let us learn kashmiri

How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari ? M.K.Raina

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kçÀç@Mçáj çÆkçÀLçò Hçç@þîç HçjJç lçò uçíKçJç?

How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari?

By

M.K.Raina

Updated January 2006 -------------------------------------------------------------

Kashmir News Network http://iKashmir.net/mkraina/index.html

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ABOUT KASHMIRI LANGUAGE AND DEVANAGARI-KASHMIRI SCRIPT: Introduction: In olden times, Kashmiri was written in Sharada, one of the oldest scripts which was developed around 10th century. Some scholars are of the view that Sharada used to be our script for writing Sanskrit, which we subsequently used to write Kashmiri. Indo-Roman type was used for writing Kashmiri for quite some time, but it could not become popular. The Persio-Arabic script has been recognised as the official script for Kashmiri by the government. Devanagari-Kashmiri did not receive any official patronage but it continued to be used by Kashmiri Pandits as a medium of writing. However there was one lacuna. Writers used different set of diacritical marks to represent peculiar Kashmiri sounds and this resulted in chaos and confusion among the readers. In 1995, a committee of scholars agreed on adopting a particular set of diacritical marks for the peculiar Kashmiri sounds. This set of diacritical marks continued to be used in Devanagari-Kashmiri till the year 2002, when another committee of experts led by Dr. Roop Krishen Bhat, under the auspices of Northern Regional Language Centre of the Central Institute of Indian Languages (Ministry of Human Resources Development), decided to further modify some of the diacritical marks. The said Committee agreed upon a set of modified vowels and diacritical marks, leading to finalisation of the Standardised Devanagari-Kashmiri script towards end of the year 2002. This Script is now being used, or set to be used by all for uniformity in writing Kashmiri in Devanagari. The Standardised Devanagari-Kashmiri Alphabet has the following set of Vowels and Consonants: Vowels (mJçj)

Dç, Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç, Dçç@, F, F&, G, T, $çÝ, S, Sô, Sí, Dççí, Dççô, DççÌ, Dçb Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç@, Sô, and Dççô have been introduced in Kashmiri Vowels to represent the

peculiar Kashmiri sounds which are strange to Nagari. There is no place for Visarga (Dç:) in Kashmiri. ³ç and Jç are considered vowels when they represent second

members of a conjunct (as in y³çuç and KJçj )

Consonants (J³çbpçvç)

kçÀ, Kç, iç ®ç, s, pç ]®ç, æ s, ] pç ì, þ, [ lç, Lç, o, vç Hç, HçÀ, yç, cç


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³ç, j, uç, Jç Mç, mç, n $ç There are three affricative consonants in Kashmiri which are strange to the Nagari alphabet. They are, as you see above, ]®ç, æ s and ] pç.

Kashmiri has no aspirated sonants like Iç, Pç, {, Oç and Yç. So Iççì can be written

as iççì and Yç³ç as yç³ç in Kashmiri. Similarly <ç, #ç and %ç are also not part of the

Kashmiri alphabet. They are often but not always retained in Kashmiri to write words directly borrowed from Sanskrit and Hindi. * and Cç are generally replaced by Anusvara

( b ) in Kashmiri, but can also be used to represent words borrowed from Sanskrit and

Hindi. For example, yç´cççCç[ can also be written as yç´cççb[.

Vowels (mJçj)

Dç, Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç, Dçç@, F, F&, G, T, $çÝ, S, Sô, Sí, Dççí, Dççô, DççÌ, Dç b and ³ç & Jç

(when they represent second members of a Conjunct).

We all know how to read and pronounce the Vowels which already exist in Hindi

alphabet viz:

Dç, Dçç, F, F&, G, T, $çÝ, S, Sí, Dççí, DççÌ, Dçb, -³ç, -Jç

Some illustrations using these vowels (and their matras) in Kashmiri are given here:

Dç : DçVç, DçKç, Dçjoçn, Dçþ

Dçç : DççMç, Dççiçáj, Dççsáj, Dççj

ç : jçpç, Mççcç, oçvç, Jççboáj

F : FMçìçcç, Fpçç]pçLç

çÆ : çÆkçÀpç, çÆoJçlçç, çÆyç®ççíj, çÆyçlçáj

F& : F&cççvç, F&éçj

çÇ : mççÇj, MççÇvç, lççÇj


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G : GpçjLç, GuçHçÀLç

á : Jçás, kçÀjávç, niçáj

T : T³ç&, TvççÇ

Ó : mçÓj, ªo, kçÓÀvç

$çÝ : $çÝiJçío

= : kç=À<Cç, lç=Hlç

S : SçÆlçjç]pç

í : cçíKç, nuçíuç, cçíþ

Sí : Síyç

Ì : JçÌkçábÀþ

Dççí : Dççímç, Dççíì, DççíuçáJç

çí : iççíKç, cççíj, DçHççíj

DççÌ : DççÌMço, DççÌ]pççj

çÌ : iççÌ

Dçb : Dçbiç, jbiç

b : içboáKç, yçbovç, yççb[

-³ç : od³çKç (ÐçKç), nd³çkçÀLç (¿çkçÀLç)

