leqsikuri sinonimia zvel qartulsi (qartuli otxtavis ori...
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli enis instituti
valerian kvantriSvili
leqsikuri sinonimia Zvel qarTulSi
(qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqciis mixedviT)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis
doqtoris (Ph. D.) akademiuri xarisxis
mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori leli baramiZe
Tbilisi
2009
avtoris stili daculia
2
sarCevi
Sesavali........................................................................................................................................................5
Tavi I _ leqsikuri sinonimiis arsi................................................................................8
1. 1. sakiTxis istoriisaTvis..........................................................................................8
1. 2. problemis arsi..............................................................................................................11
1. 3. leqsikur sinonimTa klasifikacia............................................................16
1. 3. 1. absoluturi sinonimiis sakiTxi.................................................................18
1. 4. sityvaTveli da sinonimuri rigis struqtura.............................22
1. 5. leqsikuri sinonimiis sakiTxi Zvel qarTulSi...........................25
Tavi II _ sinonimTa warmoqmnis wyaroebi Zvel qarTulSi
(qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqciis mixedviT) .............27
2. 1. polisemia da sinonimia (polisemiur leqsemaTa
sinonimuri mwkrivebi)...........................................................................................30
2. 2. sityvaTwarmoebiT miRebuli leqsikur sinonimTa
jgufebi................................................................................................................................43
2. 2. 1. abstraqtuli saxelebiT gadmocemuli sinonimuri
sityvebi................................................................................................................................44
2. 2. 2. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone qonebis saxelebi...................53
2. 2. 3. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone xelobis saxelebi................59
2 .2. 4. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone daniSnulebis
3
saxelebi.................................................................................................................................61
2. 3. mimReobiT gadmocemuli leqsikuri sinonimebi...........................63
2. 3. 1. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis moqmedebiTi gvaris
mimReobebi..........................................................................................................................64
2. 3. 2. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebi...........66
2. 4. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozituri leqsika.....................73
2. 4. 1. qarTuli warmomavlobis kompozitTa Semcveli
sinonimuri rigebi...................................................................................................74
2. 4. 2. berZnul-qarTul kompozitTa Semcveli
sinonimuri wyvilebi............................................................................................80
2. 4. 3. somxur-qarTul kompozitTa Semcveli
sinonimuri wyvilebi............................................................................................82
Tavi III _ nasesxebi leqsika oTxTavis sinonimur
sistemaSi ......................86
3. 1. berZnuli leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi....................87
3. 2. iranuli leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi......................93
3. 3. ebrauli leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi......................96
3. 4. somxuri leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi.....................100
Tavi IV _ zmnuri sinonimuri rigebi oTxTavSi..............................................106
4. 1. moZraobis semantikis mqone sinonimur zmnaTa rigebi........107
4. 2. mdgomareobis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi................131
4. 3. sityvis tabu da sinonimia. sicocxlis Sewyvetis
4
semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi......................................................134
4. 4. SiSis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi......................................139
4. 5. cemis semantikis aRmniSvneli sinonimuri zmnebi....................143
4. 6. daZaxebis, xmobis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi......145
4. 7. motacebis, moparvis semantikis mqone sinonimuri
zmnebi...................................................................................................................................148
4. 8. xilvis, gamocxadebis semantikis gamomxatveli sinonimuri
zmnebi......................................................................................................................................149
4. 9. dacinvis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi.............................152
4. 10. gatexis, damtvrevis semantikis mqone sinonimuri
zmnebi….................................................................................................................................154
4. 11. Sepyrobis, cixeSi Casmis semantikis Semcveli sinonimuri
zmnebi .................................................................................................................................157
4. 12. dabnevis semantikis gamomxatveli sinonimuri zmnebi...... 158
4. 13. sinonimuri paralelizmi oTxTavis teqstSi................................161
4. 14. sxvadasxva semantikur jgufSi gaerTianebuli sinonimuri
rigis zmnebi..................................................................................................................171
daskvniTi debulebebi...................................................................................................176
gamoyenebuli literatura.......................................................................................181
5
Sesavali
Zveli qarTuli enis leqsika mravalmxriv sainteresoa. gansakuTrebiT
mdidari da mravalferovania igi sinonimebiT, romlebic jerovan
yuradRebas da kvlevas saWiroebs, radgan `leqsikuri sinonimika ZiriTadi
saSeni masalaa im mravalsaukunovani Senobisa, romelsac Zveli qarTuli
mwerloba ewodeba~ (56, 59).
leqsikuri sinonimiis Seswavla uaRresad aqtualuria lingvisturi
TvalsazrisiT, radganac sinonimebi samarTlianad iTvleba enis leqsikuri
maragis gamdidrebis wyarod. `sinonimTa mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva elferis
codna, maTi swori gamoyeneba, metyvelebas udides gamomxatvelobiT Zalas
aniWebs da SesaZleblobas qmnis zustad da naTlad gamoixatos azrisa da
grZnobis umciresi niuansebi~ (9, 21).
qarTul lingvistur literaturaSi sinonimiis problemebTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi vrclad da sistemurad aris ganxiluli j.
silagaZis monografiaSi `qarTuli saliteraturo enis leqsikuri
sinonimika~ (56). arsebobs agreTve al. neimanis `qarTul sinonimTa
leqsikoni~, romelic ramdenjerme gamoica da k. jorjanelis `qarTul
sinonimTa vrceli leqsikoni~ (axlad gamocemuli). aRniSnul naSromebSi
warmodgenilia axal qarTul saliteraturo enaSi arsebuli sinonimuri
leqsika.
Zveli qarTuli enis sinonimTa sistema dReisaTvis naklebad
Seswavlilia. sinonimiis calkeul sakiTxebs exebian a. SaniZe, arn. Ciqobava,
S. ZiZiguri, c. kikviZe, b. foCxua, k. danelia, z. WumburiZe, n. WumburiZe, T.
bolqvaZe da sxva avtorebi. Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi dadasturebul
sinonimTa mecnierul Seswavlas uwyobs xels il. abulaZis `Zveli qarTuli
enis leqsikonSi~ damowmebuli sinonimuri leqsika.
warmodgenil naSromSi ganxilulia leqsikuri sinonimia qarTuli
oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqciis masalis safuZvelze; maSasadame, sinonimiis
Seswavla Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikis safuZvelze xorcieldeba.
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sayovelTaod cnobilia oTxTavis uZvelesi redaqciebis mniSvneloba
qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis. oTxTavi warmoadgens qarTuli enis istoriis
uZveles werilobiT wyaros, romelSic daculia rogorc saerToqarTveluri
enidan momdinare arqauli leqsika, ise saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi warmoqmnili
da SeTvisebuli enobrivi erTeulebi.
Cveni amocanaa oTxTavis teqstSi arsebuli sinonimuri leqsikis
warmoCineba da SeZlebisdagvarad maTi sistemuri saxiT ganxilva.
naSromSi garkveuli adgili eTmoba sinonimiis Teoriul sakiTxebs.
naCvenebia, Tu ra gzebiT xdeba sinonimTa warmoqmna da Tematur-
struqturuli TvalsazrisiT gamoyofilia sxvadasxva saxis sinonimuri
jgufebi.
naSromSi ganxilulia polisemiisa da sinonimiis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxi; yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sinonimTa warmoSobis iseT wyaroebze,
rogoricaa: sityvaTwarmoeba, sityvaTa sesxeba, sityvis tabu da evfemizmi.
warmoCenili da gaanalizebulia polisemiur leqsemaTa calkeuli
sinonimuri rigebi.
oTxTavis masalaze dayrdnobiT Tanmimdevrulad ganxilulia sityvaT-
warmoebis gziT miRebuli leqsikur-semantikuri jgufebi. kerZod,
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis abstraqtuli, qonebis, uqonlobis, daniSnulebis,
xelobis saxelebi, sxvadasxva saxis mimReoba da kompoziciiT warmoqmnili
sinonimuri erTeulebi.
oTxTavis sinonimTa sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs nasesxeb
leqsikas. calkea msjeloba berZnuli, ebrauli, somxuri, iranuli enebidan
Semosuli sityvebisa da maTi Sesatyvisi qarTuli eqvivalentebis Sesaxeb.
vexebiT sinonimTa warmoqmnis iseT gzas, rogoricaa sityvis tabu da
evfemizmi. mimovixilavT tabuirebul sityvebs da maTTan sinonimurad
monacvle evfemistur erTeulebs.
gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva zmnuri sinonimebi,
romlebic ganawilebulia sxvadasxva saxis semantikur jgufebSi. radgan
masalis siuxve maTi srulad ganxilvis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva, amitom
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naSromSi warmoCenilia mxolod nawili im masalisa, romelSic erTiandeba
ama Tu im sinonimuri rigis zmnebi.
calke ganvixilavT saxarebis teqstis TiToeul redaqciaSi sinonimebis
paralelurad xmarebis SemTxvevebs. gamovlenilia iseTi sinonimuri
wyvilebi, romlebic erTi konteqstis farglebSi ixmarebian da mravalmxriv
warmoaCenen sityvis mniSvnelobas.
sailustracio masalas ZiriTadad vimowmebT qarTuli oTxTavis Zveli
redaqciebidan (jruW-parxlis _ DE da adiSis _ C), romelsac SevudareT
oTxTavis ori bolo (eqvTime mTawmidlis _ FG; giorgi mTawmidlis _ HIK)
redaqcia da xanmeti saxarebis fragmentebi. garkveuli msjeloba aris
agreTve aRniSnul redaqciebSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli sinonimuri
leqsikis Sesaxeb.
warmoCenili masala Sepirispirebulia berZnul teqstTan da
gamovlenilia is berZnuli eqvivalentebi, romlebic qarTul leqsemebs
esadagebian.
masala Semdegi principiTaa SerCeuli: daZebnilia TiToeuli
sinonimuri erTeulis gamoyenebis sxvadasxva SemTxveva da gamovlenilia
iseTi wyvilebi, sadac redaqciaTa (jruW-parxlis _ DE da adiSis _ C)
Sepirispirebisas sinonimuri mimarTeba dasturdeba. agreTve
gaTvaliswinebulia TiToeul redaqciaSi sinonimur odenobaTa xmarebis
SemTxvevebi. masalis siuxvis gamo gamovlenili sinonimur sityvaTa
Semcveli magaliTebidan mogvyavs mxolod TiTo nimuSi, iSviaTad ori,
analogiur formebs warmovadgenT mxolod adgilis (Tavisa da muxlis)
miTiTebiT.
8
Tavi I
leqsikuri sinonimiis arsi
1.1. sakiTxis istoriisaTvis. sinonimia enis leqsikur-semantikuri
sistemis Semadgeneli nawilia, romlis arsi mniSvnelobaTa srul an
nawilobriv damTxvevaSi mdgomareobs. sinonimuri mimarTebebi enis mTel
leqsikur sistemas gasdevs. `ganviTarebuli saliteraturo ena warmoadgens
im met-naklebad sinonimuri mwkrivebis gamoxatvis sakmaod rTul sistemas,
romlebic ase Tu ise urTierTkavSirSi arian~ (167, 121).
moZRvreba leqsikuri sinonimikis Sesaxeb didi xnis win warmoiSva. igi
sxvadasxvagvar lingvistur kvlevaTa sagans warmoadgens.
sinonimebiT, maTi urTierTCanacvlebiT filosofosebi da mecnier-
lingvistebi jer kidev manam iyvnen dainteresebulni, sanam sinonimia
lingvistikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemad iqceoda. kerZod, sinonimebi
pirvelad naxsenebi aqvs sofist prodikoss (daaxl. 24 s.-is win), protagoras
moswavlesa da sokrates maswavlebels. misi Cvenamde mouRweveli traqtati
fragmentulad aRdgeba platonis, stoikosebis miTiTebebis, agreTve gviani
antikuri periodisa da bizantiis leqsikografTa traqtatebisa da
leqsikonebis mixedviT.
swored Zvelma berZnebma daarqves saxeli am movlenas (berZn. synonymía _
Tanamosaxeleoba). isini Tvlidnen, rom sinonimebSia enis simdidre,
sityvebiT gadmocemuli azris siuxve da mravalferovneba.
Zveli romaeli mecnierebi miuTiTebdnen sinonimebs Soris ara marto
msgavsebaze, aramed gansxvavebazec (sinonimebis Sesaxeb antikur avtorTa
msjelobani ix. wignSi `Античные теории языка и стиля~ 1930, 33, 77, 177, 206, 215
da sxv.).
aris cnobebi aziur saxelmwifoTa teritoriaze sinonimTa leqsikonebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, CineTSi aseTi leqsikoni I s.-Si hqondaT,
indoeTSi _ XI-XII s.s.-idan.
9
sinonimiis kvleva lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT safrangeTSi daiwyo. 1718
wels gamovida abat Jiraris Sroma `franguli enis marTlwera sxvadasxva
sityviT, romlebic miiCnevian sinonimebad~ (130, 4). XVIII saukunis bolos
sinonimur leqsikonTa Sedgena rusma enaTmecnierebmac daiwyes. 1783 wels
gamoica d. i. fonvizinis naSromi `Опыт российского сословника~, romelSic
avtorma sinonimTa 32 jgufi gamoyo. 1840 wels gamovida galiCis mier
Sedgenili leqsikoni, romelic sinonimTa 226 jgufs aerTianebda (130, 8).
dReisaTvis rusul lingvistikaSi sinonimiis Teoriuli sakiTxebi
safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili. mas mravali Teoriuli statia mieZRvna,
sinonimebi detalurad aris aRwerili asobiT leqsikonSi (ix. mag., vrceli
bibliografia mxolod rusuli enis sinonimikis Sesaxeb krebulebSi: `Очерки
по синонимике современного русского литературного языка~, 1966; `Синонимы русского
языка и их особенности~, 1972). ufro gviandeli praqtikuli naSromebidan
aRsaniSnavia i. apresianis saerTo redaqciiT gamoqveynebuli `Новый
объяснителъный словаръ синонимов русского языка~, 1997.
qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ aris
pirveli cda sityvebis sinonimebad dajgufebisa da qarTul sinonimTa
Seswavlac am didi leqsikografis naSromiT iRebs saTaves (56, 9). sabas
leqsikonSi sityvebi gaerTianebulia garkveuli niSnis mixedviT. igi Tavs
uyris saerTo semantikuri velis, Tematuri jgufis an sinonimuri rigis
sityvebs. `aseTi klasifikacia nakarnaxevia leqsikografis enobrivi alRoTi
da ara romelime lingvistur moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT, an misi gavleniT~
(13, 30). sinonimuri rigis TavSi gamoiyofa dominanti erTeuli, romelic
sabasTvis zogadabstraqtuli, mTeli sinonimuri rigisaTvis saerTo
mniSvnelobiT, emociuri da stilisturi elferis neitralurobiT,
gamoyenebis meti sixSiriT xasiaTdeba (56, 8). `sityvis konaSi~ sinonimuri
rigebis garda wyvilebic aris warmodgenili, romlebsac qmnis an
saliteraturo enaSi arsebuli ori sityva, an saliteraturo sityva da sxva
enidan nasesxebi erTeuli, an kidev ori sxvadasxva dialeqturi odenoba.
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom sabas leqsikur sinonimTa Sesaxeb raime
10
specialuri Teoriuli debuleba ar Camouyalibebia. leqsikonSi
warmodgenili sinonimuri wyvilebi mxolod praqtikuli mizniT gamoiyeneba
da saleqsikono erTeulebis ganmarteba-dazustebas emsaxureba (56, 8).
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone sityvebze pirveli dakvirveba n.
CubinaSvils ekuTvnis. manve miuTiTa sinonimTa warmoqmnis erT-erT wyaroze,
romelsac qmnis gansxvaveba saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtur metyvelebas
Soris: `titveli da SiSveli arian sinonimni... titveli ixmareba saubris
enasa Sina, xolo SiSveli _ werasa Sina~ (92, 22; 99).
qarTul sinonimTa semantikur bunebaze pirveli dakvirvebani xdeba XIX
saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. am mxriv sainteresoa p.
kvicariZis mosazreba qarTul sinonimTa relatiur bunebaze (36), aseve, s.
xundaZis msjeloba (102), Tumca dRevandeli lingvisturi SexedulebebiT
mcdari, magram im droisaTvis sakmaod progresuli.
XX saukunis dasawyisidan qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi sinonimiis
calkeuli sakiTxebi gamovlenili da gaSuqebulia n. maris, a. SaniZis, a.
Ciqobavas SromebSi.
leqsikuri sinonimiis Teoriuli sakiTxebis mecnierulad Seswavlas
eZRvneba S. ZiZiguris Sromebi: `cneba sinonimuri paralelizmisa~ (94) da
`sityvis sesxeba~ (95). am naSromebSi sagangebo msjelobaa sinonimTa
warmoqmnis gzebsa da meTodebze. yuradReba gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilebulia
nasesxeb leqsikur erTeulebze, romlebic sinonimur wyvilebs qmnian
msesxebeli enis erTeulebTan mimarTebaSi.
1951 wels ki gamoica a. neimanis `qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni~,
romelsac mohyva 1961 wels meore da 1978 wels mesame gamocema. leqsikonis
agebis princips mravali xarvezi da araerTgvarovneba axlda Tan, rac
araerTxel aRiniSna: (37; 206-209; 38, 195-197; 106, 253-263). leqsikonis Sesaval
nawilSi msjelobaa enaSi sinonimTa warmoSobis gzebze, sinonimebTan
dakavSirebul calkeul Teoriul sakiTxebze da klasifikaciis principebze.
winasityvaobaSi faqtobrivad gansazRvrulia is struqturuli
Taviseburebani, rac leqsikonis agebis princips udevs safuZvlad.
leqsikonSi sityvebi dajgufebulia absolutur da relatiur sinonimebad,
11
magram, rogorc aRniSnaven, ar Cans semantikur moculobaTa rogori
toloba an niuansobrivi sxvaoba aris sakmarisi maT gansasxvaveblad (56, 22).
Semdgomi periodis qarTul mecnierebaSi sinonimiis sakiTxebisadmi
interesi TandaTan Rvivdeba. sinonimiis problemebs mieZRvna b. foCxuas, al.
Rlontis, z. WumburiZis, el. babunaSvilis, r. RambaSiZis, b. jorbenaZis,
c. kikviZis, k. danelias, k. jorjanelis, S. afridoniZis, m. abalakis, T.
bolqvaZis, r. gersamias da sxvaTa Sromebi.
saliteraturo enaSi leqsikuri sinonimiis sakiTxebia gaanalizebuli j.
silagaZis monografiaSi `qarTuli saliteraturo enis leqsikuri
sinonimika~, romelSic avtori mimoixilavs sinonimiis sakvanZo sakiTxebs
Zveli da axali qarTuli enis Zeglebidan moxmobil sailustracio
masalebze dayrdnobiT.
am ukanasknel periodSi gamoica k. jorjanelis `qarTul sinonimTa
vrceli leqsikoni~, romlis Sesaval nawilSi garkveuli adgili eTmoba
sinonimTa Teoriul sakiTxebze msjelobas. kritikuladaa Sefasebuli
absoluturi sinonimiis problema. leqsikonSi vrclad aris warmodgenili
axal qarTul enaSi arsebuli sinonimuri sityvebi (107).
Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikur sistemaSi sinonimTa gamovlenis
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia il. abulaZis `Zveli qarTuli
enis leqsikoni~, romelSiac faqtobrivad Tavmoyrilia paraleluri
redaqciebidan damowmebuli ganmartebisaTvis moxmobili dokumentacia.
umravles SemTxvevaSi gansamartavi sityvis mniSvneloba paralelur
redaqciaTa sinonimuri leqsikiTaa dadgenili. radgan gansamartavi
sityvisaTvis avtori Cveulebriv masalas mravali wyarodan imowmebs, xolo
TiToeuli wyaro umetesad ramdenime redaqciiTaa warmodgenili, amitom
gansamartavi sityvis gverdiT xSirad Tavs iyris ramdenime sityva. maTgan
zogi gansamartavi sityvis sinonimia (6, 06).
1.2. problemis arsi. yvela enobrivi movlena, rogorc cnobilia, orga-
nizebul sistemas warmoadgens (157, 106; 120, 206; 85, 96; 90, 226; 114, 61...) da misi
Semadgeneli elementebis mowesrigebulobiT xasiaTdeba.
12
enis erT-erT fundamentur Tvisebad iTvleba ierarqiuloba, romelic
mTel enobriv sistemas moicavs (156, 62; 134, 73). ierarqiuloba ki gulisxmobs
enobrivi sistemis qvesistemebad dayofas. erT-erTi aseTi sistemaa leqsikur-
semantikuri sistema (123, 186). leqsikur-semantikuri sistemac, Tavis mxriv,
damoukidebel qvesistemebad nawevrdeba da mis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils
sinonimuri qvesistema warmoadgens (1, 54) sinonimebi xasiaTdeba erTi
kategoriis niSnebs Soris urTierTmimarTebiT, romelic gulisxmobs erTi
leqsikuri mniSvnelobis erTze meti erTeuliT gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas
da `warmoqmnis met-naklebad erTmaneTze damokidebuli enobrivi
gamoxatulebis sinonimur saSualebaTa rTul sistemas~ (167, 121).
sinonimia yvela enaSi arsebobs, amdenad, igi universalur kategoriaTa
ricxvs ganekuTvneba.
sinonimia enobriv niSanTan kavSirSi ganixileba. enobriv niSans ki
axasiaTebs asimetriuli dualizmi, anu niSnisa da mniSvnelobis sazRvrebi
erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT niSans SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime mniSvneloba
(rac omonimiaa) da erTi mniSvneloba SeiZleba gadmoices sxvadasxva niSniT
(es sinonimiaa). maSasadame, omonimiis SemTxvevaSi ganmsazRvrelia
gamoxatuleba, xolo sinonimiis SemTxvevaSi ki Sinaarsi (15, 366). sinonimia
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris arsebuli mimarTebis erT-erTi saxea (47,
31) da ara sagansa da saxels Soris mimarTebisa, radganac `enobrivi niSani
aerTianebs ara sagansa da saxels, aramed cnebasa da mis akustikur xats~
(157, 99)1.
sinonimiis Seswavlis istoria or saukuneze met xans moicavs, magram
enaTmecnierebs mainc ar aqvT SemuSavebuli sinonimTa gansazRvrebis erTiani
meTodi. maTi debulebebi ZiriTadad gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu
`leqsikuri erTeulebis ra niSanTa Sedarebaa aRebuli kriteriumad
1 martivia viTareba, roca erT aRsaniSns erTi aRmniSvneli efardeba, amgvari
`calsaxa mimarTeba~ idealurad iTvleba, radgan xSirad sxvadasxva aRmniSvneliT
erTi da igive mniSvneloba gamoixateba, an piriqiT, sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas erTi
aRmniSvneli aqvs. pirveli `sinonimiis~ saxeliT aris cnobili, meore - `omonimiis~.
13
sinonimebis dasadgenad~ (56, 23). Tanamedrove lingvistTa gansazRvrebebi
sinonimebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxvagvaria da erTgvarovnebiT ar xasiaTdeba.
aRvniSnavT zogierT maTgans:
1. sinonimebi identuri an msgavsi cnebis aRmniSvneli sityvebia (o.
axmanova, v. vinogradovi, a. grigorieva, a. evgeneva...).
2. sinonimebi sinamdvilis erTsa da imave faqts aRniSnaven, an gamoyofen
dasaxelebuli sagnis sxvadasxva mxares (a. reformatski, n. Sanski...).
3. sinonimebis saxelwodebas atareben sityvebi, romelTac SeswevT
unari azrobrivad daaxloebul konteqstebSi Secvalon erTmaneTi SesamCnevi
gansxvavebis gareSe (a. bulaxovski, l. kliueva da sxv.).
4. sinonimebis gansazRvrebis mTavar kriteriumad unda CaiTvalos
semantikuri siaxlove da urTierTmonacvleoba, romelic ganasxvavebs mas
enis sistemis sxva leqsikuri movlenebisagan (g. galavanova).
5. sinonimebi imgvari sityvebia, romlebic enacvlebian minimalur
distribuciul modelSi (e. i. sintagmaSi, umokles SesityvebaSi) (v.
zvegincevi, i. apresiani...).
6. leqsikuri sinonimebi erTi da imave distribuciuli klasis iseTi
leqsemebia, romelTa leqsikur mniSvnelobebs sakmarisad didi saerTo
nawili aqvT; isini msgavsi an identuri semantebiT aRiwereba (T. gamyreliZe).
7. sinonimebi iseTi sityvebia, romlebic erTmaneTs emTxvevian referen-
cialuri mniSvnelobebiT, magram gansxvavdebian diferencialuri
mniSvnelobebiT, e. i. konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT (g. nebieriZe).
zemodasaxelebul ganmartebaTagan pirvel or SemTxvevaSi sinonimiis
ganmsazRvrel mTavar kriteriumad miCneulia sagnobriv-cnebiTi faqtori.
magram praqtikulad misi realizacia rTuldeba imiT, rom `cneba, Sedis ra
enobrivi struqturis Semadgenel elementad sityvis leqsikur
mniSvnelobaSi, ukve aRar warmoadgens logikur kategorias da iqceva
lingvistur movlenad~ (131, 343). amdenad, sityvis mniSvneloba da cneba
igiveobrivi ar aris. cneba, romelic safuZvlad udevs Sesabamis sityvebs, ar
amowuravs sityvis mniSvnelobis Sinaarss (2, 16). m. abalakis TvalsazrisiT,
beberi da daCaCanakebuli sinonimebad ver CaiTvlebian, radganac am sityvebs
14
safuZvlad sxvadasxva cnebebi udevs. beberi asakze miuTiTebs,
daCaCanakebuli ki fizikur mdgomareobaze (2, 16-18).
zemoTqmulidan naTlad Cans, rom sityvaTa sinonimurobis dasadgenad
marto sagnobriv-cnebiTi faqtori ar kmara. Sesadareblad aRebuli
erTnairi mniSvnelobis sityvebi msgavsi unda iyos nominaciuri funqciiT,
anu denotatiuri mniSvnelobis mixedviT (110, 85). amitomac im semantikur-
niuansobrivi sxvaobis asaxsnelad da dasazusteblad, romelic identur
sityvebSi arsebobs, xSirad mimarTaven konteqsts da mkvlevarTa erTi
nawili mas sinonimurobis dadgenis erT-erT sando kriteriumad miiCnevs (a.
bulaxovski, l. kliueva...). lingvistikaSi amgvar meTods `substituciurs~
uwodeben.2 b. foCxua SeniSnavs: konteqsti mxolod leqsikuri sintagmatikis
faqtia da `leqsikuri sintagmatikis resursebiT sinonimiis sakiTxebi ver
wydeba~ (67, 32).
2 enaTmecnierebi am meTodiT gamoyofil sinonimebs aRniSnaven Semdegi
saxelwodebebiT: ,,Tematuri sinonimebi~ (149, 65), ,,konteqstualuri sinonimebi~ (137,
5), ,,stilistikuri sinonimebi~ (119, 53). Sanski aRniSnavs, rom konteqstualuri
sinonimebi ama Tu im sityvis individualur-stilistikur gamoyenebas gulisxmobs
(163, 67). v. boguslavski konteqstualur sinonimebSi vrclad ganixilavs saxe-
gvarovnul sityvebs, okazionalur sinonimebs, logikurad Sepirobebul
konteqstualurad monacvle erTeulebs, mudmiv metaforebs da acxadebs:
`araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs imisaTvis, rom amgvari sityvebi ganvixiloT
rogorc sinonimurni~ (118, 154-183) a. evgenevas miTiTebiT, zemoCamoTvlili
terminebis qveS moiazreba ara sinonimebi, aramed variaciebi (130, 12). elize rizeli
mTel paragrafs uTmobs `konteqstualur sinonimebs~, magram igi xazs usvams am
terminis pirobiTobas da mas winwklebSi xmarobs (106, 262). konteqstualuri
sinonimebis daSveba rom gamarTlebuli iyos, pirvel rigSi aseTebad
nacvalsaxelebi unda miviCnioT. nacvalsaxelebi zogadi mniSvnelobis sityvaa. igi
mxolod pirs, ricxvs (da zogjer sqess) aRniSnavs da enacvleba yvela Sesabamis
pirs, ricxvs da sqess, amitom bulaxovskis igi sababs aZlevs mas `universaluri
sinonimuri sityva~ uwodos (14, 45).
15
sinonimebi erTmaneTisagan ganirCevian stilistikur-eqspresiuli
elferis mixedviTac; konteqstSi Canacvlebis kriteriumi aq SeiZleba iqnas
gamoyenebuli leqsemaTa sinonimurobis dasadgenad: magram qarTulSi tiris,
icremleba, qviTinebs, slukunebs sityvebi, miuxedavad maTi sagnobrivi
erTianobisa, konteqstSi `antonimuric~ ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes (41, 108).
gasaTvaliswinebelia i. apresianis Tvalsazrisic sinonimTa konteqstSi
Canacvlebis SezRudulobaze. igi miuTiTebs, rom `urTierTmonacvleoba ar
warmoadgens saboloo kriteriums~ (111, 220). mkvlevari ufro realurad
miiCnevs konteqstSi sinonimTa nawilobriv Canacvlebas da acxadebs, rom
`nawilobrivi urTierTmonacvleoba iTvleba sinonimebis aucilebel
Tvisebad~ (111, 219).
enaTmecnierTa erTi nawili sityvaTa sinonimurobis dadgenis erT-erT
kriteriumad leqsikur erTeulTa distribuciuli modelebis Sedarebas
miiCnevs.3 distribuciul modelSi sinonimur wyvils SeiZleba bevri saerTo
leqsema aRmoaCndes, magram bevric am modelis miRma darCeba, radgan
SesaZloa man ver SeZlos Sesityveba wyvilTagan romelimesTan. qarTulSi
SiSveli da titveli sinonimebia, romelTac esityveba axalgazrda, bavSvi,
kani... magram rogoricaa iseTi sityvebi: azri, idea, fantazia, xmali
ukavSirdeba mxolod `SiSvels~. `titveli~ ki msgavs cnebebs ver esityveba
(56, 29). amdenad, mxolod distribuciul meTodze dayrdnobiT sinonimurobis
ganmarteba isev calmxrivi rCeba. distribucia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre
sityvis mniSvneloba da sinonimia, amitom aRniSnuli meTodiT kvleva
scildeba semasiologiis farglebs da sityvaTa Soris morfologiur da
sintaqsur damokidebulebaTa sferoSi gadadis (56, 29).
g. nebieriZe svams sakiTxs, Tu sad gvxvdeba sinonimia, referencialur
Tu diferencialur mniSvnelobaTa doneze, magaliTad: `tuCi~ da `bage~ erT
3 enobrivi TvalsazrisiT distribucia niSnavs mocemuli elementebis
poziciebis mimarTebas sxva elementebTan. es ki gulisxmobs yvela im poziciis
gaTvaliswinebas da analizs, sadac es erTeulebi sityvaTSeerTebaSi arian
mocemuli (56, 28).
16
referents miemarTebian, magram gansxvavdebian diferencialuri
mniSvnelobiT, semantikuri komponentebiT, sintagmaSi araTanabari azrobrivi
SekavSirebiT, faqtobrivad distribuciuli modeliT. dasaSvebia `doqis
tuCi~, `bage-s~ Canacvleba ki SeuZlebelia. diferencialuri mniSvneloba
referentis sxvadasxvagvar daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs (47, 226-227), `TviT
referentis igiveoba aris sinonimiis aucilebeli, magram ara sakmarisi
piroba~ (5, 283).
sinonimiis kvlevis zemoganxiluli meTodebidan gamomdinare da Cven
mier Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze miviCnevT: sinonimebad iTvleba msgavsi
mniSvnelobis leqsikuri erTeulebi an maTi ekvivalenturi myari
Sesityvebebi, romlebic miemarTebian erT cnebas da aqvT konteqstebSi
nawilobrivi an sruli urTierTmonacvleobis unari. sinonimebis gamoyofa
efuZneba diferencialur niSnebsac, romlebic ganarCevs maT erTmaneTisagan
azrobrivi (inteleqtualuri), stilisturi (formaluri), Tu eqspresiul-
emociuri niSnis mixedviT.
1.3. leqsikur sinonimTa klasifikacia. lingvistur literaturaSi
sinonim-Ta sxvadasxvagvri klasifikacia aris warmodgenili (s. bereJani, r.
budagovi, l. kliueva, m. palevskaia da sxv.). semantikuri xasiaTisa da
stilisturi elferis safuZvelze xdeba sinonimTa klasifikacia. gamoiyofa
SedarebiT zogadi sami jgufi: 1. s e m a n t i k u r i (cnebiTi,
ideografiuli) sinonimebi; 2. s t i l i s t u r i sinonimebi;
3. s e m a n t i k u r – s t i l i s t u r i sinonimebi.
1. semantikuri sinonimebi stilisturad neitraluri sinonimebia,
romlebic dakavSirebuli arian erTi da imave mniSvnelobis niuansTa
diferenciaciasTan, (123, 69). semantikuri sinonimebi erTmaneTisagan
hiposemebiT gansxvavdeba. kerZod, es SeiZleba iyos gansxvaveba aRsaniSni
cnebis moculobaSi, Tvisebis gamovlenis xarisxSi da sxv. (15, 366). 2.
stilisturi sinonimebi iseTi sityvebia, romlebic mniSvnelobiT igiveobrivi
arian da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian konotaciiT _ dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi SefasebiT, eqspresiul-emociuri SinaarsiT an stilisturi
elferiT (15, 336). 3. semantikur-stilisturi sinonimebi _ es aris sinonimebi,
17
romlebic obieqturi sinamdvilis erTsa da imave movlenas aRniSnaven da
gansxvavdebian ara marto stilisturi elferiT, aramed TiToeuli
maTganisaTvis saerTo mniSvnelobis niuansebiTac. `adamianis azri yovelTvis
meryeobs logikur aRqmasa da emociebs Soris. Cven an SevimecnebT an
SevigrZnobT. yvelaze xSirad Cveni azri yalibdeba erTdroulad logikuri
ideisagan da grZnobisagan... es ori elementi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebuli proporciebiT gaerTiandes...~ (113, 182). S. balis am
gamonaTqvamiT aixsneba semantikur-stilisturi sinonimebis buneba.
mniSvnelobaTa siaxlovis mixedviT qarTveli enaTmecnierebi sinonimebis
or saxeobas gamoyofen: absolutur da relatiurs (al. neimani, al. Rlonti)
an dubletebs da kvazisinonimebs (b. foCxua, S. afridoniZe). rusi mkvlevrebi
maT sxvadasxvagvari saxelwodebebiT ixsenieben: sruli_nawilobrivi (s.
bereJani, r. budagovi), zusti, arazusti sinonimebi, kvazisinonimebi (i.
apresiani) da a. S.
qarTul sinonimTa relatiur bunebaze Tavdapirvelad p. kvicariZem
gaamaxvila yuradReba da aRniSna: `TviTeuls sxvadasxva elferi aqvs~ (36,
51). amgvar sinonimTa aRsaniSnavad b. foCxua `kvazisinonimebs~ xmarobs da
miuTiTebs, rom `maTi mniSvnelobebi erTmaneTs ar faravs~ (67, 292).
mkvlevari sinonimebad miiCnevs mniSvnelobiT igiveobriv iseT sityvebs,
romlebic gansxvavdebian konotaciis mixedviT; amaSi igulisxmeba grZnobiTi
elferi, met-naklebi eqspresiuloba, gamoyenebis sfero (funqciuri stili)
da a. S. (68, 293).
eqspresiul-emociuri momenti sagnobriv-logikuri Sinaarsis gareT
arsebobs (132, 167; 110, 66). arn. Ciqobavas miTiTebiT, is `subieqturi danarTia
obieqturi momentisa, romelsac mniSvneloba warmoadgens, danarTi da ara
Semadgeneli nawili~ (90, 219). zog mkvlevars miaCnia, rom eqspresiul-
emociuri elementi leqsikur mniSvnelobaSi mudmivad Sedis. al. neimani
emocias sinonimTa warmoqmnis erT-erT mTavar meqanizmadac ki Tvlis (49,
LV). eqspresia-emocia, anu grZnobiTi ieri, metyvelis sagnisadmi
damokidebulebiT warmoiSoba, e. i. subieqturi momentia, mniSvneloba ki
sagnobriv-logikur Sinaarss gulisxmobs da obieqturia. zvegincevis
18
miTiTebiT, swored sagnobriv-logikuri momenti aris amosavali sityvaTa
sinonimebad miCnevisa, xolo eqspresiul-emociuri elementi meoreulia (131,
175).
s. bereJani aRniSnavs, rom kvazisinonimTa (misi terminiT: nawilobriv
sinonimTa) arsebobis safuZvelia is gansxvavebebi, romelic maT semantikur
moculobaSi arsebobs (115, 55) aseTi sxvaobebi safuZvlad udevs sinonimuri
rigebis agebas. TviT semantikur moculobaTa dadgena ki SesaZlebelia
mxolod semantikuri analizis _ leqsemebis semebad daSlis safuZvelze.
lingvistur literaturaSi arsebobs Sexeduleba, romelic sinonimTa
ganmsazRvrel mTavar niSnad, maTi mniSvnelobis msgavsebasTan erTad,
gansxvavebebs ar miiCnevs, radgan sakiTxis amgvari dasma absoluturi
sinonimebis uaryofamde midis (9, 20). ibadeba kiTxva: aris Tu ara enaSi
leqsikuri dubletebi, anu e. w. `absoluturi sinonimebi~?
1.3.1. absoluturi sinonimiis sakiTxi. `absolutur sinonimebTan~ mimar-
TebiT enaTmecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. moviyvanT `absoluturi
sinonimiis~ ramdenime ganmartebas: `semantikurad identuri leqsemebi,
romlebic Tavisi arsiT nominatiuria da ganekuTvnebian mkacrad
gansazRvrul stils, absoluturi sinonimebia~ (138, 121); `imgvar sinonimebs,
romlebic arc mniSvnelobiT, arc konteqstualurad ar gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan, absolutur sinonimebs anu leqsikur dubletebs eZaxian. aq
sinonimur wyvilTa mniSvneloba savsebiT emTxveva erTmaneTs anu nulovani
opozicia axasiaTebs~ (74, 37).
rusul lingvistikaSi `absoluturi sinonimebis~ gverdiT gvxdeba
terminebi: `igiveobrivi~, `sruli~, `zusti eqvivalenti~... qarTul
enaTmecnierebaSi absoluturi sinonimebi jer kidev s. xundaZem gamoyo da
aRniSna, rom amgvar sinonimebs Soris `mniSvnelobiT sruliad araviTari
gansxvaveba ar aris~ (102, 178). maT arsebobas iziarebs e. babunaSvili (9, 20).
al. Rlontis miTiTebiT, igi mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc arsebobs enaSi
(76, 293). b. foCxuas TvalsazrisiT, `kvazisinonimiasa da absolutur
sinonimias Soris Tavsdeba sityvaTa sinonimuri gamoyenebis yvela SemTxveva~
(68, 293). r. RambaSiZis azriT, absoluturi SeiZleba iyos mxolod leqsikuri
19
dubletebi _ terminebSi arsebuli sinonimuri mimarTeba, vinaidan isini
identur mniSvnelobebs aRniSnaven (74, 37).
enaSi absoluturi sinonimebis arsebobas uaryofdnen jer kidev
berZeni swavlulebi. magaliTad, kvintiliane ambobda: `erTi da imave
sagnisaTvis Cven sxvadasxva saxelwodebas vxmarobT, magram Rrma
gamokvlevis Sedegad vrwmundebiT, rom yovel am saxelwodebas Tav-Tavisi
mniSvneloba aqvs~4. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis momxrea XVIII saukunis frangi
ganmanaTlebeli dalamberi, romlis TvalsazrisiT: enaSi ar aris ori
sityva, romlebic SeiZleba sinonimebad CavTvaloT am cnebis sruli gagebiT,
e. i. iseTebi, romelTa urTierTmonacvleoba yvela SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli
iqneba sityvis mniSvnelobis Seucvlelad (153, 149); analogiur mosazrebas
gamoTqvams ciceronic: `Tumca ise gveCveneba, ToTqos sityvebs erTi da igive
mniSvneloba aqvT, magram rogorc sagnebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ise
maTi saxelebic ganirCevian~ (149, 19).
zemogamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis momxrea arn. Ciqobavac, romelic
miuTiTebs, rom enaSi savsebiT msgavsi sityvebi ar arseboben: `an aRsaniSni
sagnis sxvadasxva momentia, sinonimebs rom ganasxvavebs, anda Tvalsazrisi,
romelic molaparakis damokidebulebas aRsaniSnisadmi axasiaTebs, anda
grZnobiTi ieri, romelsac sinonimuri sityva iwvevs, anda kidev dialeqturi
sxvaoba sinonimuri sityvebisa~ (89, 183).
rus enaTmecnierTa Soris aRniSnul Tvalsazriss iziareben palevskaia,
reformatski, zvegincevi, pavlov-SiSkini da sxv. pavlov-SiSkini wers: `enaSi
ar aris ori an ramdenime sityva, romelic sruliad erTsa da imaves
aRniSnaven~ (147, 1).
f. de sosiuris moZRvrebiT, Tu enobrivi niSnis arsi aRsaniSnisa da
aRmniSvnelis erTianobiT ganisazRvreba, imave niSnis `Rirebuleba~ sistemis
sxva wevrebTan mimarTebiT klasificirdeba (157, 147-148). `ena niSanTa
sistemaa~ da am sistemaSi elementebi amyareben erTmaneTTan mimarTebas:
leqsikuri leqsemebis analizi unda moxdes sxva leqsemebTan mimarTebaSi.
