level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse
TRANSCRIPT
LEVEL OF INVOLVEMENT IN SMOKING, DRINKING AND DRUGS ABUSE AMONG FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
IN PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
ROLANDO B. BELARMIN0, JR.
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, WESTERN
PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY-PUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUS, PUERTO PRINCESA CITY, PALAWAN IN PARTIAL
FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY
APRIL 2010
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
This paper examines the smoking; drinking and drugs abuse among fourth year
high school students. Early experimentation with this substances are known to be
associated with both immediate and lasting problems, including abuse and dependence,
which can result in profound, long-term health and social consequences (Gruber, et al,
2000). The health risks of the use especially the abuse of all three substances particularly
smoking and drinking affect all age groups. Drug use is socially unacceptable at any age
while smoking and drinking are socially unacceptable for minors. These behaviors have
legal risks as well. Drinking and smoking are illegal for minors.
Although smoking, drinking and drugs abuse usually result in adverse health
consequences, there are some perceived benefits or advantages of these behaviors
particularly from the point of view of the adolescents and youths. Adolescents may view
smoking and drinking as privileges of adults and may want to engage in them to feel
grown up and to present themselves as adults to others.
Adolescents and youths may smoke and drink to keep the company of their
friends who are already engaging in these behaviors, especially if sharing of drinks and
cigarettes are common and considered “cool” in group activities. It is known that peer
pressure may occur in the form of encouragement, dares, or actual offers of the
substances. Indirect influence may also occur when young people associated with peers
who smoke and drink and thus providing role models, establishing substance use as
normative, and creating the perception that using these substances will increase social
2
acceptance or get them a feeling of “belonging” to sought-after group. Drinking and
smoking may be viewed as proving pleasure as well.
Many adolescents and youths are likely to adopt behaviors that are very common
among adults sometime during their transition to full adulthood, even when they are
aware of the undesirable health consequences of these behaviors. For example, the
primary socialization theory contends that individual learn social norm and behaviors
from primary sources which include the family. There are evidences that a young person
who’s parent smoke is likely to smoke (Conrad, et al, 2002). Some of the reasons given
are: the availability of cigarettes at home, parents being model of smoking and drinking
behavior and consequently parents lack the credibility as advocates for non-smoking or
non-drinking.
Smoking and drinking is very common in the Philippines especially among adult
males. Therefore, in the process of transition most male adolescents are likely to begin
smoking and drinking. It is likely that the smoking and drinking is closely related to some
markers of transition to adulthood such as reaching socially and legally recognized age of
adulthood, completion of education, leaving parental home, and beginning of full-time
employment. Once controlled for these transition indicators, other individual and family
characteristics may have small effects. Smoking among adult women is much less. Drug
use is even less common for both genders. Individual and family characteristics are likely
to have large effects on the process of these relative rare behaviors (Lermet, 2002).
3
Conceptual Framework of the Study
The conceptual framework shows independent variables, including socio-
demographic characteristics such as age, gender and religion.
On the other hands intervening variables which include offenses committed.
The dependent variables are the students’ level of involvement in smoking, drinking
and drugs abuse throughout the Puerto Princesa City as describe according to the level of
involvement as follows: always involved, sometimes involved, often involved, rarely
involved and never involved.
It would like to find out significant relationship between the socio-demographic
profile and students’ level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
INDEPENDENT INTERVENING DEPENDENT
VARIABLES VARIABLES VARIABLES
Figure1. The Research paradigm of the study
4
Offenses committed
Student’s level of involvement in
smoking, drinking and drugs abuse
Socio-demographic profile of respondents:
Age Gender Religion
Statement of the Problem
The general aim of this study is to analyze the smoking; drinking and
drugs abuse among fourth year high school students in selected barangay in
Puerto Princesa City.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following question:
1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. age;
b. gender;
c. religion?
2. What are the offenses committed by the respondents?
3. What is the students level of involvement in smoking, drinking and
drugs abuse throughout the selected three barangays in Puerto Princesa
City?
