Let’s Review

World History

Key Features of the Renaissance

● rise of humanism ( focus on ancient Greek and Roman civilization and the dignity and worth of the individual).

● independence and individualism of persons and states.● decreased political and social influence of the Roman

Catholic Church, though strong popular religious fervor● decreased specialization- encouragement of upper and

middle classes to be educated in various arts and science● spirit of innovation, curiosity, and openness to new

experiences yielded advances in the arts and sciences

Assessment

He greatly impacted politics by asserting that leaders should rule according to the needs of the state rather than simply relying on what is considered ethical or moral.

a. Martin Lutherb. Erasmusc. Machiavellid. Leonardo da Vinci

Martin Luther and John Calvin were both regarded as key leaders of the

a. Renaissanceb. Protestant Reformationc. Counter Reformationd. Humanist movement.

Assessment

The city of Florence was most influential duringa. The Reformationb. WWIIc. the French Revolutiond. the Renaissance

He challenged the selling of indulgences. Eventually, his teaching led to a religious movement known as the Protestant Reformation. Who was he?

a. John Calvinb. Martin Lutherc. King Henry VIIId. Ignatius Loyola

Assessment

Which of the following inventions most impacted Europe by allowing new ideas to spread more quickly?

a. The cotton ginb. the printing pressc. the astrolabed. the telescope

A man who is a gifted architect, inventor, mathematician, and poet could be described as a

a. Machiavellianb. Totalitarianc. Renaissance Mand. Humanist

Assessment

Petrarch, Dante, and Erasmus are all remembered for their contribution to

a. The Reformation b. the Counter Reformationc. the Enlightenmentd. Humanism

SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and

economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans.

a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton

and how these ideas changed the European world view.

Scientific Revolution

The era when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of superstitions and beliefs.

Copernicus (1500s)

• Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and mathematician

• Popular belief was that the SUN was the center of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus

• Introduced the Heliocentric theory– the stars, Earth, and

other planets revolve around the sun

• Scholars and clergy rejected this idea because it contradicted their teachings.

• Credited with starting the Scientific Revolution

Copernicus• Fearing ridicule, he did

not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life.

• Future scientist would build on the foundations that he laid.

• His book was entitled On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies.

Galileo (1560s-1640s)

• Galileo was an Italian scientist who supported Copernicus’ heliocentric ideas

• Discovered four moons around Jupiter and that the Earth’s moon’s surface was rough

Galileo Galilei• Built his own telescope

and used it to study the heavens.

• Said that the earth’s moon had rough, uneven surface.

• Published a small book called the Starry Messenger.

• His teachings came into conflict with church teachings.

Galileo vs. the Church• He was summoned to

appear before the Pope Urban VIII.

• Under threat of torture he agreed his findings were false.

• He lived the rest of his life under house arrest.

• This conviction represented the conflicts between religion and science.

The Universe is like a clock, with its parts all working together perfectly in ways that can be expressed mathematically.

God is the creator of this orderly universe. He is the clockmaker that set everything in motion.

- Galileo

Kepler (1570s-1630s)

• Kepler, a mathematician, showed that the planets traveled in an elliptical path around the sun instead of the widely believed circular path

Supported Copernicus’s idea of heliocentrism.

Johannes Kepler• Concluded that

mathematical laws govern planetary motion.

• Planetary Orbits: planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.

• Showed that Copernicus’s basic ideas were true and could be proved by using math.

Newton (1640s-1720s)

• English physicist, mathematician, and astronomer

• Widely considered the most influential scientist in history

• Newton, an English scientist, discovered the universal law of gravity– proved that the sun's

gravity keeps the planets within their orbits. Laws of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton• Tried to prove that all

physical objects were equally affected by the same forces.

• He came up with the Law of Universal Gravitation.

Supported Copernicus’s idea of heliocentrism.

Laws of Motion

Law of Universal Gravitation• Every object in the

universe attracts every other object.