-Jç : odJço (Üo), yJço, odJçKç (ÜKç)

Now, we will learn reading and pronouncing the Vowels which have specially been

introduced in the Standardised Devanagari-Kashmiri alphabet to represent some

peculiar sounds of the Kashmiri language viz:

Dç@, Dçò, Dçó, Dçç@, Sô, Dççô


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Dç@ : Dç@[ (half), vç@j (arm)

o@pç (a piece of cloth)

o@j (hard), Dç@uççÇuç (ill) kç@ÀçÆlçpç (swallow), lç@n@j (yellow rice)

iç@jçÇyççÇ (poverty), kç@ÀçÆcçmç (whom) Dçò : kç@Àoòuç (bridge), ìòKç (run)

yçò (me), cçòmçuçò (skin)

JJçuçò (come), Jççjò Jççjò (slowly)

iJç[ò (first), Kçòj (slip)

oámçò (a type of shawl)

Dçó : DçóçÆþcç, Dçóþîçácç (eighth), Kçócçò (tent) lçój (cold), oóHç cççuçç (deep mala)

içóbiçþ (veil),

KçóbKç (one who speaks through nose) Dçç@ : Dçç@mç (mouth), Dçç@j (plum)

oç@j (window), nç@j (maina)

uçç@j (cucumber), yçç@Mç (similarity)

Sô : Sônmççvç (favour), jôn (flame)

oôn (body), lçôçÆuç (then)

ñçôn (wetness), yç´ôn (sparks)

Dççô : Dççôyçáj (clouds), Dççôvç (blind)

Dççôæs (frail), kçÀçôæs (bribe)

K³ççôuç (flock)


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Let us now combine Anusvara b with @, çB, ò, ó, ô and çô : B : uçB[ (branch), DçB]pç (swan)

DçBpççÇj (fig), jBiççÇvç (coloured)

DçBÐç Hç@K³ç (around), içB]pç©vç (to count) çB : cççBLçòj (stone of the fruit)

vçççÆJç nçB]pç (boatman)

kçÀçBHçávç (to shiver), iççBþ (kite)

yççBmçáJç (made of bamboo) bò : Dçòbn-jçj³ç (to groan)

içòb[ò (scoundrel), Hçòb]®çón (twentyfive)

ób : Dçób]®çòn-Hçób]®çòn (make excuses)

kçÀóbm³çd kç@Àì (younger female child)

ô b : kçÀôbn (somethimg)

çôb : Dççôbiçòpç (finger), ]pççôbiç (fire)

mççôbyçáuç (a flower) Before proceeding further, we will have a look at the symbols and diacritical marks in Indo-Roman script, devised by ‘Project Zaan’, to represent Vowels and diacritical marks of the Devanagari-Kashmiri alphabet:


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Kashmiri in Indo-Roman Script – Vowels: Dç is represented by a

Dç@ is represented by å

Dçò is represented by û

Dçó is represented by ü

Dçç is represented by à

Dçç@ is represented by ä

F is represented by í

F& is represented by ì

G is represented by ú

T is represented by ù

$çÝ is represented by r

S is represented by è

Sô is represented by é

Sí is represented by æ

Dççí is represented by ò

Dççô is represented by ó

DççÌ is represented by au

Dçb is represented by n


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Kashmiri in Indo-Roman Script – Consonants: In the last Lesson, we learned the symbols and diacritical marks in Indo-Roman script, to represent Vowels and diacritical marks of the Devanagari-Kashmiri alphabet. In this Lesson, we will learn about those Consonants, which have varied applications in the Indo-Roman script: Kç is represented by kh

®ç is represented by ch

]®ç is represented by ts

s is represented by chh

]s is represented by tsh

]pç is represented by z

ì is represented by »