4 citatas vimowmebT k. jorjanelis statiidan `sinonimTa sakiTxisaTvis~ (106, 253).
20
semantikur igiveobaze saubari mxolod mas Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli, Tu
isini eqvivalenturni aRmoCndebian funqcionalur donezec. funqcionalur
mimarTebaTa dasadgenad ki aucilebelia sintagmaSi azrobrivi SekavSirebisa
da derivaciuli rigis gaTvaliswineba (161, 79).
aRniSnuli principis gaTvaliswinebiT, g. maWavariani saliteraturo
qarTulSi papa/babuas absolutur sinonimebad ar miiCnevs, radgan isini
sintagmaturi da kombinatoruli analizis doneze eqvivalenturni ar arian;
dasaSvebia: mama-papa, papanaqeba sicxe, magram dasaxelebul kombinaciaSi papa-
babua am sityvaTa Canacvleba SeuZlebelia. meore mxriv, miRebulia
babuawvera (44, 127). mkvlevari iTvaliswinebs sinonimTa dialeqtur
warmomavlobasac da maT Soris ganmasxvaveblad miiCnevs gareenobriv
(eqstralingvistur) kontaqtebsac (44, 127)5.
enaSi absoluturi sinonimebis arsebobas eWvqveS ayenebs k. jorjanelic.
mecnieri yuradRebas amaxvilebs absolutur sinonimebad miCneul ucxour
terminebsa da maT Sesatyvis qarTul odenobebze, iseTebze rogoricaa: cda-
eqsperimenti, nakli-defeqti, transporti-gadazidva... da miuTiTebs, rom
aRniSnuli ucxouri sityvebi upiratesad ixmareba samwerlobo enaSi, anda
gvxvdeba specialur terminebsa da inteligentebis metyvelebaSi. amdenad,
sinonimur sityvebs Soris gansxvaveba stilisturia: cda ufro sasaubro
metyvelebaSi ixmareba. stilistur kuriozs miviRebT, Tu vityviT
`eqsperimenti bedis monaxevreao~. avtors miaCnia, rom `sinonimur sityva-
Tqmebs Soris mudam arsebobs met-naklebi sxvaoba, swored es gansxvaveba
aniWebs sinonimuri mwkrivis yovel sityvas individualurobas, mxolod
misTvis damaxasiaTebel originalurobas~ (106, 255-259).
zemogamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis momxrea S. afridoniZec. igi miuTiTebs,
rom terminTa Canacvleba SeiZleba gamodges absoluturi sinonimiis
5 specialur literaturaSi SeniSnaven, rom sinonimTa ganmasxvavebel erT-erT
niSan-Tvisebas xmarebis met-naklebi sixSire warmoadgens (67, 268). amitom SesaZloa
romelime aRmosavlur, magaliTad, kaxur dialeqtze metyvelma meti sixSiriT
gamoiyenos `papa~, vidre `babua~.
21
dasadgenad, magram igi arasakmarisia, radgan sxvaoba Tavs iCens sityvaTa
SekavSirebisas (5, 285). sinonimur wyvilSi Semavali wevrebi gansxvavdeba
derivaciiTac (161, 285).
dialeqturi sinonimuri wyvilebis ganxilvis Sedegad r. gersamia
miuTiTebs, rom megrulSi dialeqtur safuZvelze Seqmnil zogierT
sinonimur erTeuls motivad udevs sxvadasxva saxeldebis principi.
magaliTad: Randara_kidaWi `baRlinjo~. kidaWi, romelic senakuri
dialeqtis kuTvnilebaa, etimologiurad `kedlis Wias~ ukavSirdeba, xolo
Randara leqsemis amosavlad miCneulia Randa `Robe~. es leqsema zugdidur
dialeqtSi gvxvdeba (16, 16). amdenad, e. w. `absoluturi sinonimebis~
gasamijnavad aRniSnuli meTodic gasaTvaliswinebelia, roca teritoriul
dubletebs ganvixilavT.
z. WumburiZes mohyavs sinonimuri mniSvnelobis tol-Serwymuli
kompozitebi, rogoricaa: sindis-namusi, Rarib-Rataki, adaT-wesi, sve-bedi,
bed-iRbali... da mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom isini Tavisuflad erTmaneTs ver
enacvlebian: `Wkuas vaswavli~ SesityvebaSi `Wkuis~ `gonebiT~ Secvla
miuRebelia (99, 152).
b. jorbenaZis miTiTebiT, xvewna-mudara, zizRi-siZulvili, mxeci-nadiri
da a. S. erTmaneTis mimarT sinonimuria, magram absolutur sinonimebs ar
warmoadgenen, radgan maTgan nawarmoebi zmnebi semantikurad ganirCevian
erTmaneTisagan, ufro metic, zogjer dapirispirebulic ki arian (104, 200-
218).
amdenad, absoluturi sinonimebi SeiZleba gaimijnos Semdegi kriteri-
umebiT: 1. sinonimebad aRebuli wyvilis wevrebi nominatiuri unda iyvnen
mniSvnelobiT da polisemiurobiT ar unda xasiaTdebodnen; 2. isini ar unda
gansxvavdebodnen azrobrivi niuansebiT, mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva elferiT;
3. ar unda iyvnen Seferilni emociuri niSniT; 4. unda ganekuTvnebodnen
erTsa da imave funqciur stils; 5. maT unda SeswevdeT sityvebTan Sexamebis
Tanabari SesaZlebloba, anu distribuciis unari; 6. unda gaaCndeT Tanabari
saderivacio SesaZleblobebi da romelime maTgani ar unda avlendes
saderivacio (sawarmoqmno) xarvezs; 7. gansxvavebam ar unda iCinos Tavi
22
msgavs leqsemaTa saxeldebis principSi... Tu zemodasaxelebul kriteriumebs
movimarjvebT sinonimTa gansasxvaveblad, Cveni masalis gaTvaliswinebiT,
absoluturi sinonimiis sakiTxi Zvel qarTul enaSi eWvqveS dadgeba, an
saerTod moixsneba.
1.4. sityvaTveli da sinonimuri rigis struqtura. leqsikur-semantikuri
kavSirebis bunebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa mravalgvari mosazreba arsebobs. maT
Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia i. triris `semantikuri velis~ Teoria. am
Teoriis mixedviT enobriv niSanTa sfero Sinaganad organizebuli
sistemuri bunebisaa da maTi segmentacia anu danawevreba xdeba mraval
ganzomilebaSi, xolo TiToeuli maTgani calkeul struqturas _ vels
qmnis. `semantikuri veli~ gamoeyofa enis mTel leqsikas da Tavis mxriv
iyofa sityvebad. maSasadame, avtori ierarqiul dayofas uSvebs: sityvaTveli
_ mTeli leqsika (171, 430). amdenad, leqsikur-semantikur vels axasiaTebs
masSi Semaval elementTa ierarqia da misi Tavdapirveli kvleva mxolod
sinqroniuli moculobiT Semoifargleba (93, 12).
`semantikuri velis~ meore Teoretikosi l. vaisgenbergi miiCnevs, rom
yoveli ena, deda ena (mutter-sprache) SeiZleba gaigivdes sosiuris langue-
sTan. deda enaSi srulad Cans enisa da enobrivi koleqtivis kavSiri. enis
semantikuri kvlevisas mTeli sigrZe-siganiT unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli
struqturulobisa da imanenturobis postulatebi. imanenturobis arsi
gulisxmobs ara eqstralingvisturi, gareenobrivi, aramed enobrivi
kriteriumebis gamoyenebas (13, 30).
maSasadame, enis Sinaarseuli sfero Sedgeba ara izolirebul sityvaTa
ubralo jamisagan, aramed danawevrebuli urTierTdamokidebulebebisagan.
qarTul sinamdvileSi saganTa wvdomis am wess, romelic universaluri
xasiaTisaa, intuiciiT miagno sulxan-saba orbelianma (51, 62-64). sulxan-saba
leqsikonSi Tavs uyris saerTo semantikuri velis, sinonimuri rigis an erTi
Tematuri jgufis sityvebs da amgvari klasifikacia leqsikografis enobrivi
alRoTia nakarnaxevi da ara romelime lingvistur moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT
an gavleniT (13, 30).
23
Tanamedrove lingvistur literaturaSi mniSvnelobis saerTo
komponentis mqone sityvebs xan vels, xan Tematur jgufs, xanac sinonimur
rigs uwodeben. realurad ki isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. maTTvis
saerTo isaa, rom TiToeuli jgufi mTliania da advilad gamoiyofa enis
danarCeni leqsikisagan, xolo masSi Semaval elementebs aerTianebs saerTo
sagnobriv-cnebobrivi Tanafardoba (93, 178). veli ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre
sinonimuri rigi. sinonimuri rigiT aRiniSneba `linealuri struqturis
erTxazovani varianti, romelSic mimarTeba sityva _ identifikatorsa da
jgufSi Semaval yvela elements Soris sinonimuria~ (93, 132-136). maSasadame,
sinonimur rigSi Semaval erTeulTa Tavmoyris safuZvelia, rogorc
identuri, aseve diferencialuri niSnebi, romlebic leqsemaTa mniSvnelobis
segmentaciis dros miiReba.6 es niSnebi leqsikuri mniSvnelobis struqturiT
aris ganpirobebuli (122, 29).
leqsemaTa diferencialur niSnebad7 daSla komponenturi anu
semantikuri analizis princips eyrdnoba. aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia sinonimuri rigis TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba ganvixiloT,
rogorc minimaluri semantikuri komponentis erTianoba (160, 6).
diferencialur niSans qmnis mniSvnelobaTa elferebi, eqspresiuloba,
stilisturi elferi, sityvaTwarmoebis gansxvavebuli unari, sityvis
warmoSobis istoria da sxv. maSasadame, diferencialuri niSani anu
sinonimTa diferencialuri komponenti, es aris sinonimTa Sedarebis Sedegad
miRebuli naSTi.
6. lingvistur literaturaSi mniSvnelobis segmentaciis Sedegad miRebuli
niSnis aRsaniSnavad sxvadasxva termini ixmareba: diferencialuri niSani (d.
Smelevi), mniSvnelobis diferencialuri elementi (k. smolina), sinonimebis
diferencialuri komponenti (sdk) (m. abalaki), semebi (e. Sendelsi), komponenturi
mniSvneloba (v. Cerniaki) da sxv. Cvens naSromSi upiratesad viyenebT or termins:
diferencialuri niSani; sinonimebis diferencialuri komponenti.
7. f. de sosiuris moZRvrebis mixedviT, enis mTeli meqanizmi emyareba
identifikaciasa da diferenciacias (147, 141).
24
diferencialur niSnebze damyarebiT aris SesaZlebeli sityvis
individualuri kavSiris dadgena, romelic sinonimuri rigis SigniT
arsebobs. lingvistikaSi vxvdebiT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrissac, romlis
mixedviTac, `sinonimebis gansazRvrebisas gansxvavebidan amosvla, an Tundac
imis aRniSvna rom sinonimebis mniSvnelobaTa gansxvavebebi iseve arsebiTia,
rogorc maTi msgavseba, ar unda iyos marTali~ (9, 20-21). Cveni
TvalsazrisiT, swored diferencialuri niSnebi aniWebs sinonimuri rigis
TiToeul wevrs im individualurobas, rac maTi enaSi arsebobis erTaderTi
da aucilebeli pirobaa.
leqsikur erTeulTa identifikacia, maTi gaerTianeba erT sinonimur
rigSi `integraluri semantikuri komponentebis~ safuZvelze xdeba (160, 7). es
integraluri komponenti aris faqtobrivad cnebis ZiriTadi niSani, romelic
sinonimuri rigis yvela wevrs moepoveba. maSasadame, sinonimur rigSi
gamoiyofa dominanturi wevri, romelic ar aris markirebuli stilisturad,
ar axlavs raime damatebiTi emociur-eqspresiuli niSani da es leqsema
gansazRvravs rigSi Semavali TiToeuli leqsikuri erTeulis ZiriTad
xasiaTs (152, 29; 139, VII).
sinonimuri rigis struqtura SeiZleba danawevrdes mis SigniT mcire
urTierTgadamkveT mikrostruqturebad, ris Sedegadac miiReba mcire
kvazisinonimuri rigebi, romelTa CarTva, Tavis mxriv, did jgufSi SeiZleba.
arsebiTad iqmneba Taviseburi bunebis ierarqiuli xe. igi gansakuTrebiT
axasiaTebs kvazisinonimTa iseT klass, romelic Seicavs nebismieri
ierarqiuli donis gvarovnul terminebs. mikrostruqturis gamoyofis
safuZvelia saerTo saxis gansazRvruli diferencialuri niSnebi. yoveli
axali sityva semaTa damatebiT an klebiT miiReba, da SesaZloa paradigmaSi
kidura wevrebs Soris mimarTeba antonimuric ki aRmoCndes (69, 20).
b. foCxua sinonimuri rigis wevrebis ganxilva-daxasiaTebas mizanSewoni-
lad Tvlis sinonimuri wyvilebis saxiT8. mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom mxolod
8 k. danelias miTiTebiT, `sinonimuri wyvili~ gulisxmobs Semdegs: SeiZleba,
romelime sagnis an movlenis aRsaniSnavad ramdenime sinonimuri erTeuli iyos
25
wyvilis wevrebs Soris SeiZleba dadasturdes erTi niSnis qona-uqonloba,
`amitomaa mizanSewonili sinonimTa jgufi ganxilul-daxasiaTebul iqnas ara
erTianad, aramed wyvilebad~ (67, 267).
warmodgenil naSromSi sinonimTa gamoyofasa da ganxilvas safuZvlad
udevs swored zemoaRniSnuli principi (wyvilebad ganxilva), romlis
gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT naTlad warmoaCens sinonimuri rigis TiToeuli
wevris individualur bunebas.
1.5. leqsikuri sinonimiis sakiTxi Zvel qarTulSi. saliteraturo enebi
evolucias ganicdian, xolo qarTuli ena am TvalsazrisiT konservatiuli
xasiaTisaa, radgan mas ar ganucdia enaTa Sereva, ucxouri enis gavlena im
doneze, rom Zirfesvianad Secvliliyo sityva-gamoTqmebi (56, 52). miuxedavad
amisa, Zveli qarTuli da axali qarTuli imdenad gansxvavebuli enobrivi
odenobebia, rom mtkice safuZveli mogvepoveba isini saliteraturo enis
safexurebad, ganviTarebis etapebad miviCnioT (97, 47-50). am etapebis gamoyofa
upiratesad enis gramatikul wyobasa da leqsikur maragSi momxdar
cvlilebebs efuZneba. miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli saliteraturo enis
leqsikuri sinonimiis ganviTarebis istoriaSi garkveuli periodebis
gamoyofa da Zveli qarTuli leqsikur-sinonimuri sistemis arseboba
mxolod pirobiT SeiZleba davuSvaT (56, 52), radganac Zveli qarTuli
leqsikis udidesi nawili dResac cocxalia da ganagrZobs arsebobas. am
TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli samwerlobo enis leqsikuri sinonimikis
ganviTarebis istoriaSi Zneldeba raime mijnis dadeba.
meore mxriv, sinonimias, rogorc enobriv movlenas, lingvisturi
TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven sinqroniul aspeqtSi. Zveli qarTuli ena
ganviTarebis xangrZliv periods moicavs, amitom Zneli gasarkvevia
gamoyenebuli da es erTeulebi sxvadasxva adgilas iyos naxmari. maTi aRnusxva da
klasifikacia sxva, calke sakiTxia. xolo sinonimur wyvilTa calebi ixmareba
erTad da erT garkveul konteqstSi da, Cveulebriv striqonis (taepis) farglebs
ar scildeba (20, 472). Cvens SemTxvevaSi `sinonimur wyvilebs~ ganvixilavT rogorc
mTlian teqstSi, agreTve erTi winadadebis, erTi konteqstis farglebSi.
26
sinonimur sityvaTagan romelime maTgani drois ra monakveTSi ixmareba.
ixmarebian isini erTi epoqis farglebSi Tu ara, rodis iwyeba da rodis
mTavrdeba sinonimur sityvaTa TanamSromloba (56, 54). amdenad, sinonimuri
rigi ar aris myari erTeuli. cvalebadobis procesebi, rogoricaa enaSi ama
Tu im leqsikur erTeulTa dakargva, mniSvnelobis gadaweva, axali
mniSvnelobis SeZena, sityvis sesxeba da a. S., gavlenas axdens saerTod
sinonimTa sistemaze da, cxadia, sinonimuri rigis struqturazec; amitomac
miuTiTeben, rom ToToeul epoqas sinonimur saSualebaTa gansazRvruli
sistema Seesabameba (148, 99). maSasadame, qarTuli enis ganviTarebis iseT or
safexurze, rogoric aris Zveli da axali qarTuli, sinonimuri leqsikis
ganxilva unda moxdes cal-calke (38, 194).
winamdebare naSromSi warmodgenilia Zvel qarTul enaSi leqsikur
sinonimiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis kvleva qarTuli oTxTavis ori
Zveli redaqciis masalis safuZvelze.
27
Tavi II
sinonimTa warmoqmnis wyaroebi Zvel qarTulSi
(qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqciis mixedviT)
rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli oTxTavis or Zvel redaqcias Seicavs
sami xelnaweri, romlebic Satberdis monastridan arian gamosulni.
arsebiTad gvaqvs ori redaqcia, erTi adiSis_C (897 w.), xolo meore
jruWisa_D (936 w.) da parxlis_E (973 w.). am xelnawerebSi `saqme gvaqvs or
garkveulad gansxvavebul redaqciasTan, rogorc leqsikis TvalsazrisiT,
ise frazis agebis mxriv~ (80, 08). jruW-parxlis teqsti safuZvlad dasdebia
jer eqvTime mTawmidlis, xolo Semdeg giorgi mTawmidlis mermindel
redaqciebs. am ukanasknelma sabolood gandevna yvela danarCeni redaqcia
da iqca qarTul vulgatad. Tavad jruW-parxlis teqsti warmoadgens
protovulgatas, romelsac mxars uWers rogorc adrindeli teqstebi:
(xanmeti leqcionari (VII s.), i. javaxiSvilis mier amokiTxuli xanmeti
nawyvetebis nawili, da haemeti leqcionaris nawyvetebi), ise mermindeli
redaqciebi: opizisa (913 w.); tbeTisa (988 w.) da sxv. (80, 09).
jruW-parxlis xelnawerebi erT teqsts warmoadgenen, magram maT Soris
arsebiTi xasiaTis gansxvavebanic moipoveba. zog SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi
maTgani C-sTan aris: xan D da xan E, magram moipoveba adgilebic, sadac
samive Satberduli xelnaweri sruliad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisagan; es
ki mowmobs, rom erTi im punqtTagani, sadac qarTuli teqsti swordeboda,
Satberdi yofila (80, 011). a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, rom Satberduli oTxTavis
teqstebi, marTalia, IX-X saukunis Zeglebs warmoadgenen, magram enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT IV-V saukunis Zeglebs ganekuTvnebian, Tumca ki zogierTi ram
gasworebulia mermindeli normebis mixedviT. es cvlileba xanmetobasa da
haemetobas Sehxebia, ZiriTadi maragi, uZvelesi morfologiur-sintaqsuri
niSnebis da arqauli leqsikisa ZeglSi kargad aris daculi. amitom
qarTuli enis Zeglebs Soris am qarTul oTxTavebs ueWvelad uWiravs
`upirvelesi adgilTagani~ (80, 012).
28
rac Seexeba sakuTriv adiSis redaqcias, igi sruliad calke mdgom
teqsts warmoadgens. iv. imnaiSvilis azriT, igi Sedgeba `ZiriTadi~
teqstisgan, romelic sakuTriv adiSis teqsts warmoadgens da `CanarTi~
nawilisgan. sakuTriv adiSis teqsts sruliad gancalkevebuli adgili
uWiravs Zvel oTxTavebs Soris, xolo `CanarTi~ nawili e. w.
protovulgatas misdevs. (30, 219-232). mkvlevars mohyavs iseTi leqsikuri
erTeulebi, romlebic adiSis teqstSi dasturdeba da sxva redaqciebSi ar
gvxvdeba aseTebia: fiCÂ, gxueWden, meRoreni, sayurZeni, mimodastuanvida,
meoxneTa, mivtontmanebdi da sxv. adiSis nusxas axasiaTebs agreTve sityvis
formaTa xmarebis ufro konkretuloba, xolo jruW-parxlis teqstis
leqsika ufro zogadi Sinaarsis Semcvelia. ase, magaliTad: sazeTe//WurWeri;
mwyemsi//meRore; yrma//wuli da sxv. (30, 194-205). adiSis redaqcia xasiaTdeba
mTeli rigi leqsikuri TaviseburebebiT, rac ganarCevs mas jruW-parxlis
teqstisagan da saerTod saxarebis sxva redaqciebisagan.
adiSis oTxTavis berZnulTan mimarTebis sakiTxs sagangebod Seexo s.
yauxCiSvili. man miuTiTa, rom adiSis oTxTavSi, romelic saxarebis uZveles
qarTul Targmans warmoadgens, SeimCneva tendencia berZnuli enisa da
elinuri samyaros gavlenisa mTargmnelze (77, 93). mkvlevars amis dasturad
mohyavs sxvadasxva argumenti. adiSis teqstSi moipoveba rigi berZnuli
leqsemebisa: sandali, lankla, pinaki, klite da a. S., romlebic udavod
mowmoben, rom adiSis oTxTavis mTargmneli berZnuli dednis gavlenas
ganicdida (77, 109). mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom adiSis redaqciis avtors
Tvalwin hqonda ZiriTadad berZnuli dedani (da ara romelime sxva). am
niadagze aixsneba zogierTi uzustoba, romelic qarTul Targmans
axasiaTebs. meore mxriv, roca adiSis nusxaSi naxmaria iseTi gamoTqma,
romelic oTxTavis sxva teqstSi ar ixmareba, es gansxvaveba aixsneba imiT,
rom zogierTi berZnuli sityva an gamoTqma gvian saukuneebSi ukve aRar
esmodaT im mniSvnelobiT, romelic mas Zvel saukuneebSi hqonda. maSasadame,
`gviani saukuneebis mTargmnelebma da redaqtorebma kargad icodnen
berZnuli saliteraturo ena, xolo cocxali berZnuli salaparako ena, misi
Zveli idiomatizmebiT maTTvis ucnobi iyo. adiSis redaqciis avtori ki,
29
TviTon ufro Zvel saukuneSi mcxovrebi da xalxuri enis mcodne, ukeT
erkveva ama Tu im sityvis specifikur mniSvnelobaSi mocemul adgilas da
mis sxva mniSvnelobaSi sxva adgilas~ (77, 111).
el. doCanaSvilma gamoyo adiSis teqstsa da somxur xelnawerebs Soris
teqstobrivad Semxvedri saerTo xmarebis sityvebi. mecnieris mier dasaxe-
lebuli qarTul-somxuri saerTo xmarebis leqsemebi ara mxolod adiSis
xelnawerSi gvxvdeba, aramed sxva winareaTonur da giorgi mTawmidlis
redaqciebSic dasturdeba. somxur leqsikur erTeulTa udidesi nawili
qarTulSi zepiri gziT unda iyos Semosuli da ara mwignobruliT.
adiSis oTxTavSi gamoiyofa aseve fena, romelic misi arqetipis Semdgom
redaqtors somxur oTxTavTan SedarebiT unda Caesworebina. swored aq
gamoiyofa armenizmebi, romlis safuZvelzec mkvlevrebi miiCneven adiSis
oTxTavs somxuridan momdinared. el. doCanaSvili ki miuTiTebs, rom adiSis
nusxaSi warmodgenili `armenizmebi~ mxolod leqsikuri Casworebis Sedegia
da ara redaqciuli xasiaTisa (25, 206).
leqsikuri saxis sxvaobebi, romlebic vlindeba oTxTavis paralelur
versiaTa (DE – C) Sepirispirebisas, `daaxloebiT 1000-ze metia~ (25, 183).
redaqciaTa dapirispirebis dros gamovlenili leqsikuri wyvilebis umetesi
nawili sinonimur mimarTebaSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan. radgan adiSis
redaqciis mTargmneli ufro ukeT erkveva ama Tu im sityvis specifikur
mniSvnelobaSi mocemul adgilas, amitom masSi gamovlenil sinonimur
leqsemebSi ufro metad ikveTeba semantikuri da stilisturi datvirTvis
mqone diferencialuri niSnebi.
paraleluri versiebis mixedviT gamoyofili sinonimuri rigis sityvaTa
umetesi nawili sxva redaqciebSic ixmareba da isini erTi redaqciis
farglebSic sinonimebad iTvlebian.
dasturdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca erTi teqstis farglebSi
gvxvdeba sinonimur wyvilTa calebi sxvadasxva adgilze da iseTi
SemTxvevebic, rodesac calkeul redaqciebSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd
ixmareba leqsemebi sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT.
30
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswineba safuZvels iZleva saxarebis
teqstSi yuradReba gavamaxviloT sinonimiisa da polisemiis urTierTmimar-
Tebis sakiTxze; sinonimTa warmoqmnis iseT wyaroebze, rogoricaa:
sityvaTwarmoeba, sityvis sesxeba, tabu da evfemizmi da sxv.
2.1. polisemia da sinonimia (polisemiur leqsemaTa sinonimuri mwkrivebi).
sinonimia da polisemia ori semantikuri universaliaa, anu msoflios
yvela enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da TiToeuli enis funqciur struqturaSi
Rrmad fesvgadgmuli kategoriebia (158, 267). es ori enobrivi movlena,
romlebic `manamde warmoiqmna, vidre Seiqmneboda mecniereba semasiologia~
(159, 31), sapirispiroa Tavisi arsiT. Tu sinonimia gulisxmobs erTi da imave
Sinaarsis sxvadasxva niSniT gamoxatvas, polisemiis SemTxvevaSi erTi da
imave niSniT sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi gadmoicema, anu `polisemiasTan maSin
gvaqvs saqme, rodesac erTi fonetikuri garsi mimarTebaSi aRmoCndeba
saganTa ramdenime klasTan~ (66, 102).
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom sinonimuri kavSirebi damaxasiaTebelia
polisemiuri leqsemebisaTvis. erTi mxriv, polisemiur leqsemaTa calkeul
mniSvnelobaTa gamijvna xdeba sinonimebTan Sedarebis gziT, meore mxriv ki,
calkeul sinonimur rigSi leqsikur erTeulTa Tavmoyra damokidebulia
polisemiuri leqsemis calkeul mniSvnelobaTa gamijvnaze (160, 17).
polisemiuri sityva erTi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba iyos erT rigSi Sesuli
sityvis sinonimi, sxva mniSvnelobiT ki igi sxva rigSi Sesuli sityvis
sinonimi aRmoCndeba, anu polisemiuri sityvis mniSvnelobebidan SeiZleba
sxvadasxva rigis sinonimebi warmoiqmnas. Sedegad viRebT rTul gadajaWvul
kavSirebs, romlebic sityvaTa did raodenobas moicavs (1, 54-60; 69, 16-19; 129,
22).
maSasadame, sinonimebis Sepirispirebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba damTxve-
va an nawilobrivi damTxveva ara mTlianad sityvaTa mniSvnelobebisa, aramed
`maTi azrobrivi struqturis elementebisa~ (116, 87; 126, 10-11; 121, 98; 122, 22;
150, 159), anu leqsikur-semantikuri variantebisa (lsv), romlebic Sinaganad
dakavSirebuli arian erTmaneTTan da qmnian garkveul semantikur mTliano-
bas. es semantikuri mTlianoba aris sityvis leqsikuri mniSvneloba,
31
romelic lsv-ebis nakrebisagan Sedgeba. amrigad, sinonimebis semantikuri
siaxlove vlindeba `maTi azrobrivi Sinaarsis damTxvevaSi~ (114, 225). amitom,
naSromSi semantikuri Sepirispirebis erTeulad miCneulia sityvis
calkeuli leqsikuri mniSvneloba da sityvebis sinonimurobac daSvebulia
mxolod maTi calkeuli mniSvnelobebis msgavsebis SemTxvevaSi.
queyana _ sofeli:
ganÃda hambavi misi yovelsa mas q u e y a n a s a, m. 9, 26 DEC.
hambavi ganÃda misTÂs yovelsa mas garemo s o f l e b s a, l. 4, 14
DEC.
warvida mier q u e y a n a s a erTsa, romel maxlobel iyo udabnosa
qalaqsa, i. 11, 54 C;
warvida mier s o f e l s a, maxlobelad udabnoÁsa qalaqsa, DE.
que-yan-a polisemiuri leqsemaa, romelic ramdenime mniSvnelobas,
anu leqsikur-semantikur variants Seicavs9: 1. `queyana erTi ars oTxTa
kavSirTagani, Ãmeli da grili, mZime da uZravi, aramyofobisagan yofad
pirvelsa dResa moyvanebuli RmrTisagan~, anu igive `miwa, miwa-wyali~; 2.
`mxare~; 3. `adgil-mamuli~; 4. `niadagi, miwis zedapiri~; 5. `xmeleTi, napiri~
(54; 92; 6; 33). queyana warmoadgens sityvis Targmans, romelic
zemoCamoTvlil mniSvnelobebs Seicavs berZnulSic (145; 168; 127).
warmodgenili 5 mniSvnelobidan saxarebis teqstis mixedviT 4 maTgans
moepoveba sinonimi.
sof-el-i berZnuli leqsemis Targmans warmoadgens, romelic
agreTve polisemiuria da ramdenime lsv-s Seicavs: 1. `ca da queyana da
savseba maTi~, e. i. mTeli samyaro; 2. `zRGa da Ãmeli, sfera anu simrgGale
qGeynisa, igive `miwa, dedamiwa~; 3. `xalxi, kacobrioba~; 4. `mxare, kuTxe~; 5.
`xmeleTi~; 6. `mindori~; 7. `daba, sofeli, mcire Senoba~ (54; 92; 33).
miuxedavad imisa, rom leqsema sofeli Tavisi semantikuri struqturiT
gacilebiT farToa queyanaze, mas oTxTavis teqstSi mxolod ori
mniSvnelobiT moepoveba sinonimuri mewyvile. kerZod, Tu queyanis calkeul
9 SemdegSi leqsikur-semantikuri variantis nacvlad vixmarT Semoklebul formas _ (lsv).
32
mniSvnelobebs miemarTeba miwa, qviSa, Ãmeli, agaraki, sofels ukavSirdeba
mxolod daba da mamuli.
moxmobil magaliTebSi m. 9, 26; l. 4, 14; i. 11, 54 queyana da sofeli
`mxaris, kuTxis~ mniSvnelobiT miemarTebian erTmaneTs, xolo sxva
mniSvnelobebiT, rogorc aRiniSna, maT sxva erTeulebi efardebaT. am
sityvaTa _ queyana//sofeli _ semantikur struqturebs vizualurad Tu
warmovidgenT, isini mxolod erT wertilSi gadaikveTebian.
queyana sofeli
queyana _ miwa:
sxuaÁ davarda q u e y a n a s a keTilsa da moscemda nayofsa, m. 13, 8
DEC.
sxuaÁ davarda kldovansa, sada ara iyo m i w a Á friad, m. 13, 5 DEC.
ix. agreTve: mr. 4, 5; l. 8. 6.
miwa ganimarteba, rogorc `queyanis nawili, erTi oTxTa kavSirTagani,
xmeli da grili, umZimesi wylisa~; `niadagi~ (53; 92; 6). amdenad, miwa
samyaros oTx stiqiaTa Soris (haeri, cecxli, miwa, wyali) erT-erTia, xolo
igi qveyanis nawils im gagebiT warmoadgens, rom qveyana (igive dedamiwa)
garda miwisa, wyalsac Seicavs. moxmobil magaliTSi (m. 13, 5) miwa `niadagis,
miwis zedapiris~ mniSvnelobiT ukavSirdeba queyanas.
queyana _ Ãmeli:
gamoiTrevda badesa mas q u e y a n a d, i. 21, 11 DE;
gamozidvida saTromelsa mas à m e l a d, C.
xolo sxuani mowafeni naviTa movidodes, rameTu ara Sors iyvnes
q u e y a n a s a, i. 21, 8 DE;
sxuani igi mowafeni movidodes naviTa, rameTu ara Sors iyvnes
à m e l a d, C.
33
viTarca gamoÃdes q u e y a n a d, ixiles nakuercxali mdebarÀ, i. 21,
9 DE;
viTarca gamovides à m e l a d, hxedven: nakuercxali idva, C.
Ãm-el-i saerToqarTveluri *Ãam/-Ãm- Ziridan momdinareobs (65) da
niSnavs: `xmeleTs, mSral, unotio, wyliT daufarav adgils~ (54; 92; 6);
`xmeleTs, napirs~ (33). aRniSnuli sityva xuTjer gvxvdeba oTxTavis teqstSi.
aqedan sam SemTxvevaSi dasturdeba adiSis redaqciaSi (i. 21, 8; 9; 11). Ãmels
oTxTavis sxva redaqciebSi queyana miemarTeba da i. moliTori mas Zveli
siriuli Targmanis gavlenad miiCnevda, radgan mkvlevris miTiTebiT,
dasaxelebul adgilebSi terra (miwis) magier arida (Ãmeli) dasturdeba (170, 62).
Ãmeli aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi kanonzomierad aris gamoyenebuli, radgan aq
saubaria napiridan daSorebis Sesaxeb, maSin roca mowafeebma navi Seacures
wyalSi. Tumca samive muxlSi winareaTonuri da giorgiseuli redaqciis
nusxebSi queyana gvxvdeba, rac berZnuli s Targmania, magram adiSuri
Ãmeli ar iTvleba siriul Targmanze damokidebulad, radgan `Ãmeli
Sinaarss ufro zustad gamoxatavs dasaxelebul muxlebSi, vidre queyana~
(63, 67).
amdenad, miwa da Ãmeli saxarebis teqstSi erTi mniSvnelobiT arian
warmodgenili da ukavSirdebian leqsema queyanis meoTxe mniSvnelobas
`niadags, miwis zedapirs~. Ãmeli ki sinonimuria queyanis mexuTe
mniSvnelobisa (`napiri~), romelic aseve erT mniSvnelobas Seicavs.
maSasadame, aRniSnuli sityvebi TiTo lsv-iT arian warmodgenili da garda
queyanisa sinonimurad sxva leqsemas ar ukavSirdebian. amrigad, queyana
sityvis semantika mTlianad faravs miwa, Ãmeli sityvaTa semantikas.
queyana _ agaraki:
kacman raÁ dasTesis Tesli q u e y a n a s a, mr. 4. 26 DEC.
romelman dasTesa Tesli keTili a g a r a k s a TÂssa, m. 13, 24 DEC.
romelman dautevos... q u e y a n a Á saxelisa CemisaTÂs, m. 19, 29 DE;
romelsa daeteos... a g a r a k e b i Cemisa saxelisaTÂs, C.
34
agaraki berZnuli sityvis fardi leqsemaa, romelic qarTulSi
nasesxebia somxuridan (169, 65). agaraki ramdenime lsv-iT aris warmodgenili:
1. `miwa, saxnav-saTesi adgili~; 2. `mindori~; 3; `dasaxlebuli adgili,
sofeli, daba~; 4. `adgil-mamuli~ (145; 127; 53; 92; 6; 33). moxmobil
konteqstebSi leqsema agaraki queyanas ukavSirdeba ori mniSvnelobiT.
kerZod, mr. 4, 26; m. 13, 24 magaliTebSi aRniSnuli sinonimuri wyvili Seicavs
`saxnav-saTesi adgilis~ anu damuSavebuli `miwis~ mniSvnelobas, xolo m. 19,
29 magaliTSi isini (queyana//agaraki) `adgil-mamulis~ mniSvnelobas
gadmoscemen. aseT SemTxvevaSi queyana da agaraki ori lsv-is mixedviT
daemTxveva da maTi semantikur struqturaTa moculobebis nawilobrivi
gadakveTa gveqneba:
queyana agaraki
agaraki, erTi mxriv, Sedis `queyana~ sityvis sinonimur mwkrivSi erT-
erT wevrad, xolo meore mxriv, mis calkeul mniSvnelobebs sinonimurad
ukavSirdeba daba, yana, veli, mtili leqsemebi.
agaraki _ yana:
msgavs ars sasufeveli caTaM saunjesa dafarulsa y a n a s a Sina,
romeli pova kacman da damala da sixaruliTa misTÂs warvida da ganyida
yovelive, raÁca aqunda, da moiyida a g a r a k i igi, m. 13, 44 DEC.
agaraki _ daba:
meRoreni igi ivltodes da uTxres qalaqsa da a g a r a k e b s a, mr.
5, 14 C;
mwyemsni igi maTni ivltodes da uTxres qalaqsa da d a b n e b s a,
DE.
dab-a//yan-a: daba sityvis *dab/>dab:dob:dab fuZe saerToa qarTveluri
enebisaTvis (65). daba ganimarteba, rogorc `momcro qalaqi, mozRudvili;
sofeli momcro, rameTu sofeli ewodebis sruliad sawuTrosa, xolo daba
_ erTsa SenobaTagansa kacrielTa~ (53; 92); `sofeli; yana~ (6; 32).
35
dab-a moxnuli, damuSavebuli miwis mniSvnelobiT SeinarCuna svanurma
(dab_yana). qarTul-zanuris doneze dabis sinonimia yana-yona-Áona (65).
aRniSnuli dab-yan fuZeebis semantikuri garkvevisaTvis ivaraudeba Semdegi:
yana-s Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba unda yofiliyo gaudiferencirebeli `miwa,
veli, anu Ãmeli~. mniSvnelobaTa markirebisaTvis Camoyalibda Semdegi saxis
leqsikuri paradigma: yana_miwa; daba_daumuSavebeli miwa. savaraudoa, rom
yanis mniSvneloba Semdeg daviwrovda, ramac gamoiwvia yan-is semis gadaweva
`moxnuli, damuSavebuli miwisaken~, ramac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia dab-is semis
gadaweva `saxlis~ mniSvnelobisaken (98, 299).
aRniSnuli fuZeebis winareberZnul-qarTvelur doneze dakavSirebisaT-
vis r. gordeziani imowmebs furnees: _ `dasaxleba~, `qalaqi~ (19,
99).
daba Cvens SemTxvevaSi (mr. 5, 14) `dasaxlebuli adgilis, soflis~
mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba agaraks, romelsac berZnulSi Seesatyviseba
`sofeli, dasaxlebuli adgili...~ (145; 168; 127). yana ki `saxnav-saTesi
miwis~ anu damuSavebuli niadagis mniSvnelobiT esadageba agaraks.
moxmobili sinonimuri wyvili agaraki//daba erTi winadadebis farglebSi
ixmareba (m. 13, 44), romlebic berZnulSi erTi da imave leqsemiT
gadmoicema. am SemTxvevaSi teqstis mTargmneli mimarTavs sinonimTa
substituciur, urTierTSenacvlebis xerxs, riTac Tavidan icilebs erTi da
imave leqsemis uxerxul gameorebas da aRwevs konteqstis sasurvel
stilistur-eqspresiul gaformebas (56, 99).
agaraki _ veli:
Seipyres vinme simon kÂrineli, romeli movidoda a g a r a k i T, l.
23, 26 C;
Seipyres sÂmon vinme kÂrineli, momavali v e l i T, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 24, 40; mr. 15, 21; l. 15, 25.
veli sinonimia agarakis me-2 mniSvnelobisa, romelic niSnavs `mindors~
(53; 92; 6; 33), anu daumuSavebel `miwas, niadags~. Tu yana `damuSavebuli
miwis~ mniSvnelobiT ukavSirdeba agaraks, veli `daumuSavebeli~ anu
36
auTvisebeli niadagis mniSvnelobiT emijneba mas. swored es niuansebi
aniWeben maT (yana//veli) im ganmasxvavebel Tvisebas, riTac isini ganirCevian
sinonimuri rigis sxva wevrebisagan.
agaraki _ mtili:
msgavs ars sasufeveli caTaÁ marcualsa mdogÂsasa, romel moiRo
kacman da dasTesa a g a r a k s a TÂssa, m. 13, 31 C;
msgavs ars sasufeveli caTaÁ marcualsa mdogÂsasa, romeli moiRo
kacman da dasTesa m t i l s a TÂssa, DE.
mtili zogadqarTveluri Ziris mqone sityvaa, romelsac megrulSi
Seesatyviseba `ortvili~/`ortvini~, xolo svanurSi `lertam~, rac
`samtiles, bostans~ aRniSnavs (103, 111). mtili leqsikonTa mixedviT
ganimarteba agreTve, rogorc `bostani~ (53; 92); `baRi~ (33). i. javaxiSvilis
miTiTebiT ki `bostan-baRis aRmniSvneli saxeli qarTvel tomebs saerTo
hqonia~ (103, 111). berZnulSi mtilis fardia leqsema `baRi, bostani~
(145; 168; 127).
maSasadame, mtili `baR-bostnisaTvis~ gankuTvnili niadagis
mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba agaraks.
sofeli _ daba:
mimorbiodes yovelsa mas s o f l e b s a da iwyes moRebad
cxedarTa yovelTa sneulTa, mr. 6, 55 DE;
mirbiodes yovelsa garemoÁs d a b n e b s a mas da iwyes cxedrebiTa
sneulebisa mimodaRebad, C.
ix. agreTve: mr. 6, 6; 8, 27.
sofeli, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ramdenime mniSvnelobis Semcvelia,
romelTa Sorisaa dRevandeli `soflis~ mniSvneloba, anu `dasaxlebuli
adgilisa~. swored aRniSnuli mniSvnelobis gamomxatvelia sinonimuri
wyvili sofeli//daba moxmobil konteqstebSi (mr. 6, 55; 6; 6), romelTac
berZnulSi esadageba leqsema `sofeli, dasaxlebuli adgili...~ (145;
168; 127).
