lesson 1 mathematics for physics mr. komsilp kotmool (aj tae) department of physics, mwit email :...
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LESSON 1LESSON 1Mathematics for PhysicsMathematics for Physics
Mr. Komsilp Kotmool (Aj Mr. Komsilp Kotmool (Aj Tae)Tae)
Department of Physics, Department of Physics, MWITMWIT
Email : Email : [email protected]
Web site : Web site : www.mwit www.mwit
.ac.th/~tae_mwit.ac.th/~tae_mwit
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Warm UpWarm Up
A single chicken farmer has figured out that a hen and a half can lay an egg and a half in a day and a half. How many hens does the farmer need to produce one dozen eggs in six days?
A single chicken farmer also has some cows for a total of 30 animals, and all animals in farm have 74 legs in all. How many chickens does the farmer have?
the farmer needs 3 hens to produce 12 eggs in 6 days.
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CONTENTSCONTENTS
Why do we use Mathematics in Physics? What is Mathematics in this course? Functions Limits and Continuity of function Fundamental Derivative Fundamental Integration Approximation methods
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Why do we use Mathematics in Why do we use Mathematics in Physics (and other subjects)?Physics (and other subjects)?
ข้�อมู�ลเชิงวิทยาศาสตร์� ข้�อมู�ลเชิงวิทยาศาสตร์� ((ฟิ�สกส�ฟิ�สกส�)) Qualitative Physics – เชิงคุ�ณภาพ เป็�นร์�บแบบเชิงคุ�ณภาพ เป็�นร์�บแบบ
การ์ศ"กษาท$%บ&งบอกถึ"งคุวิามูร์� �ส"ก มู$หร์)อไมู&มู$ การ์ศ"กษาท$%บ&งบอกถึ"งคุวิามูร์� �ส"ก มู$หร์)อไมู&มู$ เชิ&น บางส&วินข้องวิชิาเชิ&น บางส&วินข้องวิชิา Quantum Physics
Quantitative Physics – เชิงป็ร์มูาณ เป็�นร์�ป็แบบเชิงป็ร์มูาณ เป็�นร์�ป็แบบการ์บ&งชิ$+เชิงข้�อมู�ท$%แมู&นตร์ง มูากการ์บ&งชิ$+เชิงข้�อมู�ท$%แมู&นตร์ง มูาก--น�อยแคุ&ไหน น�อยแคุ&ไหน สามูาร์ถึน-าไป็ป็ร์ะย�กต�ใชิ�ในกจกร์ร์มูข้องมูน�ษย�สามูาร์ถึน-าไป็ป็ร์ะย�กต�ใชิ�ในกจกร์ร์มูข้องมูน�ษย�ได้�ย&างมู$ป็ร์ะสทธิภาพ ได้�ย&างมู$ป็ร์ะสทธิภาพ ((ส&วินใหญ่&ข้องฟิ�สกส�ส&วินใหญ่&ข้องฟิ�สกส�))
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What is Mathematics in this What is Mathematics in this course?course?
REVIEW: basic problemDisplacement S = ? = v x t NOT AT ALLNOT AT ALL
condition: v must be constant !!But in reality, v is not constant !!!
General definition
Betterdt
dsv or vdts
dt
sdv
or dtvs
CALCULUSCALCULUS
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FunctionsFunctions
What is FUNCTION?REVIEW : some basic equations
y = Ax+B lineary = Ax2+Bx+C parabolay = sin(x) trigonometricy = circular
y is the function of x for the 1-3 equation, but the 4th is not!!
Rewrite: y is the function of x to be y(x) [y of x]
21 x
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FunctionsFunctions
What is FUNCTION?REVIEW again: For physical view
The motion of a car is expressed with S = 5t-5t2 equation.
Displacement (S) depends on time (t)
We can say that S is the function of t, and can be rewritten:
S(t) = 5t-5t2
Note: We usually see Note: We usually see f(x)f(x) and and g(x)g(x) in many text books. in many text books.