þ is represented by »h

[ is represented by º

lç is represented by t

Lç is represented by th

o is represented by d

HçÀ is represented by ph

Mç is represented by sh

$ç is represented by tr


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Exercise 1 Using Vowels in Indo-Roman Script

a sar (lake) (mçj) mas (hair) (cçmç) å ånz (swan) (DçB]pç) lånº (lame) (uçB[) ä där (window) (oç@j) lär (cucumber) (uçç@j) à yàr (friend) (³ççj) nàr (fire) (vççj) û bû (I, me) (yçò) rûs (slip) (jòmç) au aushad (medicine) (DççÌMço) daulath (wealth) (oçÌuçLç) ê rêth (month) (jd³çLç) dên (days) (Ðçvç) è dèg (cauldron) (oíiç) nèr (go) (vçíj) é réh (flame) (jôn) sréh (wetness) (ñçôn) ì sìr (secret) (çÆmçj) chìran (fat of the entrails) (çÆ®çjvç) í sír (brick) (mççÇj) vír (willow) (JççÇj) i våli (quickly) (Jç@u³çd) kåli (dumbs) (kç@Àu³çd) ô môkh (face) (cJçKç) sôn (gold) (mJçvç) ò mòr (peacock) (cççíj) sònth (spring) (mççWLç) ó dór (hard) (oçôj) kónº (thorn) (kçÀçôb[) ú kúl (tree) (kçáÀuç)


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búsar (very hot water) (yçámçj) ù mùl (root) (cçÓuç) sùr (ashes) (mçÓj) ü tür (cold) (lçój) düph (lamp) (oóHçÀ)


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Exercise 2 Reading Words with å (Dç@)

Dç@s åchh (eye)

Dç@[ åº (half)

Dç@çÆ[pç åºíj (bone)

Dç@pççÇyç åjíb (strange)

DçB]pç ånz (swan)

kç@À]®ç kåts (how many)

kç@ÀcççÇ]pç kåmíz (shirt)

kç@ÀçÆlçpç kåtíj (swallow)

kç@ÀçÆcçmç kåmís (whom)

kç@ÀcççÇvçò kåmínû (mean)

iç@æçÆsvç gåtshín (let go)

iç@j går (watch)

iç@jçÇyççÇ gåríbí (poverty)

]pçcççÇvç zåmín (land, earth)

lç@cççÇ]pç tåmíz (manners)

lç@jçÇkçÀò tåríkû (way)

lç@n@j tåhår (yellow rice)

o@]pç dåz (burnt)

o@j dår (hard)

Hç@æsd³ç påtshi (guests)

Hç@çÆjvç pårîn (let read)

yçbmç@jçÇ bansårí (flute)

cç@s måchh (fly)

cç@ojíj mådrèr (sugar)

uç@j lår (house)

mç@oòj sådûr (sea)


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Exercise 3

Reading Words with ä (Dçç@)

Dçç@yç äb (fault)

Dçç@HçÀçÇvç äphîn (opium)

kçÀç@v³çd käni (one-eyed)

kçÀç@jçÇiçj kärîgar (skilled person)

kçÀç@HçÀçÇ käphî (plenty)

kçÀç@çÆlçuç kätíl (murderer)

Kçç@uççÇ khälî (empty)

içç@j gär (water chestnut)

pçç@çÆnuç jähíl (ignorant)

pçç@uççÇ jälî (fake)

ìç@þ »ä»h (dear)

[ç@u³çd ºäli (present)

lçç@JççÇ]pç tävîz (amulet)

oç@vç dän (pomegranate)

oç@j där (window)

Òçç@v³çd präni (old)

yçç@çÆj³çç bäríyà (wife)

yççBmç bäns (bamboo)

cçç@pç mäj (mother)

cçç@HçÀçÇ mäphî (pardon)

cççBMç mänsh (buffalo)

uçç@j lär (cucumber)

Jçç@pç väj (ring)

Jçç@³ç&áJç väryúv (in-laws’ place)

nçBkçÀuç hänkal (chain, latch)


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Exercise 4 Reading Words with û (Dçò)

yçò bû I, me

]®çò tsû you

kç@Àoòuç kådûl bridge

kçÀuçò kalû head

Kçòj khûr slip

ìòKç »ûkh run

oámçò dúsû a type of shawl

Hçvçòv³çd panûni own

cçòmçuçò mûslû problem

JJçuçò vôlû come

Jççjò Jççjò vàrû slowly

lçmçòb]pç tasûnz his, her

kçÀmçòb]pç kasûnz whose

lçánòb]pç túhûnz your

³çuçò yalû loose

Hççoò³ç& mçòn pàdûri sûh lion

[çkçÀò Jççíuç ºàkû vòl post man

Jçç]pçò vàzû cook

vçuçkçÀò Jççíuç nalkû vòl plumber

kçwJçkçÀòj kôkûr hen

mçò]®ç sûts tailor

êòkçÀ drûk leech

Jçìò va»û stigma

Dçìò a»û shoulder

Jçboò vandû winter

vçlçò natû otherwise


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Exercise 5 Reading Words with ü (Dçó)

kçÀól³çd küti how many?

