let's scrap the dwp - the case for basic income security in scotland

8/11/2019 Let's Scrap the DWP - The case for basic income security in Scotland

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C`t's Qarbp tn` DZVTN@ ABQ@ IE_ OBQHA HMAEK@ Q@AP_HTX HM QAETCBMD

oy Qhkem Dusty bmd Genm Dbcrykpc`


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C`t's Qarbp tn` DZV

TN@ ABQ@ IE_ OBQHA HMAEK@ Q@AP_HTX HM QAETCBMD

oy Qhkem Dusty bmd Genm Dbcrykpc`

Vuochsn`d oy Tn` A`mtr` er Z`cbr` _`erk

Em o`nbc e tn` Abkpbhjm er b Ibhr Qeah`ty


4/61

Vuochsnhmj HmierkbthemC`t's Qarbp tn` DZV Qhkem Dusty bmd Genm Dbcrykpc` ?624

Iremt aev`r hkbj` Qhkem Dusty

Ihjur` 2 Qhkem Dusty bmd Vhppb Kurrby

Ihjur`s ?, 1, 4, 0, 9, : ,>, 8 bmd 26 Qhkem Dusty

Bcc rhjnts r`s`rv`d.

Ihrst puochsn`d Q`pt`ko`r ?624

Me pbrt e tnhs oeel kby o` r`predua`d hm bmy erk whtneut p`rkhsshem rek tn`

puochsn`r xa`pt er tn` quetbthem e orh` pbssbj`s hm r`vh`ws.

C`t's Qarbp tn` DZV hs puochsn`d oy Tn` A`mtr` er Z`cbr` _èrk.www.a`mtrèrw`cbr`rèrk.erj

Em o`nbc e tn` abkpbhjm er b Ibhr Qeah`ty

www.abkpbhjmerbbhrseah`ty.aek

D`shjm`d oy N`mry Hc`s7 www.n`mryhc`s.aek

92 pp.

HQOM dewmcebd7 8:>-2-86::86-94-0
http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/http://www.campaignforafairsociety.com/http://www.henryiles.com/http://www.henryiles.com/http://www.campaignforafairsociety.com/http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/


5/61

Balmewc`dj`k`mtsTnbmls te Ghk @cd`r-Zeedwbrd ier wrhthmj suan b n`cpiuc bmd `rudht`

Ier`werd, bmd tnbmls te bcc tnes` werlhmj em tn` hd`b ei b Obsha Hmaek` er

Ahthz`m's Hmaek` wercdwhd` ier tn`hr suppert bmd `maeurbj`k`mt.

Tnbmls tee ier tn` em-jehmj suppert ei tn` Abkpbhjm ier b Ibhr Qeah`ty,

werlhmj te put seahbc gustha` obal em tn` bj`mdb.


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VPOCHQN@D OX TN@ A@MT_@ IE_ Z@CIB_@ _@IE_K EM O@NBCI EI TN@ ABKVBHJM IE_ B IBH_ QEAH@TX

0

AEMT@MTQ

QPKKB_X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IE_@ZE_D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

HMT_EDPATHEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Obsha Hmaek` Q`aurhty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

. B Ibhr Qyst`k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?4

. B _bthembc Qyst`k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1?

. Bm @fiah`mt Qyst`k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

. B Qustbhmboc` Qyst`k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

. _`ierk hm Qaetcbmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

AEMACPQHEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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9

QPKKB_X

N`r` br` tn` kbhm brjuk`mts aemtbhm`d hm tnhs pbp`r7

Tn` Abkpbhjm ier b Ibhr Qeah`ty o`ch`v`s `v`ryem` sneucd j`t b Obsha

Hmaek`. Bosecut`cy v`ryem , whtneut xa`pthem. Ht hs b iumdbk`mtbc

nukbm rhjnt.

B Obsha Hmaek` hs `meujn kem`y te chv` em se yeu abm nbv` bm elby

chi`.

@v`ryem` nbs tn` rhjnt te chv` b chi` whtn dhjmhty bmd ir``dek

bosecut`cy `v`ryem`, whtn me `xa`pthems.

Z` kust bcc aekkht te tbl` abr` ei `ban etn`r se tnbt me em` `mds up

i`briuc, hmsàur` er oess`d breumd.

Meoedy sneucd nbv` te put up whtn bm bosurd o`m`flt syst`k tnbt

kbl`s chi` ker` dhfiauct ier dhsboc`d pèpc` bmd pèpc` wne br` peer.

Nbvhmj o`m`flts bmd tbx`s bs twe dhst`r`mt syst`ks hs mems`mshabc. Z`

m``d ae-erdhmbthem bmd hmt`jrbthem.

Hts thk` te sarbp tn` DZV. Ht snbk`s pèpc` umibhrcy bmd hts werl

aeucd o` dem` o`tt`r oy etn`r pbrts ei jev`rmk`mt.

Kest tbx`s br` nhdd`m. Tn`y br` hmdhràt, chl` YBT, er tn`y br` nhdd`m

hmshd` tn` cudhareus o`m`flt syst`k - k`bmhmj pèpc` em o`m`flts

strujjc` te `brm b chttc` `xtrb, new`v`r nbrd tn`y werl.

Hts umibhr tnbt peer pby tn` kest tbx. Tbx`s sneucd o` ibhr - met cebd`d

upem pèpc` em tn` cew`st hmaek`s

B Obsha Hmaek` syst`k abm o` bsterd`d oy tn` Pmht`d Lhmjdek er

Qaetcbmd. Ht weucd o` jeed ier pèpc`, jeed ier tn` àemeky bmd

weucd r`dua` ummà`ssbry our`buarbay bmd hmt`ri`r`ma` hm pèpc`s

chv`s.


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:

Tn`r` br` ieur ohj r`bsems wny w` sneucd nbv` b m`w syst`k7

2. Z` sneucd chv` hm b bhr seah`ty wn`r` `v`ryoedy nbs tn` rhjnt te

r``dek bmd sàurhty.

?. Vèpc` sneucd lmew wn`r` tn`y stbmd bmd tn` syst`k sneucd o` ac`br

bmd `bsy te hkprev`.

1. Vèpc`s tbc`mts sneucdmt o` wbst`d - hts obd er tn` wnec` e seah`ty

te nbv` b syst`k wnhan steps pèpc` kblhmj tn` kest e tn`ks`cv`s.

4. Tn` wercd hs anbmjhmj - m`w tànmecejy, kbanhm`ry, trbd` bmd tn` wby

w` us` tn` pcbm`t k`bms w` m``d b m`w bppreban wn`r` w` tbl` abr`

e `ban etn`r bmd eur `mvhremk`mt.


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>

IE_@ZE_D

oy Ghk @cd`r-Zeedwbrd EO@

Bit`r sek` dhsausshem breumd new obsha hmaek` khjnt o`

hmaerperbt d whtnhm tedbys mècho`rbc Orhthsn w`cibr` syst`k, oetn

butners ei tnhs suokhsshem bsl`d hi H khjnt dhsauss tnbt hssu` whtnhm

b ier`werd.

Irek tn` euts`t, ht kust o` sbhd tnbt tn` butners de teuan em kbmy e tn` pehmts H kbl`.

New`v`r, H nep` oy nhjnchjnthmj tn` eumdbthem te obsha hmaek` pechah`s bmd prbatha`s,

bs w`cc bs ceelhmj bt etn`r whd`r bk`cherbthmj baters er hts d`v`cepk`mt, tn` r`bd`r kby

nbv` b ker` `mchjnt`m`d r`bd e tnhs r`pert.Obsha, er Ahthz`m, Hmaek` abm o` trba`d obal te tn` tnhmlhmj e tn` jr`bt `jbchtbrhbm

pnhcesepn`r, Tekbs Vbhm`, wne wret` T` _hjnts e Kbm, hm 2:82. New`v`r, tnr`` y`brs

cbt`r, hm 2:80, n` bcse puochsn`d b pbkpnc`t abcc`d, Bjrbrhbm Gustha`.

Hm tnhs pbkpnc`t n` brju`d tnbt, "tn` `brtn, hm hts mbturbc umaucthvbt`d stbt ... wbs tn`

aekkem prep`rty e tn` nukbm rba`." T` aema`pt e prhvbt` ewm`rsnhp bres` bs b r`suct

e tn` d`v`cepk`mt e bjrhauctur`. Qhma` suan prhvbt` bjrbrhbm prep`rty wbs erhjhmbccy

tbl`m rek tn` j`m`rbc pepucba`, tn` obsha m``ds e bcc nukbmhty kust o` prevhd`d er

oy tnes` prep`rty ewm`rs. New`v`r, bs tn` hmtrhmsha vbcu` e tn` prep`rty aeucd met o`

dhsthmjuhsn`d rek tn` cboeur tnbt hts ewm`rs put hmte ht, tn`hr 'pbyk`mt' weucd met o`

tbl`m rek tn`k umthc tn` thk` e tn`hr d`btn< tn`ròy bccewhmj tn`k tn` pc`bsur` e tn`

eutaek` e tn`hr tehcs.Vbhm` abcaucbt`d tnbt b 26% hmn`rhtbma` tbx weucd met emcy pby er tn` m``ds e `cd`rcy

(ev`r 06), peer bmd dhsboc`d pèpc`, out weucd bccew `v`ryem` r`banhmj tn` bj` e

tw`mty-em` "b em`-thk` sthp`md e 20 peumds st`rchmj te jhv` tn`k b stbrt hm ch`." \2[

edby, Vbhm`s brjuk`mts bcc hmte twe abkps e pnhcesepnhabc dòbt` breumd wnbt hs

j`m`rhabccy abcc`d bss`t obs`d ahthz`msnhp. N`r` tn` brjuk`mt hs tnbt tn` ahthz`m kust o`

prevhd`d suan r`seura`s met gust te survhv`, out te pbrthahpbt` bathv`cy hm tn` ucc rbmj` e

ahvha, àemekha bmd bkhchbc rec`s b r`spemshoc` ahthz`m kust flcc.

Tn`s` twe abkps aekprhs`7

2. Pmhv`rsbc Obsha Hmaek`, bs cboerbt`d oy Vnhchpp` vbm Vbrhgs, bmd etn`rs7 \?[

N`r` bcc ahthz`ms br` jhv`m b kemtncy kem`tbry o`m`flt sufiah`mtcy nhjn te prevhd` tn`k

whtn b stbmdbrd e chvhmj boev` tn` pev`rty chm`. Ths kemtncy hmaek` hs umhv`rsbc rbtn`r

tnbm k`bms-t`st`d ht hs jhv`m butekbthabccy te bcc ahthz`ms r`jbrdc`ss e tn`hr hmdhvhdubc

àemekha ahraukstbma`s.

Ht hs umaemdhthembc rà`hvhmj tn` obsha hmaek` de`s met d`p`md upem pbrthahpbthmj

whtnhm tn` cboeur kbrl`t, er sbthsyhmj etn`r aemdhthems. Hm tnhs wby obsha hmaek` hs chl`

puochacy-flmbma`d umhv`rsbc n`bctn hmsurbma`. Hm b umhv`rsbc n`bctn abr` syst`k, k`dhabc

abr` hs prevhd`d oetn te ahthz`ms wne `x`rahs` bmd `bt n`bctny dh`ts bmd te tnes` wne de

met. Ht hs met b aemdhthem e j`tthmj k`dhabc abr` tnbt em` o` 'r`spemshoc`' whtn r`spàt teem`s n`bctn.


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8

Pmaemdhthembc, umhv`rsbc obsha hmaek` tbl`s tn` sbk` stbma` boeut obsha m``ds7 bs b

kbtt`r e obsha rhjnts, me em` sneucd chv` hm pev`rty hm bm bfflu`mt seah`ty.

?. Qtbl`necd`r Jrbmts, bs `cboerbt`d oy Orua` Bal`rkbm bmd Bmm` Bcstett< bjbhm bkemj

kbmy etn`rs.\1[

N`r` bcc ahthz`ms, upem r`banhmj `brcy bductneed rà`hv` b suostbmthbc em`-thk` cukp-suk

jrbmt sufiah`mtcy cbrj` se tnbt bcc yeumj bducts weucd o` shjmhflabmt w`bctn necd`rs. Hm

2888, Bal`rkbm bmd Bcstett prepes`d tnbt tnhs jrbmt o` hm tn` vhahmhty e $>6,666 bmd

weucd o` flmbma`d oy bm bmmubc w`bctn tbx e reujncy ?%.

T`y brju`d tnbt hm tn` bos`ma` e suan jrbmts, anhcdr`m e w`bctny pbr`mts br` boc` te

j`t cukp-suk stbl`s er `duabthem, neushmj, oushm`ss stbrt-ups, hmv`stk`mts, bmd se em,

wn`r`bs anhcdr`m e mem-w`bctny pbr`mts br` met. Ths shtubthem umdbk`mtbccy vhecbt`s

vbcu`s e `qubc eppertumhty. B syst`k e stbl`necd`r jrbmts, xpr`ss`s b umdbk`mtbc

r`spemshohchty7 `v`ry Bk`rhabm nbs bm eochjbthem te aemtrhout` te b bhr stbrthmj pehmt er

bcc. \4[

Tnhs suokhsshem aema`mtrbt`s em tn` flrst abkp - b obsha hmaek`.

Hts obsha prhmahpc hs7 @ban ahthz`m sneucd o` `mthtc`d te b obsha hmaek`, wnhan hs sufiah`mt

te bvehd pev`rty, bmd ban sneucd aemtrhout` te tn` aekkumhtys abpbahty te prevhd` er

tnhs hmaek` oy pbyhmj b ac`br bmd bhr c`v`c e tbxbthem em bmy hmaek` ev`r bmd boev` tnhs

khmhkuk.

Tn` qu`sthem H sneucd chl` te rbhs` hs7 Aeucd tnhs obsha prhmahpc` flt hmte bmy w`cibr`

stbt`, er hs tn`r` bm epthkuk stbt` wnhan hs kest i`rthc` ier ht te eurhsn5

Ht hs rhdhauceuscy dhfiauct te abt`jerhs` dhst`r`mt w`cbr` stbt`s, bs tn`y `vecv` bmd dhssecv`

baaerdhmj te tn` aurr`mt pechthabc hdècejh`s< bmd mem` abm o` sbhd te o` tn` t`kpcbt`

e bmy em` abt`jery. New`v`r, @sphmj-Bmd`rs`m nbs d`v`cep`d b typecejy e tn` 'tnr``

wercds e w`cbr` abphtbchsk'7

2. Cho`rbc Z`cibr` Qtbt`s br` kbhmcy anbrbat`rhs`d oy bm `kpnbshs em kbrl`t-obs`d

(prhvbt`) seahbc hmsurbma bmd tn` us` e k`bms-t`sthmj hm tn` dhstrhouthem e

r`seura`s. Pmhv`rsbc trbms`r pbyk`mts bmd o`m`flts br` ked`st. Z`cbr` hs kestcy

dhràt`d tewbrds tn` peer, wne br` sthjkbths`d oàbus` tn` stbt` o`ch`v`s nhjn`r

c`v`cs e o`m`flt bmd stbtus weucd r`dua` tn` hma`mthv` te werl. N`r`, tn` PQB bmd

Bustrbchb nbv` o``m jhv`m bs `x`kpcbrs.

?. Aems`rvbthv` er Aerperbthst Z`cibr` Qtbt`skbhmtbhm `xhsthmj acbss bmd stbtus

dhst`r`mthbcs. Tn` stbt` rbtn`r tnbm tn` kbrl`t kestcy d`chv`rs w`cbr`, out met te

r`dhstrhout` w`bctn, emcy te stbohchs` aurr`mt seahbc bmd pechthabc struatur`s. Tn` stbt`

preket`s d`p`md`may em tn` trbdhthembc bkhcy bmd whcc emcy hmt`rv`m` wn`m tnbt

me cemj`r xhsts. Aeccàthv` anhcd khmdhmj bmd `kbc` mtry te tn` cboeur kbrl`t br`

dhsaeurbj`d. Aerperbthst Z`cbr` Qtbt`s br` usubccy tnes` wn`r` tn` hmu`ma`s e tn`

Abtnecha Anuran er nbmjev`rs rek ker` butnerhtbrhbm r`jhk`s xhst. Tn`s` abm o`

eumd hm @bst`rm bmd Qeutn`rm @urep`.