4. Is their any significant relationship between the socio-demographic
profile and the students level of involvement in smoking, drinking and
drugs abuse throughout the selected barangays in Puerto Princesa City?
Hypothesis of the Study
There is no significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile
and students’ level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
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Significance of the Study
The study provides the first close look at these risk-taking behaviors among fourth
year high school students in barangay San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican, Puerto Princesa
city. Hence the prevalence of smoking, drinking and drugs abuse among youths are quite
high.
The study would like to establish the fact that these behaviors are highly
interlinked: person who engage in one type of risk-taking behavior are likely to engage in
the other type of such behavior.
The results from this study would like to show design interventions and policies
that are responsive to the youth related problems especially the higher risk for problem
behaviors among fourth year high school students in selected three barangays of Puerto
Princes City.
The findings from this study further underscore the need for more resources,
especially for the government agency facing higher risk.
The study will serves as documentation on various youth behaviors from the
survey to provide information about subgroup differences on a wide range of problems
and to identify whether a certain subgroup is more vulnerable to a specific risk.
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Scope and Limitation of the Study
a. Problem
The study aims to analyze the Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse among fourth
year high school students in selected barangay namely: barangay San Miguel, San Jose
and Sicsican in Puerto Princesa City.
b. Locale of the Study
The study was conducted in three selected barangays namely Bgy. San Miguel, San
Jose, Sicsican which has public high schools in Puerto Princesa in which the subject are
the fourth year high school students.
c. Time Frame
The study was conducted for three days only from February 26 to 28. One day
was given in each of three different schools. Study covered only for the year 2010.
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Fig.2 Map of Puerto Princesa City showing the study area
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Operational Definition of Terms
For the purpose and to facilitate the understanding of this study, the terms are
defined operationally.
Age- This term refers to the length of time a person has lived
Civil Status- This term refers to the legal status of a person classified into single,
married and single parent.
Drinking- This term refers to the act of respondents of engaging themselves into
liquor, alcoholic drink and beverages.
Drugs abuse- This term refers to the act of taking a psychoactive drug or
performance enhancing drug for non-therapeutic or non-medical effect.
Demographic Characteristics- These terms refer to the demographic profile of
the respondents in this study it includes age, gender and religion that provides
information about the students.
Level of Involvement- This term refers to the occurrence of being engaged into
smoking, drinking and drugs abuse as described as always involved, very often involved,
often involved, sometimes involved and rarely involved.
Smoking- This term refers to the practice where a substance, most commonly
tobacco, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled. Considered as one of the most
common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking is today by far the most
popular form of smoking.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review related literature and studies, theoretical framework and
conceptual framework.
Related Literature and Studies
Parents’ attitudes on drinking and smoking
Parents’ attitudes are likely to represent prevailing social norms. The views of
adolescents and youths of their parents’ attitude, then, can be interpreted as their views of
the social norm. In addition, parents who are demanding and responsive to their children
are likely to serve as protective factors against initiation of smoking and drinking.
Parental involvement and monitoring of their children can have the same protective effect
(Cohen et al. 2004).
It could also be partly reflecting the condition where some of these respondents
did not have father or an adult male who raised them present in their households.
Perception among adolescents and young women that their parents disapprove of
drinking and smoking is nearly universal. In contrast, perception of parental disapproval
of drinking and smoking among men is much weaker. Disapproval rate among parents of
20–24 year old men is only at moderate level, ranging from 47% to 66%. The disapproval
rate is higher for younger respondents than older respondents, for smoking than for
drinking, and among mothers than among fathers. Parents’ attitudes reflect social norms.