37
sofeli _ mamuli:
movida s o f l a d TÂsa da aswavebda maT SesakrebelTa maTTa, m.
13, 54 C;
movida m a m u l s a TÂssa da aswavebda maT SesakrebelTa Soris
maTTa, DE.
mam-ul-i ganimarteba, rogorc `mamiseuli~ (53); `samSoblo qveyana, mama-
papisagan danaSTeni uZravi qoneba~ (92; 33). moxmobil magaliTSi (m. 13, 54)
mamuli sofels miemarTeba swored `mxaris, kuTxis~, ufro konkretulad
mSobliuri, mama-papiseuli adgilis mniSvnelobiT, romelTac berZnulSi
gadmoscems leqsema `mamiseuli, mamuli~ (145; 127).
rogorc vxedavT, Tu sityvebi polisemiuria, sinonimia umetes
SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT calkeul mniSvnelobebs exeba, radgan erTi
sityvis mniSvnelobebi mTlianad ar emTxveva sxva sityvis mniSvnelobebs. es
ki niSnavs, rom sinonimiis dadgenisas kriteriumi `mniSvnelobis
nawilobrivi damTxveva~ mTel sityvaze ar vrceldeba. swored amitom
gamarTlebulia Sepirispireba calkeuli mniSvnelobebis, anu leqsikur-
semantikuri variantebis mixedviT.
zogadad, Tu romelime N sityvas aqvs a, в, c da a. S. mniSvnelobebi,
maSin a mniSvnelobiT is SeiZleba Sevides A sinonimur mwkrivSi, в
mniSvnelobiT _ B mwkrivSi, c mniSvnelobiT _ C mwkrivSi da a. S.
amasTanave, sxva sityvebs, romlebic qmnian sinonimur B, C mwkrivebs,
SeiZleba hqondeT ramdenime mniSvneloba da, Tavis mxriv Sediodnen axal
sinonimur mwkrivebSi, romlebSic aseve polisemiuri sityvebi iqneba da a. S.
amrigad, enaSi iqmneba asociaciaTa uwyveti jaWvi, romelic moicavs did
nawils sityvebisa mis sinqroniul mdgomareobaSi (110, 85).
saswauli _ mcneba:
xolo mimcemelman man misman misca maT s a s w a u l i da hrqua:
romelsaca ambors-uyo, igi ars, SeipyarT igi, m. 26, 48 C;
xolo mimcemelsa mas missa mieca m c n e b a Á da hrqua: romelsa me
ambors-uyo, igi ars, SeipyarT igi, DE.
38
sa-sw-a-ul-i//sa-sw-av-ul-i polisemiuri leqsemaa. igi berZnulSi
gadmoicema sityviT , romelic Seicavs Semdeg mniSvnelobebs, anu
lsv-ebs: 1. `niSani, kvali iara~; 2. `sakvirveleba, saswauli~; 3. `sasveni
niSnebi: patara aso, wertili, mZime, xazi~ (145; 168; 127; 92; 33). warmodgenili
3 leqsikur-semantikuri variantidan oTxTavis teqstSi samive maTgans
moepoveba sinonimi.
mcn-eb-a leqsemac polisemantikuri mniSvnelobis mqonea, romelic
Seicavs Semdeg leqsikur-semantikur variantebs: 1. `darigebas, mcnebas~; 2.
`brZanebas, akrZalvas~; 3. `moZRvrebas~; 4. `niSans~ (6; 33). maSasadame, mcneba
me-4 mniSvnelobiT ukavSirdeba saswaulis pirvel mniSvnelobas, anu
moxmobili wyvili konkretulad gulisxmobs `niSnis~ micemas, rasac iudas
mier qristes gacema mohyva. mcneba danarCeni mniSvnelobebiT ki sxva
sinonimur rigSi Sedis.
saswauli _ niSi:
hrqua mas iesu: ukueTu ara ixiloT s a s w a u l e b i da
n i S e b i, ara grwmenes, i. 4, 48 DEC.
ix. agreTve: m. 24, 24; mr. 13, 22.
niSi saS. sparsuli ni š//nišak formebidan momdinareobs. `niSi da niSani
erTi da igive saS. sparsuli sityvaa: ni š- ufro adrindeli, nišan mogviano,
gavrcobili -an sufiqsiT~. aRniSnuli sityvis mniSvnelobebia `nestari
saCxvleti; niSani, laqa, xati; signali, droSa, alami~ (4, 349-350). moxmobil
magaliTebSi (i. 4, 48...) niSi miemarTeba saswaulis me-2 mniSvnelobas
`sakvirvelebas, saswauls~. saswauli//niSi teqstSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd
paralelurad ixmareba, sadac wyvilTagan pirveli wevri sakuTriv qarTuli
warmoSobisaa, xolo meore saS. sparsulidan nasesxebi.
saswauli _ sakÂrveleba:
ixiles mRdelT-moZRuarTa maT da mwignobarTa, romeli igi qmnna iesu
s a s w a u l n i, m. 21, 15, DE;
ixiles raÁ mRdelT moZRuarTa maT da mwignobarTa s a k  r v e l e-
b a n i igi, C.
39
sa-kÂrv-el-eb-a berZnuli leqsemis fardia, rac niSnavs
`gaocebas, gancvifrebas~ (145, 127; 6; 33). sakÂrveleba swored aRniSnuli
mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba saswauls, sadac m. 21. 15 magaliTSi aRniSnuli
wyvili iesos mier Cadenil saswaulebs gulisxmobs, rac iwvevda mRvdelT-
moZRvarTa da mwignobarTa `gaocebas, gakvirvebas~.
saswauli _ saxe:
ara Tu vixilo ÃelTa misTa s a s w a u l i samsWualTaÁ maT, i. 20,
25 C;
ukueTu ara vixilo ÃelTa misTa s a x À igi samSWualTaÁ, DE.
saxe berZnulSi gadmoicema leqsemiT `nimuSi, magaliTi; niSani,
kvali, iara~ (145; 127; 6; 33). saxe ukavSirdeba saswaulis pirvel
mniSvnelobas misi me-2 (niSani, kvali iara) mniSvnelobiT, sadac igi
qristes lursmnebiT naWrilobev sxeulze darCenil `kvals, iaras~
aRniSnavs.
saswavuli _ moxatuli _ iota _ rqa:
uadviles ars cisa da queyanisa warslvaÁ, vidre ara Sjulisagan erTi
s a s w a v u l i davrdomad, l. 16, 17 C;
uadviles ars cisa da queyanisa warslvaÁ, vidre-Ra Sjulisagani erTi
m o x a t u l i davrdomad, DE.
vidre warslvadmde cisa da queyanisa i o t a erTi anu s a s w a u -
l i ara warÃdes, m. 5, 18 C;
cani da queyanaÁ warÃden da i o t a odeni erTi r q a Á ara
warÃdes, DE.
mo-xat-ul-i//iota//rqa leqsemebi miemarTebian sinonimebad saswaulis me-
3 mniSvnelobas `sasveni niSnebi: patara aso, wertili, mZime, xazi~ (92; 33).
maT efardeba berZnulSi leqsema rac aRniSnul mniSvnelobebs
Seicavs (145; 127). dasaxelebul sinonimebs Soris mcire sxvaobebi mainc
SeiniSneba. moxatuli yovelgvar `sasven niSans~ (33) gulisxmobs da ufro
zogadi Sinaarsis mqonea. iota da rqa ki sabas mixedviT ganimarteba
Semdegnairad: `marT Camozidulsa mas asosa werilTasa iota ewodebis,
40
xolo zeda kerZo warzidulsa mas mgurdl da gurdiv rqa~ (53; 54).
dasaxelebuli sinonimebi moxatuli//rqa//iota moxmobil magaliTebSi
ixmarebian simciris aRsaniSnavad.
naTesavi _ Tesli:
mnatriden me yovelni n a T e s a v n i, l. 1, 48 DE;
mnatriden me yoveli T e s l e b i queyanisani, C.
wignni ityÂan, viTarmed n a T e s a v i s a g a n daviTisi... moslvad
ars qriste, i. 7, 42 C;
ara wigni ityÂsa, viTarmed T e s l i s a g a n daviTisa... qriste
movides, DE.
ix. agreTve: l. 1, 50.
na-Tes-av-i polisemiuri sityvaa, romelic saxarebis teqstSi 6
leqsikur-semantikuri variantiT aris warmodgenili: 1. `Taoba, modgma,
STamomavloba~ 2. `xalxi, eri~; 3. `naTesavi~ dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT; 4.
`Tesli, tomi~; 5. `gvari~; 6. `jariskacTa razmi~ (92; 6; 33). dasaxelebuli
lsv-idan 4 maTgans moepoveba sinonimi.
Tes-l-i agreTve polisemiuri erTeulia. igi aRniSnavs: `naTesavs,
STamomavlobas, Taobas; toms, modgmas...~ (92, 6). Tesli moxmobil
magaliTebSi (l. 1, 48; i. 7, 42; l. 1, 50) sinonimia naTesavis pirveli
mniSvnelobisa, romelsac berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema rac
niSnavs `Taobas, modgmas, STamomavlobas~ (145; 127).
naTesavi _ tomi:
iyo ig(i) saxlisagan da n a T e s a v i s a daviTisi, l. 2, 4 C;
iyo igi saxlisagan da t o m i s a daviTisa, DE.
ix. agreTve: l. 2, 36; m. 24, 30.
tom-i falauri to hm sityvidan nasesxebad aris miCneuli da `Taobas,
modgmas, gvars~ aRniSnavs (4, 380), romelsac berZnulSi efardeba
`tomi, modgma~ da `warmomavloba mamis xaziT; naTesauri Sto~
(145; 127). moxmobil masalaSi (l. 2. 4...) tomi naTesavs ukavSirdeba imave
41
mniSvnelobiT riTac Tesli, mxolod Tesli sakuTriv qarTuli sityvaa,
xolo tomi falauridan nasesxebi.
naTesavi _ warmarTi:
iqadagos saxarebaÁ ese sasufevelisaÁ yovelsa sofelsa, sawamebelad
yovelTa n a T e s a v T a, m. 24, 14 C;
iqadagos saxarebaÁ ese sasufevelisaÁ yovelsa sofelsa sawamebelad
yovelTa w a r m a r T T a, DE.
iyvnes vinme w a r m a r T n i c a aRmosrulTa maTganni, i. 12, 20
DEC.
warmarTi Seicavs Semdeg mniSvnelobebs: `warmarTi, xalxi; berZeni,
elini~ (33). moxmobil magaliTSi (m. 24, 14; i. 12, 20) warmarTi miemarTeba
naTesavis meore mniSvnelobas `xalxs~, romelic damatebiT Seicavs
semantikur-diferencialur komponents. konkretulad igi `kerpTmsaxurs~,
anu `WeSmariti RvTis cnobisagan ganSorebul~ xalxs gulisxmobs (92),
romelsac berZnulSi efardeba leqsema `sazogadoeba, jgufi, brbo~
(145; 127).
naTesavi _ eri _ erisagani:
Sekrben winaSe misa yoveli n a T e s a v i, m. 25, 32 DEC.
Sekrbeboda misa e r i mravali, l. 14, 25 DEC.
maSin e r i s a g a n T a maT mTavrisaTa wariyvanes iesu taZrad da
Sekribes mis zeda n a T e s a v e b i igi yoveli, m. 27, 27 DEC.
raJams ixiloT gare-modgomili ierusalÀmi e r i s a g a n, maSin
gulisÃma-yavT, rameTu moaxlebul ars mooÃrebaM misi, l. 21, 20 DEC.
eri//erisagan or mniSvnelobas Seicavs. igi aRniSnavs 1. `xalxs~; 2.
`jars~ (53; 33; 6). eri da naTesavi `xalxis~ mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTs
ukavSirdebian m. 25, 32; l. 14, 25 konteqstebSi, romelTac berZnulSi
efardeba leqsema `xalxi~ (127, 145), xolo m. 27, 27; l. 21. 20
magaliTebSi isini `jaris, jariskacTa razmis~ mniSvnelobiT ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs da berZnulSi gadmoicemian leqsemiT `jari~ (127; 145).
42
eri _ gundi:
iuda wariyvana e r i mRdelT moZRuarTagan da farisevelTa msaxurni,
i. 18, 3 DE;
iuda wariyvana mis Tana g u n d i erTi da mRdelT moZRuarTa maT
da farisevelTaganni msaxurni, C.
gundi parTulidan nasesxebi sityvaa gund, romlis amosavali semantika
ukavSirdeba `simravles, brbos~, xolo `jari, armia...~ Semdgom
ganviTarebuli mniSvnelobebia (4). i. 18, 3 magaliTSi gundi da eri
sinonimurnia `jaris~ mniSvnelobiT, romelTa fardia berZnulSi
`jari~ (127; 145).
gundi _krebuli:
xolo g u n d m a n man da aTasisTavman man da msaxurTa maT huriaTa
Seipyres iesu da Sekres, i. 18, 12 C;
xolo k r e b u l m a n man da aTasisTavman da msaxurTa huriaTaman
Seipyres iesu da Sekres, DE.
krebuli polisemiuri mniSvnelobis mqone leqsemaa. igi niSnavs: 1.
`grovas, jgufs~ 2. `jariskacTa razms~; 3. `sakrebulo saxls~; 4. `xalxs~.
moxmobil magaliTSi (i. 18, 12) krebuli//gundi `jariskacTa razmis~
mniSvnelobiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs. gansxvaveba maT Soris mxolod
ZirTa warmomavlobaSia. krebuli sakuTriv qarTuli warmoSobis sityvaa,
gundi ki nasesxebi.
gundi _ dasi:
warmomidginos me aqa umravles aTormetTa g u n d T a angelozTa, m.
26, 53 DE;
damidginos me aw aqa ufroÁs aTormeti d a s i angelozTaÁ, C.
xolo iyo... zaqaria, d a s i s a misgan abiasi, l. 1, 5 C.
dasi Seicavs mniSvnelobebs: 1. `gvari, modgma~ 2. `jariskacTa razmi~.
pirvel magaliTSi, m. 26, 53, gundi//dasi `razmis~ mniSvnelobiT ukavSirde-
bian erTmaneTs, oRond miTiTebul konteqstSi igulisxmeba ara `jariskacTa
razmi~, aramed zogadad simravle, angelozTa `krebuli~.
43
polisemiuri leqsemebi oTxTavSi mxolod dasaxelebuli sinonimuri
erTeulebiT ar amoiwureba. isini ganawilebulia sxvadasxva semantikur
jgufSi, razedac gzadagza gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. sanimuSod aRebuli
ganxiluli masala ki mowmobs, rom polisemiuri sityvebi es aris calkeuli
leqsikur-semantikuri variantebis kona da amgvari konis TiToeul Reros
aqvs Tavisi mniSvnelobebi, romlebic erTiandebian ra saerTo mniSvnelobiT,
qmnian sinonimur wyvilebsa Tu mwkrivebs. maSasadame, polisemiuri sityvebi
sinonimuri xdebian erT-erTi mniSvnelobiT, meoriT ki SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodnen, rac qmnis axali sinonimuri mwkrivis miRebis safuZvels.
yvela es SemTxveva gviCvenebs, rom sinonimebs enaSi arseboba SeuZliaT,
rogorc reformatski aRniSnavs, Semdegi formuliT: `igivea da arc mTlad
igive~, anu ori sityva, romelic erTi mniSvnelobiT emTxveva erTmaneTs,
meoriT _ gaemijneba (149, 69-70).
2.2. sityvaTwarmoebiT miRebuli leqsikur sinonimTa jgufebi
sityvaTwarmoeba leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebis erT-erTi mTavari
wyaroa. igi pirdapir kavSirSia rogorc enis gramatikul wyobasTan, ise
mis leqsikur maragTan. sityvaTwarmoebisa da leqsikologiis mWidro
kavSiri gansakuTrebiT mkafiod Cans iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs
sinonimur mawarmoeblebTan (67, 135). v. vinogradovi miuTiTebs, rom
sityvaTwarmoebis yoveli SemTxvevis axsna wminda morfologiuri cnebebiT
da kategoriebiT ar xerxdeba. TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom gramatikis miRma
rCeba sityvaTwarmoebiTi sinonimiis sakiTxebi (124, 198). mecnieri iZleva
sityvaTwarmoebis aseT klasifikacias: morfologiuri, sintaqsur-
morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, leqsikur-morfologiuri. am klasifikaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT sinonimTa warmoeba am ukanasknels, leqsikur-
morfologiur saxeobas miekuTvneba.
r. rogoJnikovis mixedviT, sityvaTwarmoebis gziT miRebuli axali
leqsemebi xasiaTdebian `ara marto morfologiuri struqturis
TaviseburebiT, aramed aqvT axali leqsikuri mniSvneloba, romelsac
44
atareben sufiqsebi da TavsarTebi~ (150, 153). maSasadame, sityvaTmawarmoebeli
elementebi leqsikuri sinonimiis sazRvrebSi Sedian (133, 139).
oTxTavis teqstSi warmoqmnili leqsikuri sinonimebis mravali
SemTxveva gvxvdeba. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis derivaciuli mawarmoeblebi
erTvian msgavsi semantikis mqone fuZeebs, romlebTanac dakavSirebulia
amosavali leqsemis sagnobrivi mniSvneloba da viRebT sxvadasxva saxis
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis semantikur jgufebs. saxarebis teqstSi gamoiyofa
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis abstraqtuli, qonebis, uqonlobis, xelobis,
daniSnulebis... saxelebi; msgavsi mniSvnelobis mqone yvela gvarisa da
drois mimReoburi leqsika; kompoziciiT warmoqmnili sinonimuri rigebi da
sxv.
2.2.1. abstraqtuli saxelebiT gadmocemuli sinonimuri sityvebi
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis abstraqtul saxelTagan vxvdebiT sxvadasxva
afiqsebiT nawarmoeb leqsikur erTeulebs. Cveni masalis mixedviT
produqtulia sufiqsebi -eba, -oba; konfiqsebi: si- -e, si- -o. aRniSnuli
mawarmoeblebi fuZed iyeneben msgavsi semantikis Semcvel sxvadasxva
metyvelebis nawils da viRebT abstraqtul saxelTa sinonimur rigebs.
abstraqtul saxelebs zogjer sinonimebad miemarTebian sxva saxis
sityvebic (sawyisi, mimReoba, zmna, kompoziti da a. S).
sneuleba _ uZlureba _ araZleba _ guemuleba _ salmoba _ mÃurvaleba _
sicxe
sneuleba _ uZlureba _ araZleba:
ganhkurnebden yovelTa s n e u l e b a T a da u Z l u r e b a T a,
m. 10, 1 DEC.
viTarca esma iesus, Tqua: igi s n e u l e b a Á ara ars sasikudine, i.
11, 4 C;
viTarca esma iesus, Tqua: ese u Z l u r e b a Á ara ars sasikudinÀ,
DE.
ix. agreTve: l. 13, 11; i. 5, 5.
45
ganhkurnebda yovelTa s n e u l e b a T a da yoelTa a r a Z l e-
b a T a erisaTa, m. 4, 23 DEC.
sneul-eb-a: seni niSnavs `raÁc(a) avadoba daesenebis cxo(v)elsa, anu
gardedebis; senad vityviT yo(v)elTa qceulebaTa bunebisasa~ (54). sneuli ki
ganimarteba, rogorc `senis mqonebeli~ (54); `uZlebi, avadmyofi~ (92; 6; 33). am
zedsarTavi saxelisagan (sneuli) miRebuli abstraqtuli leqsema sneuleba
ki ganimarteba, rogorc `senT darTva, seni satkivari~ (92); `avadmyofoba~
(33). sneuleba warmoadgens moxmobili sinonimuri rigis dominant leqsemas,
romlis mniSvnelobas, `avadmyofobas~ Seicavs misi mewyvile yvela erTeuli,
xolo mwkrivis calkeuli wevrebi sxvadasxva diferencialuri niSnebiT
ganirCevian dominantisagan, romlebic miuTiTeben avadmyofobis gamomwvev
mizezebze.
u-Zl-ur-eb-a//araZleba: u-Zl-ur-i Zal-/Zl- Zirze darTuli u-ur
uqonlobis saxelTa konfiqsiT iwarmoeba da ganimarteba, rogorc
`SeuZlebeli, gina sneuli~ (53; 92); `dauZlurebuli, avadmyofi, uZluri~ (6,
33). uZlureba//araZleba ki niSnavs imave `SeuZleblobas, avadmyofobas,
sneulebas~ (92, 33). avadmyofobis gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba iyos
sxvadasxvagvari da maT Soris fizikurad `dauZlureba~, Zalis arqona.
swored am azrobrivi niuansiT emijneba uZlureba//araZleba leqsemebi
sinonimuri rigis ZiriTad wevrs _ sneulebas.
sinonimuri paralelizmi dasturdeba sneuleba//uZlureba sneuleba//
araZleba wyvilebs Soris m. 10, 1; m. 4, 23 magaliTebSi, rasac berZnulSi
efardeba leqsemebi `avadmyofoba, uZlureba~ (127). wyvilTagan
meore wevrebi uZlureba//araZleba meti konkretulobiT gamoirCevian. maTSi
ikveTeba is mizezi (fizikurad dauZlureba), rac avadmyofobis gamomwvevad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
guemuleba:
viTarca Seaxo, meyseulad ganÃma wyaroÁ igi widovnebisa misisaÁ, da
cna ÃorcTagan, rameTu ganikurna g u e m u l e b i s a g a n, mr. 5, 29 DE.
46
guem-ul-eb-a: guema niSnavs `cemas, tanjvas~ (33, 92). guemuli, ki
Sesabamisad `nacems, natanjs~ warmoadgens (33, 92). aRniSnuli mimReobidan
nawarmoebi abstraqtuli saxeli guemuleba, romelsac gadmoscems
berZnulSi leqsema = `avadmyofobas, tanjvas~ (127, 33).
sneuleba _ salmoba:
gankurnna iesu mravalni s n e u l e b i s a g a n maTisa da
s a l m o b i s a g a n, l. 7, 21 DEC.
rameTu ese yoveli dasabami s a l m o b a T a M ars, m. 24, 8 DEC.
raodenTa aqunda s a l m o b a Á da Seexnes, ganikurnebodes, mr. 3, 10
DE.
salm-ob-a lmoba fuZidan miRebuli abstraqtuli saxelia, rac niSnavs
`tkivils, avadmyofobas, satkivars~ (53; 33). moxmobil konteqstebSi salmoba,
romelsac berZnulSi gadmoscems igive sityva, tkivilisagan
gamowveul `avadmyofobas~ aRniSnavs. igi l. 7, 21 magaliTSi sneulebas
mosdevs winadadebaSi da sinonimuri paralelizmi iqmneba maT Soris.
salmoba dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi ufro azustebs winamavali sityvis
sneulebis Sinaarss da akonkretebs, rom avadmyofoba SeiZleba gamowveuli
iyos xorcieli tkivilis Sedegad.
mÃurvaleba _ sicxe:
upyra Ãeli da aRadgina igi; da dauteva igi m à u r v a l e b a m a n,
mr. 1, 31 DE;
upyra Ãeli da aRadgina; da dauteva igi s i c x e m a n man, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 8, 14; 8, 15; mr. 1, 30.
m-Ãurv-al-eb-a//si-cx-e: am leqsemebs ori mniSvneloba aqvT: 1.
`gacxeleba, sicxare, simxurvale~; 2. `seni sicxisa, gaxurveba sisxlisa
sneulebisgan, cieb-cxeleba, avadmyofoba~ (53; 92; 6; 33). aRniSnuli
abstraqtuli saxelebi moxmobil magaliTebSi (mr. 1, 31...) me-2 mniSvnelobas,
`sneulebas, cieb-cxelebas~ gamoxataven, xolo pirveli mniSvnelobiT isini
sxva sinonimTa rigSi Sedian. maSasadame, sinonimuri wyvili mÃurvaleba//
sicxe temperaturis awevis Sedegad gamowveul avadmyofobas gulisxmobs,
47
romelsac berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema `sicxiani yofna, cieb-
cxeleba~ (145; 127).
amdenad, ganxiluli sinonimuri abstraqtivebis sayrden, dominantur
leqsemas warmoadgens sneuleba, rac `avadmyofobas~ niSnavs. es semantikuri
niSani `avad yofna~ aerTianebs mwkrivSi Semaval yvela sinonimur erTeuls,
xolo maT Soris gansxvavebas axdenen is diferencialuri niSnebi, anu
sinonimTa diferencialuri komponentebi, romlebic avadmyofobis gamomwvev
mizezze miuTiTeben.
swavla//swaveba _ mcneba _ moZRureba _ qadageba
mcneba _ moZRureba _ swavla:
dagitevebies m c n e b a Á RmrTisaÁ da gipyries m o Z R u r e b a Á
kacTaÁ, mr. 7, 8 DE;
dagitevebies m c n e b a Á RmrTisaÁ da gipyries s w a v l a Á
kacTaÁ, C.
ix. agreTve: mr. 7, 9.
moZRureba _ swaveba:
iyo m o Z R u r e b a d maTa viTar Ãelmwife, mr. 1, 22 C;
a s w a v e b d a maT, viTarca-igi vis aqun ÃelmwifebaÁ, DE.
swavla//swaveba dasaxelebuli sinonimuri rigis dominant erTeulad
miiCneva, romelic semantikuri da eqspresiuli niSniT neitraluri leqsemaa.
swavla 1. `ars raÁ(c) ara icodes, uTxras da swvarTos~; 2. `swavla ars
qadageba~; 3. `xolo sxva swavla ars sakanonod Soltis miReba, viTarca
weril ars 2, 12 fsalm., 23, 16-22 luka: `vswavlo ege da ganuteo~ (64; 92; 6;
33). swavlas berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema `swavla; darigeba, Wkuis
swavleba; qadageba~ (127; 145).
mcn-eb-a qarTveluri *mcen-/mcn- Ziridan momdinareobs, romlis
amosavali semantika aris `dabareba; Setyobineba~ (65). mcneba ramdenime
mniSvnelobas (lsv-s) Seicavs: 1. `mcneba, sakuTrad: aTni saufloni mcnebani,
RGTisa mier micemulni mosesadmi~; 2. `brZaneba, akrZalva~; 3. `niSani~... mcneba
dasaxelebul konteqstebSi (mr. 7, 8; 7, 9) uflis mier danabareb `aT mcnebas~
48
aRniSnavs, romelsac berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema `mcneba, brZaneba;
Setyobineba~ (145; 168; 127).
mo-ZRu-r-eb-a saerToqarTveluri *ZeRG-/ZRG- Ziridan momdinareobs.
`qarTul ZeRu/-ZRu- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli jRv-/jR-,
lazuri njR- da svanuri JRG-/JeRG-/JoRG-/JoR-~ (65). ZeRG-/ZRu- Ziris
amosavali semantikaa `gagzavna; miZRvna, gaswreba~. moZRuaris Tavdapirveli
mniSvneloba `winamZRols~ ukavSirdeba, xolo Semdeg miiRo `damrigeblis,
maswavleblis~ mniSvneloba. moZRureba ganimarteba, rogorc `swavleba,
darigeba~ (92), romelsac berZnulSi efardeba `swavla, darigeba,
qadageba, moZRvreba~ (145; 168; 127). mcneba da moZRureba ganirCeva Semdegi
diferencialuri niuansebiT. Tu mcneba RvTis mier danabareb mcnebas
aRniSnavs, moZRureba adamianis _ moZRvris, maswavleblis `darigebas,
swavlebas~ gulisxmobs.
swavla _ qadageba:
raJams daasrulna iesu brZanebani ese aTormetTa mimarT mowafeTa
TÂsTa, warvida mier q a d a g e b a d da s w a v l a d qalaqebsa missa,
m. 11, 1 DEC.
mieriTgan iwyo iesu q a d a g e b a d da sityvad, m. 4, 17 DEC.
merme kualad iwyo s w a v l a d zRÂs kidesa zeda, mr. 1, 4 DEC.
qadageba niSnavs: 1. `maRlis xmiT swavleba~; 2. `ganTqma, xmis dagdeba~
(54; 92). qadageba moxmobil konteqstebSi pirvel mniSvnelobas `swavlas~
Seicavs. m. 11, 1 magaliTSi leqsemebi qadageba//swavla sinonimuri
paralelizmis saxiT dasturdeba, sadac qadageba stilisturi Tvalsazri-
siT emijneba swavlas, radgan masSi gamoiyofa eqspresiuli komponenti, rac
maRali xmiT `swavlebas, moZRvrebas~ gulisxmobs. swored aRniSnuli
semantikuri niSani ganarCevs qadageba leqsemas sinonimuri mwkrivis sxva
wevrebisagan.
sixaruli _ mxiaruleba _ mxiarul-yofa _ Sueba _ gancxroma _
saxioba _ pariT mRera
49
moxmobili sinonimuri rigis leqsemebs aerTianebs ZiriTadi
semantikuri niSani, rac yovelgvari sulieri da xorcieli siamovnebis
miRebas, `dasvenebas, garTobas~ ukavSirdeba.
mxiaruleba _ mxiarul-yofa _ sixaruli:
iyos Sen Tana s i x a r u l i da m x i a r u l e b a, da
mravalTa Sobasa missa ganixaron, l. 1, 14 DEC;
ix. agreTve: l. 1, 28.
inebeT Jam erT m x i a r u l – y o f a Á naTelsa missa, i. 5, 35 C;
inebeT Jam erT s i x a r u l i naTelsa missa, DE.
ix. agreTve: l. 6, 23.
si-xar-ul-i xar- Zirze darTuli si_ul sawyisis mawarmoebeli
konfiqsiT miiReba. sixaruli aris `yovlis Wmunvisagan Tavisufleba~;
`lxini, wveuleba~ (54; 92; 6). aRniSnuli leqsema Seicavs orive mniSvnelobas,
rogorc sulieri, aseve xorcieli mwuxarebisagan gaTavisuflebas. sixaruli
moxmobili sinonimuri rigis dominant erTeulad iTvleba, romelsac rigSi
Semavali leqsemebi sxvadasxva diferencialuri komponentebiT emijnebian.
m-xi-ar-ul-eb-a saerToqarTveluri *xi- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul
xi- Zirs Seesatyviseba megruli xi- da svanuri xi-~. Sesatyvisobebi
dasturdeba maT semantikaSic (65). abstraqtuli saxeli mxiaruleba
miRebulia moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobisagan mxiaruli, rac niSnavs `gonebiT
gaxarebuls~ (53). mxiaruleba ki ganimarteba, rogorc `grZnoba sulierisa
gansvenebisa~ (92); `simxiarule~ (6). amdenad, mxiaruleba leqsemis semantika,
`sulier~ dasvenebas ukavSirdeba.
mxiaruleba _ sixaruli _ Sueba:
aw m x i a r u l e b a Á da s i x a r u l i jer-ars, rameTu ZmaÁ
ese Seni momkudar iyo da gancocxlda, l. 15, 32 DE;
S u e b a d da s i x a r u l a d jer ars, rameTu ZmaÁ ese Seni
momkudar iyo da gancocxlda, C.
Sueba ganimarteba, rogorc `moSveba; gina nebierad yofna~ (54);
`gancxroma, lxena, lxineba, lxini~ (92; 33). nebierad yofnas, nebas sabas
50
ganmartebiT, ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. maT Soris aris `erTi romeli igi
nayrovanebisa, gansvenebisa da gemoTmoyvarebis~ (53) mniSvnelobas Seicavs.
maSasadame, Sueba `nayrovanebiT~, imave sma-WamiT da molxeniT miRebul
siamovnebas aRniSnavs.
mxiaruleba//sixaruli da Sueba//sixaruli l. 15, 32 magaliTSi
sinonimuri paralelizmis10 saxiT dasturdeba. maT Soris gansxvaveba,
rogorc aRiniSna, Semdegia: mxiaruleba `sulier~, xolo Sueba `xorciel~
dasvenebas gulisxmobs. sixaruli ki am orive komponents Seicavs.. aRniSnul
wyvilebs berZnulSi Seesatyviseba leqsemebi `sixaruli,
mxiaruleba, siamovnebis miReba, zeimoba~ (145; 168; 127).
Sueba _ gancxroma:
ZÀ Cemi momkudar iyo da cxomda, warwymedul iyo da ipova, da iwyes
S u e b a d, l. 15, 24 C.
ZÀ ese Cemi momkudar iyo da gancocxlda, warwymedil iyo da ipova. da
iwyes g a n c x r o m a d, DE.
gan-cxr-om-a mxiarulebisa da dasvenebis erT-erTi saxea, rac niSnavs:
`TamaSobas, xumrobas, lxins, garTobas, Seqcevas~ (53; 92; 6). Sueba//gancxroma
erTeulebs c. kikviZe nukeva leqsemis sinonimur rigSi ganixilavs, romelic
yovelgvar `Ãorciel gansvenebas~ (39, 262-275) aRniSnavs. magram maT Soris
azrobrivi sxvaoba mainc SeimCneva. Sueba `nayrovanebiT, gemoTmoyvareobiT~
miRebul xorciel siamovnebas ukavSirdeba, xolo gancxroma `TamaSobiT,
xumrobiT, garTobiT~ miRebuli xorcieli siamovnebaa.
sixaruli _ saxioba _ gancxroma _ pariT mRera:
10 erTi striqonis farglebSi dadasturebuli sinonimuri mniSvnelobis
leqsemebi, romlebic specialur literaturaSi `sinonimuri paralelizmis~ saxiT
moixsenieba (94, 692), xSirad vlindeba oTxTavSi. calkeuli redaqciis erT
konteqstSi gamovlenil sinonimur wyvilebs qvemoT calke Tavi eZRvneba da masSi
ganvixilavT. magram zogjer maTi ama Tu im sinonimuri rigidan gamocalkeveba ar
xerxdeba da zogierT paralelur wyvilze gzadagza gveqneba msjeloba.
51
esmoda ÃmaM s i x a r u l i s a Á da g a n c x r o m i s a Á, l.
15, 25 DE;
esma ÃmaÁ s a x i o b i s a Á da p a r i T m e m R e r T a Á, C.
sa-xi-ob-a aseve garTobisa da dasvenebis nairsaxeobaa. igi qarTveluri
*xe-/xi- Ziridan momdinareobs, romlis amosavali semantika, i. abulaZis
mixedviT, berva-cemis Sedegad raime instrumentis xmis gamocemas aRniSnavs
(8, 218-219). leqsikonTa mixedviT saxioba `ese ars musika mwyobri ZalTa da
sakravTani da Umoaneba tkbili, galoba Tu simRera~ (54; 92); `musika, simRera,
galoba~ (33).
pariT mRera. es frazeologiuri Sesityveba sixarulis sinonimad
moiazreba. pari sabas ganmartebiT, niSnavs `lins~, xolo lini ki aris
`rvalis saCxarunebeli didi~ (53); `maTes Tavis Targmani: meorRaneTa,
menestveTa, qnariTa da liniTa metyvelTa, pirad-piradiTa siRodiTa
memRerTa~ (53); `mocekvave~ (33). maSasadame, pari `rvalis saCxarunebels~
niSnavs, xolo pariT memReri am saCxaruneblis xmaze an sxvadasxva
instrumentis gamocemul xmaze mocekvaves gulisxmobs.
saxioba da pariT mRera, agreTve sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT
gvxvdeba moxmobil magaliTebSi, romelTac miemarTeba aseve paralelurad
sixaruli da gancxroma. maT berZnulSi Seesatyviseba `gundi, xoro,
ferxuli; xoros simRera~ (168; 145; 127).
amdenad, sixaruli sulier da xorciel `dasvenebas, garTobas~ niSnavs,
xolo masTan sinonimur mimarTebaSi myofi leqsemebi, garTobis
sxvadasxvagvari nairsaxeobebia.
zakuva _ zakuleba _ orguleba _ ukeTureba _ siborote
zakuva _ zakuleba _ orguleba:
Sinagan savse xarT z a k u v i T a da uSjuloebiTa, m. 23, 28 C;
Sinagan xarT savse o r g u l e b i T a da uSjuloebiTa, DE.
uwyoda z a k u l e b a Á igi maTi, mr. 12, 15 C;
Tavadman icoda o r g u l e b a Á maTi, DE.
52
zaku-v-a//zaku-l-eb-a saerToqarTveluri *zaku- Ziridan momdinareobs
(65). `zakua ars piriT siyvarulsa iCemebdes da guliTa boroti daimarxos.
mzakvari eSmaki ars~ (53; 92); `veragoba, Ralati~ (6); `cbiereba, manqaneba,
xerxi~ (33). sawyisis formiT gadmocemuli zakuva leqsema da misgan
nawarmoebi abstraqtuli saxeli zakuleba Seicavs adamianis mier gulSi
Cadebul yovelgvar borot ganzraxvas. dasaxelebul mwkrivSi Semaval
sinonimur leqsemebs aerTianebs swored aRniSnuli semantikuri niSani,
romelsac isini sxvadasxvagvarad gadmoscemen.
or-gul-eb-a kompozituri Sedgenilobis sityvaa. orguli, sabas
ganmartebiT, niSnavs `erTs pirze daudgromels~ (53), xolo abstraqtuli
saxeli orguleba ki aRniSnavs `daundoblobas, eWvianobas, cbierebas,
pirmoTneobas, orpirobas, TvalTmaqcobas, uwrfelobas, Ralats~ (92; 6; 33).
orguleba berZnulSi gadmoicema leqsemiT `motyueba,
TvalTmaqcoba, farisevloba, pirmoTneoba, mliqvneloba~ (145; 168; 127).
zakuleba _ ukeTureba:
gulisÃma-yo iesu z a k u l e b a Á igi maTi, m. 22, 18 DE;
gulisÃma-yo iesu u k e T u r e b a Á igi maTi, C.
Sinagan gulisagan kacTaÁsa gamovlen... u k e T u r e b a n i, mr. 7, 22
DEC.
u-keT-ur-eb-a qarTveluri *keT- zmnuri Ziridan momdinareobs (65).
ukeTuri `ese ars mCemebeli keTilisa da moqmedi borotebisa~ (54);
`keTilobis garegani, avi kaci, cudi kaci,~ (92); `cudi, boroti, cbieri,
veragi~ (33). aRniSnul Tvisebebs warmoaCens ganzogadebulad abstraqtuli
saxeli ukeTureba, rac niSnavs `borotebas, cbierebas, veragobas~ (33).
maSasadame, zakuleba leqsemas igi miemarTeba `cbierebis, veragobis~
mniSvnelobiT.
siborote:
kma ars dRisaÁ mis s i b o r o t À igi, m. 6, 34 DEC.
si-bor-ot-e Zvel qarTulSi somxuris meSveobiT nasesxebi sityvaa,
romelsac aWariani ukavSirebs saS. sparsul bo r Zirs (4, 82). Bbor- Zirze
53
darTuli `-ot aris somxuri mawarmoebeli da mTliani gamoTqma boroti
niSnavs `keTrovans~. qarTulSi mas `ukeTuris~ mniSvneloba aqvs~ (59, 189).
boroti ganimarteba, rogorc `avis moqmedi da avi; vnebis momcemi~ (53; 92). am
zedsarTavidan miRebuli abstraqtuli saxeli siborote `borotebas, siaves,
ukeTurebas~ (6) niSnavs. maSasadame, ukeTureba da siborote erTi da imave
mniSvnelobis Semcvelia. gansxvaveba maT Soris mxolod ZirTa
warmomavlobaSia. pirveli sakuTriv qarTuli keT- Ziris mqonea, xolo meore
_ saS. sparsuli bo r Ziridan somxuris meSveobiT nasesxebi.
amrigad, sinonimuri mniSvnelobis abstraqtul saxelebs metwilad
safuZvlad udevT raime Tvisebis aRmniSvneli sityva (zedsarTavi, mimReoba
da a. S.), xolo maTgan nawarmoebi ganyenebuli saxelebi meoreulia.
abstraqtul saxelTa TiToeul sinonimur rigSi gamoiyofa mTavari,
dominanturi leqsema, romelic calkeul wevrTa saerTo mniSvnelobas
Seicavs, xolo Tavad sinonimur mwkrivSi Semavali sxvadasxva wevrebi
(sawyisi, mimReoba, kompoziti; frazeologiuri Sesityveba) Tavisuflad
enacvlebian maT msgavs konteqstebSi da emijnebian sxvadasxva diferenci-
aluri niSnebiT, diferencialuri komponentebiT.
2.2.2. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone qonebis saxelebi
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis qonebis saxelebSi erTmaneTs miemarTebian
-ier, -ovan, -osan sufiqsebiT nawarmoebi leqsemebi. sinonimuri monacvleoba
dasturdeba aseve qonebis saxelebsa da sxva saxis sityvebs Sorisac
(mimReobebi, kompozitebi...)
mdidari _ fasieri _ nayofieri
qonebis saxelebiT gadmocemul moxmobili sinonimuri mwkrivis wevrebs
aerTianebs simdidris mflobeli subieqtis saerTo semantikuri mniSvneloba.
aRniSnul mniSvnelobas yvelaze naTlad gadmoscems leqsema mdidari,
amitom igi mwkrivis dominanta wevria.
mdidari _ fasieri:
m d i d a r i Zniad Sevides sasufevelsa RmrTisasa, m. 19, 23 DEC.
