liberalism in international relations theory dmitry pobedash ural state university
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LiberalismLiberalismIn International Relations TheoryIn International Relations Theory
Dmitry PobedashDmitry Pobedash
Ural State UniversityUral State University
OutlineOutline
Major figuresMajor figures The first IR paradigmThe first IR paradigm It takes all sorts to make the liberalismIt takes all sorts to make the liberalism Key conceptsKey concepts A success story?A success story?
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
““Leviathan” created to avoid war of all Leviathan” created to avoid war of all against allagainst all Individual sovereignty
surrendered to preserve individual rights
The best solution –
monarchy!
John Locke (1632-1704)John Locke (1632-1704)All men are born free and equal in rights to life, liberty, estate.
In civil society everyone surrenders its sovereignty to community ruled by separate executive and legislative powers.
If the ruler breaks the social contract – down with him!
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
UtilitarianismUtilitarianism ““between the interests of nations between the interests of nations
there is nowhere a real conflict”there is nowhere a real conflict”
“establish a common tribunal and the necessity for war no longer followsfrom the difference of opinion”
American Confederation, Swiss League, German Diet
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Contemporary IR – “Lawless state of Contemporary IR – “Lawless state of
savagery”savagery” Transformation of individual consciousnessTransformation of individual consciousness Republican constitutionalismRepublican constitutionalism A federal contract between states toA federal contract between states to
abolish war – a permanent abolish war – a permanent peace treaty rather than a peace treaty rather than a superstate actor or world superstate actor or world government government
Richard Cobden (1804-65)Richard Cobden (1804-65)
The Apostle of Free TradeThe Apostle of Free Trade Improve education, decrease military Improve education, decrease military
spending, lower taxesspending, lower taxes National hero for Corn Law, 1846National hero for Corn Law, 1846 Traitor for campaign against the Traitor for campaign against the
Crimean WarCrimean War Anglo-French Commercial Treaty, Anglo-French Commercial Treaty,
18601860
Herbert Spenser, (1820-1903) Herbert Spenser, (1820-1903)
Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism The Organic Analogy, butThe Organic Analogy, but Differences between Society and BodyDifferences between Society and Body Social EvolutionSocial Evolution
Military society – compulsory cooperation of Military society – compulsory cooperation of membersmembers
Industrial society – voluntary Industrial society – voluntary Ethical state – common resources to perfect Ethical state – common resources to perfect
human characterhuman character
The Happy GangThe Happy Gang
John Atkinson HobsonJohn Atkinson Hobson Norman AngellNorman Angell Alfred Eckhardt ZimmernAlfred Eckhardt Zimmern James Thomson ShotwellJames Thomson Shotwell Pitman PotterPitman Potter
The Birth of a DisciplineThe Birth of a Discipline
justice to all peoples and nationalities, and their right to live on equal terms of liberty and safely with one another, whether they be strong or weak.
The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by...
The first Chair of International Relations, in University of Wales, Aberystwyth
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
The only President with a Ph.D.The only President with a Ph.D. President of Princeton University, President of Princeton University,
1902-101902-10 The 14 points – address to Congress, The 14 points – address to Congress,
January 1918January 1918 The first sitting President to visit The first sitting President to visit
EuropeEurope Women and blacks are excludedWomen and blacks are excluded
14 points14 points1.1. Open covenants openly arrived atOpen covenants openly arrived at
2.2. Freedom of the seas in peace and warFreedom of the seas in peace and war
3.3. Remove all economic barriers to tradeRemove all economic barriers to trade
4.4. Reduction of national armamentsReduction of national armaments
5.5. A readjustment of all colonial claimsA readjustment of all colonial claims
6.6. Leave Russia aloneLeave Russia alone
7.7. Evacuate and restore BelgiumEvacuate and restore Belgium
8.8. Restore France, return Alsace-LorraineRestore France, return Alsace-Lorraine
14 points14 points
9. Readjust Italian frontiers along national 9. Readjust Italian frontiers along national lineslines
10. Self-determination for peoples of Austria-10. Self-determination for peoples of Austria-HungaryHungary
11. Redraw boundaries of Balkan states 11. Redraw boundaries of Balkan states along historically established lines of along historically established lines of nationalitynationality
12. Self-determination for peoples under 12. Self-determination for peoples under Turkish ruleTurkish rule
14 points14 points
13. Independence for Poland with free 13. Independence for Poland with free access to the sea guaranteed by access to the sea guaranteed by international covenantinternational covenant
14. Form a general association of nations 14. Form a general association of nations under specific covenants to afford mutual under specific covenants to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small territorial integrity to great and small states alike. states alike.