Not surprisingly, Domingo and Marquez (1999) found that parents’ attitudes affect the
behavior of adolescents and youths on drinking and smoking behavior. Thus, drinking,
which was thought that parents disapprove at lower rates, is more prevalent than
10
smoking, which, on the other hand, parents disapprove at higher rates. Men are less likely
than women to have parents who disapprove, and are much more likely to take these risk-
taking behaviors than women. Prevalence increases with age, consistent with the pattern
of decreasing parental disapproval rate with age.
Regulations and their enforcement
The Philippines has no national law regulating smoking and sale of tobacco
products. There is no minimum age requirement for the purchase of cigarettes and no law
regulating the advertising and promotion of cigarettes. There is no law that requires the
printing of warning labels on cigarette packages. Instead, the National Tobacco
Administration (NTA) is supposed to protect and promote the “balanced and integrated
growth” of the tobacco industry. These, despite the results of a survey which says that 72
per cent of the polled adult populations were supportive of having a legislation banning
smoking advertisements (Arroyo 2004).There are more restrictions on drinking than
smoking especially of the minors. Those who are less than 18 years old are prohibited
from purchasing or drinking alcoholic drinks. However, the enforcement of this
regulation is weak. National and local legislations are more developed and restrictive vis-
a-vis drugs. The Dangerous Drugs Act or Republic Act 9165 together with subsequent
presidential decrees and national programs against drug abuse defined the prohibited and
regulated drugs as well as the punishable acts in relation to these drugs and other
substances and the penalties thereof. For implementation purposes of the national law, the
Dangerous Drugs Board was created. Recently, the Narcotics Group of the Philippine
National Police has assumed a significant role in the national program.
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Economic aspects of drinking, smoking, and drug-use
In the previous years, costs of cigarettes and alcohol drinks have increased
tremendously. A stick of local cigarettes which cost P1 three years ago, now costs P1.50
or a 50 per cent increase in prices. At this price, high school and college students can
afford to squeeze in a stick or so in their daily allowances. Beer and other alcoholic
drinks as well as drugs are more prohibitive to the young people. Recently however, with
the increase in the supply of illegal drugs particularly shabu (poor man’s cocaine), a
larger proportion of the population can afford the drug. Thus, all these substances are
easily available to the young people but may not be affordable to a significant number
among them.
At the macro-level, it has been estimated that smoking alone drains 20 per cent of
the household income of smokers’ families. Drugs continue to be the bigger economic
and social menace to the families of drug dependents and their communities.
Information on harmfulness of drinking, smoking and drug-use
In general, the harmfulness of drug-use is well known. In fact, national and local
information drives are conducted in the country as part of formal programs on anti-drug
abuse. Two national agencies are primarily mandated to lead efforts on drug abuse: the
Dangerous Drugs Board and the Narcotics Commission of the Philippine National Police.
The elementary and high school curricula have integrated anti-drug messages. As
mentioned in an earlier section, there are no national agencies nor consolidated public
programs against smoking and drinking. In spite of this, a recent survey of the Social
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Weather Station revealed that 94 per cent of the adult population knew that smoking is
hazardous to health and 92 per cent acknowledged that tobacco smoke also damages the
health of the non-smokers.
Gender Difference
Domingo and Marquez (1999) found large gender differences in the risk-taking
behaviors among Filipino adolescents and youths. Men are much more likely than
women to drink, smoke, and use drugs.
The large gender difference in risk-taking behavior among adolescents and youths
is rather common in Asian countries (Han et al. 2000; Osaki and Minowa 1996; Zhu et al.
1996) but not in the U.S. (Kann et al. 2000). The large gender difference in risk-taking
behavior is likely the result of social norms on gender behavior in these societies. In
general, the Filipino society accord more liberties and allow a wider range of social
activities to men than women. In fact, we have seen that parents tend to approve their
sons’ drinking and smoking more than their daughters, indicating that it is more
acceptable for men than for women to take some risks that are common and provide
certain pleasures.
Different risk-taking behaviors share common set of characteristics and co-
occurrences of a number of risk-taking behaviors are common (Blum and Rinehart 2000;
Jessor, Donovan, and Costa 2000; Jessor and Jessor 2000; Resnick et al. 2000).