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FunctionsFunctions
Mathematical definitions
1). If variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that each value of x determines exactly one value of y, then we say that y is a y is a function of x.function of x.
2). A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with each input. If a input denoted by x, then the output is denoted by f(x) (read “f of x”)
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ExerciseExercise
Consider variable y whether it is the function or not and find the value of y at x=2
1). y – x2 = 5
2). 4y2 + 9x2 = 36
3). y + = 0
4). ycsc(x) = 1
5). y2 +2y –x =0
21 x
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Limits and Continuity of functionLimits and Continuity of function
What is limits? Why do we use limits? When do we use limits?
??????????
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Limits and Continuity of functionLimits and Continuity of function
Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
We can not calculate force at r → ∞.
How do we solve this problem??
But we can find the close value!!!!!!
2r
MmGF
0F
at r → ∞.
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Limits and Continuity of functionLimits and Continuity of function
Electric field at arbitrary from solid sphere
E = ? At E = ? At r = ar = a
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Limits and Continuity of functionLimits and Continuity of function
For mathematical equation
f(x=0) = ?11
)(
x
xxf
We can not find f(x) at x = 0
But we can find its close value of f(x) at x → 0
Therefore, f(x) → 2 at x → 0
2)(lim0
xfx
“the limit of f(x) as x approaches 0 is 2”
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Limits and Continuity of functionLimits and Continuity of function
How about at x → 0?xxxf /)(
xxxf /)(
-1 ; x<0
1 ; x>0 1)(lim0
xfx
Limit from the leftLimit from the left
1)(lim0
xfx
Limit from the rightLimit from the right
)(lim)(lim00
xfxfxx
)(lim0
xfx
Not exist !!For discontinuity
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Limits and Continuity of functionLimits and Continuity of function
THEOREMS. Let a and k be real numbers, and suppose that
1)(lim Lxfax
and 2)(lim Lxgax
kkax
lim axax
lim
21)(lim)(lim)]()([lim LLxgxfxgxfaxaxax
and
21)(lim).(lim)]().([lim LLxgxfxgxfaxaxax
0,)(lim
)(lim]
)(
)([lim 2
2
1
L
L
L
xg
xf
xg
xf
ax
ax
ax
even. is if 0 ,)(lim)(lim 11 nLprovideLxfxf nnax
n
ax
1
2
3
4
5
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Limits and Continuity of functionLimits and Continuity of function
Continuity of function A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c provided the
following condition are satisfied :
1). f(c) is defined
2). exists
3).
)(lim xfcx
)()(lim cfxfcx
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History of CalculusHistory of Calculus
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental DerivativeIn reality, the world phenomena involve changing quantities:In reality, the world phenomena involve changing quantities:
the speed of objects (rocket, vehicles, balls, etc.)the speed of objects (rocket, vehicles, balls, etc.)the number of bacteria in a culturethe number of bacteria in a culturethe shock intensity of an earthquakethe shock intensity of an earthquakethe voltage of an electrical signal the voltage of an electrical signal
It is very easy for the ideal situations {many exercises in your text books}
For example: constant of velocityS = v x t
rate of change of S is constant v = ΔS/Δt
Consider: can we have this situation in the real world?
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative
There are many conditions in nature affecting to complicate phenomena and equations!!!
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative
Consider: equation of motion (free fall)
S(t) = ut – ½(g)t2
Velocity does not be constant with time !!!
How do we define velocity from tHow do we define velocity from t11 to t to t22 ? ?
Average velocity ?Average velocity ?
12
12 )()()(
tt
tStS
t
tSvav
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative
Slopes and rate of changeS(t)
tt1
t2
S(t1)
S(t2)
slopett
tStSvav
12
12 )()(
vvavav can not be exactly can not be exactly
represented this motion!represented this motion!
Take t2 close to t1
S(t)
tt1 t2
S(t1)S(t2)
more exactly !!!
