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ð¢ ̈ BuiltIn Database ObjectsIn addition to creating the database files, several other structures are created.Data dictionary: Contains descriptions of the objects in the databaseDynamic performance tables: Contains information used by the database administrator (DBA) to monitor and tune the database and instancePL/SQL packages: Program units adding functionality to the database. These packages are created when the catproc.sql script is run after the CREATE DATABASE command. PL/SQL packages will not be discussed within the scope of this course.Database event triggers: Triggers are procedures that execute implicitly whenever a table or view is modified, or when some user actions or database system actions occur. Database event triggers will not be discussed within the scope of this course. ¡f R µ R 7 K ðH ð ø

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ðe ̈ # Data DictionaryOne of the most important parts of an Oracle database is its data dictionary, which is a readonly set of tables and views that provides information about its associated database.The data dictionary is updated by the Oracle server whenever a data definition language (DDL) command is executed. In addition, data manipulation language (DML) commands, such as one that causes a table to extend, can update the data dictionary.Not only is the data dictionary central to every Oracle database, it is an important source of information for all users, from end users to application designers and database administrators.SQL statements are used to access the data dictionary. Because the database is readonly, you can issue queries only against the tables and views of the data dictionary. ¡& ðH ð

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ðA ̈ _ Base Tables and Data Dictionary ViewsThe data dictionary contains descriptions of the objects in the database. It includes two types of objects.Base TablesBase tables are underlying tables, which store information about the database. The base tables are the first objects created in any Oracle database. They are automatically created when the Oracle server runs the sql.bsq script at the time the database is created. Only the Oracle server should write to these tables. Users rarely access them directly, because most of the data is stored in a crypticformat. Never use DML commands to update the base tables directly, with the exception of the AUD$ table. An example of a base table is the IND$ table, which contains information about the indexes in the database.Data Dictionary ViewsData dictionary views are base table summaries, which provide for a more usefuldisplay of base table information. For example, in the data dictionary views, object names are used instead of only object numbers. The data dictionary views are created using the catalog.sql script which is run after the CREATE DATABASE command. ¡Æ & : & k Ô * E

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ðO ̈ « Creating Data Dictionary ViewsThe base tables of the data dictionary are automatically created when a database is created. When the database is created using the Oracle Universal Installer,the scripts to create data dictionary and dynamic performance views, and scripts for your Oracle server options are run automatically.You must run these scripts manually when creating a new database manually. In addition, you may need to run them again when upgrading to a new release of the Oracle server. These scripts must be run as the user SYS with the SYSDBA privilege.The scripts are located in the following directories:UNIX: $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/adminNT: %ORACLE_HOME%\rdbms\admin ¡ ú

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÷ ðF ̈ æ How the Data Dictionary Is UsedHow the Oracle Server Uses the Data DictionaryData in the base tables of the data dictionary are necessary for the Oracle server to function. Therefore, only the Oracle server should write or change data dictionary information. During database operation, the Oracle server reads the data dictionary to ascertain that schema objects exist and that users have proper access to them. The Oracle server also updates the data dictionary continuously to reflect changes in database structures.How Users and DBAs Use the Data DictionaryThe views of the data dictionary serve as a reference for all database users. Some views are accessible to all Oracle users. Others are intended for database administrators only. ¡D Ç / º + ³ ðH ð

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÷ ð, & D a t a D i c t i o n a r y V i e w C a t e g o r i e s V i e w s W i t h t h e D B A P r e f i x V i e w s w i t h t h e D B A p r e f i x s h o w a g l o b a l v i e w o f t h e e n t i r e d a t a b a s e . T h e y a r e m e a n t t o b e q u e r i e d o n l y b y d a t a b a s e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s . A n y u s e r g r a n t e d t h e s y s t e m p r i v i l e g e S E L E C T A N Y T A B L E c a n q u e r y t h e D B A p r e f i x e d v i e w s o f t h e d a t a d i c t i o n a r y . T o q u e r y o n a l l o b j e c t s i n t h e d a t a b a s e , t h e D B A c a n i s s u e t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t : S Q L > S E L E C T o w n e r , o b j e c t _ n a m e , o b j e c t _ t y p e 2 F R O M d b a _ o b j e c t s ; V i e w s W i t h t h e A L L P r e f i x V i e w s w i t h t h e A L L p r e f i x r e f e r t o t h e u s e r s o v e r a l l p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e d a t a b a s e . T h e s e v i e w s r e t u r n i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s c h e m a o b j e c t s t o w h i c h t h e u s e r h a s a c c e s s b y w a y o f p u b l i c o r e x p l i c i t g r a n t s o f p r i v i l e g e s a n d r o l e , i n a d d i t i o n t o s c h e m a o b j e c t s t h a t t h e u s e r o w n s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e r y r e t u r n s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a l l t h e o b j e c t s t o w h i c h a u s e r h a s a c c e s s : S E L E C T o w n e r , o b j e c t _ n a m e , o b j e c t _ t y p e F R O M a l l _ o b j e c t s ; ¡ê t > g : ðH ð (