Findings from the study by Domingo and Marquez (1999) indicate that the current
risk-taking behavior among Filipino adolescents and youths are largely consistent with
the problem behavior theory.
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According to Gruber, Di Clemente, Anderson and Lodico (2006) four sets of
covariates will be examined. The first set consists of family background variables. Place
of birth is used as an indicator of type of community the respondent spent most of the
time in childhood. Children born in urban areas are more likely to engage in risk-taking
behavior at early ages than children born in rural areas. Urban communities are likely to
be more tolerant of adolescent behaviors that do not follow norms. Adolescents and youth
are likely to find time and place with little adult supervision, and access to cigarettes,
alcoholic drink, and drugs more easily in urban areas than in rural areas. Children who
are not raised by two parents or whose parents do not have stable marital relationship are
less likely to have strong attachment to family and more likely to engage in risk-taking
behavior than others.
According to Han, Sunghyu, M.K. Choe, M. Lee, and S. Lee (2000) risk taking
behavior among high school, the information on marital stability refers to the condition at
the time of survey, unstable marriages are likely to have some signs for a while and could
likely have some effects on the children in the family.
Global and Youth Culture
As societies become more complex, family and religion are no longer the primary
socialization agents for young people. Schools and teachers and mass media also share
the role. One of the first TV stations to be targeted specifically at youth is MTV, Music
Television, which started in the United States in the early 1980s and has now expanded to
evry continent except Antarctica. The Internet also reaches and links young people
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around the world. Marketing and mass consumption are seen as important elements of the
global youth culture (Cohen et. al, 2004)
Historically and currently, youth are caught between tradition and progress. There
is much concern and speculation about Western values, consumerism and secular role
models being imposed on the world’s youth. In general, studies of youth in developing
countries report that young people place more emphasis on family and tradition than on
personal achievement.
Many young people manage to keep one foot on their country’s past and culture
while the other foot is headed in new directions, according to the Braungart study. For
example, a study Filipino youth caught in the throes of a modernizing society and abrupt
political changes found that family solidarity was the most prominent value among youth,
followed by respect for tradition ( Lermet, 2002).
In a recent exhibit at the United Nation featuring that artwork of young people
from Kenya, one drawing by a teenager girl portrayed a young woman running and
screaming to avoid female genital mutilation. The caption read, “Stop harmful traditional
practices”.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methodology used by the researcher in this study which
includes the locale of the study, research design, population of the study, sampling
procedure, instrumentation and data collection.
Research Design
The descriptive design, specially the survey method was used in this study. This
study focused on analyzing the smoking; drinking and drugs abuse among fourth year
high school students of the three selected barangays in Puerto Princesa City.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the fourth year high school students of barangay
San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican in Puerto Princesa City.
Sampling Procedure
Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting the respondents. To
determine the sample size of the population, a framework of Slovin is given as follows:
Nn=-----------
1+ Ne²
Where: n= a sample size
N= population size
e= desired margin of error (0.05)
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Instrumentation
A survey questionnaire was used in data gathering. It includes the questionnaire
pertaining to demographic profile of the respondents, offenses committed and the
student’s level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
Data Collection Procedures
A survey questionnaire was used in data gathering. The researcher personally
administered the survey questionnaire to the identified fourth year students in three
selected barangays in Puerto Princesa City.
Letters of request was sent to the School heads of each school to ask permission for
the conduct of the study.
Prior on that pre-testing of questionnaire was conducted.
Treatment of Data
The data gathered was tabulated and analyzed using the frequency counts,
percentages and means.
The level of involvement into smoking, drinking and drugs abuse was analyzed
interpreted using the 5-point rating scale and equivalent.