1. Qeahbc D`kearbtha Z`cibr` Qtbt`sbr` anbrbat`rhs`d oy prhmahpc`s e umhv`rsbchsk,

bmd qubchty. Tn`s` r`jhk`s t`md te maeurbj` qubchty baress acbss`s bmd br` obs`dem nhjn stbmdbrds e chvhmj, rbtn`r tnbm tn` khmhkb. Hm suan r`jhk`s, tn` stbt` tbl`s


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26

ucc r`spemshohchty er tn` abr` bmd seahbchsbthem e tn` bkhcy, rek anhcd-abr` te tn`

abr` e tn` `cd`rcy. Tn` kbhm jebc hs ucc `kpceyk`mt bmd tnes` trbdhthembccy `xacud`d

rek tn` kbrl`t (hmac. `kbc`s bmd dhsboc`d pèpc`) br` suppert`d te `mt`r.

Baaerdhmj te @sphmj-Bmd`rs`m7

Ths ked`c arewds eut tn` kbrl`t, bmd aems`qu`mtcy aemstruats bm `ss`mthbccyumhv`rsbc sechdbrhty hm bveur e tn` w`cbr` stbt`. Bcc o`m`flt< bcc br` d`p`md`mt, p::) met`7

tn` r`puochabm bhk hs met te (`x pest) r`pbhr umgust dhstrhouthem e seahbcpreduat, out te (`x bmt ) hmsthtuthembccy jrbmt bcc hmdhvhdubcs bm hmbch`mboc`peshthem er tn`k te ep`rbt` whtnhm b seah ty whtn `stàthv` abpbahty whtn`stàthv` r``dek te hmd`p`md`mtcy put hmte prbatha` tn`hr ewm ch` pcbms.\:[

Zn`tn`r bmy seah`ty pr`s`mtcy k``ts bcc e tn`s` bctruhstha prhmahpc`s hs b suogàt er

bmetn`r pcba`. New`v`r, b seahbc d`kearbtha syst`k wnhan preket`s seahbc hmacushvhty bmd

ucc d`cho`rbthv` dàhshem-kblhmj weucd preobocy `rthchs` tn` jrewtn e tn` aema`pt e

obsha hmaek`< bmd hmd``d sek` nbv` hkpc`k`mt`d aekpbrboc` bss`t-obs`d pechah`s.\>[

T` seahbc r`puochabm aema`pt e b jeed seah`ty hs v`ry shkhcbr te tnbt wnhan nbs

o``m bdveabt`d oy tn` hmd`p`md`mt chvhmj kev`k`mt, d`v`cep`d oy dhsboc`d pèpc` hm

Qaetcbmd.\8[

Hm pbrthaucbr, tn` hd`b e b dhràt pbyk`mt te pby er suppert abm o` s``m bs bm bss`t

prevhshem, er pbrthbc obsha hmaek`, te `mboc` pbrthahpbthem hm, bmd `mjbj`k`mt whtn,

seah`ty. T` hmd`p`md`mt chvhmj kev`k`mt bcse `maeurbj`s hmacushem, pbrthahpbthem

bmd d`cho`rbthv` dàhshem-kblhmj. Ht nbs bdvbma`d tn` aema`pt e ae-preduathem bmdpuochsn`d b eeclht er ae-preduathem wnhan `xpcbhms hm pcbhm cbmjubj` new dhsboc`d


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22

pèpc` abm pbrthahpbt` hm pechay bmd prbatha` dàhshem-kblhmj.\26[

Bss`t obs`d w`cbr` te preket` `mjbj`d ahthz`msnhp nbs o``m dhsauss`d hm oetn

Bk`rhab bmd @urep`. Ths sneucd met o` aemus`d whtn 'werlbr`' prejrbkk`s d`vhs`d

hm Bk`rhab bmd pr`s`mtcy o`hmj r`pchabt`d whtnhm tn` aurr`mt PL aebchthem Jev`rmk`mts

mècho`rbc w`cbr` rèrks< er `mjbj`k`mt k`bms ker` tnbm gust pbrthahpbthmj hm tn`

cboeur kbrl`t.\22[Zhtnhm Orhtbhm, tn` hd`b e jhvhmj bss`ts te pèpc` te `kpew`r tn`hr ràhpreabc rec` bs

ahthz`ms nbs o``m trhbcc`d oy tn` cbst Cboeur jev`rmk`mt hm tn` d`v`cepk`mt e hts Anhcd

rust Iumd. @ban anhcd wbs te o` jhv`m ?06 bt ohrtn, eccew`d oy bmetn`r ?06 bt bj`

s`v`m. Ths kem`y wbs te o` hmv`st`d hm b rust wnhan weucd bttrbat hmt`r`st bmd jrewtn

hm tn` steal-kbrl`t ev`r thk`. Ibkhch`s w`r` bcse bccew`d te aemtrhout` te tn`hr anhcdr`ms

rust wnhan weucd kbtur` bt bj` `hjnt``m. T` cho`rtbrhbm aema`pt e tn` anhcd o`hmj r``

te de wnbt`v`r sn` whsn`d wbs bssuk`d, bctneujn pechthahbms nep`d tn` baaru`d kem`y

weucd je tewbrds n`r urtn`r `duabthem

Ht hs tru` te sby tnbt whtnhm Orhtbhm, suan bss`t-obs`d w`cbr` nbs o``m dhsauss`d kbhmcy

breumd n`cphmj tn` peer te sbv` kem`y. Out hm Bk`rhab, Qabmdhmbvhb bmd etn`rs pbrtse @urep`, bss`t-obs`d w`cbr` nbs b whd`r r`kht hm mjbjhmj, bjbhm kbhmcy tn` peer,

te o` `mjbj`d hm tn`hr ahthz`msnhp d`v`cepk`mt bmd bveurs tn` uptbl` e `duabthem bmd

`kpceyk`mt eppertumhth`s.\2?[

H w`cbr` bmd seahbc s`rvha`s w`r` te o` bss`t ar`bters er bm `mjbj`d, pbrthahpbthv`

ahthz`msnhp tn`m suan seahbc r`puochabm pechah`s bmd prbatha`s weucd a`rtbhmcy `mboc`

hmd`p`md`mt chvhmj. Bs ht hs, tn` mècho`rbc pechah`s bmd prbatha`s e Orhtbhm tedby c`bd te

k`r` d`p`md`mt survhvbc. Vechah`s bmd prbatha`s te `mboc` b dhsboc`d p`rsem met gust te j`t

wbsn`d bmd dr`ss`d, out te oàek` bathv` hm n`r bkhcy, aucturbc, àemekha bmd ahvha ch`,

weucd o` trucy bm bss`t-obs`d w`cbr` prevhshem.

Ht sneucd o` r`k`ko`r`d tnbt, bctneujn r`bchs`d prejrbkk`s e bss`t obs`d ahthz`msnhp

kbhmcy stbrt`d whtnhm prejrbkk`s er tn` peer, tn` erhjhmbc aema`pt wbs tnbt ht weucdo` b umhv`rsbc prevhshem, out em` wn`r` sek` kby r`quhr` ker` bss`ts tnbm etn`rs, te

banh`v` tn` sbk` tnhmjs.

Ier `xbkpc`, tn` Meo`c Vrhz` Zhmmhmj Vre`sser Bkbrtyb Q`m, whtn nhs VnD stud`mt

Zhòw` Lulcys, eumd tnbt wn`m aemv`rshem nbmdhabp (tnes` bss`ts wnhan br` m``d`d oy

dhsboc`d pèpc` te banh`v` tn` sbk` tnhmjs bs mem-dhsboc`d pèpc`) wbs bdd`d te hmaek`

nbmdhabp (tnbt wnhan hs tn` dhst`r`ma` hm hmaek` o`tw``m dhsboc`d bmd mem-dhsboc`d

pèpc`) tn` dhst`r`ma` hm tn` pev`rty jbp o`tw``m tn` mem-dhsboc`d peer bmd tn` dhsboc`d

peer rhs`s rek flv` te tnhrty p`ra`mtbj` pehmts.

T`rèr`, bs dhsboc`d pèpc` m``d ker` bss`ts (kem`y) te banh`v` tn` sbk` bs mem-

dhsboc`d ht kby o` s`mshoc` te stbrt bss`t obs`d w`cbr` whtn tnhs jreup e pèpc`.\21[

Hm aemacushem, bcc e tnhs kby s``k te r`quhr` quht` b seah`tbc upn`bvbc, bmd tn`rèr`

kby o` aemshd`r`d umr`bchstha. Out h Qaetcbmd w`r` te oàek` (ker`) hmd`p`md`mt, tn`m

hts aurr`mt dhspeshthem tewbrds seahbc d`kearbtha pechah`s bmd prbatha`s khjnt prevhd`

ker` `rthc` jreumd er turmhmj te ker` seahbc r`puochabm pechah`s bmd prbatha`s.

Bs Znht` (?66>, p?2) stbt`s7

T` vhshem hs met e b utephb, e b seah`ty wnhan uccy r`bchs`s tn` vbcu`s echo`rty, `qubchty bmd rbt`rmhty, wnhan nbv` nhsterhabccy hmsphr`d prejr`sshv`

pechthas. Out ht hs bm bkohtheus vhshem m`v`rtn`c`ss. Ht phatur`s bm bathv` stbtwerlhmj te dhsp`rs` prep`rty bmd hmar`bs` tn` baaeumtbohchty e dàhshem-kbl`rstnreujneut seah`ty. Bt tn` sbk` thk`, bs pbrt e tn` prea`ss e dhsp`rshmj pew`rbmd `mnbmahmj baaeumtbohchty, tn` mbtur` e tn` stbt` hts`c hs trbmserk`d oy


14/61


2?

jr`bt`r ahthz`m pbrthahpbthem hm bmd breumd pechay-kblhmj. Z sneucd met wbmtb stbt` tnbt swbccews up seah`ty, out mer sneucd w` ràemahc` eurs`cv`s te tn` mè-aems`rvbthv` vhshem e b kbrl`t seah`ty (hm wnhan tn` kbrl`t swbccews up tn`seah`ty). T` anbcc`mj` hs te put tn` stbt` bmd tn` kbrl`t hm tn`hr pcba` se bs teouhcd wnbt w` kby abcc b ahthz`m seah`ty.\24[

Bs Anbhr e tn` Abkpbhjm er b Ibhr Qeah`ty H aekk`md tnhs r`pert em new b obshahmaek` werls bmd new b (ker`) hmd`p`md`mt Qaetcbmd khjnt `korba` ht.

Met`s, kbrl`d oy muko`rs hm squbr` orbal`ts hm tn` ier`werd7

2. Q``7 nttps7//www.seahbcsàurhty.jev/nhstery/orhìhstery1.ntkc \Baa`ss`d 24/64/24[

?. Ybm Vbrhgs, Vnhchpp` d (288?)Brjuhmj ier Obsha Hmaek`7 @tnhabc Ieumdbthems ier b

_bdhabc _ìerk. Cemdem, Y`rse.

1. Bal`rkbm O bmd Bcstett B (2888) Tn` Qtbl`necd`r Qeah`ty. M`w Nbv`m, Xbc` Pmhv`rshty

Vr`ss.

4. Tnes` hmt`r`st`d hm tn` ked`rm dòbt` breumd tn`s` hssu`s kby chl` te vhsht7 Tn` _`bc

Ptephbs Vregàtbt7 nttp7//www.ssa.whsa.`du/~wrhjnt/_`bcPtephbs.ntk \Baa`ss`d

24/64/24[.

0. @sphmj-Bmd`rs`m J (2886) Tn` tnr`` wercds ei w`cibr` abphtbchsk. Abkorhdj`, Vechty

Vr`ss.

9. Znht` Q (?66>) Tn` k`rjhmj pechthas ei r`puochabm d`kearbayhm Znht` Q bmd

C`hjntem D (`ds) (?66>) Ouhcdhmj b ahthz`m seah`ty. Cemdem, Cbwr`ma` bmd Zhsnbrt.:. Ohrmobuk Q bmd Absbssbs D (?66>) Qeahbc r`puochabmhsk bmd obsha hmaek`hm Znht` Q

bmd C`hjntem D (`ds) (?66>) Ouhcdhmj b ahthz`m seah`ty. Cemdem, Cbwr`ma` bmd Zhsnbrt.

>. @cd`r-Zeedwbrd G (?668 )Znbt`v`r nbpp`m`d te tn` nukbm bctruhsk j`m` B s`rvha`

us`r's vh`w ei tn` Z`cibr` _ìerk Ohcc. DHQBOHCHTX BMD QEAH@TX, Yec ?4, Hssu` 9.

8. @cd`r-Zeedwbrd G (?621) Hmd`p`md`mt chvhmj7 tn` iremth`r te aekkumhtbrhbm w`cibr .

DHQBOHCHTX BMD QEAH@TX, Yec ?>, Hssu` ?.

26. Q``7 nttp7//www.hchs.ae.ul/j`t-bathv`/puochabthems/ae-preduathem-teeclht \Baa`ss`d

24/64/?624[.

22. Qn`rrbd`m K (2882)Bss`ts bmd tn` peer< b m`w Bk`rhabm w`cibr` pechay. M`w Xerl,

K @ Qnbrp` Hma< C` Jrbmd G (?621) Quoshdhbrhty bmd hmdhvhdubc r`spemshohchty7 qubsh-

kbrl`ts bmd bss`t-obs`d w`cibr`hm Orujmech B bmd Aecekoe B (`ds) Jev`rmk`mt,

jev`rmbma` bmd w`cibr` rìerk7 struaturbc anbmj`s bmd suoshdhbrhty hm Htbcy bmd

Orhtbhm. An`ct`mnbk, @dwbrd @cjbr.

2?.@k`rsem A bmd Zbl`fl`cd K (?662) Tn` Qbvhmj Jbt`wby bmd Anhcd Trust Iumd7 hs bss`t-

obs`d w`cibr`, w`cc ibhr'. Cemdem, Tn` Hmsthtut` e Ihsabc Qtudh`s.

21.Lulcys Z (?660)Bkbrtyb Q`ms abpbohchty bppreban< tnèr`thabc hmshjnts bmd

`kphrhabc bppchabthems. O`rchm, Qprhmj`r.

24.Znht` Q (?66>) Tn` k`rjhmj pechthas ei r`puochabm d`kearbayhm Znht` Q bmd

C`hjntem D (`ds) (?66>) Ouhcdhmj b ahthz`m seah`ty7 tn` k`rjhmj pechthas ei r`puochabm

d`kearbay. Cemdem, Cbwr`ma` bmd Zhsnbrt.


15/61


16/61


17/61

VPOCHQN@D OX TN@ A@MT_@ IE_ Z@CIB_@ _@IE_K

20

HMT_EDPATHEM

T` kest dhfiauct strujjc` e eur ahvhchsbthem nbs o``m te flmd tn` k`bms te ar`bt`butemeky er erdhmbry chv`s, se tnbt tn`y khjnt met o` pcumd`r`d er dhspes`de oy ker` pew`ruc pèpc`. Hd`bs chl` ahvhc rhjnts bmd p`rsembc cho`rty abk`dhràtcy rek tnhs strujjc`, wnhan hs met t`rrhocy w`cc bdvbma`d bt o`st, bmd wnhanhs umtrh`d, bhc`d, er bobmdem`d hm kest e tn` wercd.