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÷ ð* Ä D a t a D i c t i o n a r y V i e w C a t e g o r i e s ( c o n t i n u e d ) V i e w s W i t h t h e U S E R P r e f i x T h e v i e w s m o s t l i k e l y t o b e o f i n t e r e s t t o t y p i c a l d a t a b a s e u s e r s a r e t h o s e w i t h t h e U S E R p r e f i x . T h e s e v i e w s : R e f e r t o t h e u s e r s o w n p r i v a t e e n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e d a t a b a s e G e n e r a l l y r e f e r t o o b j e c t s o w n e d b y t h e c u r r e n t u s e r H a v e c o l u m n s i d e n t i c a l t o t h e o t h e r v i e w s , e x c e p t t h a t t h e c o l u m n O W N E R i s i m p l i e d t o b e t h e c u r r e n t u s e r R e t u r n a s u b s e t o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e A L L v i e w s C a n h a v e a b b r e v i a t e d p u b i c s y n o n y m s f o r c o n v e n i e n c e F o r e x a m p l e , t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e r y r e t u r n s a l l t h e o b j e c t s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e u s e r s s c h e m a : S E L E C T o w n e r , o b j e c t _ n a m e , o b j e c t _ t y p e F R O M u s e r s _ o b j e c t s ; D a t a D i c t i o n a r y V i e w s D a t a d i c t i o n a r y v i e w s a r e s t a t i c v i e w s t h a t a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s s u c h a s : W a s t h e o b j e c t e v e r c r e a t e d ? W h a t i s t h e o b j e c t a p a r t o f ? W h o o w n s t h e o b j e c t ? W h a t p r i v i l e g e s d o u s e r s h a v e ? W h a t r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e o n t h e o b j e c t ? N o t e : R e f e r t o t h e O r a c l e 9 i D a t a b a s e R e f e r e n c e d o c u m e n t f o r a l i s t i n g o f a l l d a t a d i c t i o n a r y v i e w s . ¡. , C ò d + U ³ M ; Y < F

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æ ðö D a t a D i c t i o n a r y E x a m p l e s T o g e t a n o v e r v i e w o f t h e d a t a d i c t i o n a r y v i e w s , t h e D I C T I O N A R Y v i e w o r i t s s y n o n y m D I C T c a n b e q u e r i e d . F o r e x a m p l e : S Q L > S E L E C T * F R O M d i c t i o n a r y ; I n c l u d e t h e W H E R E c l a u s e t o n a r r o w y o u r r e s p o n s e s : S Q L > S E L E C T * F R O M d i c t i o n a r y 2 W H E R E t a b l e _ n a m e L I K E D B A _ S E G % T o g e t a l i s t o f c o l u m n s w i t h i n a v i e w , u s e t h e D E S C R I B E k e y w o r d : S Q L > D E S C R I B E d b a _ u s e r s ; T o g e t a n o v e r v i e w o f t h e c o l u m n s i n t h e d a t a d i c t i o n a r y v i e w s , y o u c a n q u e r y t h e D I C T _ C O L U M N S v i e w . T o v i e w t h e c o n t e n t s o f a d a t a d i c t i o n a r y v i e w , u s e t h e S E L E C T c o m m a n d . S Q L > S E L E C T * F R O M d b a _ u s e r s ; N o t e : R e f e r t o t h e O r a c l e 9 i D a t a b a s e R e f e r e n c e d o c u m e n t f o r a c o m p l e t e l i s t o f d a t a d i c t i o n a r y v i e w s a n d t h e i r c o l u m n s . ¡D ³ 5

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æ ðF l D y n a m i c P e r f o r m a n c e T a b l e s T h r o u g h o u t i t s o p e r a t i o n , t h e O r a c l e s e r v e r r e c o r d s c u r r e n t d a t a b a s e a c t i v i t y i n a s e t o f v i r t u a l t a b l e s c a l l e d d y n a m i c p e r f o r m a n c e v i e w s . T h e s e v i r t u a l t a b l e s e x i s t i n m e m o r y o n l y w h e n t h e d a t a b a s e i s r u n n i n g , t o r e f l e c t r e a l t i m e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e d a t a b a s e o p e r a t i o n . T h e y p o i n t t o a c t u a l s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n m e m o r y a n d t h e c o n t r o l f i l e . T h e s e t a b l e s a r e n o t t r u e t a b l e s , a n d a r e n o t t o b e a c c e s s e d b y m o s t u s e r s ; h o w e v e r , D B A c a n q u e r y , g r a n t t h e S E L E C T p r i v i l e g e , a n d c r e a t e v i e w s o n t h e s e v i e w s . T h e s e v i e w s a r e s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d f i x e d v i e w s b e c a u s e t h e y c a n n o t b e a l t e r e d o r r e m o v e d b y t h e D B A . T h e d y n a m i c p e r f o r m a n c e t a b l e s a r e o w n e d b y S Y S , a n d t h e i r n a m e s a l l b e g i n w i t h V _ $ . V i e w s a r e c r e a t e d o n t h e s e t a b l e s , a n d t h e n p u b l i c s y n o n y m s a r e c r e a t e d f o r t h e v i e w s . T h e s y n o n y m n a m e s b e g i n w i t h V $ . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e V $ D A T A F I L E v i e w c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e d a t a b a s e s d a t a f i l e s , a n d t h e V $ F I X E D _ T A B L E v i e w c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a l l o f t h e d y n a m i c p e r f o r m a n c e t a b l e s a n d v i e w s i n t h e d a t a b a s e . T h e d y n a m i c p e r f o r m a n c e t a b l e s a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s s u c h a s : I s t h e o b j e c t o n l i n e a n d a v a i l a b l e ? I s t h e o b j e c t o p e n ? W h a t l o c k s a r e b e i n g h e l d ? I s t h e s e s s i o n a c t i v e ? ¡¾ 2 j È ¼ ! v

