lexis, morphology & semantics for english language teaching formation, construction &...

Lexis, Morphology & Semantics for English Language Teaching

Formation, construction& classification of

English words 2

Formation, construction & classification of English words 2

• Word-forms & word-formation

• Inflection & derivation

• Derivation by affixation– conversion (zero suffix)– suffixation

• Compounding & shortening– compound– combining form– blend– shortening: initialism (alphabetism,

acronym); clipping; backformation; aphesis

• Productivity & possible words

• Blocking & constraints


Morphology

• morphology:- the study of the structure of words


Morphology


• inflectional morphology:- the study of the structure of grammatical

word-forms (of CONTENT WORDS)


Morphology



word-forms (of CONTENT WORDSCONTENT WORDS)


Morphology



word-forms (of content words)

• derivational morphology:- the study of the structure of content words,

incl.


Morphology



word-forms (of content words)

• derivational morphology:- the study of the structure of content words,

incl. the FORMATIONFORMATION ofof new WORDSWORDS


• sleep• sleepy• sleepily• sleepiness• sleepish• sleepishly• sleepishness• sleepless• sleeplessly• sleeplessness

• sleeptalk• sleepwalk• sleepwear• sleeping beauty• sleeping pill• sleeped• sleepathon• sleepilicious• sleepalicious


I sleepThey sleep

verbnoun derivationby conversion,or: by transposition,

or: by functional shift,or: by zero-derivation

( or: zero-affixation,i.e. by adding a ?zero-suffix? )

(some) sleep-(good) sleep-(in her) sleep-


nounadjective derivation by affixation

sleep + suffix -y

sleep-y



sleep + suffix -y

sleep-y hand-yhair-y leaf-ymeat-y milk-ywind-y word-y


adjectiveadverbderivation by affixation

sleepy + suffix -ly

sleepi-ly


adjectiveadverb derivation by affixation

sleepy + suffix -ly

sleepi-ly

Why not call it:noun-adverb derivation

sleep + -ily


noun ?adverb? derivation by affixation

sleep + ?suffix -ily?

sleep-ily ?hand-ily?hair-ily ?leaf-ily?meat-ily ?milk-ily?wind-ily ?word-ily



sleepy + suffix -ly

sleepi-ly hot-lyhappi-ly cold-lylazi-ly slow-lyeasi-ly quick-ly


adjectivenoun derivation by affixation

sleepy + suffix -ness

sleepi-ness



sleepy + suffix -ness

sleepi-nessbloody bloodi-ness

dizzy dizzi-nessgloomy gloomi-ness



sleep + suffix -ish

sleep-ish



sleepish + suffix -ly

sleepish-ly



sleepish + suffix -ness

sleepish-ness



sleep + suffix -less

sleep-less



sleepless + suffix -ly

sleepless-ly



sleepless + suffix -ness

sleepless-ness


• sleep• sleep-y• sleepi-ly• sleepi-ness• sleep-ish• sleep-ish-ly• sleep-ish-ness• sleep-less• sleep-less-ly• sleep-less-ness

Word-formationWord-formation by derivationderivation

Derivation by:• conversion




Derivation by:• conversion• affixation





– suffixation





– suffixation• verbnoun drvtn• nounadj drvtn• adjadv drvtn• adjnoun drvtn


Word- Word- formationformation

by

?



Word-formation by COMPOUNDING(i.e. not by derivation)

(the root) sleep + (the root) xxx

sleep-talksleep-walksleep-wear


Word-formation byderivation & compounding

sleep+ing & xxxx

sleep-ing beauty(The beauty is sleeping.)

sleep-ing pill(??The pill is sleeping.)

sleep-ing bag(??The bag is sleeping.)


Word-formation by?derivation? & compounding

sleep+ing & xxxxMs Sleeping Beauty

sleeping pill sleeping bag

sleeping policemansleeping partner

Advanced question for self-study:Is the suffix -ing inflectional or derivational?


Word-formation by derivation(derivation by affixation)

sleep + suffix -ersleep-er

e.g. light sleeper sleeper train


Word-formation by

BACKFORMATIONBACKFORMATION

televise televisionedit editorbabysit babysitter

(word-formation by analogy:revise revision; act actor)

??(profess professor)??


word formation byBACKFORMATIONBACKFORMATION

(back-derivation)

revise revisiontelevisetelevise television

destroy destruction self-destructionself-destructself-destruct self-destruction


word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS

sleep + suffix -logy

sleep-o-logy

word-formation by CLIPPINGCLIPPING

sleepo(short for sleepology)


Word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMSsleep + suffix -logy OR -ology

sleep-o-logy

archae-o-logy archae-ologybio-logy bi-ology (bio-ology)cardio-logy cardi-ology (cardio-ology)etym-o-logy etym-ologyfossil-o-logy fossil-ologygeo-logy ge-ology (geo-ology)psycho-logy psych-ology (psycho-ology)socio-logy soci-ology (socio-ology)