kçÀbóm³çd künsi young ones

lçój tür cold

jóHçÀ rüph form

Kçócçò khümû tent

oóHçÀ düph incense

mçól³çd süti along with

içóbiçþ günga»h veil

ìóbkçw³çd »ünki money

lçóbl³çd kçÀçôj tünti kór catgut

KçóbKç khünkh one who speaks through nose

HçóbçÆ]®çcç püntsím fifth

DçóçÆþcç ü»hím eighth

HçóçÆjLç püríth bedecked

[ómç ºüs cudgel


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Exercise 6 Reading Words with é (Sô)

sô chhé is

kçÀôbn kénh something

lçôçÆuç télí then

jôn réh flame

yçôn béh sit down

³çôçÆuç yéli when

içôçÆvç géní wrinkles

MçôMçlçòj shéshtûr iron

$çô³çácç tréyúm third

Mçôl³çáuç shétyúl century

DççMçôv³çd àshéni wife

cçnçjôv³çd mahàréni bride

vçô®çáJç néchúv son

mçôkçw³çáuç sékyúl sandy Mçôiçòvçávç shégûnún to become

scorned

Hçô®çv³çd péchani paternal aunt


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Exercise 7 Reading Words with ó (Dççô)

v³ççôcç nyóm lemon

oçôj dór hard

Hççô]pç póz fact

kçÀçôj kór did

mççôcç sóm level

yççôcçJççj bómvàr tuesday

]®ççôkçÀ tsók sour

mççôvç són deep

ìîççôþ »yó»h bitter

u³ççôoáj lyódúr yellow

Lççôm³çd thósi lumps

nçônJçáj hóhvúr inlaws

oçôyç dób washerman

Hçw³ççôkçÀ phyók shoulder

nçôì hó» throat

DççôMç ósh tear

¿ççôj hyór up

Hççôn póh Posha

cççôoáj módúr sweet

lççôcçáuç tómúl rice

jçômç rós without

kçÀçôjcçálç kórmút have done

vççôcçò©vç nómûrún to bend

cççônv³çáJç móhnyúv servant

Hççô]pç póz fact

Dççôyçáj óbúr clouds


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Exercise 8 Practice in reading words

Dç@çÆ[pç aºíj bone

Dçç@[©vç äºrún to mix up

Dççôiçávç ógún fire

DçnbkçÀç@³ç& ahankäri conceited

Dçç@çÆKçLç äkhíth untrue

DçkçÀòlçç@pççÇn akûtäjîh fortyone

Dçuçòiçç@yç alûgäb unknowingly

Dççôbiçòpç óngûj finger

DçBçÆ]pçcç ånzím index finger

Dçv³çj anêr blindness

DççMçôv³çd àshéni wife

DçHçò]p³ççíj apûzyòr liar

DçmçòJçávç asûvún laughing

Dçç@çÆ³çpççj äyíjàr softness Dç@]p³çákçÀ åzyúk todays

Dç]pççôuç azól not burnt

Dçç@HçÀçÇvç äphîn opium

Dç[ò oçôiç aºû dóg half pounded

Dç@[îçáuç åºyúl large bone

Dçç@[ ]pçç@[ äº zäº mutual abuse

Dçç@çÆpç]pç äjíz helpless

DçKçlçá³ç akhtúy moreover

DçkçÀçíj akòr unboiled

Dç@kçw³çácç åkyúm first

Dçç@çÆuç®ç älích sour cherry

Dçuçòyçç@v³çd alûbäni plough

Dçvçònçôj anûhór unmarried


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kçwJç yçáLç kô búth ugly faced

kçÀç@çÆyçuç käbíl capable

kçÀçí®çò kòchû lane

kçÀçboòjôv³çd kàndûréni baker's wife

kçÀçbiçòj kàngûr fire pot

kçÓÀçÆuçbpç kùlínj acute colic

kçÀcç®çò kamchû a whip

kçÀçBHçÀ känph trembling

Kçyçjoç@jçÇ khabardärî taking care

KJççÆpç khôjí a Khoja

KJçKçáj khôkhúr hollow

Kçòb]pçávç khûnzún to pluck

Kç@çÆjv³çd khåríni she-ass

Kççí]®çò yçá[ khòtsû búº easily terrified

Kçlçíjò khatèrû punishment

KççÆ³ç uço khayí lad rusty

K³çá®ç khyúch obstruction

K³ççícçálç khyòmút eaten

KJçMç khôsh happy

Kç@]pçój khåzür date

i³ç@[ gyåº bunch

iJç[òv³çákçÀ gôºûnyúk first

iJçuççyç gôlàb rose

içB]pç©vç gånzrún to count

iççímçò gòsû anger

iççBþ gän»h kite


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çÆ®ç®çjònçj³ç chíchrûhàray scream