Kbrhcymm _eohmsem

Tnhs pbp`r o`jbm chi` bs b r`spems` te tn` Qaetthsn Jev`rmk`mtsabcc ier suokhsshems te hts @xp`rt Zerlhmj Jreup em Z`cibr` wnhan

wbs `stbochsn`d te r`vh`w tn` Qaetthsn Jev`rmk`mts werl em

tn` aest ei tn` aurr`mt o`m`flts syst`k tn`hr pcbms ier d`chv`ry ei

o`m`flt pbyk`mts hm bm hmd`p`md`mt Qaetcbmd, bmd prevhd` vh`ws

em trbmshthembc hssu`s tnbt weucd o` r`c`vbmt te tn` aemthmu`d

d`chv`ry ei o`m`flt pbyk`mts hm tn` `v`mt ei hmd`p`md`ma`.

Hm tn` prea`ss e umd`rtblhmj tnhs werl w` oàbk` bwbr` e b orebd`r aekkumhty e

jreups bmd hmdhvhdubcs aekkhtt`d te d`v`cephmj bmd brthaucbthmj shkhcbr s`ts e hd`bs.T`s` hmacud` tn` Ahthz`ms Hmaek` rust, Obsha Hmaek` PL, tn` Obsha Hmaek` @brtn

M`twerl (OH@M), Aekpbss bmd tn` Ghkky _`hd Ieumdbthem. Z` nbv` o`jum te kbl`

aemtbat bmd snbr` hd`bs whtn pèpc` hm tn`s` jreups wne, hm tn` merkbc aeurs` e eur

pre`sshembc chv`s hm tn` wercd e seahbc abr` bmd dhsbohchty rhjnts, w` khjnt etn`rwhs`

nbv` nbd chttc` aemtbat.

Z` br` dhsbppehmt`d tnbt, d`spht` rà`hvhmj b muko`r e suokhsshems supperthv` e tn`

aema`pt e b 'Ahthz`ms Hmaek`', tn` Zerlhmj Jreups rà`mtcy puochsn`d sàemd r`pert dhd

met `korba` tn` kbhm tnrust e tn`s` hd`bs< wnhc` bt tn` sbk` thk` n`brt`m`d tnbt em` e

tn` k`ko`rs e tn` Zerlhmj Jreup, tn` cbt` Bhcsb KaLby, hs tn` ae-butner e b rà`mtcy

puochsn`d r`pert tnbt, bkemjst etn`r tnhmjs, preket`s b Ahthz`ms Hmaek` bs b erk e

hkprev`d seahbc sàurhty.

Ht hs hm tnhs aemt`xt, tn`m, tnbt w` br` puochsnhmj em o`nbc e tn` Abkpbhjm er b Ibhr

Qeah`ty bmd T` A`mtr` er Z`cbr` _èrk, b r`vhs`d v`rshem e eur werl, hmerk`d

oy rà`mt v`mts bmd b whd`r p`rspàthv`. Z` br` jrbtùc te Ghk @cd`r-Zeedwbrd er

nhs tneujntuc bmd whd`-rbmjhmj er`werd< bmd te Bmmh` Khcc`r e tn` Ahthz`ms Hmaek`

rust er n`r r`bdhmj e pbrt e bm `brch`r drbi. Eur tnbmls bcse te Kbcaeck erry, Juy

Qtbmdhmj bmd Kbcaeck N`mry er tn`hr hmt`r`st hm eur werl.

Ths r`pert est`rs b ac`br bmd baa`sshoc` brjuk`mt er b trbmserkbthembc rèrk e

tn` aurr`mt o`m`flt syst`k hm tn` PL. e stbt` tn` kbtt`r stbrlcy, w` o`ch`v` ht hs thk` te

sarbp tn` D`pbrtk`mt e Zerl bmd V`mshems bmd te r`pcba` ht whtn b sàur` hmaek` er bcc

ahthz`ms, erjbmhs`d tnreujn tn` `xhsthmj tbx syst`k, bmd jhvhmj pèpc` b dà`mt hmaek` techv` em.


18/61

C@T'Q QA_BV TN@ DZV | HMT_EDPATHEM


29

Obsha Hmaek` nbs o``m d`flm`d bs ieccews7

B Obsha Hmaek` hs bm umaemdhthembc, butekbtha bmd mem-whtndrbwboc` pbyk`mtte `ban hmdhvhdubc bs b rhjnt e ahthz`msnhp.

Ahthz`ms Hmaek`7 b orhì hmtreduathem Ahthz`ms Hmaek` Trust, ?621

Out w` br` jehmj urtn`r. Oàbus` w` tnhml tnbt Obsha Hmaek` c`v`cs m``d te o` s`t boev`

k`r` suoshst`ma` (tnus r`kevhmj `v`ryem` rek pev`rty) bmd kbd` pbrt e b erkbc

syst`k te kbl` sur` ht hs pretàt`d, w` br` prepeshmj b whd`r syst`k wnhan w` br` abcchmj

Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty.

Hm sukkbry Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty k`bms7

@ban e us hs `mthtc`d te b sàur` hmaek` tnbt `chkhmbt`s pev`rty< bmd `ban e us kust

aemtrhout` oy pbyhmj b ac`br bmd bhr c`v`c e tbxbthem em bmy jress hmaek` etn`r tnbm tnhsobsha hmaek`.

Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty r`quhr`s b muko`r ei dhst`r`mt `c`k`mts, `ban hkpcyhmj anbmj`s

hm tn` wby w` erjbmhs` tnhmjs bt pr`s`mt7

2. Ae-erdhmbt`d bmd hmt`jrbt`d tbx bmd o`m`flts

?. Hmdhvhdubchs`d, j`md`r-`qubc bppreban te tbx bmd o`m`flts, supperthmj bkhch`s hm bcc

tn`hr erks, msurhmj tn` hmacushem e pèpc` hm r`thr`k`mt, pèpc` whtn dhsbohchth`s

bmd anhcdr`m

1. Qhkpchfl`d tbx bmd o`m`flt abcaucbthems

4. Qeahbc Qàurhty tnreujn b umhv`rsbc, mem-k`bms-t`st`d, mthtc`k`mt

0. Ibhr rbt`s e tbxbthem, r`kevhmj xtr`k` rbt`s e tbxbthem rek tn` peer`st9. Nukbm rhjnts, `ko`dd`d hm b m`w aemsthtuthem er Qaetcbmd er tn` PL

Ths kby s``k utephbm - out ht hs met. T` abs` er Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty nbs bcwbys o``m

stremj, out tn` urj`may e tn` m``d er umdbk`mtbc anbmj` nbs o``m arystbcchs`d oy tn`

PL Jev`rmk`mts syst`kbtha bttbal em peer bmd dhsboc`d pèpc` ev`r tn` pbst eur y`brs.

D``pcy reet`d hm tn` werst typ` e gudjk`mtbc bmd butnerhtbrhbm peer cbw tnhmlhmj, tn`

Jev`rmk`mt nbs7

_`surràt`d tn` est`mshv` dhsthmathem o`tw``m tn` 'd`s`rvhmj' bmd 'umd`s`rvhmj' peer

Qabp`jebt`d um`kpcey`d peer bmd dhsboc`d pèpc`, tnreujn tn` prekethem e tn`

o`ch` tnbt, em baaeumt e sek` erk e kerbc bhcur` er dà`ht, tn`y br` te ocbk` er

tn`hr ewm pev`rty bmd cbal e werl

Tbrj`t`d um`kpcey`d peer bmd dhsboc`d pèpc` er o`m`flts auts

Gusthfl`d tn` boushv` r`jucbthem bmd sbmathemhmj e um`kpcey`d peer bmd dhsboc`d

pèpc` er tn`hr ewm jeed bmd peur maeurbj`r c`s butr`shmte peercy pbhd geos

Btt`kpt`d te gusthy r`duathems hm o`m`flts bmd puocha sp`mdhmj bs b k`bms e

bddr`sshmj pev`rty

Qustbhm`d tn` prekethem e b cew wbj` aemeky, te k``t tn` m``ds bmd hmt`r`sts e

flmbmah`rs bmd hmdustrhbchsts rbtn`r tnbm tn` m``ds e tn` j`m`rbc pepucbthem

Dhsaemmàt d werl rek pby oy jrbmthmj kpcey`rs r`` baa`ss te tn` cboeur e pèpc`

wne br` met `kpcey`d, hm r`turm er tn` pbyk`mt e k`bjr` o`m`flts aeumt`d bsw`cbr` sp`mdhmj< whtn me balmewc`dj`k`mt e bmy w`bctn predua`d


19/61



2:

Qustbhm`d bm bttbal em tn` v`ry methem tnbt cew pbhd pèpc` bmd pèpc` whtneut werl

sneucd nbv` k`bmhmjuc p`rsembc er pechthabc rhjnts

Tbl`m r`trebathv` Vbrchbk`mtbry bathem te anbmj` c`jbc gudjk`mts rek tn` aeurts

tnbt demt flt whtn hts bj`mdb

Ev`rs``m tn` d`pertbthem e hmdhvhdubcs bmd bkhch`s rek tn`hr nek` br`bs wn`m

tn`y abm me cemj`r bsterd tn` ceabc aest e r`mt`d baaekkedbthem b aest hmbt`d oy

r`bathembry bmd aeumt`r-preduathv Jev`rmk`mt pechah`s suan bs tn` 'o`dreek tbx'

Bs h bcc tnhs w`r` met `meujn tn` PL werl bmd p`mshems sàr`tbry hs mew r`pert`d

bs hmshsthmj tnbt nhs hmaekp`t`mtcy hkpc`k`mt`d bmd hkpesshocy pbt`rmbchstha

'w`cbr` rèrks' kust aemthmu` hm erd`r te sustbhm tn` aeumtrys 'geos khrbac`'< wnhc`

shkuctbmèuscy tn` prhk` khmhst`r prekhs`s, whtn me nhmt e hremy, tnbt rek mew em bcc

pechah`s whcc flrst nbv` te pbss b 'bkhch`s t`st'.

Hm pcba` ei tn` kbdm`ss ei 'rìerks' tnbt kbl` tnhmjs wers`, Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty

stbmds eut bs ac`br bmd peshthv` bct`rmbthv`, est`rhmj7

2. Bm hmt`jrbt`d tbx-o`m`flt syst`k - mdhmj tn` snbk` bmd sthjkb bsseahbt`d whtn eut-

e-werl o`m`flts

?. B umhv`rsbc bmd sustbhmboc` syst`k tnbt n`cps bcc ahthz`ms hd`mthy tn`hr aekkem stbl`

hm b syst`k e hmaek` sàurhty

1. B syst`k tnbt r`dua`s hmaek` hm`qubchty wnhc` est`rhmj jeed hma`mthv`s er brmhmj,

sbvhmj bmd ouhcdhmj seahbc abphtbc

Met emcy hs tnhs b peshthv` bmd pesshoc` rìerk, ht hs bcse b rìerk abpboc` ei ar`bthmj b

aekkem abus` bkemjst b rbmj` ei hmt`rsàthmj seahbc jreups7

Dhsboc`d pèpc` - wne nbv` sust`r`d hmdhjmhty bt tn` nbmds e Btes bmd tn` Zerl

Abpbohchty Bss`ssk`mt syst`k hm erd`r te j`t tn` kest ked`st o`m`flts

Zek`m bmd ibkhcy-abr`rs- wnes` d`dhabt`d werl je`s umràejmhs`d bmd umpbhd

whtnhm tn` aemekha syst`k

Pm`kpcey`d pèpc`- wne br` era`d te tbl` up hmar`bshmjcy k`bmhmjc`ss bmd

d`jrbdhmj 'werl', whtn me r``r`ma te tn`hr jhts, slhccs er m``ds

Trbd` umhemhsts bmd tnes` wne bdveabt` b chvhmj wbj`- wnes` obrjbhmhmj pew`r

weucd hmar`bs` whtn hmar`bs`d hmaek` sàurhty

Anuran`s bmd aekkumhty jreups- wne br` s``hmj tn` or`bldewm e ceabc

aekkumhth`s bmd b dàchm` hm r`shch`ma`, nep` bmd ar`bthvhty

T`s` jreups m``d bmd d`kbmd b syst`k tnbt ràejmhs`s tn` hmmbt` wertn e bcc ahthz`ms,

bmd tn` kbmy dhst`r`mt erks e c`jhthkbt` werl met gust pbhd `kpceyk`mt. Ier tee cemj

w` nbv` bccew`d b `w pechthahbms te t`cc us wnbts hkpertbmt bmd wne r`bccy kbtt`rs.

Z` br` bcc hkpertbmt, w` bcc kbtt`r.

Hm Q`pt`ko`r ?624 tn` pèpc` e Qaetcbmd whcc dàhd` wn`tn`r tn`y whsn te oàek` bm

hmd`p`md`mt aeumtry. Hm Kby ?620 tn`r` whcc o` b J`m`rbc @càthem hm tn` PL. Hm oetn

hmstbma`s w` nbv` tn` anbma` te brju` er j`muhm` rèrks te b w`cbr` syst`k wnhan umthc

mew nbs o``m dekhmbt`d oy Znht`nbcc bmd Z`stkhmst`r. Ths r`pert whcc o` pbrthaucbrcybddr`ss`d te b Qaetthsn budh`ma`, out hs r`c`vbmt te tn` etn`r aeumtrh`s hm tn` PL. Ht hs


20/61



2>

ac`br tnbt - wn`tn`r er met Qaetcbmd vet`s er hmd`p`md`ma` - kbmy Qaets br` thr`d e

o`hmj era`d te chv` whtnhm b w`cbr` syst`k tnbt de`s met r`sp`at tn` prhmahpc`s e bhrm`ss

tnbt tn`y tbl` er jrbmt`d - wnbt`v`r tn`hr pechthabc bfichbthem er vh`w e hmd`p`md`ma`.

Qaets abm c`bd tn` wby hm kblhmj tn` abs` er Obsha Hmaek` Q`aurhtybs b umdbk`mtbc

rhjnt er bcc ahthz`ms.


21/61

C@T'Q QA_BV TN@ DZV |. OBQHA HMAEK@ Q@AP_HTX


28

. Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty

Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty hs bm hkpertbmt hd`b tnbt whcc rbdhabccyanbmj` tn` mbtur` ei hmaek` sàurhty bmd tn` rhjnts ei ahthz`ms.

Ht hs tn` l`y te ked`rmhshmj tn` àemeky bmd tn` struatur` ei

tn` w`cibr` stbt` hm erd`r te `mnbma` ahthz`msnhp, ibkhcy bmd

aekkumhty - tn` ouhcdhmj oceals ei b ibhr seah`ty. Bctneujn rbdhabc,

ht hs bcse `mthr`cy i`bshoc bmd banh`vboc` oy b s`rh`s ei pet`mthbccy

jrbdubc st`ps.

. HMT@J_BTHEM EI TB^ BMD O@M@IHTQAurr`mtcy tn` kbger PL tbx syst`ks br` erjbmhs`d bmd bdkhmhst`r`d oy tn` Hmcbmd

_`v`mu`, tnreujn N`r Kbg`stys _`v`mu` bmd Austeks (NK_A). T` kbhm PL syst`k

er jhvhmj pèpc` o`m`flts (hmacudhmj p`mshems) hs tn` D`pbrtk`mt e Zerl bmd V`mshems

(DZV). T`r` br` bcse vbrheus etn`r tbx`s bmd o`m`flts sabtt`r`d tnreujn tn` werlhmjs e

etn`r Jev`rmk`mt d`pbrtk`mts bmd ceabc Jev`rmk`mt.