Adjectival Rating Range of Values
5- Always involved 4.01 - 5.0
4- Often involved 3.01 - 4.0
3- Sometimes involved 2.01 - 3.0
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2- Rarely involved 1.01 - 2.0
1- Never involved 1.0
Nominal data such as Gender and Religion are coded as follow:
Gender Religion
Code Code
Male 0 Roman Catholic 3
Female 1 Christian 2
Islam 1
To determine the significant relationship between the demographic profile of the
respondents and the student’s level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse
the Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient was used with the SPSS Program
on the computer.
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CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the results, interpretation and discussion of the study with
regards to fourth year high school students’ profile, offenses committed and level of
involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
It also discusses the relationship between the students’ demographic profile and
the level of their involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
Demographic Profile of the Students
The demographic profile of the student-respondents contained their age, gender
and religion.
Age
Figure 3 presents the age distribution, results revealed that the youngest
respondents were 15 years old and the oldest were 19 years old. 152 (53%) of the
respondents belonged to the age of 16. This was followed by 73 (26%)\ with the age of
17. On the other hand, 35 (12%) of them belonged to the age of 15, 16 (6%) of them
belonged to the age of 18, and only 8 (3%) were within the age of 19.
Result shows that majority of the respondents were 16 years old. The mean age is
16.33.
Figure 3. Graph showing the age of respondents
Gender
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Figure 4 presents the gender distribution of the respondents, 147 or 52 % of the
respondents were females while 137 or 48% were males. Result shows that most of the
respondents were females.
Figure. 4. Graph showing the gender of the respondents
Religion
Figure 5 illustrates the graph distribution of religious affiliation of the
respondents. Results revealed that 184 (65%) belongs to Roman Catholic, 41 (14%) were
Adventist and 23 (8%) belongs to Iglesia Ni Cristo. On the other hand, 13 (5%) of them
belongs to Islam and Born again while 5 (2) of them belongs to Baptist and Jehova’s
Witness. It revealed that the religion of the respondents was dominated by Roman
Catholic.
Figure 5. Graph showing the
religion of the respondents.
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Male48%Female
52%
Gender
Catholic65%
Iglesia Ni Cristo
8%
Born again5%
Baptist2%
Jehovas' Witness
2%
Adventist14%
Islam5% Religion
Offenses Committed by the Students
Figure 6 shows the various offenses committed by the respondents inside the
institution.
The results revealed that the number one offense committed by the students was
cutting of classes with 48 or 17% students who committed. It was followed by 10 or 4%
who argued with their teacher, 9 or 3% who fight with their classmates and 3 or 1% has
smoked inside the campus.
On the other hand 214 or 75% of the students responded as no offense committed.
Result revealed that most of the respondents have no offense committed.
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Figure 6. Graph showing the offenses committed by the students
Level of Involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse
Table 1 shows the level of involvement of the fourth year high school students
from three selected schools in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
The results revealed that the students were rarely involved in terms of the
following statement: drinking containing alcohol with a mean rating of 1.91, smoking
cigarettes with a mean rating of 1.66, inhaling solvent with 1.04 mean rating, smoking
marijuana with a mean rating of 1.07 and inhaling gasoline with 1.13 mean rating,
respectively.
On the other hand, the students were never involved with regards of trying or
tasting shabu (poor man’s cocaine) and smoking cocaine.
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All items indicated or the smoking drinking and drugs abuse were rarely involved
by the fourth year high school students with a weighted mean of 1.26.
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Table 3.Students level of involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs abuse
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Items AI OI SI RI NI Mean Description
Drinking containing alcohol
14 26 34 56 154 1.91 Rarely involved
Smoking cigarettes 6 12 33 62 171 1.66 Rarely involved
Inhaling solvent 1 2 3 278 1.04 Rarely involved
Smoking marijuana 5 9 270 1.07 Rarely involved
Shabu (poor man’s cocaine)
284 1.00 Never involved
Smoking cocaine 284 1.00 Never involved
Inhaling gasoline 1 9 16 258 1.13 Rarely involved
All items 1.26 Rarely Involved
Adjectival Rating Range of Values 5- Always involved 4.01 - 5.0 4- Often involved 3.01 - 4.0 3- Sometimes involved 2.01 - 3.0 2- Rarely involved 1.01 - 2.01- Never involved 1.0
Relationship between the Demographic Profile and the Level of involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse.
