LIBRO DE GRAMÁTICA ESPAÑOLAKarina Bereszniewicz

7th period

TABLE OF CONTENTS3. Present (ar,er,ir)4. Stem Changes5. Irregular “Yo”6. Saber vs. Conocer7. Reflexives8. “se” Impersonal9. Dipthongs with ‘10. Verbs like .. Uir/guir. Cer/cir.Ger/gir11. Hace+___+que ___12. Imperfecto13. Preterite14. Irregulars- car gar zar15. Spock 16. snakey/snakeys17.Trigger words

TABLE OF CONTENTS- PARTE DOS

18. Preterite/imperfect 19. Future/ conditional 20. Por 21. Para 22. Por vs. Para 23. Commands 24. Present Perfect 25. Double Object Pronouns 26. Adverbs 27. Subjunctive 28. Se impersonal 29. Progressive w/ ir, andar, seguir

PRESENT (AR,ER,IR)

For present tense of a regular verb you change the ar/er/ir ending with the corresponding conjugation.

Ar

Yo-o Tu-as Ud. El/ella- a Nosotros-amos Uds.ellos/ellas-an

Ir:VoyVasVaVamosVan

Estar:EstoyEstasEstaEstamosEstan

Ser:SoyEresEsSomosSon

Dar:DoyDasDaDamosDan

Irregular Present

Er/ir•Yo-o•Tu-es•Ud.el/ella-e•Nosotros-imos•Uds.ellos/ellas-en

STEM CHANGES Have a stem change in all forms except for

nosotros.•Cer

rar→ Cierro, Cierras, Cierra, Cerramos, Cierran

E→IE

•Acoster→ Acuesto, Acuestes, Acueste, Acostimos, Acuesten

O→UE

•Pedir→ Pido, Pides, Pide, Pedimos, Piden

E→I

IRREGULAR “YO”

go’ verbs- Caer, decir, oir, poner, hacer, tener. Ex: pongo

zco’ verbs(cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducer Ex: conozco

Y los demás- ser, estar, ir, ver Ex: soy

Saber vs. Conocer•Both verbs mean “to know”

Saber•To know a

fact, information,

or data

Conocer• To be familiar

with, to be acquainted,

with people,places, and general

concepts

REFLEXIVES: REFLEXIVES ARE WHAT IS BEING REFLECTED UPON.

Me

• myself

Te

• yourself

Se

• Himself• Herself• itself

Nos

• ourselves

Se

• themselves

Example: Lavarse- to wash•Me lavo•Te lavas•Se lava•Nos lavamos•Se lavan

“SE” IMPERSONALThere isn’t anyone in specific its referring to, it means people in general.• Indicates what happened to the

subject of the sentence without saying who or what carried out the action.

Passive Voice-

Se habla espanol

• Indicate that action is being preformed on one or more subjects. Like people doing something to or with each other.

Reciprical action- Nos

vemos

DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS:WHEN A STRONG AND WEAK VOWEL OR TWO WEAK VOWELS COMBINE TO FORM A SINGLE SYLLABLE.

Esquiar

• Esquio• Esquias• Esquia• Esquiamo

s• Esquian

Mas palabras

• Continuar: to continue

• Graduarse: to graduate

Mas Palabras

• Puerto• Siete• Hay• Cuidad• hacia

VERBS LIKE: UIR/GUIR Y CER/CIR Y GER/GIR

Coger• Cojo• Coges• coge• Cogemos• cogen

Exigir

• Exijo• Exgiges• Exige• Exigimo

s• Exigen

Conocer

• Conozco• Conoces• Conoce• Conocem

os• Conocen

Decir

• Digo• Dices• Dice• Decimo

s• Dicen

Atribuir

• Atribuyo• Atribuyes• Atribuye• Atribumio

s• Atribuyen

Conseguir

• Consigo• Consigues• Consigue• Consigimos• Consiguen

HACE+ TIME+ QUE + PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERB: 

This formula is used to show how long an action was happening or the length of time an action took place.

Hace + dos anos+ que + trabajar a brusters=

Hace dos anos que trabaja a brusters.

IMPERFECT Ar

Aba Abas Aba Abamos Aban

Er/ ir Ia Ias Ia Iamos ian

PRETERITE

Past tense Known beginning/and

or ending Snapshot of time

Trigger words Ayer Anoche Anteayer La semana pasadaEsto es el preterite

é í

aste iste

ó ío

amos imos

aron ieron

LAS IRREGULARES (PRETERITE) Only in the you Car gar zar Que gue ce Tocar- toquéJugar- juguécomenzar-comencé

Spock Hacer –ir ser- dar ver

Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron Ir/ser: fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron Dar: di diste dio dimos dieron Ver: vi viste vio vimos vieron

Car que

Gar gue

Zar ce

CUCARACHA Only the base of verb changes while preterit endings stay sameAndar anduveEstar esturPoder pudPoner pusQuerer quisSaber supTener tuvVenir vin

If verb conjugation ends in a j drop the “I” in the ending if it follows the j.

Conducir condujProducir produjTraducir tradujTraer trajDecir dij

e

iste

io

imos

ieron

eron

eron

SNAKE/SNAKEY

Stem changers and y changersChange the root of the verb in the preterit only

in the usted and ustedes forms. Dormir leer

dormi dormimos lei leimosDormiste leistedurmio durmiero leyo leyeron

TRIGGER WORDS

Ayer=yesterday El otro dia=the other day El dia anterior=the day before Va a vez=one time Ayer por la mañana=yesterday morning El fin de samana passado=last weekend Entonces=then En ese memento=in that moment Hace dos dias=two days ago

COMPARITIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Mas que .. More than

Menos que.. Less/fewer than

Tan.. Come as..as Tanto como.. As

much/many as Are the comparison

of a person or thing to another thing. (more, less, or as…as)

•Superlatives indicate that one person or thing is the best, most, least, or worst.•noun + más or menos + adjective•Es la ciudad menos interesante del mundo…It's the least interesting city in the world.