Tn` ae-erdhmbthem bmd hmt`jrbthem ei tn` tbx bmd o`m`flt syst`ks nbs s`v`rbc

bdvbmtbj`s7

Tn` sthjkb e tn` o`m`flt syst`k whcc o` r`kev`d7 bcc ahthz`ms eotbhm tn`hr`mthtc`k`mts tnreujn em` syst`k< ht hs ac`br tnbt tn` w`bctny bcse j`t o`m`flts rek

em` umhv`rsbc syst`k

Tn` hmaen`r`ma` e tn` tbx bmd o`m`flt syst`ks abm o` mjhm``r`d-eut te ar`bt` o`tt`r

hma`mthv`s er cew brm`rs

Tn` bdkhmhstrbthem e tn` tbx-o`m`flt syst`k whcc o` kbd` ker` fiah`mt

Ht de`s met m``d te o` bssuk`d tnbt bcc tbx`s abm, er sneucd o`, shkpchfl`d, er tnbt bcc

tbx`s sneucd o` obs`d upem hmaek`. T`r` br` etn`r us`s er tbxbthem o`shd`s prevhdhmj

hmaek` sàurhty, bmd etn`r rec`s er tbx`s o`yemd shkpcy prevhdhmj puocha umds. Qek`

bdveabt`s e b Obsha Hmaek` nbv` `v`m brju`d tnbt hmaek` tbx hs tn` wremj lhmd e tbx

er tn` utur` (N`mry, ?621). New`v`r tbx`s em hmaek` br` b v`ry cbrj` pbrt e tn` aurr`mt

PL syst`k bmd tn` hkpbat e etn`r tbx`s (`.j. YB) hs bcse shjmhflabmtcy r`cbt`d te hmaek`

(bctneujn tn`s` tbx`s t`md te tbrj`t tn` peer, bs bjbhmst tn` rhan).

Ht hs eur aekohm`d syst`k e tbx bmd o`m`flts tnbt bct`rs pèpc`s flmbc hmaek`s bmd tnhs

syst`k sneucd o` aeerdhmbt`d bmd kbd` baaeumtboc` er hts `stàthv`m`ss hm r`kevhmj

pev`rty bmd r`duahmj hm`qubchty.


22/61



?6

. QPVVE_THY@ EI IBKHCX CHI@

Aurr`mtcy tn` tbx syst`k pbys me btt`mthem te wn`tn`r er met yeu br` hm b bkhcy, wn`r`bs

tn` o`m`flt syst`k t`mds te stbrt whtn tn` bssukpthem tnbt bkhch`s br` tn`r` te prevhd`

r`` suppert. T` m`t `stàt e oetn syst`ks hs tnus te put bkhch`s bt b dhsbdvbmtbj`.

Vèpc` wne r`cy em o`m`flts flmd tn`ks`cv`s ceshmj hmaek` wn`m tn`y erk bkhch`s.Tes` wne br` o`tt`r-est br` jhv`m me `maeurbj`k`mt te sp`md thk` whtn tn`hr bkhch`s -

hmst`bd tn` pr`sukpthem hs tnbt ht hs o`st h `v`ryem` hs werlhmj bs cemj bs pesshoc`. Ths

hmaen`r`mt bppreban dbkbj`s tn` wnec` borha e seah`ty. Z` kust r`spàt bmd suppert

bkhcy ch` bmd, hm pbrthaucbr, tn` m``ds e wek`m.

B ae-erdhmbt`d syst`k r`quhr`s b umhfl`d tbxemeky d`sarhohmj wne j`ts o`m`flts bmd

wne pbys tbx`s hm b umhfl`d wby. Ths whcc r`quhr` b kbger anbmj` te tn` aurr`mt syst`k

(whtn hts hm ouhct pbtrhbranbc bssukpthems), er tn` flrst thk` d`flmhmj `mthtc`k`mts er

hmdhvhdubc ahthz`ms bmd anhcdr`m, em b obshs e j`md`r `qubchty, tblhmj me baaeumt e bkhcy

ahraukstbma`s. Ths whcc `maeurbj` pèpc` te ouhcd stremj`r bkhch`s, bs r`seura`s snbr`d

whtnhm bkhch`s br` chl`cy te je urtn`r tnbm r`seura`s sp`mt oy cem` hmdhvhdubcs.

Quan bm bppreban nbs s`v`rbc bdvbmtbj`s7

_àejmhs`s ker` stàthv cy tn` vbcu` e tn` bkhcy hm prevhdhmj abr` bmd suppert te

ahthz`ms hm anhcdneed, ecd bj` bmd hm aemdhthems e hcc n`bctn er dhsbohchty

Vrevhd`s eppertumhth`s te snht ker` r`seura`s hmte tn` dhràt aemtrec e wek`m

Qhkuctbmèuscy pretàts tn` rhjnts bmd hmt`r`sts e tn` p`rsem chvhmj bcem`, hm b

neus`necd e em`.

. QHKVCHIH@D TB^ BMD O@M@IHT ABCAPCBTHEMQ

T` tbx bmd o`m`flt syst`k nbs `vecv`d hmte b nhjncy aekpc`x syst`k, whtn ev`r 266

dhsar`t` o`m`flts er o`m`flt rbt`s bmd bt c`bst ?: dhst`r`mt erks e tbxbthem (Orewm` bmd

Need, ?62?< Orewm` bmd _ebmtr``, ?62?). Bt tn` n`brt e b rèrk`d syst`k kust o` b

shkpc`r, c`ss dupchabthv`, k`bms e abcaucbthmj new kuan sekèm` m``ds bmd new kuan

sekèm` ew`s. T`r` hs me r`bsem wny tnhs abcaucbthem sneucd o` umd`rtbl`m r`p`bt`dcy

bs bt pr`s`mt.

B syst`k bdepthmj b shkpchfl`d abcaucbthem prhmahpc` weucd o`7

Kuan shkpc`r te bdkhmhst`r

Kuan ker` eaus`d hm hts kemhterhmj e bhr c`v`cs e `mthtc`k`mt bmd aemtrhouthem

Boc` te rbdhabt` pev`rty trbps tnbt eaaur rek chml`d o`m`flts

Kuan ker` r`chboc` bmd c`ss suogàt te aekpcbhmt

Bctneujn ht hs tru` tnbt bkhcy ahraukstbma`s anbmj` ev`r thk`, tnhs hs b preoc`k tnbt

bcr`bdy `xhsts hm tn` pr`s`mt syst`k, bmd hs kbd` wers` oy tnbt syst`ks r`p`ththv`

aekpc`xhty. Em` e tn` kbger preoc`ks e tn` aurr`mt syst`k hs tnbt tn` peer`st hm seah`ty

br` `xpàt`d te bc`rt tn` DZV e khmer anbmj`s hm bkhcy ahraukstbma`s, wnhc` kbmy

etn`r pbrts e tn` aurr`mt syst`k, `.j. tbx ar`dhts, br` nhjncy vucm`rboc` te anbmj`s tnbt

br` phal`d up tee cbt` bmd abus` d`cby, `kobrrbssk`mt er dòt. Ht weucd o` kuan o`tt`r temerkbchs` r`perthmj e neus`necd stbtus whtnhm b shkpchfl`d syst`k.


23/61



?2

Em` e tn` strhlhmj hmgustha`s e tn` aurr`mt syst`k hs tnbt sek` e tn` peer`st pèpc` pby

tee kuan hmaek` tbx bs tn`y tbl` geos ushmj VBX@, pby tbx bmd tn`m flmd tn`y, umchl` tn`

o`tt`r-est, abmmet r`bdhcy ràcbhk bmy ev`rpbhd tbx (s`` Ihjur` 2 o`cew). Hmgustha`s e tnhs

lhmd kust o` `chkhmbt`d (Dusty, ?621b).

. OBQHA HMAEK@ Q@AP_HTX IE_ BCC

Hm tn` aurr`mt s`t e PL brrbmj`k`mts tn`r` hs b d` bate aekkhtk`mt te `msurhmj tnbt me

em` hs cì whtneut hmaek`. Ths aekkhtk`mt hs rbk`d, new`v`r, hm suan b wby tnbt tnes`

wne br` s``m bs o`m`flt d`p`md`mt br` sthjkbths`d bmd tn`hr rhjnt te hmaek` sàurhty hs

d``k`d qu`sthemboc`< wnhc` etn`rs, suan bs shmjc` nek`c`ss pèpc`, kby bcc tnreujn tn`

sb`ty m`t `mthr`cy.

Hm bddhthem, pev`rty hs d`flm`d hm b wby tnbt hs r`cbthv` bmd hm`rbdhaboc`. Z` br` ceal`d

hmte b syst`k tnbt c`bv`s br tee kbmy pèpc` br tee peer, bmd tn` kbhm secuthems

anbkphem`d oy pechthabc pbrth`s m`v`r aek` aces` te bddr`sshmj tnhs a`mtrbc hssu`.

Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty k`bms d`flmhmj b c`v`c e hmaek` tnbt me hmdhvhdubc (er bkhcy)sneucd o` whtneut< tn`m `msurhmj tnbt me hmdhvhdubc (er bkhcy), hrr`spàthv` e hmaek`

er etn`r `chjhohchty arht`rhb, hs bccew`d te je o`cew tnbt c`v`c. Ths Obsha Hmaek` C`v`c abm

tn`m oàek` tn` obshs er abcaucbthmj b umdbk`mtbc c`v`c e o`m`flt hmaek` wnhan hs

d`flm`d bs b umhv`rsbc `mthtc`k`mt, bmd prevhd`d oy tn` aekkumhty te bcc tbx pby`rs.

Tnhs bppreban shts w`cc whtn tn` aurr`mt Qaetthsn Jev`rmk`mts aekkhtk`mt te

umhv`rsbchsk, bmd ht nbs s`v`rbc bdvbmtbj`s7

Tn` pechthabc aekkhtk`mt te `rbdhabt` pev`rty oàek`s `bshoc`

Tn` bppreban hs umhv`rsbc, met tbrj`t`d, se bcc bkhch`s s`` tn`ks`cv s bs o`m`flthmj

Tn` hmaek`-pev`rty trbp hs chkhmbt`d B stremj`r s`ms` e sàurhty, maeurbjhmj hmar`bs`d rhsl-tblhmj bt bcc c`v`cs

Hm tn` aurr`mt PL syst`k tn` c`bst j`m`reus rbt` e Hmaek` Quppert hs ?,:>6 p`r y`br

(DZV, ?622o). H tnhs wbs `xt`md`d bs b o`m`flt te bcc 91 khcchem pèpc` hm tn` PL tn`

tetbc aest weucd o` 298 ohcchem. Ths hs c`ss tnbm tn` aurr`mt aest e bcc p`mshems bmd

o`m`flts hm tn` PL (2>0 ohcchem). Hm bm hmd`p`md`mt er ker` flsabccy butemekeus

Qaetcbmd, b umhv`rsbc o`m`flt e tnhs typ` weucd o` e shjmhflabmt bsshstbma` te kbmy tbx

pby`rs, bccewhmj rbt`s e tbx te o` hmar`bs`d bmd hmar`bshmj tn` aurr`mt `xtr`k`cy cew

khmhkuk hmaek` te b kuan nhjn`r c`v`c (Dusty, ?622).

Ths shkpc` `xbkpc` d`kemstrbt s tnbt b umhv`rsbc obsha hmaek` sàurhty hs met b php`

dr`bk, out whtnhm tn` jrbsp e bm hmd`p`md`mt er ker` flsabccy butemekeus Qaetcbmd.


24/61



??

. O@TT@_ HMA@MTHY@Q IE_ TN@ VEE_@QT

Kbmy suotc` erks e tbx br` nhdd`m whtnhm tn` aurr`mt syst`k (`.j. o`m`flt r`duathems

rbt`s bmd k`bms-t`sthmj). Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty k`bms hmar`bs`d trbmspbr`may bmd bhr`r

rbt`s e tbx. rbmspbr may hs hmar`bs`d oy `rbdhabthmj k`bms-t`sthmj rek tn` abcaucbthem

e tn` obsha `mthtc`k`mt. @v`ryem` aemtrhout`s te tn` syst`k oy pbyhmj b bhr bmdtrbmspbr`mt rbt e tbx, em tep e tn`hr obsha hmaek`.

Tnhs nbs s`v`rbc bdvbmtbj`s7

@v`ryem` umd`rstbmds tn`hr aemtrhouthem te prevhdhmj b jubrbmt``d hmaek` er tn`

wnec` aekkumhty

@xtr`k` kbrjhmbc tbx s pbhd oy tn` peer`st (bmd tn` suos`qu`mt pev`rty trbps) br`

`rbdhabt`d

Tn` w`bctnh`st weucd bcse s`` tn`ks`cv`s bs pbrt e b d`kemstrbocy bhr`r syst`k bmd

snew ker` aekkhtk`mt te kutubc aemtrhouthem

T` aurr`mt syst`k hs met bt er prejr`sshv`, out nhjncy aekpc`x bmd r`jr`sshv`. Bs tnhmjs

stbmd ht hs tn` peer`st wne pby tn` nhjn`st rbt`s e kbrjhmbc tbx, bctneujn kuan e tnhs

hs nhdd`m hm hmdhràt tbx`s bmd o`m`flt r`duathem rbt`s (tn` rbt` bt wnhan o`m`flts kust o`

pbhd obal bs `brmhmjs hmar`bs`). Bs w` whcc je em te d`sarho`, ht hs nbrd te hkbjhm` b ker`

umbhr bmd anbetha tbx-o`m`flt syst`k tnbm tn` em` w` nbv` hm tn` PL.

. @KO@DD@D HM TN@ AEMQTHTPTHEM

T` rhjnts te b obsha hmaek` bmd bhr tbx`s br` umdbk`mtbc bmd m``d te o` pretàt`d

rek snert-t`rk pbrthsbm pechthabc hmt`r`r`ma`.

Z` m``d aemsthtuthembc pretàthems te `msur`7

Ht oàek`s ker` dhfiauct er pechthabc pbrth`s te try te bdvbmtbj` em` jreup er te

dhsbdvbmtbj` bmetn`r, hm erd`r te banh`v` `càterbc bdvbmtbj`

Hmdhvhdubcs abm acbhk pretàthem rek tn` aeurts h tr`bt`d umbhrcy oy tn` syst`k

Iumdbk`mtbc anbmj`s r`quhr ker` tnbm b khmer snht hm puocha ephmhem

Ht hs hmt`r`sthmj te met` tnbt wnhc` PL d`pbrtk`mts e stbt` br` hmar`dhocy pew`ruc (hm

?621-24 tn`y sp`mt 41.>% e JDV) tn`r` br` me shjmhflabmt aemsthtuthembc jubrbmt``s er

ahthz`ms boeut new tn`hr seahbc rhjnts bmd duth`s br` d`flm`d er r`spàt`d (NK r`bsury,

?624). Hmst`bd, w`cbr` syst`ks nbv` oàek` suogàt te b prea`ss e pechthabc pbmd`rhmj te

l`y sàthems e tn` `càterbt`.

Aemsthtuthembc jubrbmt``s br` bm hkpertbmt erk e s`c-dhsahpchm` er tn` w`cbr`

stbt`, bmd tn` Qaetthsn Jev`rmk`mts aekkhtk`mt te "b ked`rm wrhtt`m aemsthtuthem

tnbt `koedh`s tn` vbcu`s e tn` mbthem, sàur`s tn` rhjnts e ahthz`ms, prevhd`s b ac`br

dhsthmathem o`tw``m tn` stbt` bmd tn` Jev`rmk`mt e tn` dby (Qaetcbmds Iutur`, ?621,

p. 2) s`ts tn` aemt`xt hm wnhan tn`s` khjnt o` banh`v`d.

Qek` e tn` r`bsems wny Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty hs bttrbathv` nbv` o``m hmdhabt`d boev`,

out sek` d`kbmd ker` `xpcbmbthem. Ths hs o`st dem` oy `xpcerhmj tn` ker` nechstha abs`

er w`cbr` rèrk.


25/61



?1

Ieur kbhm brjuk`mts br` pr`s`mt`d ier kblhmj tnhs iumdbk`mtbc anbmj` te eur syst`k

br`7

2. Ibhrm`ss- tn` prhmahpbc umbhrm`ss e tn` aurr`mt syst`k hs tnbt ht `mk`sn`s khcchems

e pèpc` hm b d`p`md`may r`cbthemsnhp whtn tn` stbt` hm wnhan pèpc` flmd tnbt tn`hr

hmaek` sàurhty d`p`mds upem met `brmhmj, met sbvhmj, met ouhcdhmj tn`hr bkhcy bmd

met kblhmj tn` o`st us` e tn`hr tbc`mts.