Clo
se to
tang
ent l
ine
Slope at t = tSlope at t = t11 is tangent line is tangent line
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative
0 , )()()(
12
12
t
tt
tStS
t
tSvav
Take t2 close to t1 that t2-t1 = Δt → 0
ttt
tSttS
t
tSvv
ttav
100
int let ; )()(
lim)(
lim
vint → v(t) instantaneous velocity
Mathematical notationMathematical notation
dt
tdS
t
tSttSv
t
)(
)()(lim
0int
(read “(read “dee S by dee tdee S by dee t”)”)
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative
Exercises: Find the derivative of y(x) and its value at x=2
1. y(x) = x
2. y(x) = x2
3. y(x) = sin(x)
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative FORMULARS: If f(x) and g(x) are the function of x and c is any real
number
0)( cdx
d
1 nn nxxdx
d
xxdx
dcossin
xxdx
dsincos
1.
2.
3.
4.
dx
xdfcxcf
dx
d )()(
)()()()( xgdx
dxf
dx
dxgxf
dx
d
5.
6.
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative
What is the derivative of these complicate functions?
Case 1) y(x) = sin(x2)
Case 2) y(x) = xcos(x)
Case 3) y(x) = tan(x)
Chain rule:dx
xdu
du
udvxv
dx
d )(.
)()(
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Fundamental DerivativeFundamental Derivative
FORMULARS : If u is a function of x {u(x)}, and c is any real number
udx
dnuu
dx
d nn 1
udx
duu
dx
dcossin
udx
duu
dx
dsincos
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
)()()()()().( xfdx
dxgxg
dx
dxfxgxf
dx
d
Frequency use in Physics
6.
7.
2)(
)()()()()(/)(
xg
xgdxd
xfxfdxd
xgxgxf
dx
d
udx
dee
dx
d uu
udx
d
uu
dx
d 1ln
g(x) ≠ 0
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Additional applications of Additional applications of DerivativeDerivative
Maximum and Minimum problemsEx : An open box is composed of a 16-inch by 30-inch piece of Ex : An open box is composed of a 16-inch by 30-inch piece of cardboard by cutting out squares of equal size from the four corners cardboard by cutting out squares of equal size from the four corners and bending up the sides. What size should the squares to be obtained and bending up the sides. What size should the squares to be obtained a box with the largest volume?a box with the largest volume?
16 in
30 in
xx
xx
xx
xx
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
IntegrationIntegration การ์หาป็ร์พ4นธิ�การ์หาป็ร์พ4นธิ�What is the integration (calculus)?What is the integration (calculus)?
Why do we use the integration (calculus)?Why do we use the integration (calculus)?
When do we use the integration (calculus)?When do we use the integration (calculus)?
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
Recall:Recall: If we know S(t) of a object we can find v(t) of its and say say v(t)v(t) is the derivative of is the derivative of S(t)S(t) !!!!
dt
tdS
t
tSttStv
t
)(
)()(lim)(
0
Reverse problem :Reverse problem : If we know v(t) of a object Can/How do we find S(t) of its ?
We can say that S(t)S(t) is the antiderivative of is the antiderivative of v(t)v(t) !!!!
What is the antiderivative?What is the antiderivative?
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
Consider graphs of constant and linear velocity with time (v(t)-t)
v(t)
t
v0
v(t)
t
v0
v
tt
S = vS = v00tt S = (1/2)(vS = (1/2)(v00+v)t+v)t
S(t) was represented by area under function of S(t) was represented by area under function of v(t)v(t) !!! !!!
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
How about the complicate function of v(t)?
v(t)
t
v
t
What about S(t) of this curve?
S(t) also was represented by area under of this curve!
Next problem….How do we find this area?
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
The method of exhaustion is a method of finding the area of a shape by inscribing inside it
a sequence of polygons whose areas converge to the area of the containing shape.
Archimedes used the method of exhaustion as a way to compute the area inside a
circle by filling the circle with a polygon of a greater and greater number of sides.