• The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the object and the distance between them.

• Newton published his ideas in The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

The Scientific Evolution

• All of these discoveries went against the teachings of the Catholic Church

• Many scientists of the time period were pressured by the Church not to print their theories

• These early scientists laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution where ideas were based on observation and fact and not on religious or ancient beliefs

Let’s Review

World History

Assessment

Why would the church not like the advances made during the Scientific Revolution?a. They did not like astronomy.b. The new ideas challenged the scientific thinkers.c. They felt like it would give the church too many followers.d. The new ideas challenged their authority.

Sir Isaac Newton was responsible for the ideas of thea. Laws of Motion and the Laws of Powerb. Laws of Gravitation and the Laws of Motionc. Laws of Orbits and Laws of Gravitation

Assessment

Using math and astronomy, Kepler determined thata. The Earth was the center of the universe.b. Planets rotated clockwise.c. Planets orbit the sun in an elliptical pattern.d. The sun rotates in an elliptical pattern around the earth.

The conviction of Galileo represented thea. Power of the church to scare peopleb. Power of science to change the worldc. Weakness of man to stand up for his beliefsd. Struggle between science and religion

b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau

and their relationship to politics and society.

Enlightenment• Ideas of Enlightenment Thought:

• The universe can be understood through reason• Human experience is the basis for understanding

the truth• Religion has no place in the understanding of the

physical universe

John Locke (1630s-1700s)

• Wrote Two Treatises of Government

• Locke believed people could learn and improve themselves through their experiences

• Believed in the idea that all people are born with 3 basic natural rights: life, liberty, and property and that these rights are unalienable (cannot be taken away)– purpose of government is to

protect these natural rights

John Locke• Locke criticized absolute monarchy

and advocated self-government.

• People have the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society.

• If the government fails to do so, citizens have a right to overthrow it.

• Believed in a limited government• power of the government comes

from the consent of the people• Belief in religious tolerance

Locke• writing reflects the ideals

of the Enlightenment in that men are created with equal rights and responsibilities under the law of nature

• His idea of a social contract impacted later authors and the revolutions in America and France.

“Governments derive their power from the consent of the people”

-John Locke

"We should have a great many fewer disputes in the world if words were taken for what they are, the signs of our ideas

only, and not for things themselves."-John Locke

**extolling the virtues of the use of reason to solve world problems

Voltaire

“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Voltaire

• philosopher, historian, playwright

• known for his wit and criticism

• Used satire to attack the French government and clergy

• Fought for tolerance, reason, and the freedoms of religion and speech

Voltaire(Francois Marie Arouet)

• Published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama.

• His main targets were the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government.

• He was twice sent to prison, and was exiled to England for two years.

Voltaire

• Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech.

• He said humanity's worst enemies were intolerance, prejudice, and superstition.

• Believed in a limited government

“ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death

your right to say it”

-Voltaire

Rousseau• Wrote “The Social Contract”

– all people were equal– people form governments for

their mutual protection– government rules only with the

consent of the people – Basis for the Declaration of

Independence

• Called for the end of nobility which helped to spark the French Revolution

• Passionately committed to individual freedom, including religious tolerance

Jean Jacques Rousseau• Best form of government

practiced - Popular Sovereignty

• Believed the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people

• The authority of the government should be derived from the consent of the people

Rousseau’s direct democracy

• People agree to give up some of their freedom in favor of the common good.

• He explained this in his book The Social Contract.

• impacted later authors and the revolutions in America and France.

“ Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

-Rousseau

Baron de Montesquieu● an Enlightenment

philosopher● credited with the idea of

"separation of powers." ● believed that the best

government was one in which power was shared and that one group had the ability to check the powers of the other groups.

● impacted later authors and the revolutions in America and France.

Why are they important?

● all created ideas which had profound influences on the ideals that shaped American government

● All had a profound influence on the French and American Revolutions

● All believed in limited governments