?. _bthembchty- tn` aurr`mt syst`k hs umducy aekpc`x bmd epbqu`, s`rvhmj met emcy te

`red` trbmspbr`may bmd b r`bsemboc` s`ms` e `mthtc`k`mt, out bcse kbl`s ht dhfiauct

te t`st-eut wn`tn`r, bmd te wnbt d`jr``, hma`mthv`s abm o` r`snbp`d.

1. @aemekhas- oy cealhmj khcchems e pèpc` hmte o`m`flt d`p`md`may, tn` aurr`mt syst`k

hs hmn`r`mtcy hm`fiah`mt. Ht r`dua`s tn` c`v`c e cboeur, slhcc bmd `m`rjy bvbhcboc` te tn`

wnec` aemeky bmd ar`bt`s b dhshma`mthv` te preduathv` stert er tn` peer`st bmd tn`

rhan`st. Ht hs bcse b nhjncy wbstùc bmd hm`fiah`mt syst`k.

4. Qeah`ty- syst`ks e seahbc w`cbr` m``d te bdbpt te anbmjhmj seahbc ahraukstbma`s7

tn` struatur`s upem wnhan tn` pest-wbr w`cbr` s`ttc`k`mt w`r` obs`d nbv` o``m

`red`d, pbrtcy oy baters drhv`m oy tn` w`cbr` stbt` hts`c bmd pbrtcy oy xt`rmbc

baters, chl` jceobchsbthem bmd hmar`bshmjcy cho`rbc cboeur cbws. Tn` ked`rm w`cbr`

stbt` m``ds te o` r`d`shjm`d te r`àt tn` rhsls bmd eppertumhth`s e b m`w seahbc

aemt`xt.


26/61

C@T'Q QA_BV TN@ DZV |. B IBH_ QXQT@K


?4

. B Ibhr Qyst`k

B ibhr seah`ty hs em` tnbt m`v`r ces`s shjnt ei tn` hmt`r`sts ei tnes`wne br` hm dbmj`r ei `xpcehtbthem er wne br` sust`rhmj. Tn` aurr`mt

PL w`cibr` syst`k ibhcs tn` t`st ei ibhrm`ss oàbus` ht de`s met

n`cp tnes` wne br` peer`st te kbl` tn` o`st ei tn`hr ewm chv`s.

Hmst`bd ei jhvhmj jr`bt`st aemshd`rbthem te tnes` wne br` w`bl`st,

tn` syst`k ceals tn`k hmte pev`rty bmd dbkbj`s tn`hr bohchty te

de tn` o`st tn`y abm ier tn`ks`cv`s. B o`tt`r syst`k weucd stbrt

whtn b orebd`r aema`pthem ei tn` abpbohchth`s tnbt umd`rphm b jeed

chi` bmd weucd o` ker` s`mshthv` te prevhdhmj tn` rhjnt suppertbmd hma`mthv`s mà`ssbry ier s`ci-d`v`cepk`mt bmd stremj`r

aekkumhth`s.

T` o`st wby e umd`rstbmdhmj tn` hmgustha` bt tn` a`mtr` e tn` aurr`mt PL syst`k e

hmaek` sàurhty (o`m`flts, p`mshems bmd tbx) hs, pbrbdexhabccy, te r`bchs` tnbt kem`y bcem`

hs met tn` l`y te b suaa`ssuc ch` (Q`m, ?668). Kem`y hs emcy em` k`bms e banh`vhmj b

o`tt`r ch`, bmd w` abm hd`mthy bt c`bst flv` orebd`r abt`jerh`s, `ban e wnhan hs `ss`mthbc te

tn` ar`bthem e b jeed ch`.

Z` khjnt tnhml ei tn`s` flv` `c`k`mts bs r`bc w`bctn, tn` r`seura`s mà`ssbry te

aemstruat b peshthv` bmd k`bmhmjiuc chi` (Kurrby, ?626)7

2. Jhits- slhccs, str`mjtns, hmt`r`sts bmd v`m m``ds - ban hmdhvhdubc nbs tn`hr umhqu`

jhts, bmd b jeed nukbm ch` aemshsts hm tn` snbrhmj bmd d`v`cepk`mt e tn`s` jhts -

wn`tn`r tn`y br` jr`bt er skbcc

?. Vèpc`- bkhcy, rh`mds, p``rs bmd aecc`bju`s7 nukbm eurhsnhmj hs hkpesshoc` hm

hsecbthem, hmst`bd w` d`v`cep tnreujn eur r`cbthemsnhps whtn etn`rs - spàhbccy

r`cbthemsnhps e cev`

1. Aekkumhty- bsseahbthems, erjbmhsbthems, struatur`s, jev`rmk`mt, ahvhc seah`ty bmd

ceabc d`kearbay7 eur bohchty te us` eur jhts hs d`p`md`mt upem eur baa`ss te tn`

eppertumhth`s bvbhcboc` whtnhm eur aekkumhth`s

4. Bss`ts- kem`y, neushmj, thk` bmd `m`rjy7 w` m``d sufiah`mt r`seura`s, umd`r eur

ewm aemtrec, se tnbt w` abm ouhcd b jeed ch` er eurs`cv`s (Qmew, 2884)

0. Qphrht- nepùcm`ss, r`shch`ma` er jeed k`mtbc n`bctn

Tn` Anhì K`dhabc Efia`r ier Qaetcbmd puts ht tnhs wby7

@v`ry aekkumhty nbs bss`ts tn` aeccàthv` r`seura`s wnhan hmdhvhdubcs bmdaekkumhth`s nbv` bt tn`hr dhspesbc, wnhan pretàt bjbhmst m`jbthv` n`bctneutaek`s bmd preket` n`bctn stbtus. T`s` bss`ts abm o` seahbc, flmbmahbc,

pnyshabc, `mvhremk`mtbc, er nukbm r`seura`s, er `xbkpc`, `kpceyk`mt,`duabthem bmd supperthv` seahbc m`twerls.


27/61



?0

...H bss`t obs`d bppreban`s br` te o` hkpc`k`mt`d, tn`r` m``ds te o` bròbcbmahmj o`tw``m dhràtcy k``thmj m``ds e pèpc` bmd aekkumhth`s bmdmurturhmj tn`hr str`mjtns bmd r`seura`s.

Nbrry Ourms, Bss`ts ier N`bctn, hm Ae-preduathem ei N`bctn bmd Z`cco`hmj hm Qaetcbmd, ?621

Iumdbk`mtbccy, ht hs eur bohchty te snbp` eur ch`, te us` bcc tn` dhk`mshems e eur r`bcw`bctn te d`v`cep b ch` wertn chvhmj, tnbt whcc snbp` tn` ch` w` c`bd (Yhdybrtnh bmd

Zhcsem, ?66>). Nep` hs `ss`mthbc te tn` nukbm sphrht.

Ihjur` 2 _`bc Z`bctn

Ths ked`c r`khmds us tnbt h eur prhkbry aema`rm hm ouhcdhmj b gust seah`ty hs tn` qubchty

e pèpc`s chv`s tn`m w` whcc emcy o` hmt`r`st`d hm kem`y bs em` bspàt e r`bc w`bctn. Ht

hs met gust kem`y7 ht hs tn` `x`rahs` e eur tbc`mts, tn` d`v`cepk`mt e r`cbthemsnhps bmd

`mjbj`k`mt whtn aekkumhty tnbt br` mà`ssbry er nukbm d`v`cepk`mt.

Qe wn`m `xbkhmhmj eur w`cbr` brrbmj`k`mts ht hs met tn` shz` e puocha sp`mdhmj er

`v`m tn` c`v`c e b Obsha Hmaek`, em hts ewm, tnbt sneucd aema`rm us. Ht hs tn` wby hm wnhan

tn`s` seahbc brrbmj`k`mts prevhd` tn` mà`ssbry hma`mthv`s bmd supperts er p`rsembc bmd

seahbc d`v`cepk`mt.

Zhcchbk O`v`rhdj`, tn` branhtàt ei tn` w`cibr` stbt` hm tn` PL, ràejmhs`d tnhs ac`brcy

(d`spht` tn` ibat tnbt nhs 'khmhkuk' c`v`c ei seahbc sàurhty wbs s`t bt umn`cpiuccy cew

'suoshst`ma`' c`v`cs)7

T` Qtbt` sneucd est`r sàurhty er s`rvha` bmd aemtrhouthem. T` Qtbt` hmerjbmhshmj sàurhty sneucd met sth` hma`mthv`, eppertumhty, r`spemshohchty< hm`stbochsnhmj b mbthembc khmhkuk, ht sneucd c`bv` reek bmd `maeurbj`k`mt ervecumtbry bathem oy `ban hmdhvhdubc te prevhd` ker` tnbm tnbt khmhkuk ernhks`c bmd nhs bkhcy.

Zhcchbk O`v`rhdj`, Qeahbc Hmsurbma` bmd Bcch`d Q`rvha`s, p.9

Vèpc`

Jhits

Qphrht

Aekkumhty

Bss`ts


28/61



?9

New`v`r, tn` wby tnbt tn` syst`k nbs `vecv`d nbs c`d te b shtubthem wn`r` tn` hma`mthv`s

pèpc` ba` br` met gust w`bl, tn`y br` ei`m d``pcy p`rv`rs`. @ban bspàt e eur r`bc

w`bctn hs put bt p`rhc wn`m w` oàek` d`p`md`mt upem tn` w`cbr` syst`k.

Ier kbmy pèpc` tn` w`cbr` syst`k oàek`s b Vev`rty M`t - b k`sn e hmt`r-cealhmj

tbx`s bmd o`m`flts, necdhmj pèpc` hm pev`rty (Dusty, ?626o). Ths pev`rty hs met gust

pev`rty e hmaek`7 er kbmy ht hs b pev`rty e r`cbthemsnhps, abpbahty bmd aekkumhty.Kbmy pèpc` flmd tn`ks`cv`s hsecbt`d, vucm`rboc` bmd `xacud`d rek aekkumhty ch`

(hmacudhmj kbmy pèpc` wne weucd met aemshd`r tn`ks`cv`s peer). Ths orebd rbmjhmj

pev`rty hs met gust umbhr, ht dbkbj`s tn` nukbm sphrht hts`c.

Ihjur` ? Vev`rty M`t

Ths hs met tn` buct e w`cbr`, er e seahbc sàurhty bs suan, out e tn` spàhfla d`shjm

e tn` aurr`mt syst`k. T` w`cbr` stbt` hs oetn jeed bmd mà`ssbry7 w` br` d`p`md`mt

o`hmjs bmd w` m``d b syst`k e aeccàthv` hmaek` sàurhty. Z`cbr` hs met tn` preoc`k -

tn` preoc`k hs b obdcy d`shjm`d w`cbr` stbt`.

T` hd`b e b Vev`rty M`t hs bcse usùc oàbus` ht r`khmds us tnbt tn` o`tt`r lmewm

t`rk 'pev`rty trbp' hs tee shkpchstha. T` Vev`rty M`t hs kbd` up e b rbmj` e dhst`r`mt

o`m`flts bmd tbx`s - bctneujn ei`m tnes` o`m`flts aek` bs s`rvha`s bmd ei`m tnes` tbx`s

br` nhdd`m whtnhm o`m`flt r`duathem rbt`s, er anbrj`s, er etn`r erks e k`bms-t`sthmj7

T` kest w`cc-lmewm pev`rty trbp hs tn` hmaek`-pev`rty trbp. Ier `xbkpc`, hm tn` PL

hm ?622, b yeumj wekbm r`cyhmj em hmaek` suppert weucd o` `mthtc`d te ?,:>6 p`r y`br.

Bi`r `brmhmj 0 hm b w``l `ban peumd tnbt sn` `brms kust o` tbl`m, peumd er peumd,

rek n`r o`m`flts. Ths k`bms sn` hs pbyhmj b kbrjhmbc tbx rbt` e 266% (DZV, ?622o). Hm

etn`r werds, sn` kust pby `v`rytnhmj sn` `brms obal te tn` Jev`rmk`mt.

Ht nbs o``m eos`rv`d oy kbmy arhthas e tn` aurr`mt syst`k tnbt tnhs `xtr`k` kbrjhmbc

tbx rbt` kby o` ar`bthmj b shjmhflabmt dhshma`mthv` te werl (@aemekha D`p`md`may

Zerlhmj Jreup, ?668).

YBT & Duth`s

Aeumahc Tbx

'Anbrjhmj' k`bms-t`sts

Vr`sarhpthem anbrj`s

Hmaek` Tbx

O`mìht k`bms-t`sts

Tbx ar`dhts & bccewbma`s

Qeahbc abr`

Hmaek` O`m`flts

MNQ Q`rvha`s

Qaneechmj & `duabthem

Neushmj O`mìhts

O`m`flts Tbx`sVev`rty Trbps

Dhsaeurbj`

Qbvhmj

Dhsaeurbj`

Aemtrec

Dhsaeurbj`

Ibkhcy

Dhsaeurbj`

Aemtrhouthem

Dhsaeurbj`

Jrewtn


29/61



?:

Ht hs `sthkbt`d tnbt hm tetbc, ker` tnbm 966,666 pèpc` aeucd ba` b kbrjhmbc tbx rbt` hm

`xa`ss e 86% tnbt hs ker` tnbm 86% e tn`hr jress `brmhmjs br` cest tnreujn tbx bmd

whtndrbwm o`m`flts. Ths k`bsur` de`s met tbl` baaeumt e hm-werl aests suan bs trbv`c,

wnhan abm `bshcy whp` eut k`bjr` flmbmahbc jbhms (?2st A`mtury Z`cbr`, p.22).

T` DZV hts`c jhv`s tn` eccewhmj `xbkpc` tnbt snews new bs `brmhmjs hmar`bs`,

hmaek` hs obr`cy bstàt`d7

Hm tnhs `xbkpc`, obs`d em aurr`mt o`m`flt bmd tbx rbt`s, b aeupc` whtn b shmjc``brm`r bmd twe anhcdr`m s``s b Kbrjhmbc D`duathem _bt` e 80.0% em `brmhmjso`tw``m 2?9 bmd ?2>. Ths k`bms tnbt sekèm` bt tn` Mbthembc KhmhkukZbj` weucd o` c`ss tnbm : p`r w``l o`tt`r est h tn`y werl`d 29 `xtrb neurs bmd`brm`d bm `xtrb 8? (bm `stàthv` wbj` rbt` e 44p p`r neur).

DZV, ?2st A`mtury Z`cibr`, p.22

Kerèv`r, ht hs pesshoc` tnbt tnhs aeucd o` deuocy dbkbjhmj, met emcy r`duahmj

eppertumhth`s er tn` hmdhvhdubc, out bcse r`duahmj tn` hmdhvhdubcs aemtrhouthem te tn`wnec` aekkumhty. Quan syst`ks kbl` tn` peer peer`r, out dhkhmhsn `v`ryem` `cs` hmte

tn` obrjbhm.

Ier kbmy pèpc` r`cyhmj em o`m`flts, tetbc hmaek`s br` met quht` bs cew bs ?,:>6. Kbmy

pèpc` br` `mthtc`d te etn`r o`m`flts er tbx ar`dhts. Dhst`r`mt o`m`flts nbv` dhst`r`mt ruc`s

bmd dhst`r`mt tbx rbt`s< bmd sek` o`m`flts br` chml`d te etn`r o`m`flts. T` hkpbat e tn`s`

bddhthembc o`m`flts, new`v`r, nbs o``m te kbhmtbhm v`ry nhjn tbx rbt`s er tn` peer bmd te

ar`bt` `v`m ker` aekpc`xhty bmd aemushem er bcc PL ahthz`ms.

