lessons learned from past notable disasters. part iii c: china’ earthquakes walter hays, global...
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS.
PART III C: CHINA’ EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK COMMUNITIES AT RISK
FLOODS
TYPHOONS
EARTHQUAKES
LANDSLIDESS
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
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CHINA’SCHINA’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
CHINA’SCHINA’S
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•TYPHOON HAZARDS•BLDG. INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
GOAL: EARTHQUAKE GOAL: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
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POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY
• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
• EVENTEVENT
POLICY ASSESSMENT
• COSTCOST
• BENEFITBENEFIT
•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
QUAKESQUAKESQUAKESQUAKES EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS
EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS
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MAP OF CHINA’S PROVINCES
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EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES OCCUR FREQUENTLY IN CHINA AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX
INTERACTIONS OF THE PACIFIC, INDO-AUSTRALIA, AND EURASIAN PLATES
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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• PREPAREDNESS PLANNING FOR THE INEVITABLE GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
• PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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NOTES FOR SOME OF CHINA’S NOTABLE
HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES
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DATE, LOCATION, AND DEATHS
• 1290, HOPEH PROVINCE- 100,000
• 1556, SHENSHI PROVINCE- 830,000
• 1920, KANSU PROVINCE– 180,000
• 1932, KANSU PROVINCE– 70,000
• 1975, TANGSHAN, HEBEI PROVINCE– 255,000+
• 2008, SICHUAN PROVINCE- 88,000
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THE TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE
HUBEI PROVINCEHUBEI PROVINCE
July 28, 1976July 28, 1976
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TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE: 3:42 AM, JULY 28, 1976
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TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE: OCCURRENCE
• The M7.8 Tanshan earthquake, the deadliest earthquake of the 20th century, occurred when a fault beneath the city of 1.6 million inhabitants ruptured at 3:42 am.
• A M7.1 aftershock followed 16 hours later, exacerbating damage and reducing hope for survivors.
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TANGSHAN WAS UNPREPARED
• In 1976, experts believed that Tangshan was located in a region with a relatively low probability of occurrence and a low risk from earthquakes; - - -
• Therefore, Tangshan was NOT prepared.
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TANGSHAN’S BUILDINGS WERE UNPROTECTED
• Few, if any, buildings had been sited, designed, and built in accordance with the seismic design provisions of a modern building code, and buildings were sited on unstable alluvial soil, ---
• Therefore, hundreds of thousands of buildings collapsed,.
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TANGSHAN’S BUILDINGS COLLAPSED
• Therefore, 85 percent of the buildings (hundreds of thou-sands of buildings performing all types of functions) collapsed and widespread loss of function of city lifelines occurred.
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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SURVIVORS WERE BURIED UNDER THE RUBBLE
• Survivors were buried under the rubble of collapsed buildings at 3:42 am, with little hope of a timely rescue and medical care within the 24-48 hour “Golden Period” by the first responders of a city that was UNPREPARED.
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EMERGENCY RESPONSE
• The Chinese Government refused to accept international aid from the United Nations, or other countries, insisting on self-reliance.
• Shanghai sent 56 medical teams to Tangshan to assist.
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LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL NATURAL HAZARDS
• CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.
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THE TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE’S ECONOMIC LOSS
• The economic loss was placed at 10 billion yuan.
• The total loss, which requires placing a value on the loss of 255,000255,000+ lives, is incalculable.
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TANGSHAN: RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION
• The recovery and reconstruction phase was very political and very complex, taking more than 10 years to restore the city to normal.
• Today, Tangshan, known as the “Brave City of China” is a modern city of 3 million inhabitants.
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THE WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE
SICHUAN PROVINCESICHUAN PROVINCE
May 12, 2008May 12, 2008
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MONDAY, 12 MAY, 20082:28 PM LOCAL TIME
•The ongoing regional com-pression creating the Tibetan foothills caused the Longmenshan fault to rupture and generate a M8.0 earthquake at a shallow focal depth of only 19 km (11,8 miles).
•
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COLLAPSED BUILDINGS: BEICHUAN
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WITHIN A FEW HOURS
•Forty-four of the counties and districts of Sishuan Province and one-half of its 20 million people were directly affected.• Over 220,000 were injured.•An estimated 88,000 were killed.
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TUESDAY, 13 MAY, 2008
•The Chinese government announced its willingness to receive international assistance. •Search and rescue activities were intensified with the assistance of a number of international teams of search and rescue experts and medical doctors.
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SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM: DUJIANGYAN
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WEDNESDAY, 14 MAY, 2008
An 8-months pregnant woman was among those rescued from collapsed buildings in an all out effort to rescue survivors.
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PREGNANT WOMAN RESCUED: DUJIANGYAN
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WEDNESDAY, 14 MAY, 2008
Soldiers were dispatched to repair Zipingpu dam after cracks were discovered in 391 dams in the epicentral region
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FRIDAY, 16 MAY 2008
•The Chinese Government increased the number of soldiers involved in emergency response to 130,000
•Survivors were still being removed from rubble.
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SOLDIERS REPAIR CRACKS IN ZIPINGPU DAM:DUJIANGYAN
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The earthquake showed that the communities in the Sichian Province were UNPREPARED for
what happened!
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25 million buildings and the infrastructure to support them were UNPROTECTED by modern building codes or modern lifeline
standards.
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WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE SICHUAN PROVINCE,CHINA
• MAY 12, 2008
• 88,000 DEAD
• 25 MILLION HOMES DAMAGED OR DESTROYED