54
Znel ars f a s i e r T a Á SesulaM sasufevelsa RmrTisasa, mr. 10,
23 DEC.
warvida mwuxared, rameTu iyo igi m d i d a r friad, m. 19, 22 DE;
warvida mwuxared, rameTu iyo igi f a s i e r friad, C.
mdidari _ nayofieri
viTarca esma ese mas, mwuxare iqmna, rameTu iyo igi m d i d a r
friad, l. 18, 23 DEC.
xolo igi Sewuxna sityuasa mas zeda da warvida mwuxared, rameTu iyo
igi n a y o f i e r friad, mr. 10, 22 C;
m-did-ar nawarmoebia zedsarTavi saxelisagan didi, romelic
saerToqarTveluri *did- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul did- Zirs
kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli did- da lazuri did-~. Sesatyvisobebi
vlindeba maT semantikaSic (65). did- Zirze darTuli m_ar konfiqsi
moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobis mawarmoebeli formantia (81; 60). mdidari
ganimarteba, rogorc `mravlis mqonebeli~ (53; 92); `uxvi, qonebiani~ (6).
mdidars berZnulSi Seesatyviseba `fasiani, qonebiani, mdidari...~
(145; 168; 127).
fas-ier miRebulia arsebiTi saxelis fas- Zirisagan qonebis saxelTa
mawarmoebeli -ier sufiqsis darTviT. fasi Zvel qarTulSi nasesxebi
sityvaa. mz. andronikaSvilis azriT, igi modis Zveli alanuri *faes (fas)
formidan (4, 112-113). fasis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba
`wvrilfexa saqonels, saSualo zomis cxvars~, rogorc vaWrobis erTeuls,
xolo qonebis, simdidris mniSvneloba man SemdgomSi SeiZina. fasieri
niSnavs `qonebis patrons, qonebians, mdidars~ (6; 33).
na-yof-ier: nayofi yof- zmnuri fuZidan miRebuli warsuli drois
vnebiTi gvaris mimReobaa da zedsarTauli abstraqtivis (nayofieri)
amosavlad swored igi moiazreba. nayofi ganimarteba, rogorc `misgan
gamonaRebi, gina xili, gina naqmari~. nayofieri ki ZiriTadad niSnavs
`nayofis momcems, nayofis momtans, nayofians, msxmoiares~ (53; 92; 6), xolo
`qonebianis, mdidris~ (33) mniSvneloba meoreulia.
55
ganxiluli sinonimuri rigis qonebis saxelebs mdidari//fasieri//
nayofieri aerTianebs, rogorc zemoT iTqva, `simdidris, qonebis~ mflobeli
subieqtis mniSvneloba. isini mxolod ZirTa warmoebis TvalsazrisiT
ganirCevian erTmaneTisagan. mdidari miRebulia zedsarTavi saxelisagan
didi, fasieri iwarmoeba nasesxebi arsebiTi saxelisagan fasi, xolo
nayofieri iwarmoeba vnebiTi gvaris warsuli drois mimReobisagan nayofi,
rac Tavis mxriv yof zmnuri fuZidan miiReba.
brZeni _ gonieri _ mecnieri _ swavluli _ ganswavluli
dasaxelebuli sinonimuri mwkrivis leqsemebi aRniSnaven `naswavl,
mcodne~ pirovnebas, rac sxvadasxva saxis nawarmoebi sityvebiT gadmoicema.
dominantad ki SeiZleba gamoiyos qonebis saxeli mecnieri, romelic
saerTo mniSvnelobis Semcvelia da semantikurad ufro neitralurobiT
gamoirCeva, Tumca sinonimuri erTeulebi brZens metad uwyvildebian.
brZeni _ gonieri:
vinme ars sarwmunoÁ igi monaÁ da b r Z e n i, m. 24, 45 DE;
vinme ukue ars sarwmunoÁ igi monaÁ da g o n i e r i, C.
emsgavsos igi kacsa b r Z e n s a, m. 7, 24 C;
emsgavsos igi kacsa mas g o n i e r s a, DE.
brZeni, mz. andronikaSvilis azriT, momdinareobs saS. sparsuli
sityvidan frazanak `brZeni, mecnieri~ (4, 296). brZeni ganimarteba, rogorc
,,didad Wkviani~ (53); `friad gonieri, mecnieri~ (92; 6). brZens berZnulSi
Seesatyviseba leqsema `gonieri, keTilgonieri, brZeni, Wkviani~ (145;
168; 127).
gon-ier-i saerToqarTveluri *gon- zmnuri Ziridan momdinareobs,
romlis amosavali mniSvnelobaa `mixvedra, gagebineba~ (65). gonieri
ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `gonebiani, gulisÃmieri~ (53), `Wkuiani, mcodne~ (6).
gonebas ki saba Semdegnairad ganmartavs `goneba sam saxed iTqmis: goneba
RmerTi, goneba angelozi da goneba Cveni~ (53). Cveni masalis mixedviT,
gonieri `Wkvians, mcodnes, gulisxmiers (mimxvedri), gamgebs~ aRniSnavs,
rasac berZnulSi gadmoscems igive leqsema
56
brZeni _ mecnieri:
dahfare ese b r Z e n T a g a n da m e c n i e r T a da
gamoucxade ese CCÂlTa, m. 11, 25 DEC.
ix. agreTve: l. 10, 21.
arRa m e c n i e r iyo wignTa, viTarmed jer-ars misa mkudreTiT
aRdgomad, i. 20, 9 C.
iyveniT Tquen m e c n i e r, viTarca guelni, m. 10, 16 DEC.
me-cn-ier-i qarTveluri *can-/cn- Zirisagan momdinareobs. qarTul cn-
/can- Zirs Seesatviseba megr. Cin- da laz. Cin-. Sesatyvisobebi dasturdeba
maT semantikaSic (65). mecnieris mniSvnelobebia `mcnobeli~ (53). `swavluli,
gamocdili swavlaTa Sina// nacnobi~ (92). Cveni masalis mixedviT mecnieri
`mcodnes, swavluls~ niSnavs. m. 11, 25 magaliTSi leqsemebi brZeni//mecnieri
sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT aris warmodgenili, romelTac berZnulSi
erTi leqsema `gonieri, brZeni, Wkviani~ (127; 145) efardeba. wyvilis
wevrTagan pirveli nasesxebia saS. sparsulidan, xolo meore sakuTriv
qarTuli warmoSobis mqonea.
swavluli _ ganswavluli:
weril ars winawarmetyuelTa, viTarmed: iyvnen yovelni RmrTiT s w a v-
l u l, i. 6, 45 DE;
weril ars winawarmetyuelTa: da iyvnen yovelni g a n s w a v l u l
RmrTisa mier, C.
swavl-ul-i//gan-swavl-ul-i warsuli drois vnebiTi gvaris mimReobaTa
formebia da ganimarteba, rogorc `gawrTvnili, mcodne, mecnieri~ (6).
maSasadame, dasaxelebuli leqsemebi mecniers miemarTebian sinonimebad,
mxolod isini swavlaSi `gawrTvnil~ pirovnebebs gulisxmoben.
amdenad, ganxiluli sinonimuri mwkrivis sityvebi brZeni//gonieri//
mecnieri//swavluli//ganswavluli aRniSnaven `mcodne, naswavl~ pirovnebas.
dominant erTeulad SeiZleba miviCnioT mecnieri, romelic Seicavs saerTo
mniSvnelobas da semantikuri niSniT SedarebiT neitraluria. mwkrivSi
Semavali wevrebi ki mas Semdegi diferencialuri komponentebiT emijnebian:
57
brZeni Seicavs sinonimur-diferencialur komponents _ (sdk-s), romelic
miuTiTebs Tvisebis yvelaze maRal xarisxze: `didad Wkviani~; gonieri
gulisÃmiers~, anu Sinaganad `mimxvedrs~ niSnavs;; swavluli//ganswavluli ki
swavlaSi `gawvrTnil~ pirovnebas warmoadgens.
saxieri _ qvelis-moqmedi _ keTili
saxieri _ qvelis-moqmedi:
moZRuaro s a x i e r o, raÁme keTili vqmne, raÁTa maqundes cxorebaÁ
saukunoÁ, m. 19, 16 DE;
moZRuar q v e l i s m o q m e d, raÁ keTili vqmne, raÁTa maqundes
cxorebaÁ saukunoÁ, C.
romelTa ÃelmwifebaÁ aqus maT zeda, q v e l i s m o q m e d hrqÂan,
l. 22, 25 DEC.
ix. agreTve: m. 19 17; mr. 10, 18.
sax-ier-i iwarmoeba arsebiTi saxelisagan saxe, romelic polisemiuria:
saxe niSnavs `saxes, Sesaxedaobas, garegan Sesaxedavs; magaliTs, msgavsebas;
gamoxatulebas; gvars; mizezs...~ (54; 92; 33). qonebis saxeli saxieri efuZneba
mis erT-erT mniSvnelobas `saxes, Sesaxedaobas, garegnobas~. saxnieri, igive
saxieri niSnavs `lamazs~, anu iseTs `romelsa yoveli saxe ganwyobili
hqondes da saqmiTac keTilismoqmedi iyos~ (64). maSasadame, saxieris
ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa `keTilsanaxavi, mSvidobiani saxisa~ (92), xolo
`keTili, keTilis moqmedi~ (6; 33) Semdeg ganviTarebulia. saxiers efardeba
berZnulSi `kargi, Cinebuli, keTili; guluxvi, xelgaSlili; keTili,
mowyale~ (145; 168; 127).
qvelis-moqmedi: am kompozitis pirveli komponenti qveli niSnavs
`mowyales, gina keTils~, qvelis-moqmedi ki `mowyalebis moqmeds~ (54);
`keTilismyofels~ (92; 6; 33). qonebis saxeliT gadmocemul leqsemas saxieri
moxmobil magaliTebSi miemarTeba misi msgavsi mniSvnelobis Semcveli
kompoziti qvelis-moqmedi, rac sakuTriv qarTuli warmoSobis mqonea,
radgan berZnulSi mas efardeba martivi sityva
58
saxieri _ keTili:
guliTa k e T i l i T a da s a x i e r i T a isminian sityuaÁ da
SeikrZalian, l. 8, 15 DEC.
keT-il-i saerToqarTveluri *keT- Ziridan momdinareobs (65), rac
niSnavs `saxiers, tkbils~ (92) `kargs, saamos~ (6; 33). moxmobil magaliTebSi
(l. 19, 17; 8, 15) saxieri da keTili sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT
dasturdeba. am SemTxvevaSi teqstis mTargmneli, berZnulSi arsebuli erTi
sityvis ( fardad iyenebs misi mniSvnelobis mqone sinonimurad
monacvle erTeulebs, riTac winadadebas mxatvruli elferi emateba.
patiosani _ Suenieri _ sarwmuno:
patiosani _Suenieri:
movida iosef arimaTieli, p a t i o s a n i mzraxvali, mr. 15, 43 C;
movida ioseb arimaTieli, S u e n i e r i mzraxvali, DE.
pati-osan-i falauri *pativ formisagan momdinareobs (4, 264)11, rac
niSnavs `keTilis mipyrobas sityviTa da saqmiT~ (54). pativ formisagan
nawarmoebi qonebis saxeli patiosani ramdenime mniSvnelobas Seicavs: 1.
`pativcemuli, sapatio, cnobili~; 2. `namdvili, uzado, Seureveli~; 3.
`Zvirfasi; 4. `Sefasebuli~ (6; 33). patiosani dasaxelebuli sinonimuri rigis
sayrden leqsemas warmoadgens, romlis calkeul mniSvnelobebs ukavSirdeba
sinonimuri erTeulebi.
Suen-ier-i ganimarteba, rogorc `Seferebuli~ (54); `Snoiani,
keTilsaxilveli~ (92); `lamazi, mSvenieri; cnobili, saxelganTqmuli~ (6; 33).
Suenieri berZnulSi gadmoicema leqsemiT `pativcemuli; cnobili,
gavleniani, saxelganTqmuli; keTilSobili garegnobis, Rirseuli~ (145; 127).
maSasadame, igi ukavSirdeba sinonimad patiosnis pirvel mniSvnelobas.
patiosani _ sarwmuno:
11 nasesxebi leqsikis Semcvel sinonimur rigebze qvemoT calke gveqneba
sagangebo msjeloba. amjerad ki mxolod im erTeulebs ganvixilavT, romlebic
nawarmoebi leqsikis sinonimur rigebSi Sedian.
59
romelsa aqunda SiSiTa nelsacxebeli nardioni p a t i o s a n i, mr.
14, 3 C;
aqunda alabastriTa nelsacxebeli nardisa s a r w m u n o Á s a Á,
DE.
sa-rwmun-o: `dasajerebeli~ (54); `ueWvelad misando, Seuorgulebeli,
anu WeSmariti, namdÂli~ (92); `sando, saimedo; Seureveli, uzado~ (6; 33).
sarwmuno miemarTeba sinonimad patiosnis me-2 mniSvnelobas, romelsac
berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema `sarwmuno, namdvili, wminda~ (145;
127).
2.2.3. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone xelobis saxelebi
xelobis saxelTa sawarmoeblad gamoiyofa afiqsebi: me-e, m-ar, me-ur, me-
ul... aRniSnuli mawarmoeblebi erTvian msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone sxvadasxva
fuZeebs da viRebT sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone xelobis saxelebs.
meTevzuri _ mesaTxevle _ mTxevar
dasaxelebul sinonimur mwkrivSi Semaval xelobis saxelebs aerTianebs
`mebaduris~, anu Tevzis damWeri subieqtis semantikuri mniSvneloba.
mwkrivis dominant wevrad SeiZleba gamoiyos meTevzuri, romelic
mesaTxevle//mTxevar erTeulebTan SedarebiT semantikurad ufro
neitraluria. aRniSnuli sinonimuri erTeulebi berZnuli sityvis
is = `Tevzis damWeri, mebaduri, meTevze~ (145; 168; 127) Tarmnans
warmoadgenen.
mesaTxevle _ meTevzuri:
iTxevlides raÁ saTxevliTa zRuasa mas, rameTu iyvnes m e s a T x e v-
l e, m. 4, 18 DE;
isaTxevlides raÁ zRuasa mas, rameTu iyvnes igini m e T e v z u r, C.
me-Tevz-ur-i: Tevzi yovelnair wylis binadars hqvia (53; 92). Tevzisgan
nawarmoebi qonebis saxeli meTevzuri ki ganimarteba, rogorc `Tevzis
monadire, meTevze~ (53; 92); `Tevzis mWereli, mebaduri~ (6; 33). meTevzuri,
rogorc iTqva, sinonimuri mwkrivis mTavari wevria, xolo mesaTxevle//
60
mTxevar erTeulebSi ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad calkeuli azrobrivad
ganmasxvavebeli, diferencialuri niSnebi ikveTeba.
mesaTxevle _ mTxevar:
iTxevlides raÁ igini zRuasa mas, rameTu iyvnes igini m e s a T x e v -
l e, mr. 1, 16 DE;
isaTxevlides saTxeveliTa zRuasa, rameTu m T x e v a r iyvnes, C.
m e s a T x e v l e n i igi gamovides navisa misgan da ganhrcxides
badesa, l. 5, 2 DEC.
me-sa-Txev-l-e//m-Txev-ar qarTveluri *TxeG- Ziridan momdinareobs.
qarTuli Txev- Ziris amosavali semantika `nadirobas, Tevzaobas~
ukavSirdeba. mas Seesatyviseba svanurSi Txe-/Txu-, romlis mniSvnelobac
`Zebnas~, `nadirobas~ Seicavs. saTxeveli niSnavs `sasrol bades~ (54), xolo
mesaTxevle//mTxevari `meTevzes, mebadurs~ (6; 33). moxmobili sinonimuri
wyvili semantikurad erTi da imave mniSvnelobis Semcvelia. gansxvaveba maT
Soris mxolod warmoebis TvalsazrisiT SeimCneva. mesaTxevle me_e
konfiqsiT nawarmoebi xelobis saxelia, xolo mTxevari m_ar konfiqsiT
miRebul moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobas warmoadgens.
mesaTxevle//mTxevari sinonimuri wyvili uSualod miuTiTebs, rom
subieqti Tevzis Sesapyrobad iyenebs saTxevels, anu `sasrol bades~, anu
masSi ikveTeba is instrumenti, xelsawyo, riTac xdeba Tevzis daWera.
aRniSnuli diferencialuri komponentiT gamoirCevian isini mwkrivis
mTavari wevrisagan.
mwyemsi _ meRore:
m w y e m s n i igi maTni ivltodes da uTxres qalaqsa da dabnebsa,
mr. 5, 14 DE;
m e R o r e n i igi ivltodes da uTxres qalaqsa da dabnebsa, C.
mwyems-i qarTuli *mwyes- Zirisagan momdinareobs, romelsac
Seesatyviseba megr. WyeS-/WyiS- da laz. mWkeS-/WkeS-. Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba
maT semantikaSic (65) mwyemsi ganimarteba, rogorc `mecxvare; mwyemsi,
mRdeli; mwyemsi ars mecxvare, xolo kacTa mwyemsi _ mRdeli~ (53);
61
`maZovebeli xvastagTa, viTar mecxuare, menaxire, meRore, mejoge da sxv.,
mwyemsi kacTa e. i. mRudeli~ (92); `menaxire~ (6). aRniSnul mniSvnelobaTagan
mwyemsi Cvens SemTxvevaSi Rorebis meTvalyures niSnavs.
me-Ror-e agreTve qarTuli *Ror- Ziris mqone leqsemaa, romlis
Sesatyvisia megr. Rej- da laz. Rej-. aRniSnuli Zirebis msgavseba
dasturdeba semantikuradac (65). me-e konfiqsiT miRebuli xelobis saxeli
meRore aris `mwyemsi, maZovebeli RorTa~ (92).
mwyemsi//meRore sinonimur wyvilTagan, i. imnaiSvilis TqmiT, meRore
ufro konkretulobiT gamoirCeva, rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia adiSis
teqstisaTvis (29, 192). aRniSnul sinonimur erTeulebs berZnulSi efardeba
`mwyemsi~ (145; 168; 127).
2.2.4. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis mqone daniSnulebis saxelebi
daniSnulebis saxelebSi gvxvdeba sa-e, sa-el, sa-ul mawarmoeblebiT
miRebuli sinonimuri mniSvnelobis leqsemebi. daniSnulebis saxelebs
miemarTebian sinonimebad sxva saxis sityvebic.
bade _ saTromeli _ saTxeveli
moxmobili sinonimuri mwkrivis wevrTa saerTo mniSvnelobaa `Tevzis
saWeri~ xelsawyo. mwkrivis dominantaa semantikuri niSniT neitraluri
leqsema bade, romelsac berZnulSi Seesatyviseba `bade, saTxeveli~
(145; 127), xolo saTromeli da saTxeveli, romlebic leqsema -s
(`dasaWeri, saTrevi bade~ 145; 168; 127) Targmans warmoadgenen, ZiriTad
mniSvnelobasTan erTad Seicaven diferencialur komponentebsac, rac
ganarCevs maT mwkrivis mTavari wevrisagan.
bade _ saTromeli:
hsdeviT b a d À ege marjueniT kerZo, i. 21, 6 DE;
sdeviT-Ra marjul kerZo navisa magis s a T r o m e l i ege, C.
gamoiTrevdes b a d e s a mas TevziTa savsesa, i. 21, 8 DEC.
ix. agreTve: i. 21, 11; mr. 1, 19.
bad-e saerToqarTveluri *bad- Ziridan momdinareobs. es sityva
ixmareba `badis~, agreTve, `obobas qselis~ mniSvnelobiT. semantikuri
62
Sesatyvisobebia qarTul bad- da svan. bad- Zirebs Soris (65). bade
Semdegnairad ganimarteba `bade saxeli ars yoelTa mkedTa Tvaledad
naskulTa...; bade ars TevzTa Sesapyrobeli: saTxeveli, xolixi, Rriponi,
CiCqinuri, mase, zeRma, xelbade da egeviTarni~ (53; 92); `sanadiro bade~ (6).
dasaxelebuli sinonimuri rigis erTeulebi TevzsaWeri badis
semantikiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs.
sa-Tr-om-el-i Tr- Zirze darTuli sa-el daniSnulebis saxelTa
mawarmoebeli konfiqsiT aris miRebuli. `saTromeli ese bade grZeli da
Sors mosayari saTevzed; didi bade~ (54); `saTromeli, anu saTreveli,
saTxeveli bade, grZeli da Sorsagdebi~ (92); `saTrevi bade~ (33).
bade _ saTxeveli:
maT meyseulad dauteves b a d À maTi m. 4, 20 DE;
maT meyseulad dauteves s a T x e v e l n i maTni, C.
sa-Txev-el-i saerToqarTveluri *TxeG- Ziridan momdinareobs, rac
`Tevzis daWeris~ semantikas Seicavs (65), xolo masze darTuli sa-el
daniSnulebis saxelTa mawarmoebeli konfiqsia. saTxeveli ewodeba `sasrol
bades~ (54; 92; 33).
maSasadame, saTromeli da saTxeveli, romelic mxolod C
redaqciisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad
Seicaven diferencialur niSnebs, kerZod: saTromeli _ `grZeli, saTrevi~
bade; saTxeveli _ `sasroli~ bade, riTac azusteben TevsaWeri xelsawyos
mniSvnelobas.
sasxdomeli _ sajdomeli _ savrZeli
moxmobili sinonimuri mwkrivis daniSnulebis saxelebi berZnuli
leqsema -s Targmans warmoadgenen, rac niSnavs `skams~ (127), anu
adamianisaTvis gankuTvnil dasajdom sagans. `skamis~ saerTo mniSvneloba
moepoveba mwkrivis yvela wevrs, romlebic aseve Seicaven ganmasxvavebel
diferencialur niSnebsac.
63
sasxdomeli _ sajdomeli:
s a s x d o m e l i igi msyidelTaÁ maT tredisaTaÁ daumÃua, m. 21, 12
DE;
Teslis mofardulTaÁ daumÃua da s a j d o m e l e b i, romeli
yiddes tredebsa, C.
sa-jd-om-el-i//sa-sxd-om-el-i ricxvSi monacvle zi-//jed- da sxed-
Zirebidan aris miRebuli sa-el daniSnulebis saxelTa mawarmoebeli
konfiqsiT (81; 60, 144-145). sajdomeli//sasxdomeli ganimarteba, rogorc
`dasajdomeli~ (92); `skami, savarZeli~ (6); `grZeli skami, skamebi~ (33).
sajdomelsa da sasxdomels Soris maTi Zirebis mixedviT aris mxolod
sxvaoba. sajdomeli erTi pirovnebisTvis gankuTvnil `skams~ niSnavs, xolo
sasxdomeli mravalis `dasajdoms~ gulisxmobs.
sasxdomeli _savrZeli:
s a s x d o m e l e b i igi msyidelTaÁ maT tredisaTaÁ daumÃua, mr.
11, 15 DE;
s a v r Z l e b i igi tredis mofardulTaÁ daamÃua, C.
sa-vrZ-el-i qarTveluri *GarZ- Ziris Semcveli leqsemaa. `savaraudoa,
rom Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebul formaTagan amosavali unda iyos sa-vrZ-
el- (sa-el cirkumfiqsis darTvam Ziriseuli a-s reduqcia gamoiwvia).
qarTul sa-vrZ-el- fuZis kanonzomieri Sesatyvisia lazuri o-rZu `skami~
(65). savrZeli hqvia `xis skams~ (54); `xis skami keTilWrelebuli~ (92).
maSasadame, savrZeli igive `skamia~, oRond igi xis masalisgan damzadebul
dasajdoms warmoadgens.
2.3. mimReobiT gadmocemuli leqsikuri sinonimebi
mdidari da mravalferovania oTxTavi sinonimuri mniSvnelobis
mimReobebiT, romlebic Cveulebriv warmoqmnilia msgavsi semantikis mqone
zmnuri an saxeluri Zirebisagan. mimReoburi mawarmoeblebis siuxves a.
SaniZe qarTuli enis mravalsaukunovanebiT da Zveli qarTuli enis
dialeqtebis gavleniT xsnida. `arsad ar aris areuli erTmaneTSi
64
sxvadasxva epoqisa da sxvadasxva kilos qoneba, rogorc mimReobebis
formebSi~ (81, 569).
oTxTavis teqstSi gamovlenili sinonimuri rigebis agebaSi yvela
gvarisa da drois mimReobebi iReben monawileobas. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis
mimReobebi ZiriTadad miekuTvnebian sinonimTa leqsikur-semantikur tips,
romlebic aRsaniSni obieqtis sxvadasxva azrobriv niuansebze miuTiTeben,
an mniSvnelobis sxvadasxva diferencialuri komponentebiT ganirCevian
erTmaneTisagan. maSasadame, isini warmoadgenen nawilobriv, relatiur
sinonimebs, radgan mniSvnelobaTa sruli dafarva arc erTi wyvilis wevrTa
Soris ar SeimCneva (67, 292).
2.3.1. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobebi
msgavsi semantikis mqone moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobebSi produqtulia
m-, m-al, m-el, m-ar, m-ul mawarmoeblebi. aRniSnuli afiqsebiT warmoqmnili
mimReobebi urTierTmonacvleoben sxvadasxva saxis leqsikur erTeulebTan,
kerZod, abstraqtul saxelebTan, kompozitur odenobebTan, nasesxeb
sityvebTan da sxv.
mtarvali _ mguemeli _ mtanjveli:
ganurisxna mas ufali da misca igi ÃelTa m t a r v a l T a s a, m.
18, 34 E;
misca igi m g u e m e l T a, C;
misca igi ÃelTa m t a n j v e l T a s a, D.
dasaxelebul sinonimur mwkrivSi Semavali mimReobebi: mtarvali//
mguemeli//mtanjveli, romelTac berZnulSi efardeba leqsema
erTiandebian mefis, an batonis karze mosamsaxure `damsjelis, jalaTis~
(122) mniSvnelobiT. mwkrivSi mTavari sinonimuri erTeulis gamoyofa Wirs,
radgan aRniSnuli erTeulebi ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad Seicavs
ganmasxvavebel diferencialur komponentebsac.
m-tarv-al-i miRebulia tarv- Ziridan moqmedebiTi gvaris m_ar
konfiqsiT da ganimarteba, rogorc `mrisxane boqauli, mrisxane iasauli~
(53); `xeljoxiani, boqauli, iasauli~ (92); `mtanjveli, mwvalebeli, jalaTi~
65
(33). mtarvali sabas mixedviT, igive mandaturia, rac niSnavs mefeTa karze
myof `Ãelargnosan~ damsjels. maSasadame, mtarvali warmoadgens mefis
karze mosamsaxure `jalaTs~, romelic adamianebs uswordeba fizikurad,
joxis gamoyenebiT. aRniSnul leqsemaSi ikveTeba is komponenti _ joxi,
riTac xdeba adamianis dasja.
m-guem-el-i iwarmoeba qarTveluri *gGem- zmnuri Ziridan, romlis
semantika `cemas~ ukavSirdeba. `qarTul gGem- Ziris Sesatyvisi SeiZleba iyos
megruli gam-. megr. gam-u-a _ cema~ (65). mguemeli ganimarteba, rogorc
`mcemeli~ (53); `zedamdgomeli, Tavmdgomi, mouravi~ (6). mguemeli aRniSnavs
iseT `damsjel~ subieqts, romelic xalxs `cemiT~ uswordeba. maSasadame, aq
diferencialuri komponenti xeliT fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebaa.
m-tanj-v-el-i saS. sparsuli *tani, tank `viwro~ formidan momdinareobs
(4, 377) da ganimarteba, rogorc `tanjvis moqmedi~ (53); `mgvemeli, anu
ganmkiTxveli~ (92). maSasadame, mtanjveli imgvari subieqtia, romelic
adamians yovelgvari saSualebiT, fizikurad da moralurad aviwrovebs.
amdenad, ganxiluli moqmedebiTi gvaris sinonimur mimReobebSi ikveTeba
is ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, romlebic erTvian ZiriTad mniSvnelobas da
TiToeuli maTganis individualurobas warmoaCenen.
xucesi _ moxucebuli _ mRdeli _ beri:
xucesi _ moxucebuli:
zraxva-yves... x u c e s T a erisaTa iesusTÂs, m. 27, 1 C;
zraxva-yves... m o x u c e b u l T a erisaTa iesuÁsTÂs, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 27, 41; mr. 11, 27; i. 7, 45.
x-u-c-es-i//mo-x-u-c-eb-ul-i saerToqarTveluri Ziris mqone leqsemebia,
romelTac Seesatyviseba megr. u-C-aS da svan. x-o-S-a, rac ufrosis Sinaarsis
matarebelia (22, 187; 65). xucesi bibliur TargmanebSi gadmoicema sityviT
romelic Seicavs Semdeg mniSvnelobebs 1. `xalxis uxucesi
wevri, religiuri lideri~ (33); 2. `beri, moxucebuli an ufrosi pativiT~; 3.
`mRvdeli~ (127; 54; 92). xucesi ufroobiTi xarisxis formidan momdinareobs,
66
xolo moxucebuli ki moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobaa. moxmobil magaliTSi (m.
27, 1) isini `xalxis uxuces wevrs, religiur liders~ aRniSnaven.
xucesi _ mRdeli:
raÁsaTÂs mowafeni Senni ara vlenan moZRurebisaebr x u c e s T a Á s a,
mr. 7, 5 DE;
raÁsaTÂs mowafeni Senni ara vlenan msgavsad moZRurebisa mis
m R d e l T a Á s a, C.
m-Rd-el-i RaRadeba fuZeSi daculi Rad- Zirisagan m_el konfiqsiT
nawarmoebi moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobaa m-Rad-el-i _> m-Rd-el-i (77, 95; 34,
30). k. danelias azriT, SesaZloa mRdel fuZeSi xada zmnuri Ziri iyos
daculi da Rad da xad erTi Ziris variantebs warmoadgendes, radgan x a d
a zmna `moxmobas, mowodebas, daZaxebas” aRniSnavs (22, 186). mRdeli ewodeba
1. `qurums, religiur liders~; 2. `mRvdels, sulier mwyemss~ (92; 33).
saxarebis teqstSi mRdeli miemarTeba xucess `xalxis uxucesi wevris,
religiuri lideris~ mniSvnelobiT, radgan `xuces sityva mRvdlis
mniSvnelobiT bibliis Zvel qarTul TargmanSi ara Cans~ (22, 186).
moxucebuli _ beri:
viTar egebis kacisa m o x u c e b u l i s a zegardamo SobaÁ, i. 3, 4
C;
viTar Ãel-ewifebis Sobad kacsa b e r s a, DE.
ber sityvisaTvis amosavalia saS. sparsuli forma pir `moxuci~ piri h
`sibere~, pirak `moxuci qali, dedaberi~ (4, 292). beri ganimarteba, rogorc
`xan-mravali kaci~ (53); `moxucebuli, xandazmuli, beri kaci // monazoni,
SaviT mosili~ (92; 33). bers berZnulSi Seesatyviseba
`moxucebuli, xnieri~ (145; 127). maSasadame, dasaxelebul
magaliTSi (i. 3, 4) igi sasuliero pirs ki ar niSnavs, aramed `xnieri kacis~
mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba moxucebuls.
2.3.2. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebi
vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebi warmoebis TvalsazrisiT afiqsTa siuxviTa
da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. gvxvdeba prefiqsiT, sufiqsiT da prefiqs-
67
sufiqsiT warmoqmnili msgavsi semantikis mimReoburi leqsikuri formebi.
warmoebis es didi SesaZlebloba TavisTavad ganapirobebs vnebiTi gvaris
formebis farTo gamoyenebas oTxTavis sinonimur sistemaSi.
sinonimur rigebSi gvxvdeba -il, -el, -ul, sa-, sa-o, sa-el, sa-u, me-e,
mo-ul afiqsebiT warmoqmnili msgavsi semantikis mqone vnebiTi gvaris
mimReobebi. calkeul SemTxvevebSi aRiniSneba mimReobebsa da sxva saxis
sityvebs Soris sinonimuri mimarTeba.
Svili _ naSobi _ Ze:
SemZlebel ars RmerTi qvaTa amaTgan aRdginebad S v i l a d
abrahamisa, m. 3, 9 DEC.
Zal-uc RmerTsa aRdginebad qvaTa amaTgan n a S o b a d abrahamisa,
l. 3, 8 DEC.
ix. agreTve: l. 23, 28; m. 23, 37; m. 11, 19.
kacsa visme esxnes or Z e; da mouÃda pirvelsa mas da hrqua:
S v i l o, warved dRes da iqmode venaÃsa Cemsa, m. 21, 28 DEC;
ver Ãel-ewifebis Z e T a siZisaTa, vidre siZÀ igi maT Tana ars,
marxvad, mr. 2, 19 DE;
SemZlebel arian-me n a S o b n i qorwilisani, vidre siZe igi maT
Tana-Ra ars, C.
Sv-il-i//na-S-ob-i saerToqarTveluri *Sev-/Sv Ziridan momdinareobs (65)
Svils berZnulSi efardeba `Cvili, bavSvi; Svili~ (145; 168); `naSobi
kacTa, vaJi anu qali~ (54; 92; 6). orive sinonimuri erTeuli mimReobaa, oRond
im gansxvavebiT, rom naSob formaSi zmnuri Sinaarsia SenarCunebuli, xolo
Svili ki gasubstantivebuli sityvaa (22, 180).
Ze niSnavs `vaJiSvils~ (54; 6); `zogjer ars saxeli sazogado, viTa
Svili~ (92). Zes berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema romlis mniSvneloba
ufro farToa ganimarteba, rogorc 1. `Svili, naSobi, Ze~; 2.
`STamomavali, memkvidre~ (145; 127; 78, 129) moxmobil magaliTebSi Ze
Tavisuflad monacvleobs konteqstebSi rogorc SvilTan, ise naSobTan,
magram yvela SemTxvevaSi Ze `vaJiSvilis~ mniSvnelobas Seicavs.
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saflavi _ samare _ samaroban
saflavi _ samare:
mimsgavsebul xarT s a f l a v T a gangozilTa, m. 23, 29 DE;
mimsgavsebul xarT s a m a r e T a ganglorwnilTa, C.
movals ganTiad riJraJu oden s a m a r e s a mas da ixila lodi
igi aRRebuli karisagan mis s a f l a v i s a Á s a, i. 20, 1 C.
dadva igi gamokueTilsa mas s a m a r e s a, l. 23, 53 C;
dadva igi s a f l a v s a gamokodilsa, DE.
saflavebi _ samaroban:
romelsa sayoflad aqundave s a f l a v e b i, mr. 5, 3 DE;
romeli myof iyo s a m a r o b a n s a, C.
sa-fl-av-i saerToqarTveluri *fal-/fl- Ziridan sa- prefiqsiT
nawarmo-ebi momavali drois mimReobaa. qarTul fal- Zirs kanonzomierad
Seesatyviseba megr. ful- da laz. ful-. aRniSnuli Zirebi semantikuradac
msgavsia. fal-/fl- Ziris amosavali semantika ukavSirdeba `damalvas~,
xolo sxva mniSvnelobebi meoreulia (65). saflavi ganimarteba, rogorc
`mkvdarT samarxo~ (54); `adgili mkGdarT dasamarxavi da samare igive,~ (92);
`samarxi, saflobi~ (6).
sa-mar-e//sa-mar-oban: samare ukavSirdeba samarad, samaradiso formebs,
rac `samudamos~, igive `saflavs~ (54; 92) niSnavs. samaroban ki mravlobiTis
SinaarsiT gadmoscems `saflavis~ mniSvnelobas, romelsac (mr. 5, 3)
magaliTSi miemarTeba saflavebi, xolo berZnulSi maT efardeba leqsema
`sasaflao~ (122). mxolobiTis formiT gadmocemul vnebiTi gvaris
mimReobebs saflavi//samare, berZnulSi efardeba `saflavi, akldama;
saflavis qva; Zegli~ (145; 127).
saflavi//samare//samaroban sinonimuri mniSvnelobis vnebiTi gvaris
mimReobebs Soris Semdegi azrobrivi gansxvaveba vlindeba: saflavis
semantika `daflvas~, anu `damalvas~ Seicavs, romelsac SeZenili aqvs
micvalebulis `samarxis~ mniSvneloba; samare ukavSirdeba samaradiso
formas, rac `samudamos~ niSnavs (54). maSasadame, samare Serbilebulad,
69
evfemisturad gadmoscems adamianTa samudamo samyoflis, anu saflavis
mniSvnelobas; samaroban ki mravlobiTis Sinaarsis Semcvelia da mraval
saflavs gulisxmobs, rac `sasaflaos~ warmoadgens.
mofarduli _ msyideli _ momsyideli _ ganmsyideli _ vaWari
mofarduli _ msyideli:
savrZlebi igi tredis m o f a r d u l T a Á daamÃua, mr. 11, 15 C;
sasxdomelebi igi m s y i d e l T a Á maT tredisaTaM daumÃua, DE.
mo-fard-ul-i ukavSirdeba saS. sparsul pardač sityvas (4, 386). masze
darTuli -ul sufiqsi ki saS. gvaris mawarmoebelia. mofarduli
ganimarteba, rogorc `msyidveli, momsyidelni~ (53); `vaWari~ (92);
`gamyidveli~ (33). maSasadame, mofarduli niSnavs, rogorc `gamyidvels~,
aseve `myidvels~.
mofarduli _ momsyideli _ ganmsyideli:
gamoasxa yoveli m o f a r d u l i da m o m s y i d e l e b i
taZarsa mas Sina, m. 21, 12 C;
gamoasxa yoveli igi g a n m s y i d e l i, DE.
m-s-yid-el-i//gan-m-s-yid-el-i: `syid(v)is moqmedi~ (53); `vaWari~ (6).
moxmobil magaliTSi (mr. 11, 15, C) mofarduli da momsyideli sinonimuri
paralelizmis formiT aris naxmari, sadac pirveli wevri saS. sparsulidan
nasesxebi leqsemaa da niSnavs, rogorc `gamyidvels~, aseve `myidvels~, xolo
meore wevri konkretulad saqonlis `Semsyidvels~ gulisxmobs. aRniSnul
sinonimur mimReobebs berZnulSi efardeba zmnuri sityva `gayidva,
fulze gadacvla~ (145; 127).
vaWari:
msgavs ars sasufeveli caTaÁ kacsa v a W a r s a, romeli eZiebn
keTilsa margalitsa, m. 13, 45 DEC.
vaWar-i momdinareobs saS. sparsuli vačar `bazari~, vačarakan `vaWari~
formidan (4, 320-321). vaWari ganimarteba, rogorc `msyidveli, msyidvel-
gamsyidveli~ (53); `saqonelT mofarduli~ (92); `momsyidveli~ (6, 154). vaWris
mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba agreTve `Secdenas, motyuebas~ (45, 106-108), Tumca am
70
mniSvnelobiT vaWari saxarebis teqstSi ar dasturdeba. dasaxelebul
konteqstSi (m. 13, 45) igi saqonliT movaWres gulisxmobs.
ganTesuli _ mimoganbneuli:
nuukue g a n T e s u l T a maT warmarTTa egulebis mislvad, i. 7, 35
DE;
nuukue m i m o g a n b n e u l T a maT warmarTTa mivides, C.
gan-Tes-ul-i qarTveluri *Tes- Ziridan aris nawarmoebi. `qarTul Tes-
Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli Tas- da lazuri Tas-. svanuri
eqvivalenti jer-jerobiT gamovlenili ar aris~. Sesatyvisobebi gvaqvs
dasaxelebuli Zirebis semantikaSic~ (65). leqsikonTa mixedviT ganTesva
niSnavs `ganbnevas~ (53; 92); `gafantvas, daTesvas~ (6; 33), xolo warsuli
drois vnebiTi gvaris mimReoburi forma ganTesuli ki `gafantuls,
gabneuls~ warmoadgens (33).
mimo-gan-bn-e-ul-i iwarmoeba ganbneva formidan, rac niSnavs `dafantvas~
(53); `gafantvas, mimodabnevas~ (92); `gaSlas, gagdebas, daTxevas~ (6);
mimoganbneva gamoxatavs `gafantvas aqeT-iqiT, рассейвать~ (92); mimoganbneuli
ki `gafantuls~ aRniSnavs (6; 33). mimogan- rTuli zmniswini swored
sxvadasxva adgilze, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT `gafantvis~ niuanss aniWebs
aRniSnul leqsemas.
sinonimuri wyvili ganTesuli//mimoganbneuli berZnulSi gadmoicema
sityviT `ganTesva~ (145; 127).
Sewuxebuli _ mwuxare _ SeWuvnebuli _ SeZrwunebuli _ Seurvebuli _
saarebuli _ tanjuli
dasaxelebuli sinonimuri mwkrivis mimReobebi gadmoscemen adamianis
iseT mdgomareobas, romelic raime avadmyofobisa da sazrunavisagan Zlier
`naRvliani da SeWirvebulia~. dominant erTeulad SeiZleba CavTvaloT
Sewuxebuli, romelic Tavisuflad SeiZleba Caenacvlos konteqstSi
sinonimuri mwkrivis nebismier wevrs.
Sewuxebuli _ mwuxare _ SeWuvnebuli _ SeZrwunebuli:
S e w u x e b u l ars suli Cemi vidre sikudildmde, m. 26, 38 DE;
71
S e W u v n e b u l ars suli Cemi misikudidmde, C.
S e Z r w u n e b u l ars suli Cemi sikudidmde, daadgeriT aqa da
iRÂZebdiT, L.
mimoixila maTa risxviT da m w u x a r e d sibrmisaTÂs gulisa
maTisa, mr. 3, 5 DE;
mixeda maT mrisxaned S e W u v n e b u l a d sibrmesa mas zeda
gulisa maTisasa, C.
ix. agreTve: mr. 14, 34.