Ihrst, w` nbv` b whd` rbmj` e dhst`r`mt tbxbthem syst`ks, sek` j`m`rbccy bppcyhmj te bcc

ahthz`ms, bmd sek` tnbt br` emcy ba`d oy pèpc` wne m``d `xtrb n`cp (Bdbk bmd Orewm`,

?668). T` kest hkpertbmt e tn`s` br` tbx`s em hmaek` bmd tbx`s em sbc`s. Hm Ihjur` 1 wàbm s`` tnbt wnhc`, er tn` w`bctnh`st, hmaek` tbx hs tn` kest hkpertbmt tbx (0>%), er tn`

peer`st YB nbs tn` ohjj`st hkpbat (11%) (EMQ, ?624).

T` hkpbat e tn` kbrjhmbc rbt` e tbx - tn` rbt` e tbx wnhan yeu pby em tn` m`xt

peumd yeu `brm - hs v`ry hkpertbmt Hm tn` k`dhb tnhs hs ei`m bssuk`d te o` tn` sbk`

bs tn` hmaek` tbx rbt` - out tnhs hs wremj. T` rbt` e hmaek` tbx hs emcy em` bater hm

d`t`rkhmhmj tn` _`bc Kbrjhmbc bx _bt`.

Tn` _`bc Kbrjhmbc Tbx _bt` hs kbd` up ei bcc tn` tbx`s w` pby, bkemjst wnhan tn`

kbhm em`s r`cbt`d te hmaek` br`7

K`bms-t`st`d o`m`flts- wnhan br` `stàthv`cy tbx`d bt 266%< tnhs k`bms yeu j`t me

flmbmahbc o`m`flt rek brmhmj ker`

Hmaek` tbx - wnhan o`jhms wn`m yeu `brm 26,666 p`r y`br bt ?6%, bmd tn`m

hmar`bs`s te 46% h yeu `brm 4?,666 p`r y`br, bmd 40% h yeu `brm 296,666 bmd ker`

Mbthembc Hmsurbma`- wnhan stbrts bt >,666 p`r y`br bt 2?%, bmd tn`m dreps te ?% h

yeu `brm 4?,666 er ker` p`r y`br

Hmdhràt tbx`s (`.j. YBT)- tn`s` br` nhjn`st er tn` peer`st (tblhmj boeut 16% e

hmaek`) out dreps te c`ss tnbm 26% bs yeu `brm ker` tnbm :6,666


30/61



?>

Ihjur` 1 Dhst`r`mt tbx`s pbhd oy peer`st bmd w`bctnh`st 26%

Ths k`bms tnbt tn` PL tbx syst`k hs met prejr`sshv` - yeu de met pby ker` tbx bs yeur

hmaek` hmar`bs`s. Hmst`bd ht hs nhjncy r`jr`sshv`, tn`m bt. Tbt hs, yeu pby v`ry nhjn

rbt`s e tbx wn`m yeu nbv` b cew hmaek` bmd tn`m tn` rbt` e tbx nbrdcy anbmj`s bs yeur

hmaek` hmar`bs`s. Vbrtcy tnhs hs oàbus`, wnhc` dhràt tbx`s je up b chttc`, hmdhràt tbx`s

oàek` prejr`sshv`cy c`ss hkpertbmt. Z` abm s`` tn` aekohm`d hkpbat e tn`s` dhst`r`mt

kbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s hm Ihjur` 4 wnhan est`rs bm bpprexhkbthem e tn` _`bc Kbrjhmbc bx

_bt`. \Ths hs gust bm bpprexhkbthem, obs`d em b shmjc` bduct< tn`r` br` kbmy aekpc`xhth`s

bs ahraukstbma`s anbmj`, new`v`r tn` ev`rbcc pbtt`rm aemthmu`s te necd.

Ihjur` 4 Tn` _`bc Kbrjhmbc Tbx _bt`

Out tnhs hs emcy tn` o`jhmmhmj e tn` tbx-o`m`flt kbdm`ss. T`r` br` bcse kbmy etn`r

nhdd`m tbx`s er tbx`s dhsjuhs`d bs k`bms-t`sthmj. Ier `xbkpc`, sneucd yeu m``d `xtrb

n`cp bs yeu j`t ecd`r bmd rbhc`r yeu whcc flmd tnbt yeu whcc nbv` te pby bm `xtrb tbx, tn`

abr` tbx, ouhct hmte tn` k`bms-t`sthmj er anbrjhmj syst`k er bduct seahbc abr`. Hm etn`r

werds tn`r` hs bm bddhthembc nhdd`m tbx tnbt hs spàhflabccy eaus`d em pèpc` wne m``d

`xtrb n`cp bmd suppert. T`s` erks e deuoc`-tbxbthem s``k pbrthaucbrcy umgust bs tn`y

tbrj`t tnes` wne bcr`bdy m``d `xtrb suppert. T`y r`pr`s`mt b sup`r-tbx em dhsboc`dpèpc`.

?6%

46%

96%

>6%

266%

6%

26l ?6l 16l 46l 06l 96l :6l >6l 86l 266l 226l 2?6l 216l 246l 206l 296l

Hmaek` tbx

@kpcey``s' MH aemtrhouthems

YBT

Aeumahc Tbx

Hmsurbma` pr`khuk tbx

Austeks duth sQtbkp duty em neus` puranbs`

T c`vhshem cha`ma s

Y`nhac` xahs` duty

Duty em nydreabroem ehcs

Duty em whm`s & sphrhts

O`tthmj tbx`s

Duty em teobaae

Bhr pbss`mj r duty

Duty em o``r bmd ahd`r

Mbthembc Cett`ry

Etn`r

Veer`st 26% _han`st 26%

Hmaek` Tbx ; 0>%YBT ; 11%

YBT ; 24%

Hmaek` Tbx ; >%

Aeumahc Tbx ; ?9%

Aeumahc

Tbx ; 0%


31/61



?8

Qàemd, w` nbv` b shkhcbrcy whd` rbmj` e dhst`r`mt o`m`flts, whtn ev`r 266 dhsthmat o`m`flt

rbt`s hm tn` D`pbrtk`mt e Zerl bmd V`mshems erkbc syst`k e o`m`flts (ED`b `t bc.

?668)< out kbmy etn`r o`m`flts br` d`chv`r`d oy etn`r syst`ks7

Tbx ar`dhts bmd p`rsembc bccewbma`s, wnhan br` pbrt e tn` Hmcbmd _`v`mu` Qyst`k

O`m`flts d`chv`r`d bs s`rvha`s, chl` n`bctnabr` bmd `duabthem

O`m`flts suan bs hmdhvhdubc oudj`ts hm bduct seahbc abr`, tnbt br` hmt`rk`dhbt` o`tw``m

s`rvha`s bmd absn o`m`flt bmd br` erjbmhs`d bs aemdhthembc r`seura` mthtc`k`mts

(Dusty `t bc. ?668).

Tn` aekpc`xhty bmd p`rv`rshty ei tnhs wnec` syst`k hs dhfiauct te iuccy anbrbat`rhs`

orh`y< tn`s` br` gust b i`w ei hts hmt`rcealhmj anbrbat`rhsthas7

Qek` o`m`flts br` chml`d te etn`r o`m`flts (er xbkpc` Kertjbj` Hmt`r`st _`ch` hs

bvbhcboc` emcy te pèpc` em Hmaek` Quppert.) Tn`s` aemdhthembccy chml`d o`m`flts abm

bcse nbv` tn` hkpbat e drbkbthabccy hmar`bshmj kbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s7 er pèpc` abm flmd

tn`ks`cv`s sudd`mcy ceshmj tn`hr chml`d mthtc`k`mt wn`m tn`y br` me cemj`r mthtc`d

te tn` hmhthbc o`m`flt.

Qek` o`m`flts br` k`bms-t`st`d, wnhc` etn`rs br` met. Anhcd O`m`flt bmd tn` Qtbt`

V`mshem w`r` tn` kest whd`cy ràejmhs`d mem-k`bms-t`st`d o`m`flts (pbrbdexhabccy

tnhs kbl`s tn` t`rkhmbthem oy tn` PL Jev`rmk`mt e Anhcd O`m`flt er tn` rhan b

v`ry werryhmj st`p bwby rek b ker` umhv`rsbc bmd shkpc`r syst`k). Out v`m sek`

s`rvha`s aemshd`r`d mem-k`bms-t`st`d et`m hmacud` sek` hkpertbmt c`k`mts e

k`bms-t`sthmj. Qek` o`m`flts, suan bs tbx ar`dhts, br` bdkhmhst`r`d tnreujn tn`

Hmcbmd _`v`mu` syst`k< wnhc` etn`rs br` kbmbj`d oy tn` D`pbrtk`mt e Zerl bmd

V`mshems er etn`r Jev`rmk`mt d`pbrtk`mts. Tnhs met emcy ar`bt`s ummà`ssbry

aekpc`xhty ht nbs bcse c`d te kbmy pèpc` em cew hmaek`s d`v`cephmj dòts te tn`Hmcbmd _`v`mu` (Vuocha Baaeumts Aekkhtt``, ?668b)

Qek` tbx`s bmd o`m`flts br` ceabccy d`flm`d, sek` mbthembccy bmd tn`r` hs me ac`br

cejha bs te wnhan br` ceabc bmd wnhan br` mbthembc.

Bmd bcc ei tnhs hs gust bm hmhthbc d`sarhpthem ei em` lhmd ei pev`rty trbp - tn` hmaek`-

pev`rty trbp - tn` `xtr`k` c`v`cs ei kbrjhmbc tbx`s iba`d oy tn` peer`st. Tn`r` br`

kbmy etn`r ierks ei pev`rty trbp, `ban ei wnhan s`rv`s te dbkbj` er sth` nukbm

d`v`cepk`mt.

2. Jhits- eur slhccs, str`mjtns bmd hmdhvhdubc abpbahth`s br` et`m tbx`d. Tn`r` br`

shjmhflabmt hma`mthv s te o` tr`bt`d bs umflt er werl hm eur aurr`mt syst`k bs tn`

o`m`flt syst`k trh`s te tbrj`t bddhthembc r`seura`s bt pèpc` whtn dhsbohchth`s, n`bctn

bmd k`mtbc n`bctn preoc`ks. Vbrbdexhabccy tryhmj te p`mbchs` tnes` wne br` d``k`d

flt er werl ar`bt`s d``p`r pev`rty trbps er tnes` wne br` bss`ss`d bs umflt er

werl. Zhtn tn` rhjnt suppert, new`v`r, w` lmew tnbt kbmy dhsboc`d pèpc` br`

whcchmj bmd boc` te werl. H hma`mthv`s w`r` rhjnt w` weucd met m``d tn` umdhjmhfl`d

spàtbac` e tn` stbt` serthmj us hmte tnes` wne br` flt er umflt er werl.

?. Vèpc - ker` hkpertbmt tnbm hmaek` te eur `xhst`ma` bmd te eur w`cc-o`hmj br`

eur r`cbthemsnhps, pbrthaucbrcy tn` r`cbthemsnhps e cev` bmd bkhcy tnbt ar`bt` tn`

aemdhthems er ch` hts`c. New`v`r, twe hmdhvhdubcs ev`r tn` bj` e ?0, oetn r`chbmt em

hmaek` suppert, out tnhmlhmj e kbrryhmj (er chvhmj tej`tn`r bs b aeupc`), weucd s``tn`hr gehmt hmaek` drep rek 216.86 te 26?.:0 (b dhràt tbx em kbrrhbj` e ??%).


32/61



16

Tn`y weucd bcse o` chl`cy te s`` b 06% aut hm tn`hr neushmj o`m`flts bmd etn`r pesshoc`

o`m`flts - se tn` m`t tbxbthem em bkhcy ch` hs chl`cy te o` `v`m jr`bt`r.

1. Aekkumhty- kbmy o`m`flts br` se struatur`d tnbt tn`y chkht tn` ahthz`ms baa`ss te

tn` whd`r aekkumhty. Ier `xbkpc`, pèpc` m``dhmj seahbc abr` kby flmd tnbt abr`

hs emcy kbd` bvbhcboc` hm dby a`mtr`s er abr` nek`s tnbt `stàthv`cy s`jr`jbt` tn`k

rek whd`r baa`ss te ahvhc seah`ty. Aneha` e `duabthem er n`bctnabr` hs chkht`d te pr`-

d`flm`d epthems tnbt kby met suht hmdhvhdubc m``ds bmd a`rtbhmcy bhc te maeurbj`

seahbc hmmevbthem. Ceabccy d`flm`d o`m`flts br` met pertboc` bmd pèpc` kby ``c

umboc` te kev` te pcba`s tn`y weucd pr``r bmd wnhan kby est`r o`tt`r eppertumhth`s.

4. Bss`ts- ht hs met gust eur hmaek` tnbt hs tbx`d, w` bcse flmd tnbt k`bms-t`sthmj

`xt`mds te eur sbvhmjs bmd te tn` hmaek`s e etn`rs hm eur neus`necd. Ier `xbkpc`,

yeu m``d te nbv` sbvhmjs e c`ss tnbm 24,?06 hm erd`r te o` uccy `chjhoc` er suppert

wn`m yeu br` ev`r 90 bmd baquhr` b s`rheus n`bctn aemdhthem er dhsbohchty. Tnhs c`bds

te kbmy pèpc` nbvhmj te sp`md er trbms`r tn`hr ked`st sbvhmjs te bkhcy k`ko`rs

hm erd`r te kbhmtbhm er hkprev` tn`hr `mthtc`k`mts te seahbc abr` er bm `mnbma`d

p`mshem.

T` d`shjm e tn` PL w`cbr` stbt` hs met emcy hms`mshthv` te hts hkpbat em r`bc w`bctn, out

hts hkpbat hs hm j`m`rbc cbrj`cy m`jbthv`, dbkp`mhmj hma`mthv`s er ahthz`ms bmd bkhch`s

- te kbl` tn` o`st e tn`hr tbc`mts, te str`mjtn`m bkhcy ch`, te hmar`bs` aemtrhouthem bmd

tbl` p`rsembc aemtrec. Hmst`bd tn` w`cbr` stbt` jhv`s o`m`flts hm b wby tnbt hs d`k`bmhmj,

dhsphrhthmj bmd dbkbjhmj te nukbm d`v`cepk`mt.

Tn` anbcc`mj` hs te d`shjm b syst`k tnbt `maeurbj`s, er bt tn` v`ry c`bst de`s met

dhsaeurbj`, p`rsembc bmd ibkhcy jrewtn. Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty btt`kpts tnhs oy twe

v`ry dhràt k`bsur`s7

B umhv`rsbc, mem-k`bms-t`st`d, o`m`flt- abcaucbt`d te o` sufiah`mt te bvehd pev`rty

er bcc bkhch`s

B ibhr rbt` ei tbx, pbyboc` em bcc `brmhmjs- tnbt hs, tbx hs em hmaek` ev`r bmd boev`

tnbt rà`hv`d tnreujn umhv`rsbc o`m`flt

Ths k`bms tnbt `v`ryem` nbs `meujn hmaek`, te tn` `xt`mt tnbt `meujn hs d`flm`d bmd

r`vhs`d rek thk` te thk` oy tn` aekkumhty. Ht bcse k`bms tnbt `v`ryem` o`m`flts rek

tnhs umhv`rsbc o`m`flt, r`kevhmj bt em` strel` tn` sthjkbthshmj `stàt e tn` aema`pt e

o`m`flt d`p`md`may.

Gust bs Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty secv`s tn` preoc`k e o`m`flt d`p`md`may oy kblhmj

`v`ryem` `chjhoc` er tnhs o`m`flt, ht bcse hkk`dhbt`cy r kev`s tn` `xtr`k` bmd umbhr

tbx`s tnbt ourd`m tn` peer hm tn` erk e kbrjhmbc o`m`flt r`duathem rbt`s. Hm bddhthem,

ht kbl`s v`ry ac`br tnbt ht hs tn` r`spemshohchty e `v`ry bkhcy te aemtrhout` te tn`

kbhmt`mbma` e tnhs syst`k e hmaek` sàurhty, `ban baaerdhmj te tn`hr k`bms. B bhr tbx

bcse ar`bt`s b ac`br, bhr bmd prejr`sshv` syst`k e aemtrhouthem bmd `msur`s tnbt hmaek`

pev`rty trbps br` `htn`r `xacud`d, er bt c`bst br` `ct oy bcc k`ko`rs e tn` aekkumhty

`qubccy.

