lesson 2: common sensors and measurements systems if only it were this simple!
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Lesson 2:Common Sensors and Measurements Systems
If only it were this simple!
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Healy
Knorr
Brown
Atlantis
Kilo Moana
Okeanos Explorer
Explorer of the Seas
Thompson
Revelle
Clifford A Barnes
Savannah
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Sonic Anemometers
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PSP and PIR radiometers Ultra Sonic & Prop-Vane (stbd)Prop-Vane (port) Ultra Sonic, T/RH/P
Main Mast
Forward Mast
HEALY 2008
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WXT, Prop-Vane,IMET
ICEALOT 2008
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• Wind speed and direction• Air temperature and humidity• Atmospheric pressure• Incoming short- and long-wave radiation• Rainfall• Sea surface temperature
• Ship’s heading• Ship’s course over ground (COG)• Ship’s speed over ground (SOG)• Time (UTC)
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Air Temperature and Humidity
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Indirect Measurement of Humidity
Psychrometer(Wet/Dry Bulb)
Chilled Mirror(Dew point)
LICOR 7500 gas analyzer(Water vapor)
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Wind Speed and Direction
Cup/Vane
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Incoming Shortwave and Longwave Radiation
SW LW
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Direct Diffuse
Rotating ShadowbandPyroheliometer
PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION (PAR)
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Rainfall(direct)
Hasse et al., 1998Siphon
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Rainfall(Indirect)
263 264 265 266 267 268 269
Year day 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Re
lativ
e w
ind
m/s
-40
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
Ra
infa
ll m
m
ORG#2Stbd2Port3Relative windORG#2corrStbd.2corrPort3corr
EPIC2001
Rain rateRain accumulation
DisdrometerOptical
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Rainfall Measuring Instruments Used Aboard Ships and Moorings
• Siphon rain gauge+ Volumetric – direct calibration- Distorts wind flow- Funnel can clog with debris or guano- Misses catch when siphoning- Evaporation loss at low rain rates- Affected by ship motion
• Optical rain gauge (ORG)+ Open path, less wind distortion+ Sensitive to low rain rates- Requires calibration- Uncertain directional response
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Atmospheric Pressure
Quad-Disk Pressure Portminimizes dynamic pressure errors due to wind
Static Pressure Head
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Sea Surface Temperature
Sea Chest Hull
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Sea Surface Temperature(IR)
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TIMEReference (UTC)Synchronized (GPS)
between systems when necessary
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Ship Motion• Pitch, roll, yaw• Accelerations
For mean quantities we believe that these motions are not critical, except during extreme conditions. Other factors that come into play are the flow distortion effects of the ship. There are also known effects caused by waves that are then dependent on the period and amplitude of the waves relative to the wind.
We use these for corrections to our higher frequency data used to calculate fluxes.
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• Hosom, D. S., R. A. Weller, R. E. Payne and K. E. Prada. The IMET (improved meteorology) ship and buoy systems. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 12:527-540. June 1995
• Colbo, K., and R. A. Weller. The accuracy of the IMET sensor package. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 26:1867-1890. September 2009
• Bradley, E. F. and Fairall, C. W.: A guide to making climate quality meteorological and flux measurements at sea. NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PSD-311. Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado. October 2006.
For More Information
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Hands-On Demonstration with Instruments and DAS
We have the following instruments available (in addition to a Campbell Scientific logger, PC, etc.):
• R.M. Young wind monitor• Gill 2-D windsonic• Vaisala T/RH (HMP45 and HMT335)• Vaisala WXT (all in one weather station)• Pressure sensor w/dynamic pressure port
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EndLesson 2
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Incoming Shortwave and Longwave Radiation
Direct/Diffuse Direct/Diffuse