Se-wux-eb-ul-i//m-wux-ar-e: Sewuxebuli vnebiTi gvaris mimReoburi
formaa, xolo mwuxare saS. gvarisa. wux- qarTul Zirs Seesatyviseba
svanurSi wxG-, romelTa semantikac `Sewuxebas; wuxils~ ukavSirdeba (65).
wuxili niSnavs `senTagan da sazrunavTagan didad SeWirvebas~ (54).
sinonimuri wyvili Sewuxebuli//mwuxare ki aRniSnavs `urvil, naRvlian,
daRonebul~ pirovnebas (92).
Se-Wuvn-eb-ul-i ganimarteba, rogorc `Sewuxebuli, Seviwroebuli,
SekumSuli~ (11, 48-49; 33), anu Sinaganad, sulierad danaRvlianebuli.
SeWuvnebuli aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba Sewuxebuls m. 26, 38
magaliTSi, xolo mr. 3, 5 konteqstSi SeWuvnebulad gulisxmobs adamianis
iseT gamometyvelebas, rodesac mwuxarebas igi garegnulad `warbis xriT~
gamoxatavs (54).
Se-Zrwun-eb-ul-i: SeZrwuneba niSnavs `SiSiT SeSfoTebas da kankals~
(92). SeZrwunebuli SiSisagan gamowveul Sinagan, sulier `SeSfoTebas,
Sewuxebas~ gulisxmobs.
sinonimur mimReobebs Sewuxebuli//mwuxare//SeWuvnebuli//SeZrwunebuli
berZnulSi efardeba `Zlier naRvliani, mwuxare;
ukiduresad Sewuxebuli~ (127).
Seurvebuli:
naTlis-RebaM maqus naTlis-Rebad da viTar S e u r v e b u l var,
vidremde aResrulos, l. 12, 50 DEC.
72
Se-urv-eb-ul-i niSnavs `damZimebuls~, didi mwuxarebisagan Sepyrobil
pirovnebas (54). aRsaniSnavia, rom Seurvebuli mxolod dasaxelebul
magaliTSi (l. 12, 50) dasturdeba saxarebis teqstis orsave (DE-C)
redaqciaSi da moxmobili sinonimuri rigis wevrad moiazreba.
msxuerpli _ Sesawiravi _ mrguliad dasawuvel
msxuerpli _ Sesawiravi:
Sewire m s x u e r p l i Seni, m. 5, 24 C;
Sewire S e s a w i r a v i Seni, DE.
msxuerpli polisemiuri leqsemaa da ganimarteba, rogorc `Sesawiravi
RGTis nivTi, anu saklavi cxoveli, romelsaca msoflioni uxmoben saRGToT,
anu zvarad. // kGalad vedreba da qeba RGTisa guliTa mxurvaliTa, viTar
daviT winaswarmetyGeli msxverplad RGTisad uwods sulsa Semusrvilsa da
aRpyrobasa xelTasa Sewiravs msxverplad samwuxarod. // msxverpli ewodebis
kerpTadmica sazorvelsa saklavsa. // msxGerpli ars, raÁca vin xelaRebiT
gamoiRos visTGisme (92). msxuerpls berZnulSi gadmoscems sityva
`msxverpli, Sesawiravi; msxverplSewirva~ (145; 127). msxuerpli
zemoaRniSnul sinonimuri rigis sityvebs aerTianebs `RmrTisadmi Sesawiravi
cxovelis~ mniSvnelobiT.
Se-s-a-wir-av-i wir- zmnuri Zirisagan aris warmoqmnili vnebiTi gvaris
momavali drois mawarmoebeli sa- prefiqsiT. Sesawiravi niSnavs: `saRvTo
ZRvens~ (92); `saCuqars, misacemels; msxverpls; saganZurs~ (33). Sesawiravi,
rogorc aRiniSna, ramdenime mniSvnelobas Seicavs. moxmobil sinonimur
rigSi igi aRniSnavs `RmrTis saCuqars~, rasac berZnulSi efardeba
`ZRveni, saCuqari~ (145; 127).
msxuerpli _ Sesawiravi _ mrguliad dasawuveli:
Seyuarebad moyuasi viTarca Tavi TÂsi; ufroÁs ars ese yovelTa
m s x u e r p l T a da S e s a w i r a v T a, mr. 12, 33 DE;
Seyuarebad moyuasi viTarca Tavi TÂsi; da ufroÁs ars yoelTa
m r g u l i a d d a s a w u v e l T a da m s x u e r p l T a, C.
73
mrguliad-dasawuvel `ese ars msxverplsa ra mTliv dawviden~ (53; 92);
`mTlianad dasawveli msxverpli~ (33). mrguliad-dasawuveli kalkuri
kompozitia, romelic berZnuli modelis mixedviT aris Sedgenili. igi
gadmoscems -s (`mTlad~, `vwvav~ zmnis mimReoba) da
niSnavs `mTlad Sesawvav samsxverplo cxovels~ (22, 88). mrguliad-
dasawuveli da msxuerpli sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT gvxvdeba
oTxTavis teqstSi (mr. 12, 33), rasac berZnulSi Seesatyviseba
`yovlad Sesawvavi~ da `msxverpli, msxverplSewirva~ (145;
127).
moxmobili masaliT, bunebrivia, ar amoiwureba oTxTavSi qonebis,
daniSnulebis, xelobis saxelebiT Tu mimReobebiT gadmocemuli sinonimuri
leqsika. sanimuSod moyvanili masala miuTiTebs, rom sinonimur mwkrivSi
Semaval wevrebSi ZiriTad mniSvnelobas erTvis damatebiTi mniSneloba,
cnebis erT-erTi niSani, romelzec xdeba yuradRebis gamaxvileba da romlis
gamokveTasac cdilobs saxarebis mTargmneli Tu redaqtori. zemoganxi-
luli sinonimuri leqsemebi radgan umeteswilad azrobrivad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisagan, amitom isini ZiriTadad sinonimTa semantikur jgufs
miekuTvnebian.
2.4. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozituri leqsika
Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikuri fondi mdidaria sityvaTwarmoebis
iseTi saSualebiT, rogoricaa kompozicia, anu Txzva. kompoziciis
morfologiuri da semantikuri struqtura sadReisod safuZvlianad aris
Seswavlili qarTveluri enebis _ qarTulis (81, 147-162; 89, 224-227; 46, 165-186),
svanuris (28, 296-304), megrul-Wanuris (141, 70; 130, 0129-0132) monacemTa
gaTvaliswinebiT. garkveulia agreTve Zveli qarTuli enis kompozitTa
struqtura (83, 56-58) da zogierTi maTganis mimarTebis sakiTxi ucxoenovan
(berZnul da somxur) erTeulebTan (79, 59-90; 24, 82-102; 32).
kompozicia, rogorc aRiniSna, Zvel qarTul enaSi sityvaTwarmoebis
aqtiuri saSualebaa. oTxTavis teqstSi gvxvdeba sinonimuri mniSvnelobis
mqone kompozitebis sxvadasxvagvari warmoeba. Txzuli sityvebi zogadad
74
SeiZleba iyos: fuZegaorkecebuli (reduplikaciuri) da fuZegansxvavebuli
(nairfuZiani).
kompoziciis wesebi yvela dasaxelebul enas Tavisi aqvs (79, 62), magram
unda aRiniSnos, rom berZnuli ena did gavlenas axdenda ara marto
qarTulze, aramed yvela im enaze, romlebzec bibliuri wignebi iTargmna
berZnulidan (22, 78).
oTxTavis sinonimur rigebSi gvxvdeba sakuTriv qarTuli
warmomavlobis kompozitebi, berZnuli modelis mixedviT kalkirebuli
kompozitebi anu msgavsi semantikis mqone berZnul-qarTuli erTeulebi da
tipologiurad somxuri kompozitebis fardi Txzuli leqsemebi.
2.4.1. qarTuli warmomavlobis kompozitTa Semcveli sinonimuri rigebi
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitTagan sakuTriv qarTuli
warmomavlobisad miCneulia imgvari odenobebi, `romelSic realizebulia
modeli _ sazRvrulad gamoyenebuli ars. saxeli + atributuli
msazRvreli~ (22, 79-80). amgvari kompozitebis mkvidr qarTulobaze mianiSnebs
is faqtic, rom `isini metwilad naxmaria msgavsive Sedgenilobis
ucxoenovani kompozitebis fardad, romelTa kompoziciis modelia _
msazRvreli + sazRvruli (22, 80).
msgavsi semantikis mqone Txzuli sityvebis qarTul warmomavlobas
metyvelebs is garemoebac, rom qarTul TargmanSi isini ixmarebian
ucxoenovani (berZnuli, somxuri) arakompozituri, martivi sityvebis badlad
(77, 63-73; 24, 95-101).
gaorkecebul saxelebSi gamoiyofa arsebiT, zedsarTav da sxva
saxelebiT Txzuli leqsikuri formebi, romelTac miemarTeba sinonimuri
mniSvnelobis kompozituri odenoba, an msgavsive Sinaarsis martivi sityva,
romelTagan gaorkecebuli saxelebi aZliereben, eqspresiul Zalas aZleven
sityvis mniSvnelobas (83, 56). maSasadame, sinonimur wyvilebSi Semavali
kompozituri erTeulebi umeteswilad stilisturi sinonimebia, romelTac
teqstSi mxatvruli datvirTva aqvT.
oTxTavSi sinonimuri mimarTebebi dasturdeba rogorc kompozitur
erTeulebs Soris, ise kompozitur da martiv sityvebs Soris.
75
niavqari _ borbali _ armuri:
da iyo meyseulad b o r b a l i qarisaÁ didi, mr. 4, 37 DE;
da iyo n i a v q a r i qarisa didisaÁ, C.
gardamoÃda a r m u r i qarisaÁ zRuasa mas zeda, da aRivseboda navi
igi, l. 8, 23 DEC.
niav-qari ganimarteba, rogorc `Zlieri da sastiki qariSxali, буря~ (92);
`grigali~ (6; 33).
bor-bal-i saerToqarTveluri *bor- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarT. bor-
borbali; borbal-a `oboba~; megr. bor- bor-bol-i-a `oboba~; laz. bo(r)-
bom-bul-a `oboba~. `borbal- fuZisaTvis `obobas~ mniSvnelobis SeTavseba
moulodneli ar aris (qselis qsovisas oboba trialebs, brunavs). borbal-a
`triala~, `oboba~ (65). maSasadame, leqsema borbali meti eqspresiuli
Sinaarsis Semcvelia, radgan mis mniSvnelobaSi igulisxmeba qaris
intensiuri wriuli moZraoba (Sdr. Tanamedrove qarborbala), rac `grigals~
niSnavs.
armuri ganimarteba, rogorc `Rrubelnisli Zlieri da qariani~ (53);
`Rrubelnisli qariani da elviani~ (92). `burusi, bindi; grigali~ (6).
aRsaniSnavia, rom armuri mxolod aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi dasturdeba (l. 8,
33) oTxTavis teqstis orsave (DE-C) redaqciaSi da ganmartebaTa mixedviT
`grigals~ niSnavs, oRond iseTs, Rrublian da nislian amindSi rodesac
qari qris da Tan elva anaTebs. moxmobil sinonimur kompozitebs niav-
qari//borbali//armuri berZnulSi gadmoscems arakompozituri leqsema
`qariSxali, Sturmi~ (145; 127).
ganTiadi _ ciskari _ xvalisagan _ diliTi
ganTiadi _ ciskari:
msTuad g a n T i a d s a mas mivides samaresa mas, l. 24, 22 C;
mivides igini c i s k a r s a saflavsa mas, DE.
gan-Ti-ad-i saerToqarTveluri *Ten- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul
Ten- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli Tan-, lazuri Tan- da
svanuri Ten-(Tn-<Ten~ (65). ganTiadi ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `dila
76
moaxl(o)ebuli~ (53); `dilis moaxloeba, gaTeneba, gariJraJi~ (92). ganTiads
berZnulSi Seefardeba sityvebi `adre diliT, gaTenebamde~
(145; 127). ganTiadi sinonimur rigSi dominanturi leqsemaa, romelsac
miemarTebian leqsikuri erTeulebi ciskari//xvalisagan//diliTi.
cis-kari sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobis kompozituri sityvaa,
romelic Sedgeba komponentebisagan ca+kari. `qarTul ca- Zirs
kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli ca- da lazuri ca-... dec (`ca~)
svanurSi qarTulidanaa nasesxebi~ (65). agreTve, `kar-/kr Zirs kanonzomierad
Seesatyviseba svanuri kar-/kr. svan. li-kr-e `gaReba~ (65). maSasadame, cis-
karis Tavdapirveli semantika sityvasityviT `cis gaxsnas, cis gaRebas~
ukavSirdeba.
ganTiadi _ xvalisagan:
g a n T i a d, viTar aRmovid[o]da qalaqad, SeemSia, m. 21, 18 C;
x v a l i s a g a n movidoda iesu qalaqad da SeemSia, DE.
xval-is-a-gan Seicavs Semdeg mniSvnelobebs: 1. `dReis meore dRe~ (54);
`dReis Semdgom, meores an momavals dRes~ (92); 2. `xvalindeli dRe~ (33); 3.
`dilas~ (6; 33). moxmobil konteqstSi (m. 21, 18). xvalisagan ukavSirdeba
leqsema ganTiads `dilis~ mniSvnelobiT, romelTac berZnulSi efardeba
`diliT gaTenebamde~ (145; 127).
ganTiadi _ diliTi:
Tana-warhvidodes g a n T i a d, mr. 11, 20 DE;
Tana-warhvidodes d i l i T i, C.
dil-iT-i: dilas saba gaciskrebis budeSi ganixilavs, xolo
gaciskrebas Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `gaciskreba ars uwinaresi ganTiadisa,
xolo ganTiadi ars mowevna naTlebisa, raime nawili, xolo alioni, ra Rame
da dRe gairCeodes, amaT yovelTa dila, vidre mzis moslva(d)mde~ (53); `Jami
gariJraJidan vidre mzis amosvladmde da vidreme SuadRemdeca~ (92); `xvale,
meore dRe; ganTiadi, ciskari~ (6).
maSasadame, dila//diliTi zogadad meore dResac aRniSnavs, gaTenebidan
SuadRemde da gariJraJidan mzis amosvlamde drosac. Cvens SemTxvevaSi
77
diliTi mxolod erTgan ixmareba adiSis redaqciaSi (mr. 11, 20), romelsac
sinonimis saxiT miemarTeba oTxTavis sxva redaqciebSi ganTiadi, rac
gariJraJidan mzis amosvlamde drois monakveTs aRniSnavs.
mama-deda _ deda-mama _ mSobelni:
vidremde mouwodes m a m a - d e d a T a misTa, i. 9, 18 DE;
vidremde mouwodes m S o b e l T a, C.
aRdgen Svilni d e d a – m a m a T a zeda TÂsTa, m. 10, 21 C;
m a m a – d e d a T a, DE.
mama-deda//deda-mama sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobis
fuZegansxvavebuli kompozitebia da niSnavs `ded-mamas, mSoblebs~ (33). mas
berZnulSi efardeba arakompozituri sityva `mSobelni~ (145; 127).
aRniSnul kompozitTagan Zveli qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ZiriTadad
mama-deda wevrTa Tanmimdevroba, xolo iSviaTad SeiniSneba Sebrunebuli _
deda-mama Tanmimdevroba.
m-Sob-el-n-i saerToqarTveluri *SeG-/SG- zmnuri Ziridan m-el
konfiqsiT nawarmoebi moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobaa (65). mSobels saba
ganmartavs, rogorc `dedas~ (53), xolo am sityvis mravlobiTis forma
gulisxmobs, rogorc dedas, aseve mamas. mSobeli aris `meSvi, deda SvilTa
// xolo zogad ewodebis ded-mamasa~ (92); `dambadebelni~ (6).
mamasaxlisi _ saxlis ufali:
uwyoda Tumca m a m a s a x l i [s] m a n, m. 24, 43 C;
ukueTumca uwyoda s a x l i s a u f a l m a n, DE.
mama-saxlisi: `saxlT ufrosi~ (53); `saqarTvelosa Sina mefobis
xarisxis SemoRebadmde ewodeboda uxucessa qarTlosis STamomavloba-
Tagansa, viTar uaRressa mmarTebelsa da mosamarTlesa, msgavsad ZvelTa
romaelTa, Pater familias. // aw sofelTa Sina uxmoben qevxasa, anu nacvalsa. //
monasterT mamasaxlisi~ (92); `winamZRvari monastrisa~ (6); `saxlis ufrosi~
(33). saleqsikono ganmartebebis Tanaxmad mama-saxlisis ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobaa `saxlis ufrosi~. am semantikas Seicavs igi Cvens masalaSic,
xolo danarCeni mniSvnelobebi Semdgom aris ganviTarebuli.
78
saxlis-ufali: ufali ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba 1. `RmerTi~; 2.
`patroni vaJi, patroni kaci~ (54). dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi meore
mniSvneloba igulisxmeba da mTlianad kompoziti ganimarteba, rogorc
`ufrosi patroni saxlisa~ (92); `saxlis, (ojaxis) ufrosi~ (33).
dasaxelebul sinonimur wyvilTagan sakuTriv qarTuli warmoSobisaa
mama-saxlisi, radgan berZnulSi mas efardeba `saxlis ufrosi~
(145; 127), ris pirdapir Targmansac warmoadgens saxlis-ufali. maSasadame,
saxlis-ufali berZnulis mixedviT kalkirebuli kompozitia.
Sjulis-mecnieri _ Sjulis-moZRuari _ Sjulis-mdebeli:
aha esera S j u l i s m e c n i e r i vinme aRdga, gamohscdida mas,
l. 10, 25 DEC;
miugo iesu da hrqua S j u l i s m o Z R u a r T a maT da
farisevelTa, l. 14, 3 DEC.
hkiTxa erTman man maTganman S j u l i s m d e b e l m a n
gamocdiT, m. 22, 35 C.
Sjulis-mecnieri: Sjuli/rCuli sityvisaTvis amosavalia saS. sparsuli
fuZe sač- `iyo Sesaferisi, Ãamsi, wesieri, Rirsi, saWiro da sxv.~ (4, 272).
Sjulis ganmarteba amgvaria: `Sjuli ese ars moses mier SemoRebuli,
romeli RmerTman ficarTa qvisaTa dauwera aTni igi taepni, moqalaqoba da
Sesmena maTi~ (54); `rCuli, mcneba. // sarwmunoeba~ (92; 6; 33). Sjulis-mecnieri
niSnavs `kanonis mcodnes, sarwmunoebis wignTa, kanonTa mcodnes da
ganmmartebels~ (6; 33);
Sjulis-mdebeli//rCulis-mdebeli aseve aris `kanonmdebeli, sarwmuno-
ebis wignTa komentatori~, xolo Sjulis-moZRuari `kanonis, an sarwmuno-
ebis maswavlebeli~ (6; 33). CamoTvlili sinonimuri rigis kompozitebi
sakuTriv qarTuli Sedgenilobisa arian, radgan berZnulSi maT yvelgan
efardeba sityva `kanonmdebeli, kanonis mcodne, advokati~ (145; 127).
ZÂr-ZÂrad _ borotad:
ufalo, Seiwyale ZÀ Cemi, rameTu axlis pirovan ars da Z Â r -
Z Â r a d iguemebis, m. 17, 15 C;
79
ufalo, Seiwyale ZÀ Cemi, rameTu cisad-cisad b o r o t a d
iguemebis, DE;
ZÂr-ZÂrad: ZÂri Semdegnairad ganimarteba: `boroti, avi, gina ubedureba~
(92), xolo ZÂr-ZÂrad ki _ rogorc `uborotesi, usastikesi~ (6); `Zalian
Znelad~ (33). k. danelias ganmartebiT, fuZegaorkecebuli kompoziti ZÂr-
ZÂrad meti eqspresiulobiT xasiaTdeba da tipologiur msgavsebas avlens
saTanado somxur erTeulTan, radganac berZnulSi esadageba arakompozi-
turi odenoba `cudad, saSinlad; daundoblad~ (22, 82; 122). borotad
ki ganimarteba, rogorc `Zvirad~.
kacad-kacadi _ kaci _ TiToeuli:
kacad-kacadi _ kaci:
dauteos k a c a d - k a c a d m a n mamaÁ TÂsi da dedaÁ TÂsi da
Seeyos colsa TÂssa, mr. 10, 7 C;
dauteos k a c m a n mamaÁ TÂsi da dedaÁ TÂsi da Seeyos colsa
TÂssa, DE.
kacad-kacadi _ TiToeuli:
ganibnineT k a c a d - k a c a d i TÂsa adgild da me martoÁ
damitevoT, i. 16, 32 DE;
ganibnineT T i T o e u l a d adgild TÂsa, da me martoÁ damiteoT,
C.
ix. agreTve: m. 25, 15; 26, 22; l. 16, 5; i. 6, 7; 16, 32.
kaci//kacad-kacadi ganimarteba rogorc `TiToeuli kaci; igive
TiToeuli~ (53; 92); `kaci, yoveli kaci, yoveli erTi, calkeuli~ (6);
`TiToeuli, yoveli, mTlianad~ (139; 33).
TiToeuli gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelia da niSnavs `TÂTo-TÂTos,
erT-erTs, anu kacad-kacads~ (92; 6).
dasaxelebul sinonimur wyvilTagan kacad-kacadi sakuTriv qarTuli
warmomavlobis fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitia, radgan berZnulSi aRniSnul
erTeulebs (kacad-kacadi//TiToeuli) Seesatyviseba arakompozituri leqsema
`yoveli, TiToeuli~ (145; 127).
80
rogorc cnobilia, gramatikuli sqesi saerTod ar gadmoicema
morfologiuri saSualebiT qarTulSi. kacad-kacadi am SemTxvevaSi
sinonimuri leqsikiT gamoxatulebas warmoadgens (TiToeuli)
sityvisa, romelic niSnavs yvela mamakacs (22, 462).
2.4.2. berZnul-qarTul kompozitTa Semcveli sinonimuri wyvilebi
fasis sacavi _ fasis Sesawiravi:
dadga iesu winaSe f a s i s s a c a v s a mas, mr. 12, 41 DE;
dadga iesu winaSe f a s i s S e s a w i r a v s a, C.
fasis-sacavi: am kompozitis pirveli komponenti fasi momdinareobs Zv.
alanuri *faes (fas) formidan, rac Tavdapirvelad niSnavda `cxvars,
wvrilferxa saqonels (=1 cxvars); saSualo zomis cxvars, vaWrobis
erTeuls~ (4, 113). Zvel qarTulSi fasi, romelic nasesxebi sityvaa, Semdeg
mniSvnelobebs Seicavs `sasyideli~ (54); `Rirebuleba nivTTa, anu TeTri
saxmari sasyidlad maTsa~ (92); `simdidre, qoneba~ (33). sa-cav-i sa- prefiqsiT
nawarmoebi vn. gvaris momavali drois mimReobaa, rac niSnavs `Sesanaxavs~
(54; 92). fasis-sacavi ki ganimarteba, rogorc `TeTris Sesakrebeli, salaro~
(54; 92); `xazina, salaro~ (6); `saganZuri~ (32).
fasis-Sesawiravi leqsemis meore komponenti Se-sa-wir-av-i, agreTve sa-
prefiqsiT nawarmoebi vn. gvaris momavali drois mimReoburi formaa, rac
niSnavs `SeZRvnils~ (54). mTliani kompozituri odenoba fasis-Sesawiravi ki
ewodeba `xazinas, salaros, saganZurs~ (6; 33).
kompozituri sinonimebi fasis-sacavi//fasis-Sesawiravi tipologiur
msgavsebas avlenen Sesabamis berZnul erTeulTan `taZris
saganZuri; WurWeli SesawiravisTvis~ (145; 127; 22, 83).
puris ufali _ mTavari taZrisaÁ
mouwoda p u r i s a u f a l m a n man siZesa mas, i. 2, 9 DE;
miugo siZesa mas m T a v a r m a n man mis t a Z r i s a m a n, C.
puris-ufali: puri garda sakvebisa niSnavs agreTve `lxins~ (54);
`sadils, wveulebas~ (6). puris-ufali ki ewodeba `maspinZels~ (92; 6);
`sufris ufross, lxinis meTaurs~ (33).
81
mTavari taZrisaÁ: am kompozitis pirveli komponenti mTavari niSnavs
`ufross; didebuls, anu mflobels~ (53; 92); `winamZRols, meTaurs...~ (33).
meore komponenti taZari ki polisemiuri leqsemaa, rac aRniSnul
SesityvebaSi (mTavari taZrisa) iTavsebs mniSvnelobebs `nadimoba; puroba,
lxini, nadimi dResaswauli~ (92); `wveuleba~ (6); `sadili, lxini, (gawyobili)
magida~ (33). moxmobil sinonimur wyvilTagan puris-ufali qarTuli
Sedgenilobis kompozitia, xolo mTavari taZrisaÁ warmoadgens berZnuli
`lxinis, magidis gamrigebeli~ (145; 127) pirdapir Targmans.
boroti _ borotis-moqmedi _ ukeTuri _ ZÂri _ ZÂris-moqmedi
boroti _ ukeTuri:
ukueTu Tquas b o r o t m a n man monaman, m. 24, 48 DE;
ukueTu Tquas u k e T u r m a n man monaman, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 12, 39; 18, 32; 20, 15; 21, 45.
boroti _ ZÂri:
miiRe keTili Seni cxorebasa Sensa, da lazare egreve b o r o t i,
l. 16, 25 DE;
miiRe keTili cxorebasa Sensa, da lazare egreve Z Â r n i, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 6, 39; mr. 3, 4; m. 15, 4; m. 17, 15.
borotis moqmedi _ ZÂris moqmedi:
gamovidodian... b o r o t i s m o q m e d n i aRdgomasa
sasjelisasa, i. 5, 29 DE;
gamovidodian... Z Â r i s a m o q m e d n i aRdgomad sasjelisad, C.
ukueTumca ara iyo b o r o t i s m o q m e d i, aramca migeciT Sen
ege, i. 18, 30 DE;
ara Tumca Z Â r i s m o q m e d iyo kaci igi, aramca migeciT igi
Sen, C.
ix. agreTve: i. 18, 30.
bor-ot-i//borotis moqmedi Zvel qarTulSi somxuris meSveobiT
nasesxebi sityvaa, romelsac `aWariani ukavSirebs saS. sparsul bor~ Zirs (4,
82). bor- Zirze darTuli `-ot aris somxuri mawarmoebeli da boroti
82
niSnavs `keTrovans~. qarTulSi mas `ukeTuris~ mniSvneloba aqvs~ (59, 189).
boroti leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc `avis moqmedi da avi~ (53);
`avi, Zviris SemamTxveveli, vnebis momcemi~ (92); `cudi, saZageli~ (6).
borotis-moqmedi ki aris igive `avis Camdeni~ (53); `ZÂris moqmedi~ (92).
u-keT-ur-i qarTveluri *keT- zmnuri Ziridan aris miRebuli uaryofiTi
mimReobis mawarmoebeli u-ur konfiqsiT (65). ukeTuri ganimarteba
Semdegnairad: `ese ars mCemebeli keTilisa da moqmedi borotebisa~ (54);
`keTilobis garegani, avi kaci, cudi kaci~ (92) ase rom, ukeTuri cbier,
verag, cudis mkeTebel pirovnebas aRniSnavs.
ZÂri saS. sparsulidan nasesxebi erTeulia. `qarT. ZÂr-//Zur- < saS.
spars. zur -idan. (daweriloba `Zur~-ic gvxvdeba xelnawerebSi. a. SaniZis
azriT, u-sa da Â-s monacvleoba kilouri movlenaa. Sdr. wÂma da wuma da
sxva misTanani~ (80, 049; 4, 404-405). ZÂri ganimarteba `borotiviT~ (54);
`boroti, avi, gina ubedureba~ (92); `Suri, avi, cudi~ (6); `cudi, boroti~ (33).
ZÂris-moqmedi niSnavs imave `borotis moqmeds~ (92; 6; 33).
sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi ZÂris-moqmedi//borotis-moqmedi
Tavisi SedgenilobiT miCneulia xan mxolod somxur erTeulebTan axlos
mdgomad, xanac berZnul-somxuri erTeulebis yalibisad (Sdr.
`boroti~, `Zviri~, `vakeTeb~). k.
danelias dakvirvebiT, `roca berZnul teqstSi naxmar rTul sityvas
qarTulsa da somxur TargmanebSi msgavsive Sedgenilobis kompoziti
gamoxatavs, qarTuli da somxuri kompozitebis arsebobas TargmanSi
metwilad apirobebs berZnuli wyaro~ (22, 77).
amdenad, dasaxelebuli sinonimuri kompozitebi ZÂris-moqmedi//borotis-
moqmedi berZnuli modelis mixedviT Sedgenilad iTvlebian.
2.4.3. somxur-qarTul kompozitTa Semcveli sinonimuri wyvilebi
adre-adre _ adre _ meyseulad _ munquesve
adre-adre _ adre:
miiRe wigni Seni da dajed, dawere a d r e - a d r e ergasisi, l. 16,
6 C;
83
miiRe ÃeliT-werili Seni da dajed a d r e da dawere ergasisi, DE.
adre qarTveluri *adr- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarT. adr- adr-e `male,
xval~, Seesatyviseba megr. ord- ord-o `dila~ da laz. odr-/ord- odr-o/
ord-o `male, Cqara~; `ganuwyvetliv~ (65). adre leqsikonTa mixedviT
ganimarteba: `malesaviT~ (53); `mswrafl, anu uwinares Jamisa~ (92); `male,
mswrafl, maSinve~ (6); `Cqara, male~ (33).
adre-adre kompoziti ki tipologiur msgavsebas avlens saTanado
somxur erTeulTan (22, 84). fuZis gaorkeceba ki mas ufro met eqspresiulo-
bas aniWebs. adre-adre niSnavs Zalian `male, swrafad~ (6); `Cqara, male~ (33).
adre-adre _ meyseulad:
gamoÃda a d r e - a d r e sisxli da wyali, i. 19, 34 C;
m e y s e u l a d gamoÃda sisxli da wyali, DE.
meyseulad: meyi niSnavs `wams~, xolo meyseulad ganimarteba, rogorc
`swrafad, anazdeulad, munquesve~ (92); `maSinve, uecrad, saCqarod~ (6);
`imwamsve, myis, saswrafod~ (33).
adre _ meyseulad _ munquesve:
a d r e momiZRuanos igi aqa, mr. 11, 3 C;
m e y s e u l a d moavlinos aqa, DE.
m e y s e u l a d moavlinnes igini, m. 21, 3 DE;
m u n q u e s v e moavlinnes igini, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 21, 2.
munques//munquesve: `munqvesve~ (53); `maSinve anazdad, Tqmasa Tanave~ (92);
`mswrafl, maSinve, myis~ (6); `imwamsve, myis, saswrafod~ (33). sinonimuri
erTeulebi adre-adre//adre berZnulSi gadmoicema sityviT `adre,
swrafad, saCqarod~ (145; 127), xolo meyseulad, munquesve formebs
Seesatyviseba `dauyonebliv, saswrafod, maSinve~ (145; 127).
didi _ did-Zali _ did-didi _ mravali _ friadi
did-Zali _ didi _ did-didi
iyo mun kolti RorTaÁ d i d Z a l i, mTasa gare mZovari, mr. 5, 11
DE;
84
iyo mun kolti RorebisaÁ d i d i, mZovari mTasa Tana C.
rameTu yo Cem Tana d i d - Z a l i Zlierman, l. 1, 49 DE;
rameTu yo Cemdamo d i d - d i d n i Zlierman C.
did-i//did-didi qarTveluri *did- Ziridan momdinareobs (65), rac
niSnavs: `sxGasa zeda umetesi SesaxedaviTa, anu saqmiTa, kGalad fasiTa,
simZimiTa da sxv.,~ (92); `aramciredi~ (6). fuZegaorkecebiT miRebuli
kompoziti did-didi `Zalian dids~ niSnavs da Seicavs diferencialur
komponents, romelic Tvisebis yvelaze maRal xarisxze miuTiTebs. did-didi
tipologiur msgavsebas avlens saTanado somxur erTeulebTan, radgan
berZnulSi mas arakompozituri odenoba miesadageba `didi,
uzarmazari; maRali, farTo, grZeli~ (145; 127).
did-Zali: am kompozitis meore konponenti Zali niSnavs `Zalas Rones,
Zlierebas, simtkices...~ (92). did-Zali ki ganimarteba, rogorc `mraval
ricxÂ; friad mravali, sakmao~ (92; 6).
did-Zali _ mravali:
Sekrba eri d i d Z a l i misa, mr. 5, 21 DE;
Sekrba eri m r a v a l i misa, C.
mravali m. andronikaSvilis miTiTebiT, momdinareobs iranuli
mara Ziridan (4, 254) da ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `mravali ese ars oridam
aTasamde~ (53); `uricxvi, uTvalavi~ (92); `bevri~ (6).
did-Zali _ friadi:
aqunda SiSiTa nelsacxebeli nardioni patiosani, d i d Z a l i s a
sasyidlisaÁ, mr. 14, 3 C;
aqunda alabastriTa nelsacxebeli nardisa sarwmunoÁsaM f r i a d i s
a sasyidlisaÁ, DE.
fri-ad-i Zvel qarTulSi nasesxebia osuri fyr/fur Ziridan, rac
ganimarteba, rogorc `Zalian bevri~ (4, 71); `didad mravali, gina meti~ (54);
`didad, mravlad, Zlier~ (92); `mravali~ (6).
ganxilul sinonimur mwkrivSi Semavali zedsarTav saxelTa dominanta
aris didi, romelic stilisturi niSniT neitraluri leqsemaa, xolo
85
mwkrivSi Semavali wevrebi: did-Zali//did-didi//mravali//friadi ZiriTad
mniSvnelo-basTan erTad Seicaven eqspresiuli TvalsazrisiT diferencia-
lur komponents, rac Tvisebis yvelaze maRal xarisxs gamoxatavs.
maSasadame, sinonimur mwkrivebSi Semavali kompozitebi ufro meti
intensiobiT, eqspresiulobiT gamoirCevian, vidre maTi mewyvile martivi
sityvebi da oTxTavis teqstSi maTi gamoyeneba stilisturi, eqspresiulobis
mizniT aris ganpirobebuli.
86
Tavi III
nasesxebi leqsika oTxTavis sinonimur sistemaSi
qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi sinonimTa warmoqmnis erT-erT
wyarod sityvaTa sesxebas miiCneven (94, 689-695; 48, L – LV; 67, 35; 56, 91)...
`yoveli enis xvedria leqsikuri ukmarisoba, yoveli ena saWiroebs ucxouri
leqsikis masalis gamoyenebas~ (94, 689). qarTul saliteraturo enaSi
ucxouri leqsikis sesxeba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia Semdegi
TaviseburebiT: 1. rodesac `ama Tu im sityvis zusti ekvivalenti Sesabamisi
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebisa, arc amJamad mogvepoveba da arc
istoriuladaa dadasturebuli qarTulSi~ (74, 20); 2. SesaZloa, msesxebel
enaSi `sityvieri gamosaxuleba arsebobdes, magram ena mainc sesxulobs
ucxour saxelwodebas~ (94, 689-690). ucxouri sityvebis danergvas qarTuli
eqvivalentebis gverdiT S. ZiZiguri `sinonimur paralelizms~ uwodebs (94,
692). unda aRiniSnos, rom `yovelgvari sityvaTa sesxeba enis sinonimikas ar
ukavSirdeba~ (56, 93). magram, Tu enaSi Semodis axali sityva, roca am enaSi
arsebobs imave mniSvnelobis aRmniSvneli sityva, aseT SemTxvevaSi `ucxouri
sityvisa da misi `damxvduri~ ekvivalentis erToblioba qmnis sinonimebs~
(95, 51).
oTxTavSi uxvad gvxvdeba nasesxebi leqsika, rac umeteswilad
Targmanis gavleniT aixsneba, magram maTi arseboba saxarebis teqstSi,
agreTve enaTa kontaqtebis Sedegia, anu zepiri sesxebiTac aris
ganpirobebuli. saxarebis teqstSi gvxvdeba berZnuli, iranuli, ebrauli,
somxuri enebidan nasesxebi leqsemebi, romlebic msgavsi semantikis mqone
qarTul an TviT nasesxeb enobriv erTeulebs miemarTebian da sinonimur
wyvilebsa Tu rigebs qmnian.
a) sinonimuri rigis sityvaTagan an sinonimur wyvilTagan SesaZloa
erTi leqsema nasesxebi iyos, meore ki sakuTari leqsikuri fondidan. b)
orive leqsema SeiZleba nasesxebi iyos da ixmarebodes e. w. `bilingvuri
sinonimuri wyvilebis~ saxiT.
87
3.1. berZnuli leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi
evangele _ saxareba _ xareba _ Txroba _ qadageba
evangele _ saxareba:
stovasa mas aRsamaRlebelisasa e v a n g e l À markozis TavisaÁ, gv.
168, 29 L.
s a x a r e b a markozis TavisaÁ, gv. 110 DE;
dasabami s a x a r e b i s a Á iesu qristÀsi, Zisa RmrTisaÁ, mr. 1, 1
DEC.
evangele berZnuli leqsemis fardia da niSnavs
`sasixarulo ambis uwyebas, cnobas, Setyobinebas...~ (12, 151; 117, 265; 145; 127).
sa-xar-eb-a//xar-eb-a: saxareba imave tipis sawyisad miiCneva, rogoricaa
saareba, aRsaareba, samnoba (88, 227; 34, 259). sawyisuri SinaarsiT ki
odensufiqsuri forma xareb-a ixmareba, xolo prefiqs-sufiqsur saxarebas
terminis mniSvneloba aqvs miRebuli da gasubstantivebulia sa-
derivaciuli (daniSnulebis mawarmoebeli) prefiqsis meSveobiT (22, 182).
saxareba ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `saxareba aris sibrZne, simarTle da
Zliereba, samive swore da erT~ (53); `moZRGreba macxovrisa CGenisa ieso
qristesi, mis mier moniWebulisaTÂs Cvendamo sasufevelisa. // wigni, oTxTa
maxarebelTagan aRwerili, queyanasa zeda cxovrebisa da saqmeTaTÂs
qristesTa. // amis wignisagan sakiTxavi TÂToeulisa dRisa eklesiasa Sina~
(92); `saxareba oTxTavi~ (6).
k. danelias aRniSvniT, `marTalia, oTxTavis Zvel qarTul redaqciebSi
berZnuli -is fardad saxareba ixmareba, magram es terminologiuri
uniformaciis meore Sedegs unda asaxavdes. adre mas sxva sityvebic
enacvleboda. qristianuli xarebis mniSvnelobiT, romlisaganac saxareba
terminia nawarmoebi, Zvel qarTulSi Txrobac uxmariaT da qadagebac~ (22,
182).
xareba _ Txroba:
movals mariam magdaleneli da a x a r e b s mowafeTa maT, viTarmed
ixila man ufali, i. 20, 18 C;
88
movida mariam magdaleneli T x r o b a d mowafeTa misTa, rameTu
ixila ufali, DE.
qadageba:
warvediT maxlobelad dabnebsa da qalaqebsa, raÁTa munca u q a d a-
g o T, mr. 1, 38 DEC;
Txr-ob-a: `Tqma ambvisa, saqmisa, moTxroba, amboba~ (92); `Setyobineba,
moxseneba~ (6).
qadag-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `maRlis ÃmiT swavleba~ (54); `xmamaRlad
moZRGreba, swavla; ganTqma, xmisdagdeba, TÂT Tqmuli, anu saTqmelad
dawerili moZRGreba~ (92); `moxmoba, uwyeba, RaRadeba~ (6).
maSasadame, xareba Zirs gaaCnia ori mniSvneloba: 1) `cnobeba,
Setyobineba~ (86, 193-224); 2) kargi ambis cnobeba _ Setyobineba. amdenad,
saxareba aRniSnavs `ara marto qristes cxovreba _ moRvaweobis Semcvel
wigns, aramed imasac rom es wigni kargs, saukeTesos, sasixarulos Seicavs~
(22, 183).
qva _ marmarilo:
iyvnes mun sarwyulni q v i s a n i, i. 2, 6 DE;
mun dges takukni m a r m a r i l o Á s a n i, C.
qva sabas ganmartebis mixedviT azogadebs mis sxvadasxva saxeobebs.
avtors mohyavs qvis ocdaaTamde dasaxeleba: `sila, qviSa, RorRi, xvinWa,
lodi, kbode...~ (54). qvis aRmniSvneli leqsema berZnulSi ufro polisemi-
urobiT gamoirCeva, romelic gadmoicema sityviT `qva, qvis lodi;
sasinji qva; mTis broli; saTamaSo qva; Zvirfasi qva; saflavis qva; qviani
mdebareoba; Sjulis ficari~ (145; 127).
marmarilo berZnuli formidan momdinareobs (127), rac
aRniSnavs Zvirfas qvas, anu `drungils~ (53). n. CubinaSvili am sityvas ufro
amomwuravad ganmartavs: `drungali, kldis qva ferad-feradi da ufrore
TeTri, gaiTlebis friad Tanaswored, aqGs elvareba da naTlis gardacema
sarkis msgavsi. ixmarebis gansaSveneblad SenobaTa~ (92). maSasadame,
marmarilo igive qvaa, oRond igi Zvirfasi qvis semantikis Semcvelia, rac
89
mis diferencialur niSnad iTvleba. aRniSnul magaliTSi (i. 2, 6) sinonimur
wyvils qva//marmarilo efardeba leqsema. amitom, marmarilo, romelic
C redaqciaSi ixmareba, ar unda warmoadgendes berZnuli sityvis
Targmans, radgan berZnulSi marmarilos specialuri leqsema
gadmoscems (gamocx. 18, 12). maSasadame, SesaZloa C redaqciis
mTargmneli iyenebda iseT nusxas, sadac sityva dasturdeboda,
xolo DE redaqciisa ki iseTs, sadac sityva ixmareboda.
godori _ sfÂridi _ kueli
godori _ sfÂridi:
ravdeni g o d o r i aRiReT, m. 16, 9 C;
raodeni s f  r i d i aRiReT, m. 16, 10 DEFGHIK.
ix. agreTve: mr. 8, 20.
godori _ kueli:
raodeni g o d o r i savsÀ namusrevi aRiReT, mr. 8, 19 DEFGHIK;
ravdeni k u e l i savsÀ natexisaÁ aRiReT, C.
ix. agreTve: i. 6, 13.
sfÂridi berZnuli leqsemidan aris nasesxebi da ganimarteba,
rogorc `mownuli, wnuli, kalaTa~ (145; 127); `sfiridi ars WurWeli naTxazi
WilTagan da baiasa(gan) da xis qerqisagan; zambili, zmilaki da yovelive
Txzuli~ (54); `Wilobis tomara, naTxzi, baiaTagan, WilTa da xralTa~ (92);
`godori~ (33).
godori: `wkeplis WurWeli~ (53); `wnuli WurWeli nergis wnelTagan,
коша, кошница, короб~ (92).
kueli igive `godoria~ (33). berZnuli sfÂridis sinonimuri mewyvileebis
godorisa da kuelis ZirTa warmomavloba gaurkvevelia.
bisoni _ zeezi:
kaci vinme iyo mdidari da imoseboda igi ZoweuliTa da b i s o n i-
T a, l. 16, 19 DEFGHIK;
kac erT vinme iyo mdidar da imoseboda ZoweuliTa da z e e z i T a,
C.