Ht hs hmt`r`sthmj te met` tnbt, em tnhs ked`c, bs tn` o`m`flt `c`k`mts oàek` ker`

j`m`reus, bmd tn` tbx rbt` nhjn`r, tn` thpphmj pehmt r`kbhms tn` sbk`. Neus`necds tnbt

nbv` hmaek`s boev` tnhs pehmt br` m`t aemtrhouters, neus`necds o`cew tnhs hmaek` br`

m`t o`m`flahbrh`s bmd tn` thpphmj pehmt de`s met anbmj` baaerdhmj te tn` j`m`reshty edhst`r`mt syst`ks. Hm bddhthem ht hs bcse ac`br tnbt, p`rnbps surprhshmjcy, tn`r` hs v`ry chttc`


33/61



12

dhst`r`ma` hm tn` aest e tnhs prepes`d san`k` aekpbr`d te tn` aest e tn` aurr`mt PL

p`mshem bmd o`m`flt brrbmj`k`mts.

Tn`r` hs, tn`r`ier`, b pcbushoc` bct`rmbthv` te tn` aurr`mt syst`k, b ked`c tnbt weucd

o` ibhr`r ier s`v`rbc r`bsems7

@msurhmj v`ry bkhcy hm tn` aekkumhty nbs sufiah`mt hmaek` te suppert ahthz`msnhp

Vrevhdhmj b ac`br bmd puocha jubrbmt`` balmewc`dj`d, d`flm`d bmd suppert`d oy tn`

mbthembc aekkumhty

K``thmj tnhs jubrbmt`` pcba`s r`bsemboc` d`kbmds em bcc ahthz`ms

Boev` bcc `cs` b w`cbr` syst`k sneucd o` bhr. T` aurr`mt syst`k hs met bhr hm tnbt ht

dbkbj`s tn` chv`s e tn` peer`st. Ths prepes`d bct`rmbthv` puts bhrm`ss bt tn` n`brt e hts

d`shjm.


34/61

C@T'Q QA_BV TN@ DZV |. B _BTHEMBC QXQT@K


1?

. B _bthembc Qyst`k

Tn` aurr`mt w`cibr` syst`k hs aemiushmj bmd aekpchabt d hm bcc htsbspàts. Ht nbs d`v`cep`d ev`r thk` hmte bm `cboerbt` Oyzbmthm`

struatur` tnbt me em` iuccy umd`rstbmds.

Tnhs hs umbttrbathv` ier kbmy r`bsems7

2. H ahthz`ms de met lmew wnbt tn`y br` `mthtc`d te tn`m tn`y br` met ahthz`ms7 hmst`bd

tn`y br` suogàts - suogàt hm tnhs abs` te tn` r`ket` bmd hm`xpchaboc` pew`r e b

our`buarbtha stbt`

?. H ahthz`ms de met lmew wnbt tn`hr r`spemshohchth`s br` tn`m tn`y br` met ahthz`ms7

hmst`bd, pbrthaucbrcy er tnes` wne br` `xpàt`d te aemtrhout` shjmhflabmtcy, tn`y

o`jhm te s`` tn` syst`k bs b trhal, b jbk` d`shjm`d te squ``z` bs kuan rek tn`k bs

pesshoc`, oy tn` kest eosaur` k`bms

1. H tn` syst`k nbs oàek` tee aekpc`x `v`m er tnes` rummhmj ht te umd`rstbmd tn`m

w` br` hm bm `v`m wers` aemdhthem7 er wn`m tn` syst`k nbs oàek` tee epbqu` te

o` kbmbj`d stàthv`cy tn`m v`m `mchjnt`m`d our`buarbtha pbt`rmbchsk oàek`s

hkpesshoc`

Tn`r` hs me deuot tnbt tn` aurr`mt syst`k ei tbx bmd o`m`flts hs tee aekpc`x bmd cbals

acbrhty. Kbrthm kbl`s tn` pehmt hm tn` ieccewhmj wby7

T` DZV hssu`s b tetbc e 24 kbmubcs, whtn b tetbc e >,986 pbj`s, te hts dàhshem

kbl`rs te n`cp tn`k te bppcy DZV o`m`flts. B s`pbrbt` s`t e eur vecuk`stetbcchmj ev`r 2,?66 pbj`s aev`rs Neushmj bmd Aeumahc bx O`m`flts, wnhanbr` prhkbrhcy tn` r`spemshohchty e ceabc butnerhth`s. T` bx Ar`dhts kbmubcus`d oy NK _`v`mu` bmd Austeks hs b urtn`r ?96 pbj`s, `v`m tneujn ht ekhtsd`tbhcs er kbmy r`c`vbmt tbx aema`pts wnhan br` eumd hm etn`r tbx kbmubcs. Hmbddhthem te tn`s` mayacepb`dha werls hs b aermuaephb e ahraucbrs, m`ws r`c`bs`sbmd juhdbma` met`s hssu`d te pre`sshembcs bmd acbhkbmts. T` umd`rcyhmj c`jbcstbtut`s bmd stbtutery hmstruk`mts kbl` up b vbst kbss e urtn`r kbt`rhbc.

Dbvhd Kbrthm, O`m`flt Qhkpchflabthem7 new, bmd wny, ht kust o` dem`, ?668

Ths stbt` e bstbhrs sneucd o` r`pujmbmt te bcc wne o`ch`v` tn`ks`cv`s te o` ahthz`ms,

pèpc` whtn b r`bc stbl` hm tn`hr aekkumhty. Bcc ahvhchs`d seah`th`s r`cy upem b snbr`d

umd`rstbmdhmj e tn` obsha àemekha brrbmj`k`mts tnbt jev`rm àemekha sàurhty bmd

aemtrhouthem. Acbrhty hs vhtbc te tn` em-jehmj m``d te `vbcubt`, umd`rstbmd bmd vbchdbt`

bmy syst`k. Zn`m tnbt syst`k hs bm `ss`mthbc aekpem`mt e tn` ked`rm d`kearbtha

stbt` tn`m tn` m``d er acbrhty hs b kbtt`r e tn` utkest shjmhflabma` er tn` w`cc-o`hmj e

seah`ty.

Em` sykptek e tnhs eosaurhty hs tnbt bat tnbt tn`r` hs b whd`spr`bd, bmd utt`rcy bcs`,

o`ch` tnbt o`m`flts br` `xp`mshv` bmd tnbt tn` peer demt pby tbx`s. Metnhmj aeucd o`

urtn`r rek tn` trutn. Hm bat tn` peer pby tn` kest tbx - bs b p`ra`mtbj` e tn`hr hmaek`

- bmd tn` r`bc aest e tn` o`m`flts syst`k hs v`ry cew.

@ban y`br tn` Jev`rmk`mts ewm Efia` e Mbthembc Qtbthsthas prevhd`s d`tbhc`d dbtbd`sarhohmj new kuan tbx hs pbhd oy `ban 26% er dàhc` e tn` pepucbthem. Bs Ihjur` 1

boev` nbs bcr`bdy d`kemstrbt`d tn` peer`st de pby tbx tn`y gust nbpp`m te o` dhst`r`mt

tbx`s rek tnes` pbhd oy tn` o`tt`r est.


35/61



11

Znbt hs ker`, wn`m bcc tn` dhst`r`mt tbx`s br` put tej`tn`r w` abm abcaucbt` tn` bv`rbj`

p`ra`mtbj` e tbx pbhd oy `ban dàhc`. Znbt w` dhsaev`r wn`m w` de tnhs bmbcyshs hs tnbt

peer`st 26% pby tn` nhjn`st c`v`c e tbx e bmy jreup - 4:.1%. Ier tnes` wne br` c`ss peer,

bs hmaek` rhs`s tn` c`v`c e tbx pbhd r`kbhms orebdcy c`v`c bt bm bv`rbj` e 1?.8%. Qe tn`

peer`st br` pbyhmj m`brcy 20% ker` tbx tnbm tn` r`st e us.

Ihjur` 0 Tn` peer pby tn` nhjn`st tbx`s

T` etn`r kytn hs tnbt tn` aest e o`m`flts hs `xtr`k`cy nhjn. New`v`r tnhs hs bm hccushem

ar`bt`d oy hjmerhmj tn` bat tnbt w` met emcy rà`hv` o`m`flts (p`mshems, anhcd o`m`flt

tbx ar`dhts, eut-e-werl o`m`flts, dhsbohchty o`m`flts) out w` bcse pby tbx`s. H yeu jhv`

sekèm` twe peumds, out hkk`dhbt`cy d`kbmd em` peumd obal, tn`m yeu nbv` r`bccy

emcy jhv`m tn`k em` peumd.

O`m`flts sneucd o` r`bccy `vbcubt`d oy tn`hr m`t aest - new kuan de tn`y batubccy kbl`

pèpc` o`tt`r est, bit`r tbx`s. Hi w` abcaucbt` tnhs fljur` w` flmd eut tnr`` hkpertbmt

tnhmjs7

46% nbv` tn`hr hmaek` hmar`bs`d oy ?9.0 ohccem - tnhs hs tn` r`bc aest e o`m`flts

New`v`r 96% nbv` tn` hmaek`s r`dua`d oy ?21.: ohcchem - tnhs hs tn` r`bc aest e

tbxbthem

Kest tbxbthem - 2>:.? ohcchem er >:.9% hs met sp`mt em r`duahmj pev`rty out em etn`r

s`rvha`s er Jev`rmk`mt sp`mdhmj

Ihjur` 9 snews tn` m`t `stàt e tbx`s bmd o`m`flts er tn` dhst`r`mt dàhc`s7

?6%

16%

46%

06%


36/61



14

Ihjur` 9 Tn` r`bc aest ei o`m`flts hs cew

T`s` bats r`pr`s`mt tn` r`bc trutn boeut tbx bmd o`m`flts out tnhs hs met tn` puochas

umd`rstbmdhmj. Hmst`bd tn` puocha br` p`rsubd`d tnbt o`m`flts br` `xp`mshv`,

umsustbhmboc` bmd tnbt tn`y br` prhkbrhcy er tn`k - sek` etn`r jreup. T` r`bchty

hs tnbt o`m`flts br` cew aest, `ss`mthbc bmd umhv`rsbc. Ar`bthmj b syst`k tnbt hs ac`br`r

hs umdbk`mtbc te ar`bthmj b syst`k tnbt tn` puocha abm umd`rstbmd - bmd suppert eranbcc`mj`.

Em` urtn`r bdvbmtbj` e hmtreduahmj acbrhty hs tnbt ht weucd kbl` tn` wnec` syst`k

ker` ep`m te `kphrhabc t`sthmj. Em` e tn` umertumbt` shd`-`stàts e tn` aurr`mt

bppreban hs tnbt ht nbs oàek` hkpesshoc` te t`st bmd d`v`cep tn` syst`k se tnbt ht abm

ker` r`chbocy banh`v` d`shrboc` seahbc eutaek`s.

Tn`r` hs a`rtbhmcy kuan tnbt w` de met lmew boeut tn` hkpbat ei bmy anbmj`s te tn`

aurr`mt syst`k7

2. Z` de met lmew te wnbt `xt`mt nhjn kbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s em pèpc` hm pev`rty step

tn`k rek brmhmj bmd tn` d`jr`` te wnhan cew`r kbrjhmbc rbt`s whcc hmar`bs`

`brmhmjs

?. Z` de met lmew wn`tn`r b syst`k e Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty weucd batubccy c`bd te

ker` pèpc` whtndrbwhmj rek cboeur kbrl`ts er s``lhmj dhst`r`mt lhmds e werl

1. Z` de met lmew wnbt tn` hkpbat e bhr`r tbx`s weucd o` em `brm`rs bt dhst`r`mt

c`v`cs e hmaek`

T`s` bmd kbmy etn`r uma`rtbhmth`s whcc p`rshst umc`ss tn` syst`k hs anbmj`d te kbl` ht

pesshoc` te t`st tn`s` qu`sthems. T` aekpc`xhty e tn` aurr`mt syst`k pbrbcys`s rbthembc

hmv`sthjbthem e pesshoc` hkprev`k`mts.

-266,666 om.

->6,666 om.

-96,666 om.

-46,666 om.

-?6,666 om.

6 om.

?6,666 om.


37/61



10

Em` ei tn` bdvbmtbj`s ei Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty hs tnbt ht ar`bt`s b kuan ac`br`r

ieumdbthem ier k`bmhmjiuc `kphrhabc t`sthmj7

Vev`rty abm o` r`d`flm`d bmd tn` syst`k abm o` kbd` ker` er c`ss j`m`reus

Ibkhcy dhk`mshems abm o` w`hjnt`d hm dhst`r`mt wbys bcemj tn` bx`s e bj`, shz` bmd

dhsbohchty

Tbx rbt`s abm bcse o` bk`md`d bmd anbmj`d, `v`m bct`rhmj tn` bv`rbj` bmd kbrjhmbc

rbt`s e tbx

Tn` brjuk`mt irek rbthembchty prevhd`s sek` iurtn`r r`bsems te suppert bt c`bst sek`

`c`k`mts ei tn` prepes`d ked`c ei Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty7

Ar`bthem e b umhfl`d tbx-o`m`flt syst`k

Qhkpchflabthem e o`m`flts (bmd o`m`flt abcaucbthem) whtn bppreprhbt` w`hjnthmj

Acbrhflabthem e b seahbccy bjr``d d`flmhthem e umbaa`ptboc` pev`rty

Zhtneut tn`s` lhmds e anbmj`s tn` tbx-o`m`flt syst`k whcc aemthmu` te o` hkkum` te

rbthembc saruthmy bmd k`bmhmjuc puocha dòbt`.


38/61

C@T'Q QA_BV TN@ DZV |. BM @IIHAH@MT QXQT@K


19

. Bm @fiah`mt Qyst`k

Bmetn`r lhmd ei bppreban te tn` tbx-o`m`flt syst`k hs te bslwn`tn`r suan b syst`k hs `fiah`mt er àemekhabccy preduathv`. Ier

kbmy pèpc` tnhs hs tn` arhthabc qu`sthem7 whcc rìerks whcc c`bd te

jrewtn bmd hmar`bs`d àemekha bathvhty5 Bs tn` pr`vheus sàthem

hkpch`d, kuan ei tnhs hs bm `kphrhabc qu`sthem, nbrd te t`st whtneut

r`bc syst`kha anbmj`. Tn`r` br` jeed r`bsems te o`ch`v`, new`v`r,

tnbt tn` àemekha hkpbat ei Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty whcc o` peshthv`.

T` prhkbry àemekha bttrbathem e tn` Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty hs tnbt ht aekpc`t`cy

r`kev`s tn` hmaek`-pev`rty trbp bmd jhv`s `v`ryem` hm seah`ty bhr`r bmd ac`br`rkbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s bmd tn` sbk` hma`mthv` te `brm.

New`v`r, hm kevhmj te tnhs m`w syst`k, tn` ev`rbcc hkpbat ei tnhs anbmj` weucd kest

chl`cy o` te7

_`dua` rbdhabccy tn` kbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s em tn` peer`st

Hmar`bs` khcdcy tn` kbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s e khddc`-`brm`rs bmd o`tt`r-est

T` r`bsem wny kbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s br` hkpertbmt hs tnbt tn`y d`t`rkhm` tn` flmbmahbc

o`m`flt e werlhmj bm `xtrb neur. Ht nbs o``m pcbushocy brju`d er hmstbma` tnbt hm 28:8,

wn`m kbrjhmbc tbx rbt`s er nhjn `brm`rs w`r` scbsn`d, tn` hkpbat wbs met emcy tnbtnhjn-`brm`rs o`jbm te `brm ker` out bcse tnbt nhjn-`brm`rs o`jbm te pby nhjn`r c`v`cs e

ev`rbcc tbx.