Three ImagesThree Images IndividualIndividual StateState SystemSystem
The Three ImagesThe Three ImagesImagesImages Who, whenWho, when Causes of warCauses of war How to make How to make
peacepeace
Human Human naturenature
R. Cobden R. Cobden mid-19mid-19ththc.c.
Govts intervene at Govts intervene at home and abroad, home and abroad, disturb natural disturb natural orderorder
Indiv. liberty, free Indiv. liberty, free trade, prosperity, trade, prosperity, interdependenceinterdependence
The stateThe state W. Wilson W. Wilson early 20early 20thth c.c.
Undemocratic Undemocratic nature of intntl. nature of intntl. politics, esp. foreign politics, esp. foreign policy and balance policy and balance of powerof power
National self-National self-determination, determination, open govts open govts respond to public respond to public opinion, collective opinion, collective securitysecurity
Structure Structure of systemof system
J. Hobson J. Hobson early 20early 20thth c.c.
Balance of power Balance of power systemsystem
World govt. with World govt. with powers to mediate powers to mediate and enforce and enforce decisionsdecisions
Liberalism inLiberalism in
• EconomicsEconomics• Domestic politicsDomestic politics• International relations:International relations:
– Liberal internationalismLiberal internationalism– IdealismIdealism– Liberal institutionalismLiberal institutionalism
Liberal InternationalismLiberal Internationalism A law-governed international society A law-governed international society
can emerge without a world govt.can emerge without a world govt. The progress of freedom depends on The progress of freedom depends on
maintenance of peace, spread of maintenance of peace, spread of commerce and diffusion of educationcommerce and diffusion of education
Human society can be based on natural Human society can be based on natural orderorder
Liberal InternationalismLiberal Internationalism
Natural harmony in relations by ‘the Natural harmony in relations by ‘the invisible hand’ of invisible hand’ of laissez fairelaissez faire economic economic principlesprinciples
By pursuing self-interest actors By pursuing self-interest actors inadvertently promote public goodinadvertently promote public good
Capitalism is natural and inherently Capitalism is natural and inherently pacificpacific
Economic interdependence fosters peaceEconomic interdependence fosters peace
IdealismIdealism
Peace is not natural but must be Peace is not natural but must be constructedconstructed
Domestic analogy – international Domestic analogy – international governance must use the same governance must use the same procedures procedures
Collective security rather than alliance Collective security rather than alliance system (collective defence)system (collective defence)
Teaching what Teaching what ought to beought to be and not and not just what is – Wilson Chairjust what is – Wilson Chair
Liberal InstitutionalismLiberal Institutionalism
Transnational cooperation needed to Transnational cooperation needed to resolve common problemsresolve common problems
Cooperation in one sector would Cooperation in one sector would extend range of collaborationextend range of collaboration
Growing integration increases the Growing integration increases the ‘cost’ of withdrawal from cooperative ‘cost’ of withdrawal from cooperative venturesventures
Pluralism of actorsPluralism of actors
Key Concepts of LiberalismKey Concepts of Liberalism Collective securityCollective security Democratic peace and democracy Democratic peace and democracy
promotionpromotion Integration and interdependenceIntegration and interdependence Rule of law, human rightsRule of law, human rights Normative element in theoryNormative element in theory Pluralism of actorsPluralism of actors World governmentWorld government
Liberal SuccessesLiberal Successes
The League of NationsThe League of Nations• The ILO, the Health Organization, the The ILO, the Health Organization, the
Mandates CommissionMandates Commission• Political disputes resolvedPolitical disputes resolved
Finland-Sweden, Germany-Poland, Greece-Finland-Sweden, Germany-Poland, Greece-Bulgaria, Turkey-Iraq, Bolivia-Paraguay, Bulgaria, Turkey-Iraq, Bolivia-Paraguay, Peru-Colombia Peru-Colombia
Apprenticeship for the UNApprenticeship for the UN The English School of IRThe English School of IR
The First Great DebateThe First Great Debate
Reinhold Niebuhr. Moral Man and Reinhold Niebuhr. Moral Man and Immoral Society, 1932Immoral Society, 1932
Edward Carr. The Twenty Years’ Edward Carr. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1939Crisis, 1939
Frederick SchumanFrederick Schuman Georg SchwarzenbergerGeorg Schwarzenberger