lesson 1 - public health concepts
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PUBLIC HEALTHCONCEPTS
UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Prof. Cindy Rose V. Misena, RPh, MOH
2ndsemester, AY 2014-2015
20 November 2014
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OBJECTIVES
To know the definition of health To determine various concepts, perspectives anddeterminants of health
To define globalization and its impact on health
To discuss different models of disease causationtheories
To know the evolution/historical background of PublicHealth
To define Public Health and its core activities To be aware of the major disciplines of Public Health
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WHAT IS HEALTH?
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Health Definition
State of being free from illness or injury
WHO Definition (1948): A state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being and notmerely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Updated WHO Definition inclusion of socially
and economically productive life
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Specific Dimensions of Health
1. Physical
2. Mental
3. Social4. Emotional
5. Spiritual
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WHAT IS YOUR
PERSPECTIVE ONHEALTH?
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WHO Cons t i tut ion:
Theenjoyment of the highest attainable standard
of health is one of the fundamental rights of everyhuman being without distinction of race, religion,
political belief, economic or social condition.
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DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
1. HealthField Concept
2. EcologicalField Concept
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Health Field Concept
1. Human Biology Genetic Counseling; GeneticEngineering
2. Environment
3. Lifestyle/Behavior major determinant4. Healthcare Organization resource on human
power, equipment, money
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Ecological Field Concept
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Health ofCommunity
Socio-cultural
Community
Organization
Physicaldeterminants
Behavioral
determinant
Figure 1. Ecological Field Concept Diagram (Gidey, G., 2006)
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10-minute break
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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
process of increasing political and socialinterdependence and global integration that takes
place as capital, traded goods, persons, concepts,
images, ideas, and values diffuse across the
stated boundaries.
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EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATIONON HEALTH
1. Accelerated economic growth and technologicaladvances have enhanced health and life
expectancy in many population
2. Increasing effects of international and bilateralagencies
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RISKS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Food markets and obesity as well as chemicalsin food
2. Rapid spread of infectious diseases
3. Adverse effects on the environment
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MODEL OF DISEASECAUSATION THEORIES
19thcentury models:
a. Contagion Theory
b. Supernatural Theory
c. Personal Behavior Theory
d. Miasma Theory
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MODEL OF DISEASECAUSATION THEORIES
20thcentury models:
a. Germ Theory
b. Lifestyle Theory
c. Environmental Theory
d. Multicausal Theory
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5-minute break
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Public Health Evolution
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Historical Background
Ancient Societies (before 500 B.C.) evidence of bathrooms, drainage systems
Book of Leviticus (1500 B.C.) guidelines
for personal cleanliness, sanitation of
campsites, disinfection of wells
Middle Ages (500-1500 A.D.) spiritual
cause and solutions to health problems
Renaissance Era (1500-1700 A.D.) environmental cause
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Historical Background
18th
Centuryindustrialization / Edward Jenner / vaccination
against smallpox (1796)
19thCentury
industrialization, agricultural development
nutrition ; Luis PasteursGerm theory;
Robert Kochspostulate
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Historical Background
20th
Centuryperiod of health resources and development(1900-1960); social engineering (1960-1973);health promotion (Primary Health Care), andmarket period (1985 and beyond)
21s tCentury Chal lenge:
reduction of burden of excess morbidity and
mortality among the poor, threats of economiccrisis, unhealthy environment and lifestyle; anddevelopment of effective health system
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PUBLIC HEALTHC.E.A. Winslow Definition (1920):
thescience and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and
promoting health and efficiency through organized community
efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of
community infections, the education of the individual inpersonal health, the organization of medical and nursing
services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of
disease, and the development of social machinery which will
ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living
adequate for the maintenance or improvement of health.
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PUBLIC HEALTHAmerican Public Health Association (APHA)
Definition:
practice of preventing disease and promoting
good health within groups of people, from smallcommunities to entire countries; includes health
professionals from many fields working together
with the common purpose of protecting the health
of a population
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KEY TERMS IN PUBLICHEALTH
Health Promotion guiding concept involvingactivities intended to enhance individual and
community health well-being.
Elements of Health Promotion:
1. Addressing the health related issues of the
whole population as well as people at risk for
specific diseases2. Directing action to risk factors or causes of
illness or deathUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
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3. Undertaking activities approach to seek outand remedy risk factors in the community that
adversely affect health
4. Promoting factors that contribute to a better
condition of the health of the population
5. Initiating factors against health hazards,
including communication, education,
legislation, fiscal measures, organizationalchange, community development and
spontaneous local activitiesUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
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6. Involving public participation in definingproblems, deciding on action
7. Advocating relevant environmental, health and
social policy
8. Encouraging health professionalsparticipation
in health education and health policy
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KEY TERMS IN PUBLICHEALTH
Prevention goals of medicine that are to promote, topreserve and to restore health when it is impaired and to
minimize suffering and distress.
3 Levels of Prevention:
1. Primary Prevention directed at the host and/or to
the environment
2. Secondary Prevention - early diagnosis and
management3. Tertiary Prevention for rehabilitation, restoration and
maintenance of maximum functionUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA
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CORE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLICHEALTH
1. Preventing epidemics2. Protecting the environment, workplace, food
and water
3. Promoting health behavior
4. Monitoring the health status of the population
5. Mobilizing community action
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CORE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLICHEALTH
6. Responding in disasters7. Assuring the quality, accessibility and
accountability of medical care
8. Reaching to develop new insights and
innovative solutions; and
9. Leading the development of sound health
policy and planning
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MAJOR DISCIPLINES
1. Nutrition2. Reproductive Health
3. Environmental Health
4. Health Education
5. Epidemiology
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MAJOR DISCIPLINES
6. Health Economics7. Biostatistics
8. Health Service Management
9. Ecology10. Research
11. Demography
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REFERENCES
Evans, Marion Willard Jr., DC, PhD, CHES. (n.d). Basic Concepts in PublicHealth. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC, pages 1-14.
Friis, Robert H., PhD. 2010. Epidemiology 101. Massachusetts: Jones and
Bartlett Publishers, LLC, pages 3-5.
Gidey, Gebrezgi, M.D., Sadik Taju, M.D., Ato Seifu Hagos. 2006. Introduction to
Public Health: Lecture Notes for Health Science Students. Ethiopia:
USAID pages 1-40.
Tortora, Gerard J., Berdell R. Funke and Christine L. Case. 1995. Microbiology:
An Introduction. Philippines: The Benjamin/Cummings PublishingCompany, Inc., pages 1-11.
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END OF LECTURE