Table 2 shows the correlation between the students’ demographic profile and their
level of involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
Results revealed that the correlation between age of the students and items
number 1,3 and 9 were significant at o.5 level since p-value of .012, .021, and .026 are
lesser than o.5. Likewise, age correlated to item number 2 is also significant at .01 level
since the p- value 0f 0.007 is less than .01. This implies that older students were likely to
more involved in testing or trying to smoke, drinking liquor, inhale solvent and gasoline
than younger students.
Items 5 to 8 failed its analysis in the computer since all the students gave constant
responses of one (1).
Table 4. Correlation between the demographic profile of the students and their level of involvement in smoking drinking, and drugs abuse.
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Item No.
Age Gender ReligionCoefficient P value Coefficient P value Coefficient P value
1 .244* .012 .009 .928 .078 .4242 .259** .007 .089 .366 .034 .7313 .244* .021 -.067 .498 -.164 .0934 .132 .178 -.110 .264 .067 .4975 - - - - - -6 - - - - - -7 - - - - - -8 - - - - - -9 .216* .026 .118 .228 .073 .455* Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed)**Correlation is significant at the .01 level
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This paper examined the smoking; drinking and drugs abuse among fourth year
high school students in Puerto Princesa City.
The study was conducted to analyze the smoking, drinking and drugs abuse
among fourth year high school students in three selected barangays namely Bgy. San
Miguel, San Jose, Sicsican which has public high schools in Puerto Princesa.
A total of 284 students were randomly selected as the respondents of the study
using the framework of Slovin. One hundred sixteen (116) students from San Miguel
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National High School, ninety two (92) students from San Jose National High School and
seventy (76) students from Sicsican National High School as identified in the study.
The descriptive survey research design was used in this study. Data were gathered
using survey questionnaire, which were administered to the respondents. Frequency
counts, percentage, means and Pearson-R Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were
used to analyze the data.
Results revealed that most of the respondents were females. Majority of them aged
16 years old and their religion is dominated by Roman Catholic.
With regards to offenses committed 214 of them responded as no offense
committed but 48 or 17% of them have committed cutting of classes.
On the other hand, all items indicated in the level of smoking, drinking and drugs
abuse were rarely involved by the respondents-fourth year high school students from
barangay San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican National high school with an overall mean
of 1.26.
Results revealed that the correlation between age of the students and the
involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse implies that older students were likely
to more involved in testing or trying to smoke, drinking liquor, inhale solvent and
gasoline than younger students.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn.
1. The older the students the more likely to involved in testing or trying to
smoke, drink liquor, inhale solvent and gasoline than younger students.
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2. Students from three School, San Miguel, San Jose and Sicsican National High
School have low involvement in Smoking Drinking and Drugs abuse.
3. The students that have low involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse
have also low offenses committed.
Recommendation
The researcher recommends the following to lessen more and prevent the
involvement of the students in smoking drinking and drugs abuse:
A. For Barangay
1. Curfew hour for minors especially to the students must be done.
B. For Parents
1. Guidance, supervision to their children to enable prevents trying
different vices such as smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
2. The parents should monitor their children especially in school.
3. The parents should nourish their children and always have family affairs
to enable children forgotten different things that can harm to them.
C. For School heads and teachers
a. The School heads and teachers should monitor the students and teach
well values.
b. Seminars
D. For the Respondents
1. Lessening and preventing different vices such as smoking, drinking and
drugs abuse is much better.
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2. Focus more on studies and family to enable forgot and not involve
in such vices.