90
bisoni nasesxebia berZnulidan: `bisoni, Txeli tilo~ (145; 127);
`samoseli(a) samRdelo~ (53); `Zveleburad qsovili rame elvare, виссон. //
samRGdelTmTavro Sesamoseli garedam~ (92); `sufTa tilo~ (6); `bambis
wminda qsovili, xmarobdnen SigniT Casacmelad; Sdr. zeezi~ (33).
zeezi: `ese ars orferi Zafi, da Zafi da sirma erTad SesTuli~ (53);
`mkedi da sirma erTad SesTuli orferad~ (92); `igivea, rac bisoni~ (33).
amdenad, bisoni `elvare samosels~ niSnavs, xolo zeezi orferi
Zafisgan damzadebul samosels warmoadgens.
qlamindi _ Zoweuli:
q l a m i n d i mewamuli Sehmoses mas, m. 27, 27; 31 DECFGHIK.
Sehmoses mas Z o w e u l i, mr. 15, 17 DECFGHIK.
qlamindi berZnuli sityvidan momdinareobs da ganimarteba,
rogorc `qlamindi, labada, mosasxami, mantia~ (145; 127); `samefo
wamosasxmelia filonis msgavsi, usaÃelo~ (54); `samefo mantia~ (92).
`wamosasxmeli~ (6); `porfiri, Zoweuli, wiTeli feris zemoTa mosasxami,
romelsac mefeebi da mTavarsardlebi icvamdnen~ (33).
Zoweuli: `Zowi ars msgavsi rame mdelosi jenuas zRvasa Sina, viTarca
Svlisa rqani, broweulis yvavilis feri...~ (54); `wiTeli marjani, broweulis
yGavilis feri, коралл, комист. // feradi zezi~ (92).
rogorc aRiniSna, qlamindi igive porfiria. es ukanaskneli oTxTavSi
ar dasturdeba, magram gvaqvs calke aRebuli sityva Zoweuli, romelic
ramdenjerme gvxvdeba da yvela SemTxvevaSi efardeba berZnulSi sityvas
Tumca oTxTavis teqstSi porfiri//Zoweuli leqsemebs Soris
sinonimuri mimarTeba ar dasturdeba, magram moipoveba Zvel aRTqmaSi:
`dasdvan mas Zoweuli samoseli, ricx. 4, 7 G; dahburon mas zeda samoseli
yovlad porfiri, pd~.
maSasadame, qlamindi//Zoweuli//porfiri erTsa da imave Zvirfas
samefo mosasxams aRniSnaven da sinonimebad moiazrebian.
ezo _ stova _ kretsabmeli _ baki
ezo _ stova:
91
iyo ierusalÀms cxovarT sabanelsa mas, romelsa erqumis hebraelebr
be-Tesda, xuT e z o d iyo, i. 5, 2 DE;
xuT s t o v a iyo, CFGHIK.
ezo leqsikonTa mixedviT aris `galavani moxrili~ (53); `sasaxleTa
Sesaxvedri adgili, mozRudvili usarTulod~ (92); `ialqani, farda,
galavani, kari, sadgomi, saxli, sarTuli~ (6); `ezo; kretsabmeli, farda;
stoa~ (33). maSasadame, ezo polisemiuri leqsemaa, romlis amosavali seman-
tika aris `mozRudva, dafarva~. swored am mniSvnelobebs Seicavs ezosTan
sinonimur mimarTebaSi myofi sityvebi.
stova berZnuli sityvidan aris nasesxebi da ganimarteba Semdeg-
nairad: `svetebiani minaSeni, karibWe~ (145; 127); `kamara~ (54); `miSenebuli
kamara~ (92); `aivani~ (6); `svetebiani minaSeni, ganyofileba~ (33).
ezo _ kretsabmeli:
ganipo e z o Á taZrisaÁ mis organ, l. 23, 45 C;
ganipo k r e t s a b m e l i mis taZrisaÁ mis Soris, DEFGHIK.
kretsabmeli ganimarteba, rogorc `karis fardagi~ (53; 92); `farda~ (6;
33). berZnulSi kretsabmels Seesatyviseba `farda, safari~ (127).
ezo _ baki:
sxuanica cxovarni midgan, romelni ara arian amis e z o Á s a n i,
i. 10, 16 DE FGHIK;
sxuaca cxovar arian Cemni, romel ara arian amis b a k i s a n i, C.
baki: `mozRudvili~ (53); `mrgGlad movlebuli Robe an ficruli
xvastagT dasayenebeli. // mzisa anu mTovaris garemo zogjerme xiluli
naTlis sartyeli~ (92). berZnulSi baki gadmoicema sityviT `ezo; taZris
gareTa ezo; sasaxle, mefis kari; baki (cxvrisaTvis)~ (145; 127). Cvens
SemTxvevaSi baki swored pirutyvisaTvis (cxvrisaTvis) gankuTvnil
`mozRudvil~ sadgoms aRniSnavs.
stratioti _ erisagani _ erisakaci:
s t r a t i o t T a maT Seiyvanes igi Sinagan ezosa mas, mr. 15, 16
DECFGHIK;
92
maSin e r i s a g a n T a maT mTavarisaTa wariyvanes iesu taZrad, m.
27, 27 DE FGHIK;
maSin e r i s a k a c T a maT bWisaTa wariyvanes iesu urakparakad, C.
ix. agreTve: i. 19, 2; 23; 32.
stratioti berZnuli sityvaa: ganimarteba rogorc
`mebrZoli, jariskaci~ (139; 122); `berZul(ad) mÃedari~ (54); `jariskaci,
mxedari, molaSqre, воин, солдат~ (92; 6; 33).
er-isa-gan-i//erisa kaci berZnuli qarTuli Sesatyvisebia,
romlis mniSvnelobebia `jariskaci, mxedari, molaSqre, воин (92); `jariskaci,
eriskaci, kaci, saero piri, msoflio, mdabio~ (6; 33).
calke unda iTqvas berZnulidan nasesxeb leqsemaTa Semcvel im
sinonimur wyvilebze, romlebic oTxTavis or Zvel redaqciaSi ar gvxvdeba
da dasturdeba oTxTavis or bolo redaqciaSi, anu eqvTime da giorgi
mTawmidelebis mier redaqtirebul nusxaSi. amgvari mimarTebebi dasturdeba
Semdeg sinonimur wyvilebs Soris:
asari _ dangi:
anu ara ori siri a s a r i s ganisyidebis, m. 10, 29 FGHIK;
anu ara ori siri erTis d a n g i s ganisyidebis DEC.
asari momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan da ganimarteba,
rogorc `asari, wvrili moneta~ (127); `dangi~ (53); `dinaris meocedi wona
vecxlisa, anu dangi~ (92).
dangi: `sami(s) keratis wona~ (53); `wona 3 keratisa, anu 12 qeris
marculisa, xolo 20 dangi ars erTi satiri, anu erTi didraqma; aramed
sazogadosa Sina xmarebasa dangi ars misxlis meeqvsedi, anu erTi vercxlis
Saurianis wona~ (92); `yvelaze wvrili spilenZis fuli~ (33). maSasadame,
asari//dangi wvrili spilenZis monetis saxelwodebebs warmoadgenen.
kodrati _ kotori:
ver gamoxÂde mier, vidre ara misce ukuanaÁskneli k o d r a t i, m.
5, 26 HIK;
ver gamoxÂde mier, vidre ara misce dangisa k o t o r i DEC.
93
kodrati berZnuli fardi leqsemaa, romelic ganimarteba
Semdegnairad: `kvadrati, groSi; wvrili moneta~ (127); `mwvlili~ (53); `mwGli,
folis naoTxali~ (92).
kotori: `puris natexi~ (53; 92); `naWeri, natexi, namceci~ (33). moxmobil
konteqstSi (m. 5, 26) aRniSnuli sinonimuri wyvili ufro gulisxmobs
ukanasknel `groSs~, vidre `puris natexs~, an `namcecs~.
statiri _saswori:
aRuRe piri misi da hpoo mis Soris s t a t i r i, m. 17, 27 DEC;
aRuRe piri misi da hpoo mas Sina s a s w o r i HIK.
statiri berZn. sityvis fardia, rac ganimarteba Semdegnairad:
`stateri, oqros stateri~ (145; 127); `Zveleburi oqros fuli woniT oris
didraqmisa, anu 4 drahknis odeni da fasiT 20 drahknis vecxlis fasi~ (92).
saswori: `erTi, erTi satiria~ (54); `fulis erTeuli; vecxlis saswori
4 draqmes udrida, oqrosi _ 20-s~ (33). maSasadame, berZnuli da misi
qarTuli Sesatyvisi saswori oqrosagan damzadebul fulis erTeuls
warmoadgenda, romelic 20 draqmis ekvivalenturi iyo.
3.2. iranuli leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi
sicxe _ xorSaki _ mÃurvaleba
sicxe _ xorSaki:
raJams samxriT qari qrin, hsTqÂT, viTarmed s i c x À iyos, l. 12, 55
DE;
raJams samxriT qrin, sTqÂT, viTarmed x o r S a k i iyos, C.
si-cx-e saerToqarTveluri *cx- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarTul cx- Zirs
Seesatyviseba megr. Cx-/nCx-, laz. Cx-/nCx- da svan. Six-/Sx-. Sesatyvisobebi
gvaqvs dasaxelebuli Zirebis semantikaSic (65). leqsikonTa mixedviT sicxe
`ars ganZlierebuli simÃurvale mzisa Tu cecxlisa, gina haerisa, gina
snebiTa ganÃurvebulisa~ (54); `anTeba, gaxurveba sisxlisa sneulebisgan, жар
(в крови), горячка (болезнь). // cxeli tarosi, xGarSaki mzisagan, жар, зной.
saxeni amisi: siTbo, papaneba, xvarSaki, unjufa, Wrtiali da sxv.~ (92).
94
xorSaki nasesxebia falauri xaršak sityvidan da ganimarteba, rogorc
`sicxe, gvalva, momakvdinebeli qari~ (4, 412); `qari Semwveli~ (54); `Semwveli
sicxe mzisa, зной~ (92); `sicxe, papanaqeba~ (33).
sicxe _ mÃurvaleba:
dauteva igi s i c x e m a n man, mr. 1, 31 C;
dauteva igi m à u r v a l e b a m a n, DE.
m-Ãurval-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `gacxeleba~ (53); `sicxare,
simxurvale, горячесть. // seni sicxisa, xurveba, cxeleba, горячка~ (92);
`cxeleba, cieb-cxeleba~ (6; 33).
maSasadame, sicxe orgvar mniSvnelobas Seicavs, romlis ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobaa bunebrivi temperatura mzisgan, cecxlisgan an sxva raimesgan
gamowveuli. am mniSvnelobiT sicxes miemarTeba falauridan nasesxebi
xorSaki da berZnulSi maTi Sesatyvisia `sicxe~ (145; 127), xolo meore
mniSvneloba `avadmyofobas~ ukavSirdeba da am mniSvnelobiT sicxes
miemarTeba mÃurvaleba, romelTa fardia berZnulSi `sicxiani yofna,
cieb-cxeleba~ (145; 127).
spetak _ ganspetakeba _ ganTeTreba:
ixileT yanebi, rameTu s p e t a k arian samkalad awve, i. 4, 35 DE;
ixileT yanobiri ege, rameTu g a n T e T r e b u l arian da axan
mkad, C.
ver Zal-gic erTisa Tmisa g a n s p e t a k e b a d, gina daSavebad, m.
5, 36 DE;
ver SemZlebel xarT erTisa Tmisa g a n T e T r e b a d, anu
daSavebad, C.
spetak-i//gan-spetak-eb-a: spetaki falauri spēt/spētak sityvidan aris
nasesxebi (4, 372-373), romelic niSnavs `TeTrs~ (53; 92; 6; 33). ganspetakeba,
Sesabamisad `gaTeTrebas~ ewodeba.
gan-TeTr-eb-a//gan-TeTr-eb-ul qarTveluri *TeTr- fuZidan momdina-
reobs. z. sarjvelaZis azriT, TeTr- fuZe Ter- Ziris reduplikaciiT aris
95
miRebuli da misi amosavali semantika daculia svanur Ter- ZirSi, romelic
ukavSirdeba `Tvals; Cenas~. Te `Tvali~, Te-r-a `Cans~ (58, 172).
TeTri ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `spetaki, gina vecxli~ (53); `spetaki,
Tovlis feri. // TeTri fuli, vecxlis fuli~ (92). TeTrisgan nawarmoebi
sawyisisa da mimReobis formebi ganTeTreba//ganTeTrebul Sesabamisad
`gaspetakebas, gaspetakebuls~ aRniSnavs, romelTa fardia berZnulSi
`TeTri, brwyinvale~ (145; 127).
amdenad, falauridan nasesxebi spetakis qarTuli eqvivalentia TeTri,
magram e. doCanaSvilis ganmartebiT, spetaksa da TeTrs Soris niuansobrivi
gansxvaveba iCens Tavs: `spetaks xmaroben Zalian naTelisaTvis,
elvarisaTvis~ (24, 188). maSasadame, spetakSi ikveTeba diferencialuri
komponenti, rac Tvisebis gamovlenis yvelaze maRal xarisxze miuTiTebs.
asparezi _ utevani:
iyo beTania maxlobel ierusalÀmsa viTar aTxuTmet a s p a r e z
oden, i. 11, 18 C;
iyo beTania maxlobel ierusalÀmsa viTar aTxuTmet oden u t e v a n,
DE.
asparezi: am sityvisaTvis amosavalia saS. sparsuli forma
aspres//aspras, `cxenT sarbieli, sigrZis sazomi~ (4, 283). leqsikonTa mixedviT:
`asparezi somxurad stadions hqvian, xolo qarTulad mindorsa, romel ars
meidani~ (53); `stadioni, utevani, an sarbieli. // meidani, saTamaSo adgili,
anu mindori~ (92). asparezs efardeba Sesabamis berZnul teqstSi
_`stadioni~, romelic sabas ganmartebiT `143 biji iqnebis~ (53).
maSasadame, moxmobil magaliTSi (i. 11, 18) es sityva swored `sigrZis
sazomis~ mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari. oTxTavSi asparezi mxolod manZilis
sazomis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba, magram sxva teqstebSi dasturdeba
`cxenTsarbielis~ mniSvnelobiTac. kerZod:
`viTarca-igi romelni asparezsa cxenTasa erTi-erTsa uswroben da
ganscxrebied, da sarbieli veraM poian... “ (82, 26, 18).
96
utevani ki aris igive `stadioni, anu sarbieli~ (54) da miCneulia
somxuridan nasesxeb enobriv erTeulad (135, XXXVII; 158, 273-279).
amdenad, moxmobil erTeulebSi nasesxeb leqsemaTa Soris gvaqvs
sinonimuri mimarTeba.
3.3. ebrauli leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi
satana _ eSmaki:
warved Cemgan, s a t a n a, sacnaur Cemda xar, m. 16, 23 FGHIK;
warved Cemgan, e S m a k o, rameTu sacnaur Cemda xar, DEC.
viTar Ãel-ewifebis e S m a k s a e S m a k i s a gansxmaM, mr. 3, 23
DEC.
satana: (ebr. satan, berZn. somx. satana). es sityva
ebraulidan momdinareobs da aRniSnavs `mters, mowinaaRmdeges,
bralmdebels, cilismwamebels; aseve aRniSnavs _ eSmaks, RmerTis mters,
maSasadame, adamianis mtersac; Zvel qarTulSi ki mÃdoms~ (12, 151; 117, 860; 22,
137; 55; 92); satana sazogadod `mowinaaRmdegis~ mniSvnelobiT ufro Zv.
aRTqmaSia naxmari (ricx. 22-22-32; III mef. 5, 4), magram oTxTavis teqstSiac
dasturdeba (m. 6, 23) satana//eSmaki leqsemaTa sinonimuri mimarTeba. Tumca
oTxTavis or Zvel redaqciaSi es leqsema ar gvxvdeba. satana dasturdeba
oTxTavis or bolo redaqciaSi, sadac eqvTime mTawmidels igi uTargmneli
dautovebia ara imitom rom misi Sesatyvisi ar iyo qarTulSi, aramed `ufro
metad imis gamo, rom am tipis sityvebi gavrcelebuli iyo (morwmuneTa
Soris) da isedac kargad esmodaT maTi mniSvneloba~ (35, 85).
eSmaki avesturi aeŠma formidan momdinareobs. `eSmaki qarTuli
mwerlobis ufro adrindel ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, vidre eSma. eSmaki saSualo
sparsuli formaa, xolo eSma axali sparsuli (daboloeba ak>ah>a_ax.
sparsulSi)~ (4, 315). eSmaki ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `eSmaki dasabam
keTilisa arsebisagan Seqmna RmerTman, aramed aRzvavna da ampartav(a)nebisa
mier daeca, gar(d)mocvivnes da bnel iqmn(n)es. eSmaki gamoiTargmanebis
Semasmenelad, gina sawuTrod, gina Jamierad, gina Wmunvad~ (53); `satana, suli
97
boroti, arawminda~ (92); `satana, macduri, boroti, avi suli~ (6). maSasadame,
sinonimuri sityvebi satana//eSmaki orive nasesxebia.
mamona _ fasi:
isxeniT Tavisa Tquenisa megobarni m a m o n a Á s a mimarT
sicruvisa, l. 16, 9 DE FGHIK;
iyveniT Tavebisa Tquenisa megobreb f a s i s a g a n sicruvisa, C.
mamona: (qaldeuri fuZea mamo n, ebr. mammo n, sir.-arab. mamo na, berZn.
am fuZis mniSvnelobaa `simdidre, qoneba, yovelgvari SenaZeni, maT
Soris oqros, vercxlis fuli. mamonas bibliaSi gadataniTi mniSvneloba
aqvs da aRniSnavs angarebas~ (22, 158). es sityva leqsikonTa mixedviT
ganimarteba, rogorc `simdidre, anu simdidris RGTaeba~ (92); `simdidre~
(127); `usamarTlo vercxlismoyvareba; qoneba~ (6; 33). mamona oTxTavSi orive
mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba `simdidris da warmarTuli RvTaebis saxelad~ (m. 6,
24; l. 16, 9, 11, 13). Tumca paralelur redaqciebSi sinonimebis saxiT
(mamona//fasi) mxolod l. 16, 9-Si dasturdeba, romelic `simdidres~
aRniSnavs.
fasi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, nasesxebia Zv. alan. *feas (fas) formidan (4,
113) da ganimarteba Semdegnairad `sasyideli~ (54); `Rirebuleba nivTTa, anu
TeTri saxmari sasyidlad maTsa // Rirseba, anu pativi~ (92); `simdidre,
qoneba~ (33). aRniSnul SemTxvevaSic (mamona//fasi) nasesxeb leqsemebs Soris
gvaqvs sinonimuri mimarTeba.
mesia _ qriste _ cxebuli:
mesia _ qriste:
vpoveT m e s i a, romel ars TargmanebiT: q r i s t e, i. 1, 41 DEC
FGHIK.
vici, ufalo, rameTu m e s i a movals, romelsa hrqÂan q r i s t e,
i. 4, 25 DECFGHIK.
qriste _ cxebuli:
miugo petre da hrqua: Sen xar q r i s t e, ZÀ RmrTisaÁ, l. 9, 20 DE;
miugo petre da Tqua: c x e b u l i RmrTisaÁ, CFGHIK.
98
mesia: (ebr. maŠih, maŠiah, sir. mŠiha, berZsomxuri mesia). es
Zvelebrauli sityva (maSiha) saxarebis teqstSi `cxebuls~, `samefo cxebuls~
(mefed kurTxeuls) niSnavs~ (117, 573; 12, 148). ebr. maSiha Zvel aRTqmaSic
agreTve aRniSnavs: `qurums, mRvdels, ufals, mTavars~. misi Targmania berZn.
romelic iesos mudmiv epiTetad iqca da Semdgom sakuTar saxelad
iqna gaazrebuli. leqsikonTa mixedviT mesia aris `cxebuli uflisa~ (55);
`messia, ebrauli cxebuli, saxeli ese ekuTvnis iesu qristesa~ (92; 33). adre
efrem mcires sworad hqonda warmodgenili am sityvis istoriuli
mniSvneloba, roca werda: `ebraelTa TÂssa enasa sxuaÁ saxeli aqus
`cxebulisaÁ~, ese igi ars `qriste~ (84, 92). `mesia qarTulSi berZnulis
saSualebiTaa Semosuli, magram qarTulSi gvaqvs am sityvis aRmosavluri
formac mSia (57, 239). mSia amJRavnebs qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo
terminologiis kavSirs asurulTan / siriulTan. marTlac sir. mSiha `mefed
cxebuls~ niSnavs (162, 133).
k. danelias aRniSvniT, `mwignobrul qarTuls mesia dRemde SemorCa,
oRond `mxsnelis~ mniSvnelobiT da ara `cxebulisa~. aseTi gadaazreba
mesiasTan qristes dakavSirebiT moxda, Torem Zveladve icodnen, rom
ebrauli iesuas (berZn. iesus) Targmania macxovar~ (22, 142).
paseqi _ pasqa _ vneba _ zatiki _ ucomoeba _ balarjoba
paseqi _ vneba:
moaxloebul iyo p a s q a Á igi huriaTaÁ, i. 2, 13 DE;
iyo p a s q a Á, romel ars v n e b a Á, mr. 14, 1 DE.
sada ars sayofeli Cemi, sada p a s e q i mowafeTa CemTa Tana vWamo,
mr. 14, 14 DE;
sada ars vani igi Cemi, sada v n e b a T a Á igi mowafeTa CemTa Tana
SevWamo, C.
odes p a s q a s a mas dahklvides, mr. 14, 12 DE;
raJams v n e b a T a s a mas dahklvides, C.
paseqi/paseki/paska: (ebr. pasah, sir. pesah, berZn. , somx. paseq).
paseqi//pasqa ebraelTa dResaswaulis aRmniSvneli sityvaa, romelic
99
gazafxulze buniobas imarTeboda nisanis (aprilis) Tvis 14-s, rogorc
mosavlis dResaswauli. Semdeg daukavSirda ebraelTa egviptis tyveobidan
gamosvlas, monobidan daxsnis dRes. `gvian ebraulidan momdinare
berZnulSi gaazrebuli iqna, rogorc `vneba gancdili~
zmnisagan momdinared qristes vnebasTan dakavSirebiT da qristes aRdgomis
dResaswaulad gaSinaarsda~. amdenad, arasworia roca paseqi vnebis
dResaswaulad ganimarteba. (22, 135). am sityvis sinonimebad bibliis wignTa
qarTul TargmanebSi zatiki da vneba aris naxmari. paseqi da pasqa
dResaswaulTan erTad am dResaswaulze `Sesawirav kravsac~, an `Tikansac~
aRniSnavda.
leqsikonTa mixedviT pasqa//paseqi ganimarteba, rogorc `Cinebuli
dResaswauloba uriaTa mosaxsenebelad gamoslÂsa maTisa egÂptiT, пасха,
, xolo qristeaneni vuwodebT sauflosa dResa qristes aRdgomisasa~
(92). `ebraelTa dResaswauli egviptidan gamosvlis saxsovrad dawesebuli.
misi sinonimebia `pasqa~, `vneba~ zogjer, agreTve `zatiki~, magram pasqis
formiT berZnuli sityva gaugiaT da qarTulad `vnebad~ uTargmniaT; paseqi,
`sapaseqod dakluli kravi; sapaseqo saWmeli~ (33). amdenad, paseqi qarTulSi
ori mniSvnelobiT Sevida. 1. `ebraelTa dResaswauli egviptelTa monobidan
gamoxsnis aRmniSvneli~; 2. `qristes aRdgomis dResaswauli~ (33).
vneba: `paseqi, zatiki, ucomoebis dResaswauli; sapaseqod dasaklavi
kravi~ (33). vneba zemodasaxelebuli orive mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba pasqas.
igi `dResaswaulis~ mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba magaliTSi mr. 14, 1, xolo,
`sapaseqod dasaklavi kravis~ SinaarsiT dasturdeba mr. 14, 12 DE-Si,
romelTac berZnulSi zemodasaxelebuli efardeba.
paseqi _ zatiki:
iyo maxlobel p a s e q i, dResaswauli igi huriaTaÁ, i. 11, 55 DE;
maxlobel iyo z a t i k i igi huriaTaÁ, C.
raÁTa SeWamon p a s e q i igi, i. 18, 28 DE;
raÁTa SeWamon z a t i k i igi, C.
100
zatiki ganimarteba, rogorc `gamoÃsna, gina ganTavisufleba~ (53);
`somxurad dResaswauli. // zoggan daudviaT paseqis magier, // wigni
sagalobelTa paseqidam vidre yovelTa wmidaTa kÂriakedmde~ (92); `paseqi,
dResaswauli huriaTa, msxverpli~ (6); `sapaseqod dasaklavi kravi~ (33).
pasqa _ ucomoeba:
moaxlebul iyo dResaswauli igi u c o m o e b i s a Á, romelsa
hrqÂan p a s q a Á, l. 22, 1 DE.
ix. agreTve: mr. 14, 1; i. 2, 13.
moiwines dReni igi u c o m o e b i s a n i, odes Rirda p a s q a Á
igi daklvad, l. 22, 7 DE.
u-com-o-eb-a: comi berZnuli `comi; droJi~ (145; 127) sityvidan aris
nawarmoebi. coms erTdroulad erTvis uqonlobis u- da abstraqtulobis
mawarmoebeli -eba afiqsebi. ucomoeba `ese ars martis mTvarisa meaToTxmete
dRe, romelsa Sina huriani Svid dRe ucomosa Wamden, romel ars paseqi,
romelsa Sina ivno qristeman; dResaswauli balarjobisa, romel ars
ucomoeba~ (53; 54; 6); `ebraelTa erTi dResaswauli, roca aufuari puri unda
eWamaT~ (33).
ucomoeba _ balarjoba:
pirvelsa mas dResa u c o m o e b i s a s a mouÃdes mowafeni iesus,
m. 26, 17 DE;
pirvelsa mas b a l a r j o b a s a mouÃdes mowafeni iesus, C.
balarj-ob-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT `ucomoobis kvira~ (53; 92); `ebraelTa
dResaswauli, roca isini sjulisamebr balarjs Wamen~ (6); `dResaswauli,
roca afuebuli comis Wama ar SeiZleboda~ (33).
sinonimuri wyvili ucomoeba//balarjoba berZnulSi gadmoicema sityviT
`ucomoeba, ucomoebis dResaswauli~ (145; 127).
3.4. somxuri leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri mwkrivebi
Cororodi _ oTxTa samTavroTa mTavari:
mas Jamsa Sina esma herodes C o r o r o d s a hambavi iesusi, m. 14, 1
C;
101
mas Jamsa Sina esma herodes, oTxTa samTavroTa mTavarsa, hambavi
iesuÁsi, DE.
oTxTa samTavroTa mTavars Seesatyviseba berZnulSi xolo
somxurSi am sityvis gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba Cororodi, rac meoTxeds
niSnavs (22, 86). maSasadame, oTxTavis teqstSi dadasturebuli
berZnuli `tetrarqi~ (145; 127) Sesatyvisi Cororodi `qveynis oTx
nawils, an meoTxeds~ niSnavs.
rezi _ saxueveli:
gamovida mkudari igi, kruli ferÃiT, ÃeliT r e z i T a, da piri
misi daxueul iyo sudriTa, i. 11, 44 C;
gamovida mkudari igi, Sekruli ÃeliTa da ferÃiTa da s a x u e v e-
l i T a, DE.
rezi ganimarteba, rogorc `grZeli tilo saxvevad~ (6); `saburveli,
saxvevi~ (33). berZnulSi rezi gadmoicema sityviT `Tasma, Rvedi;
samgloviaro lenti, bafTi, an saburveli zewari, sudari~ (145; 127). e.
doCanaSvili gvaZlevs cxrils, sadac adiSis nusxaSi warmodgenili sityvebi
balarjoba, dangi, varSamagi, pari, rezi, stevi, takuki, SiSi, Cororodi
upirispirdeba winareaTonurisa da giorgiseuli redaqciebis nusxaTa
leqsikas. somxuri Targmanis Sesatyvis adgilas adiSis oTxTavSi
dadasturebul sityvas (rezi) vxvdebiT~ (25, 206). `zemoT CamoTvlil
leqsemaTagan SiSi, Cororodi da rezi Zveli qarTuli enis sxva ZeglebSi
ar dasturdeba~ (63, 59).
sa-xu-ev-el-i qarTveluri *xG- Ziris mqone leqsemaa, rac niSnavs
`zonars an bawars, risame mosaWidebels~ (92). aRniSnul magaliTSi (i. 11, 14)
saxueveli micvalebulis `Sesaxvevs~ niSnavs.
jurRumuli _ Ãnarcu _ mTxrebli _ danaxeTqi
jurRumuli _ Ãnarcu:
STavardes igi dResa SabaTsa j u r R u m u l s a, m. 12, 11 DE;
STavardes igi SafaTsa Sina à n a r c u s a, C.
mTxrebli _ danaxeTqi:
102
zeda amas yovelsa m T x r e b l did ars Soris Cuensa da Tquensa,
l. 16, 26 C;
amas yovelsa Tana Soris Cuensa da Sensa d a n a x e T q i didi
damtkicebul ars, DE.
m-Txr-eb-l-i saerToqarTveluri *Txar- zmnuri Ziris Semcveli
leqsemaa. qarTul Txar-/Txr- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. Txor-
laz. Txor-/nTxor- da svan. STxar-/STxr-. Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba
dasaxelebul ZirTa semantikaSic (65). mTxrebli ganimarteba Semdegnairad:
`xelovnebiT amoTxrili, anu bunebiT ormo~ (92); `Txrili~ (6); `Txrili,
ormo, ufskruli~ (33).
jurRumuli: es leqsema somxuridan aris Semosuli qarTulSi (25, 18).
jurRumuli warmoadgens mTxreblis nairsaxeobas, kerZod, igi aris `Wa,
wyalT savsebeli~ (92); `Wa, ormo (wyliani), Txrili, arxi, wyalsadineli~ (6;
33).
Ãnarcu `ars mTxrebli miwisa msgavsad mRvimisa~ (54; 92); `xrami,
Txrili, ormo~ (6; 33). sinonimuri rigis sityvebi mTxrebli//jurRumuli//
Ãnarcu berZnulSi gadmoicema sityviT `ormo~ (145; 127).
da-na-xeTq-i: leqsikonTa mixedviT `naprali gausvleli~ (53); `naprali
wiaRsavalad SeuZlebeli, didi flate momzRGleuli~ (92); `Txrili,
ufskruli~ (6; 33). danaxeTqs berZnulSi Seesatyviseba leqsema `ormo,
naprali, ufskruli~ (145; 127).
maSasadame, mTxrebli da misi Sesatyvisi somxuri leqsema jurRumuli
bunebrivad amoTxril wylian, an uwylo `ormos~ niSnavs. Ãnarcu igive
`ormoa~, oRond didi zomis, `mRvimis msgavsi~. danaxeTqi ki gadaulaxav
naprals, anu `ufskruls~ warmoadgens.
ganbokleba _ keTrovneba _ ganboklebuli _ keTrovani
ganbokleba _ keTrovneba:
munquesve ganeSora mas g a n b o k l e b a Á igi, mr. 1, 42 C;
meyseulad ganeyara misgan k e T r o v n e b a Á igi, DE.
103
ganboklebuli _ keTrovani:
wardga mis winaSe g a n b o k l e b u l i, m. 8, 2 C;
k e T r o v a n i vinme mouÃda, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 11, 5; 26, 6; l. 17, 12.
gan-bokl-eb-a//gan-bokl-eb-ul-i miCneulia somxuridan nasesxeb sityvad
da niSnavs `keTrs, keTriT daavadebuls~ (59, 189; 33, 82); `keTris sneulebas~
(53).
keTr-i//keTr-ovan-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `ÃorcTa ganTeTreba da
qertli~ (53); `seni friad saZageli da kninRa ukurnebeli, romel gamoesxmis
sruliads tanzed TeTri muwukebi qertliviT da dasqdeba simpaliT; keTriT
sneuli~ (92); `keTriani, avadmyofi~ (33).
zemodasaxelebuli sinonimuri leqsemebi berZnulSi gadmoicema
sityviT `keTri~.
cxadia, ganxiluli sityvebiT ar amoiwureba oTxTavis sinonimur
sistemaSi nasesxebi leqsikis Semcveli sinonimuri rigebi. zemoganxilul
masalas SeiZleba daematos:
berZnul leqsemaTa Semcveli sinonimuri rigebi: konqi//embazi//sabaneli
(i. 7, 9; 13, 5); lagÂni//sarwyuli//takuki (mr. 14, 13; i. 2, 6);
aloe//nelsacxebeli; legeoni//gundi; keisari//mefe; (mr. 12, 14);
fsalmuni//galoba (l. 24, 44; m. 26, 30); eklesia//krebuli `axal aRTqmaSi
eklesia yovelTvis adamianebs miemarTeba da ara Senobebs~ (12, 145) (m. 16, 18;
18, 17); berZuli//hromaebri...
gvxvdeba imgvari berZnuli sityvebic, romelTac oTxTavis teqstis
mixedviT sinonimuri mewyvileebi ar moepovebaT, magram Tu Zveli qarTuli
enis teqstebs saerTod ganvixilavT, SesaZloa zogierT maTgans sinonimuri
ekvivalentebi gamouCndes. aseTebia magaliTad: litra (berZn. i. 12, 3;
19, 39); margaliti (berZn. , m. 7, 6; 13, 45; 46); milioni (berZn. m.
5, 41); navi (berZn. , m. 4, 21; 22; 8, 23; 24; 9, 1; 13, 2...); stamani (berZn.
, mr. 7, 4); tegani (berZn. l. 11, 22); sandali (berZ.
mr. 6, 9...
104
oTxTavis sinonimur rigebSi SedarebiT meti raodenobiT dasturdeba
iranuli enebidan nasesxebi sityvebi; aseTebia: Jami (fal. zaman, zamanak)
//dReni (l. 1, 57...); taZari (Zv. sp. tačara) //saxli//samRdelo//vani (iran. vahana) //
savane//sadguri//sayofeli (m. 11, 1; mr. 8, 3; 14, 14; i. 14, 2...); draqme//drahkani
(ax. sp. dahgan) // satiri (m. 10, 13; 20, 2; 9; l. 15, 9); amboxi (sp. ambo h)
//eri//SfoTi (m. 9, 23; 25; 26, 47; 55; 27, 24; mr. 3, 9; 5, 27; 30; 31; 14, 43; 22, 27...);
knin//kninak (Zv. ir. *kunin) //mcire//mciredi (m. 18, 10; 14; mr. 14, 35; i. 16, 16; 17...);
stevi (os. teva) //Tma (m. 1, 6; 3, 4); WeSmariteba//WeSmariti (saS. sp. čašmdit)
//simarTle//nandÂlv (m. 6, 33; l. 23, 47; i. 3, 21); dangi (fal. dank) //asari (m. 10,
29); urakparaki (fal. frapadak) //savaWro//ubani (m. 11, 16; mr. 7, 4); alagi (saS.
sp. arak, alak) //adgili//moadgili (i. 5, 13)...
semitur leqsemaTa Semcvel sinonimur rigebs ganekuTvneba agreTve:
amen// amÀn (ebr. amen) //marTliad (i. 1, 51...); basroba (sir. basir) //kicxeva (mr.
15, 20...); mangali (sir. maggala) //mRuli; meÃmle//mexarbe...
amdenad, oTxTavSi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba nasesxebi leqsikis
Semcveli sinonimuri rigebi. ucxouri sityvebi ZiriTadad dasturdeba
adiSis (C) teqstSi, xolo maTi Sesatyvisi leqsikuri eqvivalentebi
oTxTavis sxva redaqciebSi. aRniSnuli nasesxebi leqsemebi sxvadasxva
wyarodan momdinareoben. esenia: berZnuli, iranuli, ebrauli (semituri),
somxuri. cxadia berZnul_iranul_semituri momdinareobis sityvebi
uSualod pirvelwyarodan rodi iqneba SeTvisebuli, aramed isini qarTulSi
moxvdnen sxvadasxva enis meSveobiTac. leqsemaTa udidesi nawili qarTulSi
berZnulidan aris Semosuli.
berZnulidan nasesxebi leqsemebi, romlebic ZiriTadad, rogorc iTqva,
adiSis (C) redaqciaSi dasturdeba `gulisxmobs imas, rom oTxTavis adiSuri
redaqciis avtors xelT hqonia berZnuli dedani~ (77, 114). rac imas mowmobs,
rom umetesi wili oTxTavSi dadasturebuli berZnuli leqsemebisa
uSualod Targmanis gavleniT aixsneba (25, 203).
agreTve, oTxTavSi, kerZod adiSis (C) redaqciaSi daculi iranulidan
nasesxebi erTeulebi rogoricaa `amboxi, ampartavani, asparezi, bevri,
105
boroti, Jami, urakparaki qarTuls somxuris gziT unda hqondes nasesxebi,
raki bgeriTi Sedgenilobis mxriv qarTuli formebi mxars uWers ufro am
sityvebis somxur saxes, vidre pirvelwyaros~ (25, 203). magram gvaqvs iranuli
leqsikidan nasesxebi saxeucvleli sinonimur wyvilTa calebi, rogoricaa:
grivi, gundi, dangi, vaWari, mari, roWiki, spetaki, tagari, tanjva... aseTi
SemTxvevebSi savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom falauridan qarTulis mier
uSualo sesxebasTan gvqondes saqme (7, 099; 25, 203).
sinonimur rigebSi dadasturebuli siriul_semituri warmoSobis
sityvebi qarTulSi berZnulis an berZnulis gavlenis gziTac aris
SeTvisebuli. ase magaliTad: amin, gehenia, mamona, muri, pasqa. berZnulsac da
somxursac siriulis gziT aqvs miRebuli (25, 204).
zogierTi nasesxebi leqsema, rogoricaa: balarjoba, dangi, varSamagi,
pari, rezi, stevi, takuki, SiSi, Cororodi saerToa adiSis (C) redaqciasa da
oTxTavis Sesabamis somxur teqstSi, magram am sityvebis arsebobac arafers
metyvelebs qarTuli teqstis somxurze damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. am tipis
sityvaTa udidesi nakadi qarTul enas ara mwignobruli, aramed zepiri gziT
unda hqondes SeTvisebuli (25, 204).
106
Tavi IV
zmnuri sinonimuri rigebi oTxTavSi
oTxTavis sinonimur sistemaSi sxva leqsikur erTeulebTan SedarebiT
yvelaze vrclad zmnuri sinonimebi aris warmodgenili. sinonimur zmnaTa
siuxves upirvelesad ganapirobebs zmnis semantikuri struqtura, romelic
ufro tevadi da moqnilia, vidre danarCeni metyvelebis nawilebisa.
sxvadasxva meqanizmze dayrdnobiT zmnebs SeuZliaT warmoqmnan axali
leqsikuri erTeulebi, riTac mravalferovani xdeba zmnis semantika.
