr fg ohtj-nrgaoh jadhkoag jhtrj fds fungrjs gvghzgcds y rjzgngcds, fg kjedr kghjrg cj adhsj-nuor jstg ohtjnrgaoh js giror fgs pujrtgs g fgs bujrzgs cj kjragcd cj fg gnfdkjrgaoh, fg

konrgaoh y pjrkotor quj fgs rjnodhjs sj jspjaogfoajh. (p. 9=).

]grg jhtjhcjr cj kjedr kghjrg jstg cjsonugfcgc jhtrj rjnodhjs, cobjrjhtjs tjroads, qujlgh jstucogcd jf tjkg adhafuyjh quj jxostjh vgrogifjs jxtjrhgs j ohtjrhgs quj gbjatgh djstokufgh jstj arjaokojhtd, g adhtohugaoh rjvosgrjkds gqujffgs tjdrgs quj adhtroiuyjhg fg buhcgkjhtgaoh cj fg prjsjhtj ohvjstongaoh.

Qjnh (Ljrkghsjh, 7?>3, p. :?), pfghtjg jh su tjdrg quj jf prdajsd cj cjsgrrdffd jad-

hkoad cj uhg rjnoh jst cjtjrkohgcd pdr augtrd bgatdrjs rjfgaodhgcds adh gspjatdsjadhkoads, aufturgfjs, sdaogfjs, pdftoad-gckohostrgtovd. Jh su cosjrtgaoh lgaj hbgsosjh quj jh gqujffgs rjnodhjs cdhcj fg roqujzg aufturgf js okpdrtghtj tjhcr uh jbjatd cohg-kozgcdr jh fg jadhdkg, jspjaogfkjhtj so sj tojhjh jh aujhtg fgs arjjhaogs, jf cjsgrrdffdcjf sjatdr jcuagtovd, fg gatotuc cj fgs pjrsdhgs y gcoaodhgfkjhtj pfghtjg quj gqujffgsrjnodhjs cdhcj fgs hjajsocgcjs isoags cj fgs pjrsdhgs jsth sgtosbjalgs sj vjr rjjegcdjh uh kjedr cjsjkpjd jxprjsgcd jh ohcoagcdrjs cj cjsgrrdffd okpdrtghtjs.

]dr su pgrtj Lorsalkgh (aotgcd pdr Qgfnujrd, 9==2) adhsocjrg quj fgs kjcocgs pgrgcjsgrrdffgr uh pgs cjijh sjr ghgfozgcgs agsd pdr agsd kjcoghtj fg jxpfdtgaoh cj fdsrjaursds cj fg rjnoh pgrg adhsjnuor fds kjedrjs rjsuftgcds (p. :). ]grg jstj gutdr sdhokpdrtghtjs fgs bujrzgs hgturgfjs quj pjrkotjh quj jf cjsgrrdffd jadhkoad cj uhg rjnoh

pujcg okpufsgr cj kghjrg hgturgf jf cjsgrrdffd cj dtrgs adh kgydr gtrgsd, tgkioh ajhtrgsu ghfosos jh jxpfoagr akd jf cjsgrrdffd cj fgs rjnodhjs roags jst cgcd pdr fgs vjhtg-

egs adkpjtotovgs jh rjaursds lukghds y g fg bujrtj gtrgaaoh quj pdsjjh fgs gatovocgcjs

jadhkoags cj fgs rjnodhjs roags, (p. :), js cjaor, jf iujh usd y gprdvjalgkojhtd cj fdsrjaursds prdcuatovds quj fg rjnoh pdsjj.

]dr su pgrtj (Idreg 9==7), pfghtjg fg okpdrtghaog cj fg gsdaogtovocgc jhtrj aoucgcjs yrjnodhjs, yg quj jstd pjrkotj jf arjaokojhtd jadhkoad y gvghajs sonhoagtovds cjiocdg fg uhoh cj sohjrnogs quj pujcj bgaofotgr uh adkpfjkjhtd cdhcj jf ijhjaod js kutud,fg ghtjrodr grkgaoh js rjbdrzgcg pdr (Qgssjh, 9==>), quojh sdstojhj quj fgs aoucgcjs rj-noh, sdh tjrrotdrods bujrtjkjhtj urighozgcds y adh uh gftd pdtjhaogf jh sus rjgs rurgfjs.]dr su pgrtj ^jijr, (aotgcd pdr Cual 9==


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jxostg uhg uioagaoh njdnrag rjnodhgf provofjnogcg pgrg fg adhsjauaoh cj ohsukds0baof gaajsd g fds rjaursd hgturgfjs y ajraghg gf kjragcd sjr uh bgatdr cjtjrkohghtj pgrgjf cjsgrrdffd cj fg rjnoh.

Jh adhadrcghaog g fd ghtjrodr @runkgh (7??


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fg cobjrjhaogaoh sj prjjrg g fds igeds adstds, cj jstg bdrkg fg adkpjtjhaog pgsg g uhsjnuhcd pfghd, sjnh jf gutdr fg ohhdvgaoh adh vgfdr sj cg aughcd fgs jkprjsgs arjghjfjkjhtds quj fg ohcustrog huhag lgig arjgcd, jstj js jf agsd cj fg grtoaufgaoh jhtrjfds sgijrjs aufturgfjs y fgs pdtjhaogfocgcjs hd vosoiofozgcgs pdr fg rjnoh adh rjfgaoh gf

turoskd jh sgfuc.

Lgy quj adhsocjrgr fgs okpfoagaodhjs gf tjrrotdrod gf cjsgrrdffd adkd fd kjhaodhg GsugcJ. (9=79) Fg bdrkgaoh y buhaodhgkojhtd cjf tjrrotdrod jadhkoad js adhsjaujhaog cjfg ohtjrgaaoh cjf jspgaod jadhkoad y jf jspgaod hgturgf y cjf jspgaod jadhkoad adh jftjrrotdrod jadhkoad adhstruocd fd augf cjtjrkohg fg costroiuaoh y fgs hjajsocgcjs cjfds lgiotghtj quj adhstotuyjh jh ajhtrd y fg pjrobjrog js bujhtj pdtjhaogf cj prdcuatdsquj sj rjquojrjh.

Adkd adkpfjkjhtd g fgs tjdrgs cjf cjsgrrdffd rjnodhgf jf prjsjhtj prdyjatd cj ohvjs -tongaoh gpdyg tgkioh su kgrad tjroad jh jf turoskd adkd kdtdr cj cjsgrrdffd cjfgs rjnodhjs, jh jstj drcjh cj ocjgs fg DKS, lg rjgfozgcd jh addrcohgaoh adh covjrsgsjhtocgcjs, jstucods quj cjkujstrgh quj jbjatovgkjhtj jxostj uhg corjatg rjfgaoh jhtrjjf cjsgrrdffd turstoad y jf arjaokojhtd jadhkoad cj fgs rjnodhjs, jf turoskd js jspjaogf-kjhtj okpdrtghtj pgrg pgsjs y rjno

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