Word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMSsleep + suffix -logy OR -ology

sleep-o-logy

archae-o-logy archae-ologybio-logy bi-ology (bio-ology)cardio-logy cardi-ology (cardio-ology)etym-o-logy etym-ologyfossil-o-logy fossil-ologygeo-logy ge-ology (geo-ology)psycho-logy psych-ology (psycho-ology)socio-logy soci-ology (socio-ology)

“o”: arguably a structural requirement / constraint ology / ologies


word-formation by BLENDINGBLENDING

sleep + education

sleepedsleep-edsleepEd


word-formation by COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS

sleep + suffix -logy

sleep-o-logy

word-formation by BLENDINGBLENDING

sleep + education

sleepedsleep-edsleepEd


??????

sleep + (mara)thonsleep-a-thon

sleep + (de)licioussleep-i-licioussleep-a-licious


BLENDINGBLENDING(also called portmanteau)

sleep + (mara)thonsleep-a-thon

sleep + (de)licioussleep-i-licioussleep-a-licious


BLENDINGBLENDING

sm(oke) + (f)og = smogmo(dulator) + dem(odulator) = modem

glo(al) + (lo)cal = glocalfr(iend) + enemy = frenemy

ima(gine) + (en)gineering = imagineering

pro(fessional) pro(ducer)

More: http://electricka.com/etaf/muses/languagearts/words/portmanteau_words/portmanteau_words_table/portmanteau_words_list.aspzebra + donkey = zonkey: http://timfall.wordpress.com/2014/05/09/portmanteau-lesson-in-luggage-and-language/

+ (con)sumer = prosumer

http://electricka.com/etaf/muses/languagearts/words/portmanteau_words/portmanteau_words_table/portmanteau_words_list.asp

http://timfall.wordpress.com/2014/05/09/portmanteau-lesson-in-luggage-and-language/


ACRONYMSACRONYMS

Sleep Disordered Breathing

SDB

Period Limb Movements of Sleep

PLMS

(initialism: alphabetism acronym)


AI: Amnesty International,artificial intelligence

BP: British Petroleum,blood pressure,beautiful people

alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual letters of the alphabet


Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAIDS

read only memoryROM

acronym: an initialism pronounced like individual lexical items


alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual letters of the alphabet

acronym: an initialism pronounced like individual lexical items

HKSAR: SARS: CD: EU (European Union):VP (Vice-President):


alphabetism: an initialism pronounced by reading the individual

letters of the alphabetacronym: an initialism pronounced like an

individual lexical item

“There are cases where alphabetisms are mixed with acronyms and the two systems of pronunciation are combined: e.g. VP (for Vice-President) pronounced like veep and ROTC (for Reserve Officers Training Corps) pronounced like rotcy.” (Jackson & Zé Amvela 2007:103)


SHORTENINGSHORTENING

initialism: alphabetism (initialism: alphabetism ( acronyms) acronyms)Sleep Disordered Breathing

SDB

clipping clipping (or, ellipsis / truncation)expo (short for exposition)

flu (short for influenza)varsity (short for university)

uni (short for university)


SHORTENINGSHORTENINGinitialism: alphabetism (initialism: alphabetism ( acronyms) acronyms)

Sleep Disordered BreathingSDB

clipping clipping (or, ellipsis / truncation)expo (short for exposition)

flu (short for influenza)varsity (short for university)

uni (short for university)

aphesis aphesis (in casual speech)… ‘scuse me; ‘fessor; hold it, ‘cause I …


What might have blockedthe formation of the following?

sleep-ee sleepi-li-ness

sleep-ish-li-nesssleep-less-li-ness



sleep-ee

Language use (pragmatic)constraint on productivity:

adviser - adviseeemployer – employee

trainer – trainee

?sleeper – sleepee?(morphologically speaking, there is no structural constraint)



sleep-ee

Language use (pragmatic)constraint on productivity:


trainer – trainee

?sleeper – sleepee?(morphologically speaking, there is no structural constraint)

Possible confusion when spoken:sleepy sleepee


Linguistic-Meaning (semantic) or Language-Use (pragmatic)constraint on productivity:


trainer – trainee

?sleeper – sleepee?(although there is no structural constraint)

Can you think of semantic or pragmatic situations for the productive formation & use of the words below:

EXERCISE: sleepee, escapee, escaper


Which of the following seems to be the

most productive in word formation?

-er -less-ly -ness-ish -logy-thon -licious


What words might you form usingthe root “crab” and the following?

-er -less-ly -ness-ish -logy-thon -licious


What words might you form usingthe root “crab” and the following?

crab-er crab-lesscrab-ly crab-nesscrab-ish crab-o-logycrab-a-thon crab-a-licious


• Word-forms & word-formation

• Inflection & derivation

• Derivation by affixation– conversion (zero suffix)– suffixation

• Compounding & shortening– compound– combining form– blend– shortening: initialism (alphabetism,

acronym); clipping; backformation; aphesis

• Productivity & possible words

• Blocking & constraints

lexis, morphology & semantics for english language teaching formation, construction &...

Documents

structure of content

suffix ily

structure of wordsformation

content wordsformation

nounadjective derivation

adjectiveadverb derivation

adjectivenoun derivation

morphology semantics