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æ ð ̈ W Dynamic Performance ExamplesThe V$FIXED_TABLE view can also be queried to get a listing of the dynamic performance views:SQL> SELECT * FROM V$FIXED_TABLE;To get a list of columns within a view, use the DESCRIBE keyword:SQL> DESCRIBE V$INSTANCE;To view the contents of the view, use the SELECT command.SQL> SELECT * from V$INSTANCE; ¡ª ; T 0 + ðH ð H

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æ ð ̈ d Dynamic Performance Examples (continued)ExamplesV$CONTROLFILE: Lists the names of the control filesV$DATABASE: Contains database information from the control file.V$DATAFILE: Contains data file information from the control fileV$INSTANCE: Displays the state of the current instanceV$PARAMETER: Lists parameters and values currently in effect for the sessionV$SESSION: Lists session information for each current sessionV$SGA: Contains summary information on the system global area (SGA)V$SPPARAMETER: Lists the contents of the SPFILEV$TABLESPACE: Displays tablespace information from the control fileV$THREAD: Contains thread information from the control fileV$VERSION: Version numbers of core library components in the Oracle serverNote: Refer to the Oracle9i Database Reference document for a complete list of dynamic performance views and their columns. ¡d ) · þ| ) '

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ð: ̈ Administrative Script Naming ConventionsThe administrative scripts can be separated into categories by their filenames:cat*.sqlThese scripts create the data dictionary views. In addition to the catalog.sql and catproc.sql scripts, there are scripts that create information for Oracle utilities. For example, the catadt.sql script creates data dictionary views for showing metadata information for types and other object features in the ORDBMS. The catnoadt.sql script drops these tables and views.dbms*.sql and prvt*plb:These scripts create objects for predefined Oracle packages that extend the Oracle server functionality. These programs simplify the task of administering the database. Most SQL scripts are run during the execution of the catproc.sql script. A few additional scripts must be executed by the database administrator. An example is the dbmspool.sql script, which enables you to display the sizes of objects in the shared pool and mark them to be kept or removed in the SGA in order to reduce shared pool fragmentation. ¡

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ðÑ ̈ Practice 5 OverviewNote: This practice can be accomplished using SQL*Plus or using Oracle Enterprise Manager and SQL*Plus Worksheet. ¡0 r m ðH ð h

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ðé ̈ Ó Practice 5: Using Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views1 Which of the following statements are true about the data dictionary?a The data dictionary describes the database and its objects.b The data dictionary includes two types of objects: base tables and datadictionary views.c The data dictionary is a set of tables.d The data dictionary records and verifies information about its associated database.2 Base tables are created using the catalog.sql script.a Trueb False3 Which three of the following statements are true about how the data dictionary is used?a The Oracle server modifies it when a DML statement is executed.b It is used to find information about users, schema objects, and storagestructures.c It is used by users and DBAs as a reference.d The data dictionary is a necessary ingredient for the database to function.4 Data dictionary views are static views.a Trueb False5 The information for a dynamic performance view is gathered from the control file.a Trueb False6 Which of the following questions might a dynamic performance view answer?a Is the object online and available?b What locks are being held?c Who owns the object?d What privileges do users have?e Is the session active? ¡Þ @ H

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» ð ̈ Þ Practice 5: Using Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views7 Connect as SYSTEM/MANAGER and find a list of the data dictionary views.8 Identify the database name, instance name, and size of the database blocks. Hint: Query the V$DATABASE, V$THREAD, and V$PARAMETER dynamic performance views.9 List the name of the data files.Hint: Query the V$DATAFILE dynamic performance view.10 Identify the data file that makes up the SYSTEM tablespace.Hint: Query the DBA_DATA_FILES data dictionary view to identify the SYSTEM tablespace data file.11 How much free space is available in the database and how much is already used? HintsQuery the DBA_FREE_SPACE data dictionary view to show how much free space is available in the database.Query the DBA_SEGMENTS data dictionary view to display how much space is already used.12 List the name and creation date of the database users.Hint: Query the DBA_USERS data dictionary view to list the name and thecreation of the database users. ¡ @ = ¿ £ @

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