EL FUTURO

Infinitive + é ás á emos an Vivir____ Comer____ Hablar____ Will factor Just add the endings onto the ending a

conjugation needed Ir+a+ infinitive (immediate future)

IRREGULAR FUTURES

Decir-dir- to sayHaber-habr- there to bePoder-podr- to be ablePoner-pondr- to

put,place,setQuerer-querr- to want,

loveSaber-sabr- to know a

fact, Salir-saldr- to leave, go

outTener- tendr- to haveValer-valdr- to be worthVenir-vendr-to come

Infinitive + éásáemosán

TRIGGER VERBS

Todos los dias Siempre A menudo Cada dia Generalmente Por lo general

PRETERITE IMPERFECT

• The “Preterite” is a verb that expresses what happened in the past.

• A verb is conjugated differently in preterite form, then in present tense form.

The imperfect tense is the preterite that is used when

there is no specific beginning and ending of an event.

ar Ir/er

• é• aste• ó• amos•aron

• í• iste• ió• imos• ieron

ar

• aba• abas• aba• abamos• aban

Would, should, could, if, wonder,

probably

Infinitive + ending

Ending= ía íamos

Ías ía ían

CONDITIONAL Future

To get the future tense…1.Get the infinitive2.Add the correct endingEndings

Yo- é Tu-ás el/ella-áNosotros-emosEllos-án

POR Por has many uses motion or general location around through along by describes duration of an action for during in expresses a reason or motive for an action because of on account of , on be half of indicates object of a search for in search of means by which something is done by by way by means of expresses an exchange or substitution used of unit of measure per by Por is also used in several por aqui por ejemple por eso Exact time de is used is before por la manana Durante is meaning for in time Para uses expresses destination toward in the direction of indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future by for when followed by a purpose or goal plus infinitive in order to Describes a purpose plus noun for used for indicate a recipient of something for used to make a comparison with others or give an opinion for considering expresses for in the employ of for

PARA

Para uses -expresses destination toward in the direction

of -indicates a deadline or a specific time in the

future by for -when followed by a purpose or goal plus

infinitive in order to -Describes a purpose plus noun for used for -indicate a recipient of something for -used to make a comparison with others or

give an opinion for considering -expresses for in the employ of for

POR VS. PARA Por has many uses motion or general location around through along by describes duration of an action for during in expresses a reason or motive for an action because

of on account of , on be half of indicates object of a search for in search of means by which something is done by by way by

means of expresses an exchange or substitution used of unit of measure per by Por is also used in several por aqui por ejemple por

eso Exact time de is used is before por la manana Durante is meaning for in time Para uses expresses destination toward in the direction of indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future

by for when followed by a purpose or goal plus infinitive in

order to Describes a purpose plus noun for used for indicate a recipient of something for used to make a comparison with others or give an

opinion for considering expresses for in the employ of for

Para uses -expresses destination toward in the direction of-indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future by for-when followed by a purpose or goal plus infinitive in order to-Describes a purpose plus noun for used for-indicate a recipient of something for-used to make a comparison with others or give an opinion for considering-expresses for in the employ of for

COMMANDS

Formal Commands

Tu Commands In commands use the Tu present tense form

but drop the s. Ex: hablar------habla

•Conjugate to yo form.

•Drop-o and add-e

ar

•Conjugate to yo form.

•Drop –o add –a.

Er/ir

PRESENT PERFECT

The present tense conjunctions of the verb haber for present perfect.

I have spoken= He hablado

yo he

tu has

Ello/ella ha

nosotros hemos

vosotros hebeis

Ellos/ellas han

Irregulars•Abrir= abierto•Cubrir=cubierto•Decir=dicho•Escribir=escrito•Hacer=hecho•Morir=muerto•Poner=puesto•Resolver=resuelto•Romper=roto•Ver=vuelto•Ir=ido

DOUBLE OBJECT PRONOUNS

Direct Object Pronouns and Indirect object pronouns are placed either directly before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive.

Give it to me DameloYa nos lo dijeron- they already told it to us.Vendamelos- sell them to me!

ADVERBS

Add- mente to the end of a word to give it the ly feeling. Dificil= dificilmente

Some adverbs don’t always get the –mente and need to be memorized such as Bastante- quite Demasiado-too Mal-bad

SUBJUNCTIVE

Subjective Mood Construction irregular

*Attitudes*uncertain*hypothetical*Emotion*Doubt, disbelief, denial*Indefiniteness and non existence

*put it in the yo form and add the subjunctive ending

Ar:Yo- etu_- esElla/ello- eNosotros- emosEllas/ellos-enEr/ItYo-aTu-asEllo/ella-aNosotros-amosEllos/ellas-an

CAR, GAR, ZARCar- queGar-gueZar-ce

TV DISHESTener= tengaVenir- VengaDecir= DigaDar=deIr=vayaSer=seaHacer= hagaEstar=esteSaber=sepa

PROGRESSIVES W/ IR.ANDAR.SEGUIR•+a

ndo/iendo/yendo

•Is slowly but surely _____ing

ir

•+ando/iendo/yendo

•Is going around _____ing

andar

•+ando/iendo/yendo

•Is still _____ing

Seguir (e>i)