`qarTveluri enebis garda arc erT iberiul-kavkasiur enas ar SeuZlia
saxelis fuZisagan iseTi nair-nairi axali fuZeebi awarmoos, rogorc
qarTulSi gvaqvs~ (71, 033). produqtiulobis mxriv gansakuTrebiT mdidaria
saxelis fuZisagan zmnaTa warmoeba (70, 94-113). zmnur sinonimur rigebs
amdidrebs saxelzmnuri, sawyisisa da mimReobebis formebi, romlebic
Tavisuflad enacvlebian maTi msgavsi semantikis mqone zmnur leqsemebs.
sinonimur zmnebSi gansakuTrebuli funqcia akisria zmniswinebs,
romelTac SeuZliaT msgavsi Zirebidan axali leqsikuri mniSvnelobebis
mqone leqsemaTa warmoqmna. agreTve, maT aqvT unari zmnis semantikaSi
damatebiTi niuansis Setanisa, romelic zmnas gansakuTrebul elfers
aniWebs. garda amisa, zogjer zmniswinian formebs meti eqspresiuloba
axasiaTebT (13, 33-34).
oTxTavSi gamoiyofa sinonimur zmnaTa sxvadasxva semantikuri jgufi,
TiToeul semantikur rigSi ikveTeba dominanturi, maintegrirebeli leqsema,
romelic Tavisuflad enacvleba struqturaSi Semaval nebismier wevrs.
metyvelebis sxva nawilebTan SedarebiT, dominanturi statusis mqone zmna
teqstSi gamoirCeva yvelaze maRali sixSiriT, yvelaze ufro farTo
mniSvnelobiT (e. i. ufro didi eqstensionaliT) (15, 366). igi semantikurad da
stilisturad neitraluria. dominanta leqsemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
makroniSani, anu ZiriTadi semantikuri niSani, romelic devs sinonimuri
rigis yvela leqsemaSi _ es aris maTi identifikaciis safuZveli, xolo
diferenciacias axdens is niuansobrivi datvirTvis mqone semantikuri
107
niSnebi, anu sinonimTa diferencialuri komponentebi, romelic erTvis
ZiriTad mniSvnelobas da ganasxvavebs maT dominanturi leqsemisagan (13, 32).
4.1. moZraobis semantikis mqone sinonimur zmnaTa rigebi
oTxTavis zmnur sinonimur sistemaSi Cven ZiriTadad ganvixilavT val/-
Ged-/Gid- Ziris mqone zmnur leqsemebs, romlebic subieqtis an obieqtis
gadaadgilebis procesSi gamoxataven moZraobas (26, 39). aRniSnul Zirs
erTvis sxvadasxva zmniswini da miiReba moslva, mislva, aRslva, warslva,
Tanawarslva, garewarslva da sxv. zmnuri formebi, romelTaganac
TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke sinonimur rigs qmnis
val/-Ged-/Gid- Zirisagan miRebul zmniswinian formebs sinonimur rigSi
dominant leqsemaTa statusi gaaCniaT, xolo calkeuli wevrebi sxvadasxva
semantikuri Tu stilisturi niSnebiT emijneba maT.
moslva _ mowevna _ miwevna _ moaxleba _ moxeba _ moÃdoma _
SemTxueva _ mogebeba _ moyvaneba
dasaxelebuli sinonimuri rigis zmnaTa ZiriTadi semantikuri niSania
subieqtis `moZraoba, svla, gadaadgileba~ saaqeTo mimarTulebiT. mwkrivis
dominantur leqsemas warmoadgens moslva zmna, romelic aRniSnavs swored
subieqtis gadaadgilebas saaqeTo mimarTulebiT. igi semantikuri da
stilisturi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri leqsemaa, romelic Tavisuflad
enacvleba sinonimur mwkrivSi Semaval yvela erTeuls. calkeul wevrebSi
ki niuansuri datvirTvis mqone diferencialur niSanTa mateba SeiniSneba,
riTac isini ganirCevian dominanturi zmnisagan.
moslva _ mowevna _ miwevna:
Se-oden-riJuneboda, da arRa m o s r u l iyo maTa iesu, i. 6, 17 DE;
aha dabnelda, da vidre arRa m o w e v n u l iyo maTa iesu, C;
m o v i d a iuda skarioteli, erTi aTormetTagani, mr. 14, 43 DE;
m o i w i a iuda, erTi aTormetTagani, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 23, 35; i. 4, 27; 12, 28; 16, 4; 16, 32.
m o v i d a pirvelad saflavad, i. 20, 4 DE;
m i i w i a pirvel samaresa mas, C.
108
mo-slv-a qarTveluri *val-/Ged-/Gid- Ziridan momdinareobs, romlis
ZiriTadi semantikaa `moZraoba, svla~ (65). samecniero literaturaSi
dadasturebulia, rom mo- zmniswini saaqeTo orientacias aRniSnavs (91, 73;
138, 133, $, 111; 81, $ 62; 42, $ 302, 306, 307, 308, 312, 313; 42, 82).
mo-slv-a ganimarteba, rogorc `movides vinme~ (53); `igive 1 da 2
pirisadmi, raÁca 3-dmi mislva, приходить~ (92). moslva zmnas berZnulSi
efardeba `mosvla~ (145; 127).
mo-w-ev-a//mi-w-ev-n-a or mniSvnelobas Seicavs: 1. `mowevna igive 1 da 2
pirisadmi, raic miwevna 3-dmi, moRweva, mosvla~; 2. `drois mosvla~ (92; 6; 33).
maSasadame, moweva zmna garda `mosvlisa~ niSnavs agreTve drois
moaxlovebas. igi, erTi mxriv, Sedis moslva zmnis sinonimur jgufSi rigiT
wevrad, xolo, meore mxriv, qmnis calke sinonimur qvejgufs
moaxleba//moxeba//SemTxueva leqsemebis saxiT.
moslva _ moÃdoma _ miÃdoma:
m o v i d e s misa mRdelT moZRuarni igi da mwignobarni, mr. 11, 27 C;
m o u à d e s mas mRdelT moZRuarni da mwignobarni, DE.
m o v i d a pilatesa da gamoiTxova guami iesuÁsi, m. 27, 58 DE;
m i u à d a pilates da mohsTxovna Ãorcni igi iesusni, C.
kacsa visme esxnes or Ze; da m i u à d a pirvelsa mas da hrqua, m. 21,
28 C;
kacsa visme esxnes or Ze; da m o u à d a pirvelsa mas da hrqua, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 26, 50; 26, 69; 28, 9; mr. 6, 33; l. 20, 1.
mo-Ãd-om-a//mi-Ãd-om-a saerToqarTveluri *Ãad-/Ãed-/Ãd- Ziridan
momdinareobs. `qarTul Ãd- Zirs Seesatyviseba megruli rT-, lazuri xT- da
svanuri Ãed-/Ãd-~. Sesatyvisobebi dasturdeba dasaxelebul ZirTa
semantikaSic, romlis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa `svla, mosvla~ (65).
moÃdoma leqsikonTa mixedviT aris `Tav-auzidrad moslva~ (53); `axlos
mislva, приступать, подходить~ (92); `moaxloeba, Sexvedra; moxdoma, mowevna~ (6);
`mosvla (vismesTan)~ (33).
109
moxmobil ganmartebaTagan moÃdoma `axlos mosvlas~ anu sabas TqmiT,
`Tav-auzidrad~ mosvlis diferencialur niSans Seicavs, romelsac efardeba
berZnulSi zmnebi `mosvla, moaxloeba; movardna,
Tavdasxma~ (145; 127).
moweva//miwevna, moÃdoma//miÃdoma erTeulebi Tavisuflad enacvlebian
moslva zmnas konteqstebSi, radgan dasaxelebul zmnur sinonimTa mo- da mi-
zmniswinian formebSi moubari piri zmnas pirianobiT ar ukavSirdeba. mo-
zmniswinis xmarebisas igi (moubari piri) zmniT gamoxatul moqmedebas misi
sasruli poziciidan uyurebs da orientacia saaqeToa, xolo mi- zmniswins
maSin xmarobs, roca moqmedebas sawyisi poziciidan uyurebs da Sesabamisad
orientaciac saiqeToa (26, 61).
moweva _ moaxleba _ moxeba:
aha esera m o i w i a Jami, da Ze kacisaÁ miecemis ÃelTa codvilTasa,
m. 26, 45 C;
aha esera m o a x l e b u l ars Jami, da ZÀ kacisaÁ mieces ÃelTa
kacTa codvilTasa, DE.
raJams m o i w i a Jami nayofisaÁ, m. 21, 34 DE;
raJams m o e x o Jami nayofisaÁ, C.
mo-axl-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `moaxloeba~ (6; 33); `igive 1 da 2
pirisadmi, raÁca 3-dmi miaxleba, приближаться~ (92).
moweva//moaxleba sinonimuri zmnebi m. 26, 45; 21, 34 magaliTebSi drois
mosvlas aRniSnaven da ara fizikurad gadaadgilebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
aRniSnul zmnebs SeZenili aqvT damatebiTi semantikuri niuansi (119, 20). aq
drois `cvlilebazea~ saubari da ara moZraobaze, radgan drois fizikurad
gadaadgileba SeuZlebelia (110, 243).
moweva//moaxleba berZnulSi gadmoicema zmniT, rac niSnavs
`moaxloebas, daaxloebas; axlos yofnas, gverdiT yofnas~ (145; 127).
mo-x-eb-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT `miaxleba, SeerTeba~ (6); `Sexeba,
moaxloeba~ (33); moxeba zmna moxmobil konteqstSi (m. 21, 34) drois
moaxloebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSic msjelobaa ara fizikurad
110
gadaadgilebaze, aramed drois cvlilebaze. moxebas berZnulSi
Seesatyviseba zmna `Sexeba; xelis xleba~ (145; 127).
moweva _ SemTxueva:
raJams m o i w i i s Wiri gina devnulebaÁ sityÂsa misTÂs, meyseulad
dabrkoldian, mr. 4, 17 DE;
raJams S e e m T x u i i s Wiri anu devnulebaÁ sityÂsa misTÂs,
munquesve cTian, C.
Se-mTxu-ev-a qarTveluri *mTxG- Ziris mqone leqsemaa, romlis ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobaa `dartyma, Tavdasxma~, xolo `Sexvedra~ meoreulia. leqsikonTa
mixedviT SemTxueva ganimarteba rogorc `Semoyra~ (54); `qmna, moweva, micema
mizezisa savnebelad. // Sexvedra momavalTa urTierTisad...~ (92); `Sexvedra,
Seyra, Segebeba~ (6; 33). SemTxueva zmna aRniSnul konteqstSi (l. 17, 12),
moulodnelad Sexvedris niuanss Seicavs. mas berZnulSi Seesatyviseba
`mosvla; Sexvedra...~ (145; 127).
SemTxueva _ mogebeba:
S e e m T x  n e s mas aTni kacni ganboklebulni, l. 17, 12 C;
m i e g e b v o d e s mas aTni keTrovanni kacni, DE.
mo-geb-eb-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT niSnavs `migebebas, win Sexvedras,
встречать~ (92; 6). mogebeba zmnas berZnulSi efardeba `svla, wasvla,
gamgzavreba; Sexvedra, mosvla~ (145; 127).
amdenad, ganxiluli sinonimuri rigis zmnaTa ZiriTad semantikur
niSans warmoadgens fizikurad gadaadgileba saaqeTo orientaciis mixedviT.
am mniSvnelobas Seicavs mwkrivis dominanturi erTeuli moslva zmna,
romelsac sxvadasxva azrobrivad diferencialuri niSnebiT emijneba
calkeuli wevrebi.
mislva _ moslva _ miaxleba _ wiaR-slva _ mitontmaneba _
migual _ Sexeba _ mixeba
mislva _ moslva _ miaxleba:
m i v i d a simon-petresa da erTisa mis mowfisa, i. 20, 2 C;
m o v i d a simon-petresa da sxÂsa mis mowafisa, DE.
111
Tavadi iesu m i e a x l a da m i v i d o d a maT Tana, l. 24, 15
C;
Tavadi iesu m i e a x l a maT Tana da Tana-uvidoda, DE.
moslva _ moaxleba _ miaxleba:
m o v i d e s adgilsa mas, romelsa hrqÂan Txemisa adgili, l. 23, 33
DE;
m i e a x l n e s adgilsa mas, romelsa erqumis Txem, C.
viTarca m o v i d o d a da m i e a x l a saxlsa mas, l. 15, 25 DE;
viTar m o v i d o d a da m o e a x l a saxlsa mas, C.
mi-slv-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT `siaruliT miwevna sacnaurad
adgiladmde, идти, приходить~ (92). mislva zmna saiqeTo mimarTulebis
moZraobas gamoxatavs, rasac miuTiTebs zmniswini mi-. mislva zmnas, romelic
mwkrivis dominanturi erTeulia, berZnulSi Seesatyviseba `misvla,
mosvla; wasvla, gadevneba; daaxloeba, ukan midevneba; gamgzavreba...~ (145;
127).
mi-axl-eb-a qarTveluri *xal-/xl- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarTul xal-
formas kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli xol- da laz. xol-. ismis
sakiTxi xal-/xl- formis svanuri m-a-x-e (<<axali>>) formasTan mimarTebis
Sesaxeb (161, 94), miT umetes, rom x- qarTulSiac iCens Tavs _ Semo-m-e-x-o
<<momiaxlovda>>; e-x-o-s <<axlos iyos>>~ (65). miaxleba iqeT, III pirTan
`miaxlovebas, axlos misvlas~ niSnavs (92; 33), rasac berZnulSi gadmoscems
zmna `miaxloeba, miyvana; daaxloeba~ (145; 127).
moslva//miaxleba//moaxleba zmnebi sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT
dasturdeba l. 15, 25 magaliTSi. sadac wyvilTagan meore wevri
miaxleba//moaxleba meti konkretulobiT gamoirCeva, radgan igi gulisxmobs
subieqtis garkveul punqtTan `axlos misvlas, miaxloebas~.
mislva _ wiaRslva:
Sevides navsa da m i v i d o d e s wiaR zRuasa mas kafarnaumd, i. 6,
17 DE;
Sesxdes navsa, w i a R v i d o d e s zRuasa mas kaparnaumd kerZo, C.
112
wiaR-slva: zmniswini wiaR- ixmareba wyalze gadasvlis aRsaniSnavad.
wyali SeiZleba iyos mdinare, tba, zRva. a. SaniZem am zmniswinis genezisi
warmoadgina Semdegnairad: wiaR<wi-aR<wylis-aR (iseve, rogorc
wisqvili<wylis fqvili (81, 237).
wiaRslva zmna ganimarteba, rogorc `gadaslva, переходить~ (92); `ganvla,
gadalaxva~ (6); `wyalze gadasvla~ (33). maSasadame, wiaR- zmniswinis darTviT
slva zmnis mniSvnelobaSi damatebiTi semantika Semodis, romelic, rogorc
aRiniSna, `wylis gadalaxvas~ ukavSirdeba. wiaRslvas berZnulSi efardeba
zmna `gadasvla; gadayvana...~ (145; 127).
mislva _ mitontmaneba:
vidre me m i v i d o d i, sxuani uwinarÀs Cemsa STaÃdian da
ganikurnian, i. 5, 7 DE;
vidre me m i v t o n t m a n e b d i, sxuaÁ Cemsa uadres SdaÃdis, C.
mi-tontman-eb-a niSnavs `Znelad siaruls, tortmans~ (6); `mitortmanebas,
barbaciT misvlas~ (33). iv. imnaiSvilis ganmartebiT, mivtontmanebdi zmniT
`ufro konkretulad aris gadmocemuli movlenis arsi: marTlac im kacis
siaruls, romelic 38 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo avad, `mivtontmanebdi~
(dRevandeli mivtortmandebi) ufro Seefereba, vidre `mividodi~ (30, 192).
mitontmanebas berZnulSi miemarTeba zemodasaxelebuli zmna .
mislva _ migual:
m i v e d da uCuene Tavi Seni mRdelsa, mr. 1, 44 DE;
m i g u a l e da uCuene Tavi Seni mRdelsa, C.
mi-gual: `misvla~ (6); `midi~ (33). guale zmna mxolod brZanebiTi kilos
formiT ixmareba, rac aRniSnul magaliTSi (mr. 1, 44) II pirisadmi mimarTvas
gamoxatavs.
miaxleba _ Sexeba _ mixeba:
arasada m i e a x l n i a n huriani samaritelTa, i. 4, 9 C;
ara S e e x n i a n huriani samaritelTa, DE.
sada-igi mparavi ara m i e x e b i s, l. 12, 33 DEC.
113
mi-x-eb-a//Se-x-eb-a formebi berZnulSi gadmoicema zmniT
`miaxloeba, misvla, SeerTeba...~ (122); `axlos misvla, anu mitana xelisa,
прикасаться, коснуться~ (92); `Sexeba, xelis miyofa~ (6; 33). mixeba//Sexeba zmnuri
formebi imdenad axlos misvlas aRniSnavs, rom uSualod obieqtTan
fizikur Sexebas gulisxmobs.
maSasadame, moxmobili sinonimuri rigis dominanturi erTeuli mislva
zmna semantikuri da stilisturi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri leqsemaa,
romelic ar Seicavs raime damatebiT semantikur niSans, garda saiqeTo
orientaciisa, xolo misi mewyvile zmnebi Semdegi diferencialuri
komponentebiT emijnebian mas: miaxleba//moaxleba erTeulebi aRniSnaven
garkveul punqtTan fizikurad `axlos misvlas, miaxlovebas~; wiaRslva
zmna `wyalze gadasvlas~ niSnavs, sadac wiaR- zmniswini damatebiT
semantikas sZens slva zmnis mniSvnelobas; mitontmaneba garkveul punqtamde
Zliv-ZliobiT, `barbaciT, tortmaniT~ misvlas warmoadgens; miguale zmna
brZanebiTi kilos formaa, rac subieqtis garkveul adgilamde misvlis
moTxovnas gulisxmobs; mixeba//Sexeba zmnebi ki subieqtis obieqtTan
misvlas da imavdroulad fizikurad Sexebas aRniSnaven.
aRmoslva _ aRslva _ aRmoÃdoma _ aRmoceneba _ aRmovlineba _
aRmobrwyineba _ aRguale
moxmobili sinonimuri zmnebis ZiriTadi semantikuri niSania subieqtis
fizikurad gadaadgileba `qvevidan zeviT~. mwkrivis dominanta wevria
aRmoslva zmna, romelic Tavisuflad enacvleba konteqstebSi sinonimuri
rigis nebismier wevrs, xolo misi mewyvile erTeulebi sxvadasxva
diferencialuri niSnebiT emijnebian mas.
aRmoslva _ aRslva:
a R m o v i d i a n mamaÁ da dedaÁ misi, l. 2, 41 DE;
a R v i d i a n mSobelni misni, C.
ganTiad, viTar a R m o v i d [o] d a qalaqad, S[e]emSia m. 21, 18 C.
aRmo-slv-a//aR-slv-a formebi or mniSvnelobas Seicaven: 1. `qvevidam
zeviT kerZo Zrva, amoslva, восходить, всходить~ (92); 2. `aRmoceneba~ (6). aR-
114
//aRmo- zmniswinebi miuTiTeben moZraobas, gadaadgilebas qvevidan zeviT (92;
138, $ 102; 81, 248; 71). aRniSnuli zmniswinebi saaqeTo orientacias
gamoxataven, oRond aR-is gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi moubari piri im mxares
aris, saidanac moqmedeba iwyeba, aRmo-s gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ki im mxares,
saiTkenac moqmedeba miemarTeba (26, 181). aRmoslva//aRslva leqsemebs
berZnulSi Seesatyviseba `amosvla; aRmoceneba...~ (145; 127).
aRmoslva _ aRmoÃdoma _ aRmoceneba:
raJams a R m o v i d o d a wylisa misgan, m. 3, 16 DE;
a R m o à d a mier wyliT, C.
sxuaÁ davarda queyanasa keTilsa da mohscemda nayofsa, a R m o v i-
d o d a da aRorZndeboda, mr. 4, 8 DE;
sxuaÁ davarda queyanasa keTilsa da gamoscis nayofi a R m o c e n e-
b u l i da aRorZinebuli, C.
odes daeTesis, a R m o à d i s da iqmnis igi ufroÁs yovelTa
mxalTa, mr. 4, 32 DE;
raJams daeTesis, a R m o s c e n d i s da iqmnis igi ufroÁs
yovelTa mxalTa, C.
Tesli keTili davsTeseT agaraksa Sensa? vinaÁ a R m o s c e n d a
RuarZli, m. 13, 27 DE.
aRmo-Ãd-om-a leqsemac or mniSvnelobas Seicavs: 1. `amosvla, amoxdoma~;
2. `aRmoceneba~ (92; 6; 33). aRmoÃdoma orive mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba oTxTavSi.
ixmareba, rogorc zemoT mimarTuli moZraobis aRsaniSnavad, kerZod,
`wylidan amosvlis~ (m. 3, 16) mniSvnelobiT, ise mcenaris `aRmocenebis~ (mr. 4,
32) mniSvnelobiTac, romelTa fardia berZnulSi zmna `amosvla;
aRmoceneba...~ (145; 127).
aRmo-cen-eb-a saerToqarTveluri *cen- Ziris mqone leqsemaa. qarTul
cen- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. Can- laz. Can- da svan. Sen-.
Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba aRniSnul ZirTa semantikaSic, romlis
mniSvnelobac `gazrdas; nayofis gamoRebas~ ukavSirdeba (65). aRmoceneba
ganimarteba, rogorc `amosvla~ (53); `miwiT aRorZineba mcenareTa,
115
произрастать, прозябать~ (92); `amosvla, amoyvana, amodineba~ (6). aRmocenebas
berZnulSi miesadageba leqsema `gamozda, gazrda; amosvla,
amodineba~ (145; 127).
aRmoÃdoma _ aRmobrwyineba:
viTarca mzÀ a R m o h à d a da dahscxa, mr. 4, 6 DE;
a R m o b r w y i n e b a s a mzisasa dascxa mas, C.
aRmo-brwy-in-eb-a qarTveluri *berwy-/brwy- saxeluri Ziridan
momdinareobs. igi ukavSirdeba `naperwkal~ formas (65). aRmobrwyineba
sawyisis formiT enacvleba amoÃdoma zmnas, rac dasaxelebul magaliTSi
(mr. 4, 6) `mzis amosvlas~ aRniSnavs, romlis fardia berZnulSi
zemoaRniSnuli leqsema
aRguale:
megobaro, a R - r e - g u a l e zemo kerZo, l. 14, 10 DEC.
aR-gual-e: guale ganimarteba, rogorc `iare, Cqara svla~ (53);
`mdabiurad gole (zmna ese ixmarebis mxolod brZanebiTad), iare, wamodi,
warved...~ (92). aRguale brZanebiTi kilos forma ki miemarTeba meore pirs,
rac misamarTi piris zemoT asvlis Sesrulebas moiTxovs (33). mas
Seesatyviseba berZnulSi `zemoT amosvla~ (145; 127).
zemoganxilul sinonimur zmnaTa ZiriTadi semantikuri mniSvnelobaa
`qvevidan zeviT gadaadgileba~, romelsac Seicavs rigis dominanturi
erTeuli aRmoslva, xolo mwkrivSi Semavali calkeuli wevrebi Semdegi
azrobrivi niuansebiT ganirCevian ZiriTadi zmnisagan: aRmoÃdoma ixmareba,
rogorc zemoT mimarTuli moZraobis aRsaniSnavad, kerZod `wylidan
amosvlis~ mniSvnelobiT, ise mcenaris `aRmocenebis~ mniSvnelobiTac;
aRmoceneba zmnis semantika mxolod mcenaris miwidan `amozrdas, amosvlas~
ukavSirdeba; aRmobrwyineba mzis amosvlas aRniSnavs; aRguale zmna ki
brZanebiTi kilos formaa, rac subieqturi piris `zemoT asvlis~ aucilebel
Sesrulebas gulisxmobs.
gamoslva _ gamoÃdoma _ gamobutkova _ gamoquan
gamoslva _ gamoÃdoma:
116
g a m o v i d e s igini naviT, mr. 5, 2 DE;
g a m o à d a igi mier naviT, C.
gamo-slv-a zmna sinonimuri rigis mTavari wevria, rac Signidan gareT
mimarTul moZraobas aRniSnavs. leqsikonTa mixedviT ki igi ganimarteba,
rogorc `qveyniT, gina saxliT gamocla datevebiT~ (53); `Signidam gareT
ganslva~ (92). gamo- zmniswini swored Signidan gareT, 1 pirisaken moZraobis
mimarTulebas gamoxatavs (26, 215-242).
gamo-Ãd-om-a zmna moxmobil magaliTSi (mr. 5, 2) navidan `gadmosvlis~
mniSvnelobas gadmoscems.
gamoslva _ gamobutkova:
raJams rtoni misni daCCÂan, da furceli g a m o v a l n, m. 24, 32
DE;
raJams rtoni misni daCCian, da furceli g a m o b u t k o i n, C.
gamo-butk-ov-a qarTveluri *butk- Ziris Semcveli leqsemaa. `lazuri
butk- Ziri kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba qarTul butk- Zirs~, romelTa
semantika ukavSirdeba `foTols; futkars~ (65). butk- saxeluri Ziridan
miRebuli gamobutkova zmna ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `ese igi ars
daiyvavilos ra, xili gamoCinebul iqmnas~ (53); `gamokvirtva, kvirtis gaSla~
(6); `CirTis, kvirtis gamoReba~ (33).
gamoslva _ gamoquan:
raJams rtoni misni daCCÂan, da g a m o v a l n furceli, mr. 13, 28
DE;
raJams rtoni misni molbian, da g a m o a q u n furceli, C.
gamo-quan: `gamotana, gamoReba~ (6); `gamoaqvs xolme~ (33). gamoaqun zmna
moqmedebis mravalgzisobas gamoxatavs, rac moxmobil konteqstSi (mr. 13, 28)
mravali `furclis~ anu foTlis gamosvlas aRniSnavs. sinonimuri zmnebi
gamoslva//gamobutkova//gamoquna berZnulSi gadmoicema leqsemiT
`aRmo-ceneba; gazrda, gamozrda (foTlisa)~ (145; 127).
maSasadame, sinonimuri rigis zmnaTa dominanti wevri gamoslva
Signidan gareT mimarTul moZraobas aRniSnavs. am semantikas Seicavs
117
mwkrivis yvela erTeuli. ZiriTadi niSnis gverdiT calkeul wevrTa
mniSvnelobaSi ikveTeba agreTve damatebiTi diferencialuri niSnebic:
gamoÃdoma navidan `gadmosvlas~ aRniSnavs; gamobutkova zmnis mniSvneloba
mcenaris gamosvlas, `kvirtis gamoRebas~ ukavSirdeba; gamoquan ki
moqmedebis mravalgzisobas gamoxatavs da mcenaris mravalgzis
gamofoTvlas gulisxmobs.
moyvaneba _ warmodgineba _ mogura _ morTuma _ mopyroba _
moReba _ mobma
moxmobil sinonimur zmnaTa ZiriTad semantikur niSans warmoadgens
obieqtis fizikurad gadaadgileba garkveuli subieqtis mimarTulebiT.
obieqti SeiZleba iyos adamiani an cxoveli, romlis moZraoba saaqeTo
orientaciisaa da Sesabamisad mo- zmniswini miuTiTebs aRniSnul
mimarTulebas. sinonimuri rigis dominanturi erTeulia moyvaneba zmna,
romelic Tavisuflad enacvleba konteqstebSi mwkrivis nebismier wevrs.
moyvaneba _ warmodgineba _ mogura:
m o i y v a n e T, w a r m o a d g i n e T Cem winaSe kaci ese
viTarca ganmdrekeli erisaÁ magis, l. 23, 14 C;
m o m g u a r e T me kaci ese, viTarca gardamaqceveli erisaÁ, DE.
mo-yv-an-eb-a leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc `cxo(v)elT
morTma, Tan moidevnos~ (53); `moyvana, motana~ (6). moyvaneba zmna moxmobil
sinonimur rigSi ZiriTadad sulieri obieqtis, adamianis `moyvanas~
aRniSnavs, romlis fardia berZnulSi leqsemebi `moyvana;
mogvra...~ (127).
warmo-dg-in-eb-a: warmo- zmniswini gadmoscems daxril sibrtyeze
Ziridan zeviT, `Cvens simaRlemde~ moZraobas (26, 121). warmodgineba zmna
ganimarteba, rogorc `winaSe dadgineba, представлять...~ (92). moyvana//
warmodgineba l. 23, 14-Si sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT dasturdeba,
sadac moyvana zogadad sulieri obieqtis, kerZod, adamianis `moyvanas~
aRniSnavs, xolo warmodgineba kauzatiuri formaa, sadac subieqturi piri
moqmedebs pirdapir obieqtze sxvisi davalebiT. al. oniani kauzativs
118
aigivebs SualobiT kontaqtTan. mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom `mniSvneloba ar
aqvs -in da -evin sufiqsebiT gamoxatul kategorias kontaqts vuwodebT,
kauzativs, Tu orive maTgans mivaniWebT sinonimur terminTa statuss~ (50,
142). moxmobil magaliTSi (l. 23, 14) warmoadgineT zmniT ufro konkretulad
aris gadmocemuli moqmedeba. igi niSnavs obieqtis moyvanas, da imavdroulad
`win dayenebas~. sinonimuri wyvili moyvaneba//warmodgineba berZnulSi
gadmoicema erTi zmniT
mo-gur-a saerToqarTveluri *gGar- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul
guar-/gur- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. gor- da svan. gGr-~ (65).
*gGar- Ziris amosavali semantikuri viTareba daculia svanurSi. mogura
leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc `moyvana~ (53); `moyGana erTisa,
anu mravalTa, da 3 pirisadmi iTqmis migGra, aramed mravalTaTGis sakuTrad
ars mosxma, приводить, приносить~ (92). mogura, rogorc aRiniSna, erTis
`moyvanasac~ gulisxmobs da mravlisac. Cveni masalis mixedviT mogura zmna
orive mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba.
moyvaneba _ morTuma:
m o h y v a n d e s misa yovelni sneulni da eSmakeulni, mr. 1, 32 DE;
m o a r T u m i d e s mas yovelsa sneulebsa da eSmakeulebsa, C.
ix. agreTve: mr. 9, 19; 9, 20.
mo-rTu-m-a: `uaRresTa moscemdes~ (53); `miReba, motana me-3 pirisadmi,
приносить~ (92; 6). morTuma zmnas berZnulSi efardeba `gamoyvana
(gareT); morTmeva...~ (145; 127). morTuma zmna dasaxelebul magaliTebSi sxvisi
daxmarebiT mravali avadmyofis me-3 pirTan moyvanas gulisxmobs.
moyvaneba _ moReba:
m o i y v a n e s igi golgoTisa adgilsa, mr. 15, 22 DE;
m o i R e s igi golgoTasa, adgilsa, C.
mo-R-eb-a ramdenime mniSvnelobas Seicavs: 1. `aReba, miReba~; 2. `miReba,
gamorTmeva~; 3. `motana, moyvana (ob. mx.-Si)~; 4. `mixma, mixda, warTmeva~ (92; 33).
moReba zmna moxmobil konteqstSi me-3 mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba, rac erTi
119
pirovnebis _ qristes golgoTaze moyvanas aRniSnavs. morTuma//moReba
sinonimur wyvils berZnulSi efardeba zmna `motana, moyvana~ (127).
morTuma _ mogura _ moReba:
m o a r T u m i d e s mas yrmebsa, mr. 10, 13 C;
m o h g u r i d e s mas yrmebsa, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 9, 32; 12, 22; 17, 16; 19, 13; mr. 8, 22; mr. 10, 13.
m o a r T u a Tavi misi lanklasa zeda, mr. 6, 28 C;
m o i R o Tavi misi feSxueniTa, DE.
ix. agreTve: i. 21, 10.
mo-rTu-m-a: `uaRresTa moscemdes~ (53); `miReba, motana me-3 pirisadmi,
приносить~ (92; 6). morTumas berZnulSi efardeba zmna `moyvana,
morTmeva; msxverplis moyvana~ (145; 127). morTuma zmnaSi xazgasmulia am
sinonimis dadebiTi stilisturi funqcia, radgan igi pativsacem
pirovnebasTan raimes `mokrZalebiT~ motanas an moyvanas gulisxmobs.
mobma:
m o i b T zuaraki igi msuqani, l. 15, 23 DEC;
mobma: `mobmaa Ãbo anu zuaraki dakodili moiyvanos~ (53); `moyvana
(Tokmobmulisa)~ (33). mobma zmnaSi gamaxvilebulia yuradReba im
`instrumentze~, saganze anu Tokze, rac gankuTvnilia moqmedebis
Sesasruleblad. swored es niuansi aniWebs mobma zmnis mniSvnelobas
gansxvavebul elfers (119, 408; 108, 242).
aRslva _ Seslva _ aRÃdoma _ aRmaRleba _ Seyvaneba aR-slv-a _ Se-sl-v-a:
munquesve aÁZula mowafeTa TÂsTa a R s l v a d navsa, mr. 6, 45 C;
meyseulad awuevda mowafeTa S e s l v a d navsa, DE.
aR-slv-a//Se-slv-a: aR- da Se- zmniswinebi qarTveluri enebisaTvis
saerToa. kerZod, qarTul aR-/a zmniswins Seesatyviseba megruli o- da
lazuri o-. qarTul Se- zmniswinis kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi ki aris
lazurSi Sqa- (Sq-/Ska-<Sqa) (54). zmniswini aR- `aRniSnavs mimarTulebas
qvevidan zeviT~ (143, 81; 71; 26), xolo Se- zmniswinis ZiriTadi funqciaa
garedan SigniT mimarTulebis Cveneba (92, 81). Se- Tavisuflad monacvleobs
120
agreTve aR- zmniswinTan. aRslvad//Seslvad sinonimuri sawyisebi moxmobil
konteqstSi (mr. 6, 45) aRniSnaven navSi Casxdomis process. i. veSapiZis
aRniSvniT, `Cans, navSi Casxdoma miCneuli iyo, rogorc qvevidan zeviT
mimarTuli moZraoba~ (26). aRslva//Seslva formebs berZnulSi efardeba
leqsema `asvla, Sesvla~ (145; 127).
aR-slv-a _ aR-Ãd-om-a:
viTar a R v i d o d a igi navsa, evedreboda mas, mr. 5, 18 C;
viTarca a R Ã d a iesu navsa, evedreboda mas, DE.
aR-Ãd-om-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT niSnavs `maRla Sesvla, maRla Sevla~
(54); `maRla aslva~ (6; 33). aRslva//aRÃdoma sinonimuri wyvili moxmobil
konteqstSi (mr. 5, 18) navze asvlis Sinaarss gadmoscemen, rasac akonkretebs
maTi berZnuli Sesatyvisi zmna `Sesvla; gemze Sesvla~ (145; 127).
aR-slv-a _ aR-maRl-eb-a:
viTarca a R v i d e s angelozni igi zecad, l. 2, 15 DE;
viTar a R i m a R l e s maTgan angelozTa maT cad, C.
aR-maRl-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `maRla asvla~ (53); `maRla aweva, anu
aslva // dResaswauli Semdgomad paseqisa meormocesa dResa mosaxsenebelad
xorciTa zecad aRslÂsa qristesisa~ (92); `maRlad qceva; aRdgena; aReba,
arfxvra; gaamayeba; cad asvla (qristesi)~ (6). aRmaRleba moxmobil
konteqstSi angelozTa zecaSi asvlas niSnavs, rasac berZnulSi gadmoscems
leqsema `amaRleba; Sesvla~ (145; 127).
aR-slv-a _ Se-yvan-eb-a:
unda a R s l v a Á misi navsa mas, i. 6, 21 C;
unda maT, raÁTamca S e i y v a n e s igi navsa mas, DE.
Se-yvan-eb-a leqsikonTa mixedviT niSnavs: `miSueba Seslvad sadme
suldgmulTa~ (92; `Seyvana, Setana~ (6; 33). Seyvaneba moxmobil magaliTSi (i.
6, 21) sxvisi daxmarebiT navze Sesvlas da masSi Casxdomas aRniSnavs,
romelic berZnulSi gadmoicema zmniT `Setana, Seyvana~ (145; 127).
121
ganslva _ warslva _ mislva _ gamoslva _ ganÃd-a _ gamoÃda _
gamoÃdoma _ ganvla _ dateveba _ cvaleba
gan-slv-a _ war-slv-a:
aw g a n v e d i T gansavalTa zeda gzaTasa, m. 22, 9 C;
w a r v e d i T meboZirebsa gzaTasa, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 20, 1; 6; 21, 75; mr. 2, 12; 13; 11, 19; l. 4, 41; 10, 35; 17, 29.
gan-slv-a _ mi-slv-a:
g a n v i d e T Cuen vidre beTlemadmde, m. 2, 15 DE;
m i v i d e T beTlemadmde, C.
gan-slv-a leqsikonTa mixedviT niSnavs: `gar waslva~ (53); `gareT
gamoslva, anu gaRma ganslva~ (92). ganslvas berZnulSi efardeba zmna
`wasvla, gamgzavreba, gadaadgileba; gadasvla...~ (145; 127).
war-slv-a//mi-slv-a iseTive mniSvnelobis mqonea, rogorc ganslva.
oRond mcire gansxvavebas mainc avlenen war- da mi- zmniswinebi. warslva
gulisxmobs `wasvlas, ganSorebas saidame~ (92; 6), romlis fardia berZnulSi
zmna `siaruli, wasvla...~ (145; 127). mislva ki daniSnulebis
adgilamde misvlas, anu n. CubinaSvilis ganmartebis mixedviT, `siaruliT
miwevnas sacnaurad adgiladmde~ (92), romelsac miemarTeba berZnulSi zmna
`misvla~ (145; 127).
gan-slv-a _ gamo-slv-a:
g a n v i d e n angelozni da ganarCinen ukeTurni marTalTagan, m. 13,
49 C;
g a m o v i d e n angelozni da ganaSornen ukeTurni igi, DE.
gamo-slv-a: gan-//gamo- zmniswinebi Signidan gareT mimarTulebas
aRniSnaven, magram TavianTi xangrZlivi arsebobis manZilze maT zogi sxva
funqciac Camouyalibda (167, 215-242). gamoslva ganimarteba, rogorc `qveyniT,
gina saxliT gamocla datevebiT (53); `Signidam gareT ganslva~ (92);
`gamosvla, amosvla~ (6). maSasadame, sinonimuri erTeulebi
ganslva//gamoslva `gareT waslva, gareT gamosvlas~ aRniSnaven, mxolod
gamoslva `gareT gasvlas~ niSnavs im adgilis saerTod datovebiT, saidanac
122
xdeba gadaadgileba. gamoslva berZnulSi gadmoicema zemodasaxelebuli
zmniT .
gan-slv-a _ gan-Ãd-a:
suli ege arawmidaÁ, g a n v e d kacisa magisgan, mr. 5, 8 DE;
g a n à e d, sulo arawmidao, magis kacisagan, C.
gan-slv-a _ gamo-Ãd-a:
g a n s r u l ars eSmaki asulisagan Senisa, mr. 7, 29 DE;
g a m o à d a eSmaki igi asulisagan Senisa, C.
g a n v i d a sulebi igi arawmidaÁ kacisa misgan, mr. 5, 13 DE;
g a m o à d a sulebi igi arawmidebi, C.
gan-Ãd-a//gamoÃd-a niSnavs, rogorc `wasvlas, gamosvlas~, agreTve
`gaZevebas, gagdeba~ (53; 92; 6; 33). ganÃdas berZnulSi miemarTeba zmna
`gaZeveba, gagdeba; misvla...~ (139; 122). gamoÃdas ki Seesatyviseba
leqsemebi, `gamosvla, wasvla; gamgzavreba; gadasvla...~ (145).
n. mari gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom `Ãed-/Ãd- fuZis mqone formebi
gacilebiT ufro arqaulia, vidre val//ved//vid-isa, romelic TiTqmis
Tanamedrove qarTulis formebs gvagonebso (143, 173) iv. imnaiSvilis
miTiTebiT ki, `erTsa da imave ZeglSi Tanabrad aris warmodgenili
orivenairi formebi~ (29, 202).
gan-slv-a _ da-tev-eb-a:
coli Tu g a n v i d e s qmrisagan da SeerTos sxuasa, mr. 10, 12 DE;
mamakacman Tu d a u t e o s coli TÂsi da col-eyos sxuaÁ, DE.
da-tev-eb-a zmnis mniSvnelobebia `gaSveba~ (53); `gagdeba, gaSveba, xelis
aReba, Tavis danebeba, ganSoreba~ (92). dateveba moxmobil magaliTSi (mr. 10,
22) colis gaSvebas niSnavs, romelsac berZnulSi miesadageba leqsema
`gaSveba~ (145; 127).
gan-slv-a _ cval-eb-a:
g a n v i d e s igi amier sofliT da mivides mamisa, i. 13, 1 DE;
i c v a l o s amier sofliT mamisa, C.
123
cval-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc: `gamocvla~ (53); `gamocGla sxvarigad,
anu sxva frad~ (92); `Secvla, gadanacvleba~ (6). cvaleba moxmobil
konteqstSi (i. 13, 1) niSnavs am soflidan imier sofelSi `gadanacvlebas~,
anu `sikvdils~12. igi berZnulSi gadmoicema `meore mxares
gasvla, gadasvla; gadasaxleba...~ (145; 127) leqsemebiT.
gan-slv-a _ gan-vl-a:
TÂT Sensaca sulsa g a n v i d e s maxÂli, l. 2, 35 DE;
Sensa Tavsa g a n v l o s maxÂlman, C.
gan-vl-a: `warvla, Tana warslva, Tanawarxdoma~ (92). ganvla
dasaxelebul magaliTSi (l. 2, 25) `gulisxmobs jer garedan SigniT
moZraobas, Semdeg ki maSinve Signidan gareT gasvlas, gacilebas~ (26, 12). am
SemTxvevaSi sinonimuri wyvili ganslva//ganvla romelTac berZnulSi
gadmoscems leqsikuri erTeulebi `gamsWolad gasvla~
(145; 127), raimeSi gavlis, kerZod, sxeulSi maxvilis gavlis Sinaarss
gadmoscems.
miqceva _ moqceva _ warslva _ ukuncema _ gareukunqceva _ ukunqceva _
ukunmoqceva _ ukundgoma _ ukumomarT slva _ marTlukun slva
mi-qc-ev-a _ mo-qc-ev-a _ war-slv-a:
m i i q c a munve da adidebda RmerTsa, l. 17, 15 C;
m o i q c a da ÃmiTa didiTa adidebda RmerTsa, DE.
ix. agreTve: l. 2, 39; 45; 9, 10; 24, 23; 52.
m i i q c a saxid TÂsa, l. 1, 56, C;
w a r v i d a saxid TÂsa, DE.
mi-qc-ev-a _ ukun-cema:
m i a q c i a oc da aTi igi vecxli mRdelT moZRuarTa maT, m. 27, 3
DE;
u k u n s c a vecxli igi mRdelT moZRuarTa C.