®Jçiçò chôgû gown ®ç@kçw³çd chåki desire

®çç@u³çd chåli excitemen ®çç³ç&j charêr idiocity ®³çLç chêth drunk ®ççjòJççí³ç charûvòy quadruped

®ççWì chòn» chin

®çôçÆìv³çd ché»íni chutnee

sçbiçòj chhàngûr hurry sdJçKç chôkh wound sdJçcyçávç chhômbún threshing sv³çj chhanêr emptiness sjçn chharàh only

çÆs³ç&áJç chhíryúv a kind of fish

s@lçò³ç& chhatûri umbrella sçbìávç chhàn»ún to pick s@]®ç©vç chhåtsrún to whiten pçÓi³çd jùgi ascetic pçôpççÇj jéjîr hookah pçç@u³çd jäli network

pççôcç jóm Jammu

pçÓu³çd jùli a bag pçç@vççÇ jänî goodness pçÓbHçÀòj jùnphûr a hut pçÓ³ç& jùri pair pçJçç@vççÇ javänî youth


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ìç@®ç »äch a kind of cap

ìá[îç »úºi rumour

ìô®çuç »échal spotted ìWiç »èng hillock ìçWiçò »òngû tumour ìÓbiç »ùng a sob ìîçKç »êkh a mere drop çÆìkçw³çáuç »íkyúl tethering peg

ìdJçbiçáj »ôngúr hand-hoe

ìWþ »èn»h self-conceit þ@çÆiçuç »hågíl cheating þ@njçJç »håhràv pause þçÇkçáÀvç »hîkún stand firmly çÆþkçÀçvçò »híkànû abode þíuçò »hèlû large bag

þb[ç@³ç »hanºäy cooling drink

þç@v³çd »häni a trap þçRþ »hîn»h all property [dJç[ ºôº one & a half [á[ò ºúºû uninvited [çbiç ºàng a mace [ç@çÆiçv³çd ºägíni a witch

[çbiçáj ºàngúr grain seller

[ôpçj ºéjar looseness [dJçkçÀò ºôkû hump-backed çÆ[cyçáj ºímbúr the belley


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lççy³çd täbi dependent lçyçòj tabûr axe

çÆlçnáj tíhúr apex

çÆlçkçw³çççÆ]pç tíkyàzí because lçôçÆuç télí then lçôn téh arrogance

lçánábo túhúnd yours

lJçuçò®ç tôlûch defeat

l³çcyçj têmbar cataract Lçç@p³çd thäji dish L³çkçáÀvç thêkún to boast Lç@v³çd thåni butter

LççHçòj thàpûr slap

LJççÆmçuço thôsílad wearied

Lçuçávç thalún to trim

LJçkçÀuç thôkal spitter

Lçjò tharû trembling oáyçò dúbû upside down oçôyç dób washerman o@yç©vç dåbrún to bury oá-yççôj dú-bór two-doored

Üiçvç dôgan twofold

vçô®çáJç néchúv son vçJçjôn navréh new year vçç@çÆ³ço näyíd barber

v³çvç&³ç nêrnay decision

vçmlçÓj nastùr flat nosed

vçç@çÆjpç näríj conduit


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Hç@çÆsvç påchhín fowl Hçç©o pàrúd mercury