MMethod of ethod of EExhaustionxhaustion
disadvantage: do not proper with asymmetric shape
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integrationv(t)
t
v
tΔΔtt
t*
v(tv(t**))
ttvS ).( *
n
ii
n
ii ttvSS
1
*
1
).(
For smoother area nt 0
Therefore, we get
dttv
ttvttvtSn
ii
n
n
ii
t
)(
).(lim).(lim)(1
*
1
*
0
Read “S(t) equal integral of v(t) dee t”
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
Mathematical MMathematical Methodethod
For Polynomial Function
)()(
xfdx
xdF dxxfxF )()(
Note : f(x) is the derivative of F(x), but in the other hand, F(x) is a antiderivative of f(x).
F(x) = x2 + 5 f(x) = 2x
F(x) = x2 + 10 f(x) = 2x
F(x) = x2 f(x) = 2xConstants Constants depend on depend on conditionsconditions !!!!
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
Recall: 1 nn nxxdx
d
Set n=n-1 1 nn nxxdx
d nn xnxdx
d)1(1
Therefore, we get 1)1( nn xdxxn
1)1()1( nnn xdxxndxxn1
1
n
xdxx
nn
For the flexible form Cn
xdxx
nn
1
1
When C is the arbitrary constant.
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
Exercises: Find the antiderivative of the following y(x).
1. y(x) = 3x3 + 4x2 + 5
2. y(x) = 0
3. y(x) = sin(x)
4. y(x) = xcos(x2)
5. y(x) = tan(x)
Integration by Substitution
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
cn
xdxx
nn
1
1
cxdxx ln1
cedxe xx
cxdxx tansec2
cxdxx sincos
FORMULARS: If f(x) and g(x) are the function of x and c is any real number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
xgdxxgdx
d
dxxgcdxxcg
dxxgdxxfdxxgxf
cxdxx cotcsc2
cxdxx cossin
All of these are call the indefinite integral All of these are call the indefinite integral
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental IntegrationThe definite integral
dxxvxS )()( Recall:
We get the general solution of S(t) from the indefinite integralthe indefinite integral.
Problem: How do we get displacement (S) in the Problem: How do we get displacement (S) in the interval [a,b] of time? interval [a,b] of time?
v(t)
ta b
a is the lower limitb is the upper limit
)()()()( aSbStSdttvb
a
b
a
this is the definite integral !this is the definite integral !
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental IntegrationDefinition:Definition:
(a) If a is in the domain of f(x), we define
(b) If f(x) is integrable on [a,b], then we define
Theorem.Theorem. If f(x) is integrable on a close interval containing the three nuber a, b, and c, then
0)( a
a
dxxf
b
a
a
b
dxxfdxxf )()(
b
c
c
a
b
a
dxxfdxxfdxxf )()()(
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental IntegrationExample: Find the antiderivative of y(x) = 4x3 + 2x + 5 in the interval [2,5] of x.
645
)25(5)25()25(
5
10
5
11
2
13
4
524
)524()(
2244
5
2
5
2
25
2
4
5
2
105
2
115
2
13
5
2
5
2
5
2
3
5
2
35
2
xxx
xxx
dxdxxdxx
dxxxdxxySolSol
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Fundamental IntegrationFundamental Integration
Exercises: Find the value of these definite integral.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
0
sin d
1
0
5)53( dxx
24
0
1 sin
dxxx
0
2 5sec ydy
3/
0
tansec
d
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Additional applications of Additional applications of IntegrationIntegrationIn Physics
Center of mass
HH
LL
The triangle plate has mass M and constant density ρ that is shown in the figure. Find its center of mass that can find from these equations
xdmx Mcm1
ydmy Mcm1
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Additional applications of Additional applications of IntegrationIntegrationIn PhysicsIn Physics
Work done by variable force ?
FSW Work done by a constant force
F
S
FdSW
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ReferencesReferences
Anton H., Bivens I., and Davis S. Calculus. 7th Ed. John Willey&Son, Inc. 2002.