Cbrj` muko`rs e pèpc` br` mew o`m`flt d`p`md`mt er chv` em hmaek`s gust boev`

tn`s` o`m`flt c`v`cs (DZV, ?66>). T` aurr`mt d`kejrbpny e Qaetcbmd, bs s`t eut

hm Ihjur` :, hmdhabt`s tnbt tn` werlhmj pepucbthem hs emcy b rbathem e tn` ev`rbcc

pepucbthem.

Bctneujn ht kby o` nbrd te prev`, ht s``ks pcbushoc` tnbt kbmy e tn`s` neus`necds,

wne br` o`m`flt d`p`md`mt, weucd s``l te `brm `xtrb kem`y em tep e tn`hr o`m`flt

hmaek`. Ths weucd p`rnbps `v`m hmacud` sek` pèpc` wne br` ev`r 90. Znhc`, e aeurs`,

kbmy e tn`s` neus`necds hmacud` pèpc` wne nbv` p`mshems er dhsbohchth`s, tnhs sneucd

met c`bd us te umd`r`sthkbt` tn` pet`mthbc er hmar`bs`d àemekha bathvhty wn`m ht o`jhms

te o` wertn pèpc`s wnhc` te werl.

Bm hmar`bs`d suppcy e cboeur hmte tn` cboeur kbrl`t whcc hmar`bs` tn` ev`rbcc vecuk`

e bathvhty bmd hmar`bs` wbj` `xhohchty hm tnbt kbrl`t. T` sa`ptha whcc `br, new`v`r,

tnbt tn` etn`r umdbk`mtbc anbmj` tnbt Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty weucd hmtredua` ked`st

hmaek` sàurhty er bcc - weucd nbv` bm eppeshmj hkpbat em tn` àemeky7 tnbt kbmy

pèpc` khjnt anees` te whtndrbw rek tn` cboeur kbrl`t (bt c`bst te sek` d`jr``).

Pcthkbt`cy tnhs qu`sthem r`sts em tn` d`jr`` te wnhan pèpc`s `brmhmj o`nbvheur hs

aurr`mtcy d`t`rkhm`d oy `br e bcchmj hmte tn` o`m`flt syst`k bmd tn` `xt`mt te wnhan b

umhv`rsbc syst`k e ked`st hmaek` sàurhty weucd tn`m c`bd te b rbdhabc whtndrbwbc e

cboeur rek tn` kbrl`t.


39/61



1:

Ihjur` : Zerl hm tn` aemt`xt ei Qaetthsn d`kejrbpny

Bjbhm, kuan e tnhs nbs met o``m t`st`d, out bt c`bst twe tnhmjs br` wertn aemshd`rhmj.

Ihrst, h ht hs tru` tnbt tn`r` weucd o` b shjmhflabmt r`duathem hm àemekha bathvhty oy

`brm`rs tn`m tnhs hs chl`cy te c`bd te b r`dhstrhouthem e cboeur tewbrds tn` peer`st. Ths

hs nbrdcy bm umbttrbathv` eutaek` hm b wercd wn`r` kbmy khcchems demt werl, out kbmy

etn`r khcchems s``k te werl tee kuan.T` sàemd bater te aemshd`r hs wn`tn`r bmy anbmj` tnbt hs umd`rphmm`d oy hmar`bs`d

hmaek` sàurhty weucd hm bat c`bd te hmar`bs`d 'phalhm`ss' boeut tn` mbtur` e werl tnbt

pèpc` `mjbj` hm. Ht s``ks pcbushoc` tnbt tn` whcchmjm`ss te werl hs met prhkbrhcy drhv`m

oy `br e tn` aems`qu`ma`s e met werlhmj. Kest pèpc` wne abm werl wbmt te werl, bmd

met gust er tn` àemekha o`m`flts e werlhmj. Kbmy pèpc`, new`v`r, werl hm geos tnbt

tn`y de met vbcu` er wnhan de met s``k preduathv` te tn`k.

Ht kby w`cc o` tnbt tn` batubc àemekha hkpbat e Obsha Hmaek` Qàurhty weucd o` b

snhi tewbrds àemekha bathvhty wnhan hs ker` p`rsembccy r`wbrdhmj, hm wnhan abs` w`

kby s`` ker` pèpc` aneeshmj werl tnbt pbys c`ss w`cc bmd `w`r pèpc` dehmj bathvhth`s

tnbt s``k c`ss `mgeyboc`. E aeurs` tn` cboeur kbrl`t abm bdgust er tnhs bat oy bct`rhmj

r`cbthv` sbcbrh`s. Ths hs met bm àemekha preoc`k7 hmst`bd ht hs bm eppertumhty er tn`

ar`bthem e b ker` j`muhm`cy preduathv` àemeky, em` tnbt de`s met us` `br e pev`rty te

drhv` pèpc` hmte c`ss r`wbrdhmj werl.

Ihmbccy, tn` àemekha hkpbat e tn`s` rèrks weucd o` te r`dua` rbdhabccy tn`

bdkhmhstrbthem e tn` aurr`mt syst`k, bmd te hmar`bs` shjmhflabmtcy tn` r`chbohchty bmd

aemshst`may e tbx bmd o`m`flt dàhshems.

Met hm `kpceyk`mt

Bj`d 90+C`ss tnbm 24 Hm iucc thk` kpceyk`mt

Vbrt thk` `kpceyk`mt

N`bctn & Qeahbc Abr` Vrei`sshembcs

Ibkhch`s Vrevhdhmj Quppert

Vèpc` em

Btt`mdbma`

Bccewbma`Vèpc` em DCB


40/61



1>

N`r` br` gust b i`w `xbkpc`s ei tn` wbst` hm tn` tbx-o`m`flt syst`k7

Bt c`bst 2.0 ohcchem hs ev`r-pbhd hm tbx ar`dhts `ban y`br te pèpc` em cew hmaek`s

bmd tn`r` hs me bhr er `stàthv` syst`k er ràcbhkhmj tnhs kem`y (Vuocha Baaeumts

Aekkhtt` , ?668b)

Bt c`bst 2.> ohcchem hs ev`rpbhd hm o`m`flts `ban y`br te pèpc` wne br` d`p`md`mt

upem o`m`flts er tn`hr hmaek` bmd tn`r` hs me r`bsemboc` wby e ràcbhkhmj tnhs

kem`y (Vuocha Baaeumts Aekkhtt``, ?668o)

Tn`r` br` aurr`mtcy 1: HT syst`ks hm tn` DZV bcem` (hm bmy rèrk`d syst`k tn`r`

weucd emcy m``d te o` em` )

Tn` D`pbrtk`mt er Zerl bmd V`mshems bmd hts bj`mah`s sp`md breumd ? ohcchem b

y`br te bdkhmhst`r bmd pby werlhmj-bj` o`m`flts, Ceabc Butnerhth`s sp`md b urtn`r 2

ohcchem te bdkhmhst`r Neushmj O`m`flt bmd Aeumahc Tbx O`m`flt, bmd NK _`v`mu` bmd

Austeks sp`mds ker` tnbm 066 khcchem b y`br (DZV, ?626)

_à`mt anbmj`s nbv` bcse bdd`d urtn`r aests7 tn` maeurbj`k`mt e cew-c`v`c rbud

hmn`r`mt hm tn` aurr`mt syst`k, tn` aests e kemhterhmj rbud, tn` bdkhmhstrbthem e

sbmathems, tn` pbyk`mts te Zerl Vrejrbkk` prevhd`rs ta.

Tn` aekpc`xhty bmd aemiushem ei tn`s` syst`ks c`bds te tn` shtubthem tnbt T`r`sb

V`ranbrd, Dhràter ei Qeahbc Vechay bt Ahthz`ms Bdvha`, put chl` tnhs hm b c`tt`r te tn`

Jev`rmk`mt7

Ahthz`ms Bdvha` balmewc`dj`s tnbt tn` 2.0 ohcchem aest e rbud hm tn` o`m`fltsyst`k kust o` ràev`r`d, out w` br` v`ry aema`rm`d bt tn` Jev`rmk`mts

p`rshst`mt t`md`may te recc rbud bmd `rrer fljur`s tej`tn`r. @rrers baaeumt er tn`r`kbhmhmj 1.: ohcchem e tn` 0.? ohcchem fljur` quet`d... Hm tn` k`bmthk`, tn` 0ohcchem aest te Jev`rmk`mt tnreujn rbud bmd `rrer hs dwbr`d oy tn` 2: ohcchem

e o`m`flts bmd tbx ar`dhts tnbt r`kbhm umacbhk`d `v`ry y`br, oàbus` pèpc`demt lmew tn`y br` `mthtc`d te acbhk, er oàbus` tn` syst`k hs tee aekpchabt`d.

T`r`sb V`ranbrd, quet`d hm Dusty bmd Nyd`, ?62?

Ht hs wertnwnhc` ceelhmj bt tn`s` fljur`s hm d`tbhc. 2.0 ohcchem hs batubccy c`ss tnbm 2%

e tn` aest e tn` wnec` o`m`flts syst`k. Ths hs batubccy b thmy fljur` bmd sujj`sts tnbt

ahthz`m-rbud hs aurr`mtcy m`jchjhoc`. H pèpc` demt lmew tnbt tn`y abm acbhk er 2:

ohcchem, new`v`r, tn`m tnhs r`pr`s`mts sek` 26% e tn` tetbc o`m`flt ohcc (s`` Ihjur` >). B

syst`k tnbt nbs o``m d`shjm`d se tnbt tn` peer de met j`t wnbt tn`y br` `mthtc`d te hs b

rbuduc`mt syst`k.

Ht hs tn` peer wne br` o`hmj dìrbud`d, oy tn` Jev`rmk`mt, bmd bt `c`v`m thk`s tn`

rbt` bt wnhan ahthz`ms dìrbud tn` Jev`rmk`mt.


41/61



18

Hm aemtrbst, tn` peshthv` àemekha abs` er tn` typ` e bct`rmbthv` obsha hmaek` bppreban

bdveabt`d n`r` hs pew`ruccy brthaucbt`d oy Dbmsem `t bc7

T` `xp`rh`ma`s e tn` Merdha aeumtrh`s d`kemstrbt` tnbt, br rek umhv`rsbco`m`flts o`hmj umbsterdboc` er met tn` wby erwbrd er aekp`ththv` àemekh`s,

tn` r`v`rs` hs tru`. Aen`shem bmd hmacushem br` tn` nbcckbrls e tn`s` seah`th`sbmd tn` prekethem bmd ouhcdhmj e seahbc abphtbc bmd `qubchty br` `c`k`mtbc hmsustbhmhmj tn`hr hmdhvhdubc bmd aeccàthv` presp`rhty. Pmhv`rsbc o`m`flts pbhd tebcc abr`rs, tn` dhsboc`d bmd etn`rs bt rhsl e `xacushem r`dua` tn`hr d`p`md`maybmd jhv` tn`k tn` r`seura`s te pcby b ucc`r rec` hm seah`ty. Hm r`bchty, tnèppertumhty aests e suan pbyk`mts (`stàthv`cy tn` tbx`s te umd tn` o`m`flts)br` cew bs tn`y hkpbat kest stremjcy em tnes` wnes` m``ds br` bcr`bdy ucflcc`d.Hmd``d, oy putthmj dewmwbrd pr`ssur` em aemsphaueus aemsukpthem e hkpert`d

jeeds bmd s`rvha`s bmd oy dhkhmhsnhmj neus` prha` hmbthem, tn` àemeky hmbjjr`jbt` hs butekbthabccy stbohchs`d bmd tn` àemekha ayac` dbkp`m`d.

Dbmsem `t bc. Tn` Abs` ier Pmhv`rsbchsk, ?62?

Hm sukkbry tn`m, h em` o`ch`v`s tnbt tn` khcchems e pèpc` wne br` aurr`mtcy o`m`flt

d`p`md`mt br` hm bat pèpc` wne br` ucc e peshthv` abpbahth`s gust wbhthmj te o`

umceal`d, tn`m tn` m`t hkpbat e n`cphmj te r`c`bs` tnes` `sterts hmte tn` àemeky hs chl`cy

te o` o`m`flahbc, oetn te tn`k bmd te tn` wnec` e seah`ty

.

Ihjur` > O`m`flt irbud hm aemt`xt

6 om.

0 om.

26 om.

20 om.

?6 om.

?0 om.

O`mìht autsPmacbhk`do`mìhts & tbx ar`dhts

Tbx irbudO`mìht irbud


42/61

C@T'Q QA_BV TN@ DZV |. B QPQTBHMBOC@ QXQT@K


46

. B Qustbhmboc` Qyst`k

Tn` w`cibr` stbt` wbs met d`shjm`d hm b vbauuk, rbtn`r ht`vecv`d te k``t seahbc m``ds, bmd ht wbs d`shjm`d hm tn` chjnt ei

bssukpthems tnbt r`àt`d tn` o`chìs bmd prbatha`s ei tnes` thk`s.

Ht hs ked`rm brrejbma` te o`ch`v` tnbt `brch`r seah`th`s kbd` me

prevhshems ier tn` abr` ei bcc tn`hr k`ko`rs. @brch`r seah`th`s eit`m

ouhct tn`hr prevhshem breumd tn` bjrbrhbm àemeky, new`v`r, bmd

tn` mbtur` ei preduathem bmd dhstrhouthem nbs anbmj`d rbdhabccy hm

ker` ked`rm thk`s.

Vreduathem e tn` obshas er ch` us`d cbrj`cy te ch` hm tn` nbmds e tnes` wne m``d`d

tn`k, bmd sàurhty abk` oetn tnreujn necdhmj cbmd er o`hmj b pbrt e tn` seahbc borha

breumd preduathem. T` `merkeus bdvbmtbj` e tànmecejhabc hmmevbthem nbs o``m tn`

bohchty e kbmy `w`r pèpc` te predua` eed, acetnhmj bmd bcc tn` kbmy etn`r jeeds bmd

s`rvha`s w` m``d er wbmt. T` `merkeus dhsbdvbmtbj` e tànmecejy, bmd tn` abphtbchst

seah`ty wnhan nbs jrewm up breumd ht, hs tn` hmn`r`mt hmsàurhty tnbt s``ks te aek` whtn

hmdustry bmd ked`rm oushm`ss.

Z` nbv` m`v`r o``m se w`bctny, bmd w` nbv` m`v`r o``m se hmsàur`. Hm tn` mhm`t``mtn

bmd tw`mth`tn-a`mturh`s tnhs hmsàurhty u`cc`d r`vecuthems, vhec`mt seahbc anbmj`, wbr,

ùj`mhas bmd, flmbccy, tn` d`v`cepk`mt e tn` w`cbr` stbt`, bs bm btt`kpt te r`dua` tnhs

rbdhabc hmsàurhty.

Pmsurprhshmjcy tn` d`shjm ei tn` w`cibr` stbt` bcse r`àt`d tn` aemdhthems bmd

bssukpthems ei hts thk`, hmacudhmj7

Tn` stbt` abm, ushmj kbare-àemekha kbmbj`k`mt (L`ym`shbmhsk), l``p kest pèpc`

hm werl

Tbxbthem abm o` us`d te prevhd` b (v`ry) ked`st o`m`flt er tnes` t`kperbrhcy eut e

werl

Ibkhcy struatur s whcc xhst te prevhd` cev` bmd suppert er k`m, wek`m bmd anhcdr`m

N`bctnabr` bmd duabthem br` o`st d`chv`r`d oy xp`rt pre`sshembcs

Tnes` wne abmt ewm tn`hr ewm nek` whcc o` boc` te r`mt b ne

let's scrap the dwp - the case for basic income security in scotland

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