Hçí[ávç pèºún to ooze

Hçnçôuç pahól shepherd

HçKçò®ç pakhûch a wing

HJçuçáj pôlúr infirm

Hçcyçás pambúchh lotus nut

HçÀçBiçjò phàngrû penniless Hç@Ànçôj phåhór rough HçwJçp³çj phôjêr blossoming

Hç@ÀkçÀçÇjçÇ phåkîrî beggary

Hçw³çuç phêl boil

HçÀçÇvçò phînû froth yççôs bòchh hungry yççbyçòj bànbûr flurry yçô[yç bè ºab ill shaped

yççíoòiççÇ bòdûgî stupidity

yçç@iç©vç bägrún to divide

yç@¿çácç båhyúm twelfth

çÆyçKçç@³ç& bíkhäri beggar

y³çkçÀçíj bêkòr ugly cç@çÆ®çuç måchíl poverty cçá[ò múºû foolish cççb[ávç mànºún to knead cçôncççvçoç@jçÇ méhmàndärî hospitality

cçç@pç mäj mother

cJçKççmç môkhàs by rote

cçákçÀç@u³çd múkäli a blow


22



³ççôoJç³ç yódvay although

³Jçiç yôg age of world

³ççÇçÆkçÀuç yîkíl cross beam

³çbiçáj yangúr charcoal burner

³ççv³çd yàni as soon as

³çôçÆuç yéli when

³çHççíj yapòr this side

³ç@]pçcçvç yåzman priest’s client

jç@s råchh watch

jçb[ò rànºû rascal

jçpçáLç ràjúth king-hood

jçK³çámç ràkhyús demon

çÆjçÆkçÀv³çd ríkíni slip

juçò ralû mixed jóHçÀ rüph form

uçyçáj labúr high ground

uçç®çç@jçÇ làchärî helplessness

uççovç làdan kindly help

uçôojíj lédrèr yellowness

uç[ç@³ç laºäy quarrel

u³çKç lêkh indecent abuse

J³çyçÓLç vêbùth riches

J³çsj vêchhar fatness

JJçoáj vôdúr belley

Jç@oòj vådûr iron clamp

J³çiçuçávç vêglún to melt


23



Mççíiçò shògû green pigeon

Mçôiçvç shégan six fold

Mçá¿ç uço shúhi lad frost bitten

MçWKç shènkh conch shell

çÆMçkçÀç@³ç& shíkäri hunter

Mçôs shéchh message

MçÓyç shùb splendour

éçyç shôb auspiciousness

çÆMçvçç@³ç shínäy destruction

mççb®çò sànchû mould

mçoçn sadàh sound

mççoKç sàdakh magician

mçç@êJççj sädrûvàr fresh

mç@iç©vç sågrún to sprinkle

mJçiçò sôgû cheap

mçKçj sakhar set forth mJçkçÀçíuç sôkòl good time

mJç-kçÀþ sô-ka»h good son

mçç@uççyç sälàb floods

mççôbyçòjçJçávç sônbûràvún to collect

çÆnmçò hísû part

njòv³çd harûni female deer

nçÆjMçáLç haríshúth joyfulness

nmçKç hasakh rivalry

nçôì hó» throat

n@lçòj håtûr white leprosy


24


Exercise 16 Practice in reading sentences

(Courtesy: Project Zaan)

]®çò kçw³çççÆ]pç sáKç þçn þçn kç@ÀçÆjLç Dçmççvç?

tsû kyàzí chhúkh »háh »háh kåríth asàn

oHççvç jìòvçmç içæçÆs yççvçò Dççmçávç~

dapàn ra»ûnas gatshí bànû àsún

DçLç cçb]pç sávçò kçÀçbn MçKç çÆ]pç ]®çò sáKç m³çþçn lçí]pç~

ath manz chhúnû kành shakh zí tsû chhúkh sê»hàh tèz

çÆ³çcçvç iç@jçÇyçvç sávçç çÆ]pçboò jçí]pçvçákçÀ nKç?

yíman gårîban chhúnà zíndû ròznúk hakh ?

HçvçòçÆvçmç cçç@çÆuçmç cçççÆpç nòb]pç içæçÆs Kç@ocçLç kçÀjòv³çd~

panûnís mälís màjí hûnz gatshí khådmath karûni

yççmççvç sácç çÆ]pç ]®çô sá³ç vçò ³ççí©kçÀ J³çHççvç~

bàsàn chhúm zí tsé chhúy nû yòrúk vêpàn

JçççÆj³ççn kçÀçuç iççícç ]®çô Òççjçvç~

vàríyàh kàl gòm tsé pràràn

JJçuçò Dç]pç kçÀjJç Òçç@v³çd Hçç@þîç kçÀLçç yççLçç~

vólû az karav präni pä»hi kathà bàthà

oHççvç jç]pçò içJç çÆ³ç yçÓçÆ]pçLç m³çþçn KJçMç~

dapàn ràzû gav yí bùzíth sê»hàh häràn

Jççlççvç Jççlççvç Jçç@l³çd çÆlçcç Dç@çÆkçÀmç vççiçmç H³çþ lçò DççÆlç ÐçálçáKç LçKç~