3. Give more importance to those things that can’t take you to harm.
E. For the future Researchers
1. Similar studies be conducted with more emphasis and evaluation of
students involvement in smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
2. Widen more the content of the study specially the questionnaire to be
able to know the real status and involvement of the students in terms of
smoking, drinking and drugs abuse.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Arroyo, Dennis. 2004. The Cigarette Habit: Consensus on the Ill Effects and Approval on Advertising Ban. Social Weather Station Bulletin.
Berg, Irwin A. and Bass, Bernard M. (2001). Conformity and Deviation. New York: Harper and Brothers
Cohen, D. A., J. Richardson, and L. LaBree. 2004. Parenting Behaviors and the Onset of Smoking and Alcohol Use: A Longitudinal Study.
Domingo, Lita J. and Maria Paz N. Marquez. 1999. Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use.
Erdwin H. Jr. (2000). The Deviance Process. New York D. Van Nostrand Company.
Gruber, E., R. J. Di Clemente, M. M. Anderson, and M. Lodico. 2006. Early Drinking Onset and its Association with Alcohol Use and Problem Behavior in Late Adolescence. Preventive Medicine.
29
Han, Sunghyun, M. K. Choe, M. Lee, and S. Lee. 2001. Risk-taking Behavior among High School Students in South Korea. Journal of Adolescence, forthcoming.
Jessor, R., J. E. Donovan, and F. M. Costa. 2001. Beyond Adolescence. Problem Behavior and Young Adult Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jessor, R. and S. L. Jessor. 2007. Problem Behavior and Psychological Development. New York: Academic Press.
Lermert, Edwin M. (2002). Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. New Jresey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Unpublished Thesis
Philippines Republic Act 6425. 9165. Dangerous Drugs Act.
Pfuhl, Erdwin H. Jr. (2002). Human Deviance, Social Problems, and Social Control. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Websites
http://www.eastwestcenter.org.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LETTER OF REQUEST TO THE RESPONDENTS
Republic of the PhilippinesWESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY
College of Arts Sciences and TechnologySta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City
January, 2010
Dear Respondents:
Good Day!
The undersigned, is a graduating student of the Western Philippines University-Puerto Princesa Campus taking up Bachelor of Arts in Sociology, is now currently working on his thesis entitled “SMOKING, DRINKING AND DRUGS ABUSE AMONG FOURTH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PUERTO PRINCESA CITY”.
31
In view thereof, the undersigned hereby request you to accomplish the attached survey questionnaire as accurately and frankly as possible.
Your answer will be used for research purposes and will be treated strictest confidentiality.
Your kind cooperation will always be gratefully acknowledged.
Very truly yours,
(SGD.) ROLANDO B. BELARMINOJR.Researcher
Noted By:
(SGD) JULIET V. VERGARA Adviser
APPENDIX B
Survey Questionnaire (Students)
Part I- Demographic Profile
A. Please answer the following question by writing your answer in the space
provided;
Name: ______________________ Age: ____Gender:______ Religion______________
What offense/ offenses you have committed?
_______________________________________________________________________
Part –II Level of Involvement in Smoking, Drinking and Drugs Abuse
32
Involvement scale:
1- Never involved2- Rarely involved3- Sometimes involved4- Often involved5- Always involved
Direction: Please encircle the corresponding number if how often you were indulge in the activity.
A. Smoking, drinking and drugs use
1. Drinking containing alcohol
1 2 3 4 5
2. Smoking cigarettes
1 2 3 4 5
3. Inhaling solvent
1 2 3 4 5
4. Smoking marijuana
1 2 3 4 5
5. Smoking Shabu (poor man’s cocaine)
1 2 3 4 5
6. Smoking cocaine
1 2 3 4 5
7. Inhaling gasoline
1 2 3 4 5
End
Thank you for answering honestly!
33
DOCUMENTATION
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Maam Norma Solita the Principal of San Miguel National High School and the researcher
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The students-respondents and the researcher
The fourth year adviser of Sicsican National High School
The Sicsican National High School
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