libraries as curators of open citations...anne lauscher, libraries as curators of open citations...
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Libraries as Curators of Open CitationsPerspectives of the Project LOC-DB in Germany
Anne Lauscher, Kai Eckert, Lukas Galke, Ansgar Scherp, Syed Tahseen Raza Rizvi, Sheraz Ahmed, Andreas Dengel, Philipp Zumstein, Annette KleinWorkshop on Open Citations, 2018, Bologna
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
The origins: What were libraries cataloging?
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
The origins: What were libraries cataloging?
Things you can put in a shelf.
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Later: Resource Discovery Systems
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Now: Citations?
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Agenda
1. Linked Open Citation Database2. Reference Linking Workflow for Libraries3. Infrastructure for Cataloging Citations4. Conclusion
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Linked Open Citation Database
How much would it cost, with respect to resources, if libraries catalogued everything and curated the citation graph?
● Development of processes and tools based on linked data technologies to enable libraries
to contribute to an open and interconnected citation graph
● Quantitative and qualitative evaluation, e.g., cost benefit analysis
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Library Workflow
● Integrated into the standard library workflow
● Reuse of data from existing resources, e.g. from publishers,
other projects, and standard library catalogs (high quality metadata)
● Automated as far as possible
○ Automatic reference extraction
○ Easy-to-use editorial system
● Distributed database and collaborative cataloging processes
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Standard Library Workflow (UB Mannheim)
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Scanning of the TOC*
Arrival of a new bibliographic resource
Cataloging
*Table of Contents
● Metadata● Identifier
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Reference Linking
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Reference LinkingScanning of the TOC*
+ List of references Upload to LOC-DB
*Table of Contents
● Metadata● Identifier
Scan of the list of references
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Reference Linking
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Reference LinkingScanning of the TOC*
+ List of references Upload to LOC-DB
*Table of Contents
● Metadata● Identifier
Scan of the list of referencesReference
String?
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Reference Linking
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Reference LinkingScanning of the TOC*
+ List of references Upload to LOC-DB
*Table of Contents
● Metadata● Identifier
Scan of the list of references
Supported by our infrastructure
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
LOC-DB Infrastructure
Editorial System
Automatic Reference Extraction
LOC-DBInstance 1
Linked Open Data
LOC-DBInstance 2
LOC-DBInstance N
PDF Web Print
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Joint Union Catalogs Index (GVI) in Germany
K10plus
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
LOC-DB Infrastructure
Editorial System
Automatic Reference Extraction
LOC-DBInstance 1
Linked Open Data
LOC-DBInstance 2
LOC-DBInstance N
PDF Web Print
14
Joint Union Catalogs Index (GVI) in Germany
K10plus
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Automatic Reference Extraction
Combination of text-driven and layout-driven extraction using deep learning techniques (Bhardwaj et al., 2017)
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
LOC-DB Infrastructure
Editorial System
Automatic Reference Extraction
LOC-DBInstance 1
Linked Open Data
LOC-DBInstance 2
LOC-DBInstance N
PDF Web Print
16
Joint Union Catalogs Index (GVI) in Germany
K10plus
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
LOC-DB Infrastructure
Editorial System
Automatic Reference Extraction
LOC-DBInstance 1
Linked Open Data
LOC-DBInstance 2
LOC-DBInstance N
PDF Web Print
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Data Model and Publishing
Ensuring optimal reusability and interoperability of the produced data
● Adaption of the OpenCitations metadata model
(Peroni and Shotton, 2016)
● Publishing of the Data in RDF format
by using the Semantic Publishing and Referencing (SPAR)
Ontologies (Peroni, 2014)
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How much would it cost if libraries catalogued everything and curated the citation graph?
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Preliminary results suggest general feasibility of the approachContinuous improvement on the infrastructure and processes ongoing
Semi-automated approach ensures human-level quality of the generated data
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How much would it cost if libraries catalogued everything and curated the citation graph?
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Citations are ahead!
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Citations are ahead!For more information please visit
https://locdb.bib.uni-mannheim.dehttps://github.com/locdb/
6th November, 2018
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Bibliography
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● Marshall Breeding. 2015. Future of Library Discovery Systems. Information Standards Quarterly 27, 1 (2015), 24. https://doi.org/10.3789/isqv27no1.2015.04
● Christian Wilke and Regina Retter. 2017. Zitationsdaten extrahieren: halbautomatisch, offen, vernetzt. Ein Workshopbericht. Informationspraxis 3, 2 (Dec. 2017). https://doi.org/10.11588/ip.2017.2.43235
● Silvio Peroni and David Shotton. 2016. Metadata for the OpenCitations Corpus. Technical Report. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3443876
● Akansha Bhardwaj, Dominik Mercier, Andreas Dengel, and Sheraz Ahmed. 2017. DeepBIBX: Deep Learning for Image Based Bibliographic Data Extraction. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70096-0_30
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Bibliography
29
● Silvio Peroni. 2014. The Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies. In Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly Publishing. Springer, Cham, 121–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04777-5_5
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Appendix
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Data
● Social sciences collection of Mannheim University Library
● 522 print books and collections acquired by in 2011:
~271,000 references
● Articles published in 2011 in 101 (mostly electronic) journals:
~298, 000 references
● New print acquisitions of the social sciences branch library
from July 2017 on
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Reference Target SuggestionsSpeeding up the linking process
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Reference Query
Internal Search Index
External Suggestion Engine
Similarity Computation
Similarity Threshold Filter
Ranking
Similarity Threshold Filter
...
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
How much time does the whole process take?
● > 100 pages per person per hour● Upper bound ~ 15 minutes for scanning for an average book
(26 pages of references) ● Additional scanning time does not significantly affect other processes
in the library● Prolongs the processing of a book on average by only 3 minutes
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Reference LinkingScanning of the list of references (only print)
Upload to LOC-DB
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
● Batch upload● Background processing for meta data retrieval and reference extraction
→ Does not affect the process in the library
How much time does the whole process take?
38
Reference LinkingScanning of the list of references (only print)
Upload to LOC-DB
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
How much time does the whole process take?
39
Reference LinkingScanning of the list of references (only print)
Upload to LOC-DBScanning of the list of references (only print)
Upload to LOC-DB
Criterion Minimum Maximum Median
Citation Linking (s) 9.93 557.20 89.45
Internal Suggestion Retrieval (s) 0.02 0.5 0.06
External Suggestion Retrieval (s) 0.50 95.65 0.89
# Searches per Reference 1 36 2
Minimum, maximum,
and median time in
seconds
for the reference
linking step
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
How much time does the whole process take?
40
Reference LinkingScanning of the list of references (only print)
Upload to LOC-DBScanning of the list of references (only print)
Upload to LOC-DB
Histogram of reference linking times
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Anne Lauscher, Libraries as Curators of Open Citations
Estimation about the number of full-time employees needed to process all literature of social
sciences bought in 2011 by Mannheim University Library, depending on the time t in seconds to
resolve a reference.
41
t 1 5 10 20 30 60 120
# employees 0.1 0.5 1 2 3 5.9 11.9
How much would it cost if libraries catalogued everything and curated the citation graph?