25


vàtàn vàtàn väti tím åkís nàgas pê»h tû atí dyútúkh thakh

KJçpçvç kçÀçôj cççônçÆvççÆJçmç DççuçJç lçò ]®çÓjmç kçÀjòvçç@Jçòvç uççj~

khôjan kór móhnívís àlav tû tsùras karûnävûn làr


26


Exercise 17 Practice in reading sentences


]®çò kçw³çççÆ]pç sáKç þçn þçn kç@ÀçÆjLç Dçmççvç?

tsû kyàzí chhúkh »háh »háh kåríth asàn

oHççvç jìòvçmç içæçÆs yççvçò Dççmçávç~

dapàn ra»ûnas gatshí bànû àsún

DçLç cçb]pç sávçò kçÀçbn MçKç çÆ]pç ]®çò sáKç m³çþçn lçí]pç~

ath manz chhúnû kành shakh zí tsû chhúkh sê»hàh tèz

çÆ³çcçvç iç@jçÇyçvç sávçç çÆ]pçboò jçí]pçvçákçÀ nKç?

yíman gårîban chhúnà zíndû ròznúk hakh ?

HçvçòçÆvçmç cçç@çÆuçmç cçççÆpç nòb]pç içæçÆs Kç@ocçLç kçÀjòv³çd~

panûnís mälís màjí hûnz gatshí khådmath karûni

yççmççvç sácç çÆ]pç ]®çô sá³ç vçò ³ççí©kçÀ J³çHççvç~

bàsàn chhúm zí tsé chhúy nû yòrúk vêpàn

JçççÆj³ççn kçÀçuç iççícç ]®çô Òççjçvç~

vàríyàh kàl gòm tsé pràràn

JJçuçò Dç]pç kçÀjJç Òçç@v³çd Hçç@þîç kçÀLçç yççLçç~

vólû az karav präni pä»hi kathà bàthà

oHççvç jç]pçò içJç çÆ³ç yçÓçÆ]pçLç m³çþçn KJçMç~

dapàn ràzû gav yí bùzíth sê»hàh häràn


27


Jççlççvç Jççlççvç Jçç@l³çd çÆlçcç Dç@çÆkçÀmç vççiçmç H³çþ lçò DççÆlç ÐçálçáKç LçKç~

vàtàn vàtàn väti tím åkís nàgas pê»h tû atí dyútúkh thakh

KJçpçvç kçÀçôj cççônçÆvççÆJçmç DççuçJç lçò ]®çÓjmç kçÀjòvçç@Jçòvç uççj~

khôjan kór móhnívís àlav tû tsùras karûnävûn làr


28


Exercise 18 Practice in reading sentences - 2


çÆ³ç sá kçÀçuçò Hçiççn mçç@uçmç içæsçvç~

yí chhú kàlû pagàh sälas gatshàn.

Dç@çÆcçmç DçççÆmç pççvç içá]pççjò lçò lçJç³ç smç oççÆ³ç yçíçÆ$ç~

åmís àsí jàn gúzàrû tû tavay chhas dàyí bètrí.

kçÀç@Mçáj çÆs mçç@v³çd cçççÆpç ]p³çJç~ DççÆmç HççÆ]pç Hçvçòv³çvç Mçá³ç&vç mçól³çd Dç@L³çd ]pçyçç@v³çd cçb]pç kçÀLç kçÀjòv³çd~

käshúr chhí säni màjí zêv. así pazí panûnên shúrên süti åthi zabäni manz kath karûni.

m³çþçn kçÀçuç iççícç mççW®ççvç çÆ]pç yçò uçíKçò nç@ Hçvçòv³çvç jmcçvç lçò ³ç&Jççpçvç H³çþ DçKç çÆkçÀlççyç~

sê»hàh kàl gòm sònchàn zí bû lèkhû hä panûnên rasman tû rêvàjan pê»h akh kítàb.

Ðççj Dççmçvçò mçólççÇ içJç vçò kçÀçbn yççô[ cççônv³çáJç~ çÆouç içæçÆs yççô[ Dççmçávç~

dyàr àsnû sütî gav nû kành bóº móhnyúv. díl gatshí bóº àsún.

³çLç oáçÆvç³çnmç cçb]pç yççÆvç ÒçLç kçÀçbn ®ççÇ]pç cçiçj cçç@pç kçÀçÆlç yççÆvç?

yath dûníyahas manz baní prath kành chîz magar mäj katí baní.

mçá JçKlç sácç ³çço H³çJççvç ³çôçÆuç mçç@çÆvçmç çÆmçbiççÆuç HçMçmç DçKç DçKç iç]pç ]pçíçÆs çÆMçMçj iççBìò Dççmçò uçiççvç~

sû vakhût chhúm yàd pêvàn yélí sänís sínglí pashas akh akh gaz zèchhí shíshar gän»û àsû lagàn.

çÆ]pçþîçvç ³ç]pçLç kçÀ©vç sá uJçkçÀìîçvç nábo HçÀ]pç&~

zí»hên yazath karún chhû lôk»ên húnd pharz.

Hççb[òJçvç nòbçÆo JçKlçò çÆlç sá kç@ÀMççÇçÆj çÆnvoámlççvçmç mçól³çd mçcyçbo Dççímçcçálç pànºûvan hûndí vakhtû tí chhû kåshîrí hídústànas süti samband òsmût.

çÆ]pçþîçvç nòb]pç Dçç@nçÇ çÆs ÒçLç mççlçò yçkçÀçj çÆ³çJççvç~ çÆlçnòb]pç içæçÆs HççÆ]pç cçvçò mççÇJçç kçÀjòv³çd~

zí»hên hûnz ähî chhí prath sàtû bakàr yívàn. tíhûnz gatshí pazí manû sîvà karûni.

kç@ÀMççÇçÆj çÆs ÒçLç Dçç@þcç lçò Kççmç kç@ÀçÆjLç ]pçíþò Dçç@þcç Ün lçáuçcçáçÆuç çÆoJç³ç uçiççvç~

kåshîrí chhí prath ä»ham tû khàs kåríth zè»hû ä»ham dôh túlmúlí dívay lagàn.


29


Exercise 19 Practice in reading sentences - 3


lççÆlç Dçç@mç m³çþçn yççÇjò, lçJç³ç DçççÆ³ç Dç@m³çd JççHçmç~

tatí äs sê»hàh bîrû, tavay àyí åsi vàpas.

yçjmççlçmç cçb]pç sá ³çôçÆlç m³çþçn ªo H³çJççvç~

barsàtas manz chhú yétí sê»hàh rùd pêvàn.

Hçjyçlçmç DçBÐç DçBÐç çÆs kçÀv³çvç nòb]pç DçKç Lç@]pç kçÀuçç³ç~

parbatas åndi åndi chhí kanên hûnz akh thåz kalày.

lçLç kçáÀçÆþmç Dçç@mç DçkçÀç@³ç oç@j, DçcççÇ Dççímç lççÆlç iççMç kçÀcç~

tath kú»hís äs akäy där, amî òs tatí gàsh kam.

yççíçÆvç kçáÀçÆuçmç çÆs yç@[îç Hçvçò Jç@Lçòj Dççmççvç~ bòní kúlís chhí båºi panû våthûr àsàn.

jçlçò cJçiçáuç sá cçvçnÓmç pççvççJççj çÆ³çJççvç cççvçòvçò~

ràtû môgúl chhú manhùs jànàvàr yívàn manûnû.

mçç@çÆvçmç Dççbiçòvçmç cçb]pç çÆs ]®ççíj ÖçÀmç kçáÀu³çd lçò ]pçò lçáuçò kçáÀu³çd~

sänís àngûnas manz chhí tsòr phras kúli tû zû túlû kúli.

çÆ³ç iç@j çÆs c³çç@v³çd cçç@u³çd vçôyçjò H³çþò Dç@çÆvçcçò]®ç~

yí går chhí myäni mäli nébrû pê»hû ånímûts.

yççuçò LçBçÆiçmç H³çþ Dççímç pçb[ò uçç@çÆiçLç~ lççôlç Jçç@çÆlçLçò³ç Ðçálç DççÆmç LçKç~

bàlû thångís pê»h òs janºû lägíth. tót vätíthûy dyút así thakh.

içáuçcççÆiç& Dççímç MççÇvçmç H³çþ Kçòj $ççJçòvçmç yç[ò cç]pçò çÆ³çJççvç~

gúlmargí òs shînas pê»h khûr tràvûnas baºû mazû yívàn.

mççWLç çÆ³çJççvçò³ç sá kçáÀu³çvç vççôJç Hçvç vçíjçvç~

sònth yívànûy chhú kúlên nóv pan nèràn.


30


------------------------------------------------------------- kçÀç@Mçáj çÆkçÀLçò Hçç@þîç HçjJç lçò uçíKçJç?

How to read and write Kashmiri in Devanagari?

By

M.K.Raina

Updated January 2006

-------------------------------------------------------------


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