12 cvaleba zmnas Cven kidev davubrundebiT qvemoT `sicocxlis Sewyvetis
semantikis~ mqone zmnur sinonimTa ganxilvisas.
124
mi-qc-ev-a leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc `mibrun(v)eba~ (54);
`mibruneba, ukan micema~ (92); `mibruneba, mixra, mimxroba~ (6); `mibruneba,
dabruneba~ (33). miqceva zmna ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba oTxTavis teqstSi:
1. subieqtis fizikurad gadaadgilebas, saxlSi `mibrunebas~ gamoxatavs,
rasac adasturebs warslva zmna (l. 1. 56) xolo me-2 SemTxvevaSi igi niSnavs
`dabrunebas~, anu fulis `ukan micemas~ (26), rasac ukuncema zmna gamoxatavs.
mo-qc-ev-a ganimarTeba, rogorc `gamobruneba~ (54); `moqceva, mobruneba;
SeerTeba sarwmunoebisadmi~ (33; 6); `mobruneba~ (92). miaqcia//moaqcia
formebSi moubari piri zmnas pirianobiT ar ukavSirdeba, amitom miaqcia
zmnis xmarebisas igi sawyisi piziciidan uyurebs moZraobis dinamikas, xolo
moaqcia zmnis xmarebisas sasruli, anu im poziciidan, sadac TviTon
imyofeba.
ukumo-qc-ev-a _ mo-qc-ev-a:
romeli iyos... velsa gare, nu u k u m o i q c e v i n kualad, l. 17,
31 DE;
romeli iyos velsa gare, nu m o i q c e v i n kualad, C.
ukumo-qc-ev-a _ ukun-qc-ev-a:
romeli velsa gare iyos, nu u k u m o i q c e v i n, m. 24, 18 C;
romeli velsa gare iyos, nu u k u n i q c e v i n, DE.
ukun-qc-ev-a//ukumo-qc-ev-a: zmniswinebi ukun-//ukumo- ori ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobiT ixmarebian. 1. aRniSnaven ukana areSi moqmedebas, 2. gadmoscemen
ukan dabrunebis Sinaarss (81, $ 311). ukunqceva//ukumoqceva moxmobil
konteqstebSi niSnavs `gamobrunebas~ (54); `ukan gabrunebas, ukan mibrunebas~
(92; 6; 33).
ukun-qc-ev-a _ ukun-dg-om-a:
mravalni mowafeTa misTaganni u k u n i q c e s, i. 6, 66 DE;
mravalni mowafeTa misTaganni u k u n d g e s, C.
ukun-dg-om-a: `gandgoma, ganSoreba, anu Ralati~ (92); `daxeva ukan,
gabruneba~ (6); `gandgoma, gacileba, ukan gabruneba~ (33). ukundgoma zmna
125
dasaxelebul konteqstSi (i. 6, 66) `gandgomas, Ralats~ aRniSnavs, rasac
berZnulSi efardeba zemodasaxelebuli leqsemebi.
ukun-qc-ev-a _ ukumomarT slva:
u k u n i q c e s gare da daecnes queyanasa, i. 18, 6 DE;
u k u m o m a r T v i d o d e s da daecnes queyanasa, C.
ukun-qce-ev-a _ marTl ukun slva:
u k u n i q e c Cemgan, eSmako, mr. 8, 33 C;
w a r v e d m a r T l u k u n Cemgan, eSmako, DE.
ukumomarT slva//marTlukun slva: ukumomarT//marTlukun formebi
Seicaven mniSvnelobebs `ukan, ukniT~ (6); `ukan, Cem momarT~ (33). maSasadame,
sinonimuri Sesityvebebi ukumomarT slva//marTlukun slva gamoxataven ukan
gadaadgilebiT moZraobas moubari piris poziciisaken. berZnulSi ki maT
SeesatyvisebaT zmna `mobruneba...~ (145; 127).
Sedgoma _ midevneba _ modevneba _ Tana-slva _ Seyofa
Se-dg-om-a _ mi-devn-eb-a _ mo-devn-eb-a:
S e u d g e s simon-petre da sxuaÁ igi mowafÀ, i. 18, 15 C;
m i h s d e v d a iesus simon-petre da sxuaÁ igi mowafÀ, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 20, 29; 20, 34; 27, 55; mr. 1, 18; 2, 14; 10, 34; i. 1, 37; 1, 38;
1, 40; 6, 2; 10,4; 10,5.
romeli S e m o m i d g e s me, ara vidodis bnelsa, i. 8, 12 DE;
romeli m o m d e v d e s me, bnelsa ara vidodis, C.
Se-dg-om-a//Semo-dg-om-a ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `midevneba~ (54); `Tan-
midevneba~ (92); `gayola, miyola~ (6); `miyola, midevneba~ (33). Sedgoma//
Semodgoma sinonimur zmnebs berZnulSi miemarTeba leqsikuri erTeuli
`ukan, Semdeg svla~ (127).
mi-devn-eb-a//mo-devn-eb-a aris igive `Sedgoma~ (92); `gayola~ (6); `miyola,
wayola~ (33). es zmnebi `Cqara~ siarulis, moZraobis niuanss Seicaven.
Se-dg-om-a _ Tana slva:
saxeliTa SeniTa eSmakTa ganasxmida, romeli Cuen ara S e g  d g e s,
mr. 9, 38 DE;
126
saxeliTa SeniTa eSmakTa ganhÃdida, romel Cuen T a n a ara v a l s,
C.
Tana slva niSnavs `erTad svlas~ (6). berZnulSi ukan slvas miemarTeba
leqsema `gayola, midevneba~ (145; 127).
Se-dg-om-a _ Se-y-of-a:
S e u d g a erTsa moqalaqesa mis soflisasa, l. 15, 15 DE;
S e e y o erTsa moqalaqeTagansa, C.
Se-y-of-a ganimarteba, rogorc: `SeerTeba, midgma, Seziareba, Sewyoba~ (6;
33). am zmniT gadmocemulia jer SeerTebis da Semdeg moZraobis, gadaadgile-
bis mniSvneloba, rasac akonkretebs kidec misi berZnuli Sesatyvisi
`SeerTeba, mWidrod Tanasvla~ (127).
ganÃda _ gangdeba _ gamogdeba _ ganZeba _ gansxma _ ganvlineba _
ganyeneba _ ganbneva _ ganTxeva _ gandeba
gan-Ãd-a _ gan-sx-m-a:
me belzebuliTa g a n v h à d i eSmakTa, m. 12, 27 C;
me belzebuliTa g a n v a s x a m eSmakTa, DE.
suliTa RmrTisaÁTa g a n v h à d i me eSmakTa, m. 12, 28 C;
suliTa RmrTisaÁTa g a n v a s x a m eSmakTa, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 12, 24; 12, 26; mr. 1, 34; 1, 39; 3, 22; 3, 23; 6, 13; i. 16, 2.
ganÃda: leqsikonTa mixedviT `ese ars ganZeba gare, gina mdinareTa da
ÃevTa ganvla, gina hambavTa da sityvaTa gansmena, gina samoselTa ganZrcva
da eseviTarni~ (53); `gare ganZeba, gangdeba~ (92); `gaZeveba, gaxda~ (6);
`gagdeba, gaZeveba; gansvla, ganTqma, gavrceleba (ambisa)~ (33). maSasadame,
ganÃda leqsema polisemiuria, misi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa `gaZeveba,
gagdeba~. swored `gaZevebis~ mniSvnelobiT aerTianebs igi misi sinonimuri
rigis yvela zmnas. dasaxelebuli sinonimuri rigis zmnebSi ganÃdas
berZnulSi efardeba `gagdeba, gaZeveba, gaSveba~ (145; 127).
gan-sx-m-a ricxvSi monacvle zmnaa da mravlis `gandevnas, gaZevebas~ (6);
`gayras~ (33) niSnavs.
127
gan-Ãd-a _ gan-gd-eb-a _ gamo-gd-eb-a:
SeukreniT magisi ferÃni da Ãelni da g a n à a d e T ege bnelsa, m.
22, 13 C;
SeukreniT magas Ãelni da ferÃni da g a n a g d e T ege bnelsa, DE.
g a n a g d e s igi gare sayurZensa mas, mr, 12, 8 C;
g a m o a g d e s igi mier savenaÃiT, DE.
gan-Ãd-a _ gan-Z-eb-a:
esma iesus, viTarmed g a n à a d e s igi gare, i. 9, 35 C;
esma raÁ iesus, rameTu g a n a Z e s igi gare, DE.
rad Cuen ver uZleT mas g a n à d a d, mr. 9, 28 C;
raÁsaTÂs Cuen ver SeuZleT mas g a n Z e b a d, DE.
gan-gd-eb-a: `gangdeba ars ra usulo ganiSoro, xolo ganZeba, ra
sulieri ganiSoro~ (53); `ganZeba, ganxveba~ (92); `mitoveba, gacla, gaZeveba~
(33).
gan-Z-eb-a: `ganZeba cxovelTaTvis iTqmis, raÁTa ganidevnos, xolo
usuloTaTvis gangdeba~ (53); `gandevna, ganxveba, gagdeba~ (92); `gaZeveba,
gagdeba~ (6; 33).
ganZeba//gangdeba zmnebs Soris imgvari gansxvaveba ar dasturdeba Cvens
masalaSi, rogorc saba ganmartavs, radgan orive SemTvevaSi sulieri
arsebis gagdeba igulisxmeba. gansxvaveba maT Soris, mxolod isaa, rom
gagdeba fizikuri zemoqmedebis Sedegad `moSoreba, gagdebas~ aRniSnavs,
xolo ganZeba iZulebis gziT obieqtis `mocilebas, gaZevebis~ niuanss
Seicavs.
gan-Ãd-a _ gan-yen-eb-a:
viTarca g a n à a d a eSmaki igi, ityoda marTl yruÁ, m. 9, 33; DE;
viTar g a n e y e n a eSmaki igi, ityoda yruÁ igi, C.
gan-yen-eb-a polisemiuri leqsemaa, romelic ganimarteba Semdegnairad:
`gadgineba kacTa, gina wyalSi raÁc gahqna areviT, gina Tovlma(n) da
xorgman Seiyenos ra(Á)me~ (53); `ganyra, gayra~ (92); `gacla; gandgoma;
128
gandevna~ (6). ganÃda//ganyeneba sinonimuri wyvili dasaxelebul magaliTSi (m.
9, 33) `eSmakis gandevnas, ganSorebas~ aRniSnavs.
gan-vl-in-eb-a _ gan-bn-ev-a:
mdidarni g a n a v l i n n a cudni, l. 1, 53 C;
mdidarni g a n a b n i n a cudni, DE.
gan-vl-in-eb-a: `daTxovna, gamoyvana saxlidam~ (92); `gaSveba, gagzavna~ (6;
33). ganvlineba zmniT aRiniSneba subieqtis mier obieqtis iZulebiT
gadaadgileba gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT.
gan-bn-ev-a: am zmnis semantikac `daTxovnas, gaSvebas~ aRniSnavs, mxolod
igi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT `gafantvas~ gulisxmobs (6; 33)
gan-bn-ev-a _ gan-Tx-ev-a:
jerkuali igi gare g a n a b n i i a n, m. 13, 48 C;
jerkuali igi gare g a n s T x i i a n, DE.
gan-Tx-ev-a ganimarteba rogorc: `gangdeba, ganZeba, galalva~ (92);
`gayra~ (33). aRniSnul magaliTSic ganTxeva zmna, iseve, rogorc gansxma
mravlis `gagdebas~ aRniSnavs.
gan-d-eb-a:
arca queyanasa, arca skoresa sargebel ars, aramed gare g a n d v a n
igi, l. 14, 35 DEC.
gan-d-eb-a niSnavs `gagdebas~ (6; 33). gandeba zmna Seicavs usulo sagnis,
obieqtis gagdebis, moSorebis semantikas.
dasaxelebuli zmnuri sinonimuri erTeulebi ganÃda//ganvlineba//
gansxma// ganZeba//gangdeba//ganyeneba//ganbneva//gandeba berZnulSi gadmoicema
leqsemiT
gare-warÃdoma _ Tana-warÃdoma _ Tanawarslva _ gare-warcodeba _
Tana-warcduneba _ warcduneba
gare-warÃdoma _ Tana-warÃdoma:
ukueTu jer-ars, raÁTamca g a r e – w a r h à d a mas Jami igi, mr. 14,
35 C;
ukueTu SesaZlebl ars, raÁTa T a n a – w a r m à d e s Jami ese, DE.
129
gare-warÃda _ Tana-warslva _ warcTuneba:
abba mamao, yoveli SesaZlebel ars Senda, g a r e – w a r m à a d e
m e sasumeli ese, mr. 14, 36 C;
aba mamao Cemo, yovelive SesaZlebel ars Sen mier T a n a – w a r-
s l v a d sasumeli ese Cemgan, DE.
w a r m a c T u n e me sasumeli ese Cemgan, L.
Tana-warcduneba:
T a n a – w a r i c T u n e ukeTurebaÁM ÃorcTagan SenTa, ekles, 11,
10. O.
gare-war-cod-eb-a//Tana-war-cod-eb-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT `acTenas,
aSorebas, acilebas~ (6; 33) niSnavs. adgilobiTi zmniswini gare- Seicavs
`sagnisagan daSorebis~ mniSvnelobas (143, $ 49, 102; 26, 286). war- zmniswini
miuTiTebs moqmedebis sawyis punqtze da aRniSnavs, rom moZravi sagani am
punqts Sordeba. `war- zmniswinis am Sinaarss kidev ufro aZlierebs gare-
zmniswinis mimateba~ (26, 286). k. danelias TvalsazrisiT, saqmis viTareba
sxvagvaria, am fuZeebTan Tana-s ar unda hqondes gaclis, gverdis avlis
mniSvneloba da zedmetad unda iyos darTuli berZnuli da
zmniswinTa gadmosacemad. amas amtkicebs Semdegi: svlis, moZraobis
aRmniSvnel zmnebTanac ki `Tana~ gverdis avlas ki ar gamoxatavs, rogorc
Cveulebriv fiqroben, aramed Tanaobas. Tana-warval, Tana-warvid, Tana-
warÃdoma fuZeebSi ki Tana-s ar aqvs pirveladi (Tanaobis, erTianobis)
mniSvneloba da amitom rTul fuZeebad miaCniaT aseTi zmnebi. aRniSnul
zmnebSi TiTqos gavlis nacvlad gverdis aqcevis niuansi Tana-s Sehqondes.
magram gauTvaliswinebeli rCeba is, rom berZnulSi zmnas ) erTi
zmniswini aqvs, xolo qarTulSi mis fard fuZes ori (Tana-war),
romelTagan war- warmoadgens bunebriv Sesatyviss, xolo Tana zedmetad
naxmars. amitom, aRniSnavs mkvlevari, mas mcdarad miewereba im mniSvnelobis
(gverdiT Cavlis) gadmocema, rasac uamisod s fardad xmarebuli war-
axerxebs (22, 145).
130
gare-war-Ãd-om-a niSnavs agreTve `gverdis avlas, acTenas, aSorebas,
acilebas~ (6; 33).
Tana-war-slv-a zmnac `gavlas, gverdis avlas, acTenas~ (6; 33)
aRniSnavs.
war-cT-un-eb-a `acdena, aSoreba~ (33). es zmna moTavsebulia ioanes
saxarebis bolos da Seicavs markozis saxarebis (14, 33-37) sakiTxavs. SaniZis
gamocemaSi es fragmenti L simboloTia aRniSnuli.
gare-war-m-cod-e zmnuri forma a. SaniZem Secdomad miiCnia, igi
sqolioSi Caitana da ZiriTad teqstSi garewamÃade forma Seitana (es forma
aris warmodgenili winaaTonur versiebSi, xolo giorgiseul redaqciebSi
Tanawarslvad gvaqvs). z. sarjvelaZis miTiTebiT `adiSis xelnaweris
Cvenebis Casworeba saWiro ar iyo, radganac garewarcodeba zmna aSorebis,
acdenis, daSorebis mniSvnelobiT sxvaganac dasturdeba: tÂrTisa Cuenisa
aRkidebaÁ ara garewaricodeT, ag. Zegl. I, 179, 9). teqstebSive agreTve
gvxvdeba cod zmnuri Zirisagan wamoqmnili sxva formebic~ (62, 74).
maSasadame, garewarcodeba//Tanawarcodeba//garewarÃda//Tanawarslva/war-
cTuneba sinonimuri mniSvnelobis zmnebia, romelTac berZnulSi
SeesatyvisebaT `gverdis avla, acdena, aSoreba; gasvla,
gadasvla~ (145; 127). adgilobiTi zmniswinebi Tana da gare aZliereben,
eqspresiul Zalas mateben dasaxelebul sinonimur zmnebs.
amdenad, moZraobis Sinaarsis Semcvel sinonimur zmnebs aerTianebs
subieqtis fizikurad `gadaadgilebis, svlis~ ZiriTadi semantikuri niSani,
rac maTi identifikaciis safuZvels warmoadgens. calkeul mwkrivTa
dominanturi leqsemebi moslva, mislva, aRmoslva, gamoslva, moyvaneba...
aRniSnaven mxolod subieqtis garkveuli mimarTulebiT gadaadgilebas,
xolo semantikuri da stilisturi TvalsazrisiT isini neitraluri
leqsemebia, ar arian Seferilni raime damatebiTi niSniT. calkeul mwkrivSi
Semavali zmnebi ki dominant leqsemas umeteswilad semantikuri, azrobrivi
niSnebiT emijnebian, anu isini ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad Seicaven
damatebiTi niuansuri datvirTvis mqone diferencialur niSnebs, rac maT
131
individualur xasiaTs avlens da ganarCevs rigSi Semavali sxva
leqsemebisagan.
moZraobis semantikis Semcveli sinonimuri zmnebi warmoadgenen
relatiur anu nawilobriv sinonimebs, radgan mniSvnelobaTa mTeli
moculobiT erTmaneTs ver faraven. ganxilul zmnebSi umeteswilad
semantikuri saxis sxvaoba SeiniSneba, amitom isini sinonimTa semantikur
jgufs ufro miekuTvnebian, vidre stilisturs.
4.2. mdgomareobis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi
dadgoma _ dadgroma _ dadgineba _ damtkiceba _ dayovneba _
dayofa _ lodna _ damkÂdreba _ daSToma _ dabudeba _ adgil-
pyroba _ ferÃis dapyroba
mdgomareobis Sinaarsis Semcvel zmnaTa ZiriTad semantikur niSans
warmoadgens subieqtis erT adgilze gaCerebis, `dadgomis~ mniSvneloba.
mwkrivis dominanturi erTeulia dadgoma//dadgroma zmna, romelic
Tavisuflad enacvleba sinonimuri rigis nebismier wevrs, xolo calkeuli
erTeulebi sxvadasxva diferencialuri niSnebiT ganirCevian ZiriTadi
leqsemisagan.
dadgroma _ dadgoma:
d a a d g r a mariam mis Tana sam TTue, l. 1, 56 DE;
d a d g a mariami mis Tana sam TTue, C.
ix. agreTve: l. 2, 9; i. 7, 9.
da-dgr-om-a//da-dg-om-a qarTveluri *deg-/dg- Ziridan momdinareobs.
`qarTul deg- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. dg- da laz. dg-~
Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba dasaxelebul ZirTa semantikaSic, romelTa
ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa `dadgoma, gaCereba~ (65). amave Zirs ukavSirdeba
Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi gavrcelebuli formebi, romlebic `dabrmavebas~
gamoxataven (61, 89). Tumca `dabrmavebis~ mniSvnelobiT dadgoma zmna
oTxTavis teqstSi ar dasturdeba. da- zmniswini miuTiTebs moZraobis
mimarTulebas zevidan qveviT. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli
132
mosazrebiT da-s mniSvneloba momdinareobs miwis aRmniSvneli dab- Zirisagan
(81, 268).
da-dgr-om-a//da-dg-om-a leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc
`ra(i)ca cxoveli slvisagan davardes, gina savanesa da funduksa kacman
daisadguros, gina nadiri slvisagan daecados; ze dgoma~ (53); `geba,
daSToma; fexiT Sedgoma romelsame adgilsa zeda, стать. // TGalis dadgoma,
dabrmaveba, xedvis mokleba~ (92); `Sedgoma, gaCereba~ (6); `darCena, dadgoma~
(33).
dadgroma//dadgoma leqsikur formebs berZnulSi Seesatyviseba
leqsemebi `adgilze gaCereba, darCena; dalodeba...~ (145; 127).
dadgoma _ damtkiceba:
yoveli qalaqi anu saxli, ganyofili Tavsa zeda TÂssa, ver
d a d g e s, m. 12, 25 C;
yoveli qalaqi gina saxli, romeli ganevTis Tavsa TÂssa, ver d a e m -
t k i c i s, DE.
ix. agreTve: mr. 3, 24; 3, 25; 3, 26.
da-m-tkic-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `damagreba~ (53); `mtkiced dadgineba,
утверждать...~ (92); `damyareba, gamagreba~ (6); damtkiceba leqsemas efardeba
berZnulSi zmnuri erTeulebi `dadgoma, myarad yofna;
mtkiced dadgoma~ (145; 127).
dadgroma _ dayovneba:
mis Tana d a a d g r e s mas dReTa Sina, i. 1, 39 DE;
mis Tana d a i y o v n e s mas dResa, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 10, 11.
da-yov-n-eb-a qarTveluri *yoG- Ziris Semcveli leqsemaa, romlis
mniSvnelobaa `dacda, dayovneba~ (65); `dagvianeba~ (53); `SeCereba, dawynareba~
(6). dayovneba moxmobil konteqstebSi mcire droiT `SeCerebis, dacdis~
niuanss Seicavs.
dadgroma _ dayofa:
Sevida d a d g r o m a d maT Tana, l. 24, 29 DE;
133
Sevida d a y o f a d maT Tana, C.
da-y-of-a: `myofobis qmna; xanT dazma~ (54); `dadgroma sadme, mocda an
dagvianeba~ (92); `yofna, rComa, dgoma~ (6); `(drois) gatareba~ (33). dayofa
zmna gaurkveveli xniT erT adgilze drois gatarebas aRniSnavs, romlis
fardia berZnulSi `dayofa, drois gatareba...~ (127).
dadgroma _ lodna:
d a a d g e r i T aqa da iRÂZebdiT mr. 14, 34 DE;
e l o d e T aqa da iRÂZebdiT, C.
lod-n-a: `mocda rame momav(a)lisa~ (53); `mocda, molodeba, чаять, ждать~
(92); `lodini~ (6). maSasadame, lodna zmna raimes molodinSi erT adgilze
gaCerebis mniSvnelobas gadmoscems.
dadgroma _ damkÂdreba:
monaÁ arasada d a a d g r e s saxlsa Sina ukunisadmde, i. 8, 35 DE;
monaman ara d a i m k  d r i s ukunisadmde saxlsa Sina, C.
ix. agreTve: i. 8, 35; 14, 16; 5, 38; 6, 56.
da-mkÂdr-eb-a: `saniadagod dapyroba, saniadagod dasaxleba~ (53; 92);
`dasaxleba, dapatroneba~ (6). damkÂdreba zmnaSi gamokveTilia erT adgilze
samudamod dadgomis, `dasaxlebis~ semantikuri niuansi.
dadgroma _ daSToma:
yovelsa romelsa hrwmenes Cemi, bnelsa Sina ara d a a d g r e s, i.
12, 46 DE;
yovelsa romelsa vhrwmene, bnelsa Sina ara d a S T e s, C.
da-ST-om-a: `darComa~ (53); `igive TÂTvnebiTad, оставаться~ (92); `darComa,
darCena~ (6; 33). maSasadame, daSToma sakuTari nebiT darCenas aRniSnavs.
dadgroma _ damkÂdreba _ dabudeba:
d a d g r o m a d rtoTa misTa, m. 13, 32 C.
d a i b u d i a n rtoTa misTa, DE;
mfrinvelTa cisaTa d a i m k  d r e s rtoTa misTa, l. 13, 19 C;
mfrinvelTa cisaTa d a i b u d e s rtoTa misTa, DE.
134
da-bud-eb-a zmna nasaxelaria, romelic miRebulia bud- Zirisagan. am
Ziris semantika `budis, saTavsis, kalapotis~ mniSvnelobebs ukavSirdeba (65).
dabudeba zmna moxmobil konteqstebSi frinvelTa mier TavianTi saTavsis,
budis xis totze gakeTebas da masSi dabinavebas, `damkvidrebas~ aRniSnavs
(6). dabudeba leqsemis fardia berZnulSi `dabudeba~ (145; 127).
dadgroma _ adgil-pyroba:
d a - R a - a d g r a adgilsa mas, sadaca iyo, or dRe, i. 11, 6 DE;
a d g i l - i p y r a mun, sada iyo, or dRe, C.
adgil-pyroba SedgenilobiT rTuli zmnaa. misi pirveli komponenti
adgili niSnavs, `sadgurs, samyofs, dasadgomels~ (53). mTliani zmna adgil-
pyroba ki gulisxmobs raime sadgurSi, samyofSi `Sedgomas, SeCerebas~ (6),
drois ramdenime xniT gatarebas.
amdenad, ganxiluli sinonimuri rigis zmnaTa dominantur leqsemas
warmoadgens dadgoma//dadgroma. misi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aris erT
adgilze `dadgoma, gaCereba~. am semantikas Seicavs dadgroma zmnis mewyvile
yvela leqsema, romelTac ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad erTvis
damatebiTi diferencialuri komponentebi. damtkiceba `myarad, mtkiced~
dadgomas aRniSnavs; dayovneba mcire droiT `SeCerebas, dacdas~
warmoadgens; dayofa gaurkveveli xniT erT adgilze `drois gatarebas~
gulisxmobs; lodna raimes molodinSi dacdis mniSvnelobas Seicavs;
damkÂdreba erT adgilze `saniadagod~ anu samudamod dasaxlebas aRniSnavs;
daSToma `TÂTvnebiTad~, anu sakuTari nebiT darCenas usvams xazs; dabudeba
frinvelTa mier TavianTi saTavsis, budis xis totze gakeTebas da masSi
dabinavebas gulisxmobs; adgil-pyroba ki raime samyofSi mcire xniT
`SeCerebas~ aRniSnavs.
4.3. sityvis tabu da sinonimia. sicocxlis Sewyvetis semantikis mqone
sinonimuri zmnebi.
sinonimTa warmoqmnis meqanizms sxva wyaroebTan erTad sityvis tabu da
misi evfemiurad monacvle leqsika warmoadgens (49, XLIII-L; 90, 174; 105, 74-87).
sinonimiis warmoqmna frazeologiuri CanacvlebiTac xdeba (129, 21-38),
135
radgan enis leqsikur sistemas qmnian sityvebi da frazeologiuri
erTeulebi. frazeologizmebi, rogorc myari Sesityvebebi SeiZleba
daukavSirdes romelime sityvas, an sityvaTa erTobliobas da sinonimuri
rigis wevri gaxdes (13, 75; 129, 29-30). sicocxlis Sewyvetis semantikis mqone
sinonimur sityvebSi tabuirebulia sityva sikudili, xolo misi fardi
sinonimuri odenobebi umeteswilad am leqsemis evfemiurad monacvle
erTeulebi da frazeologiuri Sesityvebebia, romlebic Serbilebulad
gadmoscemen im grZnobas, rac adamianis sulisa da xorcis gayris Sinaarss
ukavSirdeba.
moklva _ mokudineba _ mokudoma _ sikudili _ mowyueda _ mosrva _
warwymeda _ aRsruleba _ gardacvaleba _ Sesueneba _ sulis aRmobera _
sulis ganteveba _ sulis aRmoteveba _ amier sofliT cvaleba _ amier
sofliT ganslva _ sulis warwymeda _ sulis ganÃueba _ sulis warÃda
moklva _ mokudineba:
yoveli krebuli erisaÁ eZiebdes cru mowameTa iesuÁsTÂs, raÁTamca
m o k l e s igi, m. 26, 59 DE;
eZiebdes crus wamebasa iesusTÂs, raÁTamca m o a k u d i n e s igi, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 27, 1; mr. 9, 31.
si-kud-il-i//mo-kl-v-a//mo-kud-in-eb-a qarTveluri *kGed-/kGd- Ziridan
momdinareobs. qarTul kued-/kd- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba svan.
kGad- `wayvana, dakargva sikvdilis gamo~, kGed- `danaklisi~; es-kud-is
`Semcirdes~ (65). sikudilis amosavali semantika swored svanurSi dacul
`daklebas, Semcirebas~ ukavSirdeba.
sikudili ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `mdgomareoba, romelic iwyeba
miwieri cxovrebis dasasruls~ (114, 915); `sulisa da Ãorcis gayra~ (54);
`dasruleba sicocxlisa, ganSoreba sulisa xorcTagan, смерть~ (92).
sikudili//mokudineba berZnulSi gadmoicema sityvebiT
`sikvdili, moklva, mokvdineba, micvaleba~ (145; 127).
moklva _ mowyueda _ mosrva:
sulsa ver Ãel-ewifebis m o k l v a d, m. 10, 28 DE;
136
sulTa TquenTa ver SemZlebel iyvnen m o w y u e d a d, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 21, 35.
sxuaTa maT Seipyres monani igi da m o s r n e s, m. 22, 6 C;
sxuaTa Seipyrnes monani igi misni, agines da m o w y  d n e s, DE.
mo-sr-v-a//mo-wyued-a ricxvSi monacvle zmnebia, romlebic fizikuri
zemoqmedebis Sedegad mravlis mokvlas, anu `amowyvetas, daxocvas~
aRniSnaven (53; 92; 6; 33). sinonimuri wyvili mosrva//mowyueda berZnulSi
gadmoicema zmniT `mokvla, ganadgureba~ (145; 127).
mokudoma _ aRsruleba:
asuli Cemi aw-Ra esera m o k u d a, m. 9, 18 C;
asuli Cemi aw-Ra a R e s r u l a, DE.
ix. agreTve: mr. 5, 35.
aR-srul-eb-a ganimarteba rogorc `bolos gaTaveba~ (53); `gaTaveba,
исполнять. // axdena, сбываться. // gardacvaleba, умереть~ (92); `gardacvaleba,
mospoba~ (6); `Sesruleba, dasruleba; gaTaveba, sikvdili~ (33). maSasadame,
aRsruleba leqsemis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa `gaTaveba, Sesruleba,
dasruleba~, xolo `gardacvaleba~ meoreulia. amdenad, igi sikudilis
evfemiuri monacvlea. berZnulSi aRsruleba gadmocemulia aseve evfemiuri
sityviT `sikvdili; damTavreba, dasruleba~ (145; 127).
sikudili _ gardacvaleba:
g a r d a i c v a l o s igi s i k u d i l i s a g a n cxorebad, i.
5, 24 DEC.
umjobes ars kacisa erTisa s i k u d i l i erisaTÂs, i. 18, 14 DEC.
garda-cval-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `Secvla, adgilmonacvleoba~ (6).
dasaxelebul magaliTSi (i. 5, 24) gardacvaleba sikvdilis gamo adgilis
gadanacvlebas niSnavs. berZnulSi gardacvalebas gadmoscems leqsema
`wasvla, datoveba; gadasvla, gadaadgileba; mokvdoma~ (145; 127).
Sesueneba:
mravalni guamni (Ãorcni, C) S e s u e n e b u l T a wmidaTani
aRdges, m. 27, 52 DE.
137
Se-suen-eb-a saerToqarTveluri *su- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarTul su-
en- formas Seesatyviseba megr. Sv-and-, laz. Sv-an-/Sv-aj- da svanuri SG-em-
fuZeebi. Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba maT semantikaSic, romelTa amosavali
mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba `mosvenebas, dasvenebas~ (65). Sesueneba ganimarteba,
rogorc `drois micema mosasveneblad daRalulisa, дать кому отдых, покой. //
pativiT Setana sadme wmidaTa xatTa da misTanaTa. // mosveneba, dasveneba,
отдыхать, успокоиваться. // gardacGaleba, умирать, почить~ (92); `gardacvaleba,
aRsruleba~ (6; 33).
mosrva _ warwymeda:
movides da m o s r n e s queyanis moqmedni, mr. 12, 9 DE;
movides da w a r w y m i d n e s moqmedni igi mis venaÃisani, C.
war-wymed-a ganimarteba, rogorc `dakargva~ (54); `aRspoba, anu gamoxveba
netarebisagan~ (92); `dakargva, gamoleva, cToma~ (6); `dakargva, daRupva~ (33).
leqsikonTa mixedviT, warwymedis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa `dakargva~, xolo
`daRupva~ anu igive `sikvdili~ meoreulia. warwymedas efardeba berZnulSi
`datoveba, darCena; dakargva...~ (145; 127).
sulis aRmobera _ sulis ganteveba _ sulis aRmoteveba:
iesu aRuteva ÃmaÁ da a R m o b e r a s u l i, mr. 15, 37 C;
iesu Ãma-yo ÃmiTa didiTa da g a n u t e v a s u l i, DE.
iesu kualad RaRad-yo ÃmiTa didiTa da g a n u t e v a s u l i, m.
27, 50 DE;
iesu Ãma-yo ÃmiTa didiTa da a R m o u t e v a s u l i, C.
ix. agreTve: mr. 15, 39; l. 23, 46; i. 19, 30.
sulis aRmobera//sulis ganteveba//sulis aRmoteveba evfemiurad
monacvle frazeologizmebia sikudilisa13. animalisturi warmodgenis
13 mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imis Taobaze, Tu sad unda iqnes
ganxiluli am saxis mimarTebani: leqsikur sinonimiaSi Tu frazeologiur
sinonimiaSi. c. kikviZes al. neimanis `qarTul sinonimTa leqsikonis~ naklad miaCnia
sityva sinonimebis gverdiT frazeologizmebis warmodgena, xolo n. dugarovi amas
138
mixedviT, yovel sxeulSi Casaxlebulia suli, romelic mas sicocxles
aniWebs. adamiani manam aris cocxali, sanam suli udgas. suli, sxeulisagan
gansxvavebiT, aramaterialuri, TavisTavadi, ukvdavi ram aris da sikvdilis,
sxeulTan gayris Semdegac ganagrZobs arsebobas imqveyniur samyaroSi (72,
600; 3, 80) es Sexeduleba asaxulia sikvdilis evfemiurad monacvle
SesityvebebSi: suli aRmobera//suli ganuteva// suli aRmouteva. aRmobera
niSnavs `amoSvebas~ (6), xolo ganteveba `gaSvebas~ (53; 92; 6). dasaxelebul
sinonimur odenobebs aRmobera suli//ganuteva suli berZnulSi
erTeulebi gadmoscemen, romelTa
mniSvnelobaa `sikvdili, gardacvaleba...~ (145; 127). maSasadame, aRniSnuli
sinonimuri Sesityvebebi sakuTriv qarTuli Sedgenilobis arian, radgan maT
berZnulSi erTi leqsikuri erTeuli miemarTeba.
sulis aRmoteveba: amoteveba leqsikonTa mixedviT niSnavs `amoSvebas~.
sulis amoSveba ki sikvdilTan aris gaigivebuli (33). sinonimuri wyvili
aRmouteva suli//ganuteva suli m. 27, 50-Si berZnul teqstSic Sesabamisi
SesityvebiT aris gadmocemuli, rac niSnavs `sulis
amoSvebas _ sikvdils~ (145; 127).
amier sofliT cvaleba _ amier sofliT ganslva:
uwyoda iesu, rameTu mowevnul ars Jami misi, raÁTa i c v a l o s
a m i e r s o f l i T mamisa, i. 13, 1 C;
icoda iesu, rameTu moiwia Jami misi, raÁTa g a n v i d e s igi
a m i e r s o f l i T da mivides mamisa, DE.
amier sofliT cvaleba//amier sofliT ganslva: es frazeologizmebi
gulisxmoben am soflidan, am qveynidan im sofelSi anu saiqioSi
`gadanacvlebas, mislvas~, rac sikvdilTan gaigivdeba.
sulis warwymeda _ sulis ganÃueba:
SraÁ sargebel ars kacisa ukueTu SeiZinos sofeli yoveli da s u l
i TÂsi w a r i w y m i d o s, mr. 8, 36 DE;
savsebiT kanonzomierad miiCnevs da frazeologizmebis CanacvlebiT warmodgenil
sinonimebs leqsikur sinonimiaSi ganixilavs (129, 29-30).
139
raÁ-me sargebel ars kacisa, Se-Tu-iZinos sofeli yoveli da
g a n e à u a s s u l i TÂsi, C.
sulis warwymeda//sulis ganÃueba: sinonimuri zmnebi warwymeda da
ganÃueba aRniSnaven `dakargvas, daRupvas, daklebas, waRebas~ (53; 92; 6; 33),
xolo evfemiuri Sesityvebebi sulis warwymeda//sulis ganÃueba sikudilis
Sesatyvis frazeologizmebad moiazrebian.
sulis warÃda:
moadges mas huriani da etyodes: vidremde s u l T a CuenTa
w a r g u à d i ? ukueTu Sen xar qriste, gÂTxar Cuen gancxadebulad, i.
10, 24 DEC.
sulis warÃdoma ganimarteba, rogorc `sulis amosvla, sulis
amoxdoma~ (92; 33). am Sesityvebas Sesabamis berZnul TargmanSic esadageba
frazeologizmi `mokvla, gangmirva~ (145; 127).
mTels bibliaSi gatarebulia is azri, rom codva da sikvdili
erTmaneTTan arian kavSirSi. `sikvdili aris nawili im sasjelisa, rac
adams ewia RvTisadmi daumorCileblobis gamo. roca qriste jvarze mokvda,
man Tavis Tavze itvirTa adamianur codvaTa yvela Sedegi, Tavisi aRdgomiT
ki sikvdili sZlia~ (12, 151). Tavad sikudilis monacvle dasaxelebuli
frazeologizmebis mniSvneloba komponentebis mTlianobas ki ar udris,
aramed misi Semadgeneli nawilebis pirdapir mniSvnelobaTa jamis mTliani
metaforuli gadaazrebiT miiReba (13, 74). maSasadame, zemoaRniSnuli
sinonimuri frazeologizmebi semantikurad dauSleli komponentebia,
romlebic qmnian erT mTlian gagebas da leqsema `sikudilis~ eqvivalentebs
warmoadgenen.
4.4. SiSis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi
SiSis semantikis Semcvel zmnaTa dominantur erTeulebs warmoadgenen
Sin- Zirisagan miRebuli SeSineba//Sineba formebi, romlebic semantikuri da
stilisturi TvalsazrisiT neitraluri leqsemebia. isini Tavisuflad
enacvlebian rigSi Semaval nebismier wevrs, xolo maT mewyvile zmnebSi
eqspresiuli niSnis mateba SeiniSneba.
140
SeSineba _ SeZrwuneba _ Zrwola _ damedgreba _ aRtydoma
SeSineba _ SeZrwuneba:
xolo maT S e e S i n a, i. 6, 19 DE;
S e Z r w u n d e s didad, C.
xolo dedakacsa mas S e e S i n a da Z r w o d a, mr. 5, 33 DE;
xolo dedakaci igi S e S i n d a da Z r w o d a, C.
xolo igini S e Z r w u n d e s da S e S i n e b u l iyvnes, l.
24, 37 DE.
ix. agreTve: l. 1, 12.
Se-Sin-eb-a//Sin-eb-a: SiSi ganimarteba, rogorc `mwuxareba momavlisagan,
anu moaxlebulisa Zviris SemTxvevisa, страх. // morCileba, ridis qoneba~ (92).
Sineba//SeSineba ki leqsikonTa mixedviT niSnavs `SiSis micemas, aSinebdes~
(54); `SiSisagan gankrTomas~ (92), romelTac miemarTeba berZnulSi zmna
`SeSineba; SiSisagan gaqceva~ (145; 127).
Se-Zrwun-eb-a//Zrw-ol-a: `SiSiT aTrToleba~ (54); `SiSiT SeSfoTeba,
kankali, TrTola, потрясать, устрашать~ (92); `acaxcaxeba; SekrToma~ (6);
`SeSineba; Sewuxeba~ (33). SeZrwuneba//Zrwuneba leqsikur erTeulebs
berZnulSi Seesatyviseba zmnebi `SeSineba, SiSi; gakvirveba, gaoceba,
aRelveba~ da `caxcaxi, kankali; SiSisagan akankaleba~ (145; 127).
Sineba//Zrwola sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT gvxvdeba mr. 5, 33-sa da l.
24, 37-Si, sadac SeZrwuneba meti eqspresiulobiT, `caxcaxiT~ gamoxatavs
SiSis gancdas.
SeZrwuneba _ SiSi _ damedgreba:
nu S e Z r w u n d e b i n guli Tqueni, nuca e S i n i n, i. 14, 27
DE;
nu S e Z r w u n d e b i e d gulni Tquenni, da nuca d a h m e d-
g r d e b i T, C.
da-me-dgr-eb-a zmna berZnulSi gadmoicema leqsemiT `SeSineba~
(145; 127). moxmobil konteqstebSi saxarebis mTargmneli iyenebs sinonimTa
substituciur monacvleobas, riTac Tavidan icilebs erTi da imave sityvis
141
uxerxul gameorebas. SeZrwuneba//damedgreba eqspresiuli Sinaarsis
Semcveli zmnebia. SeZrwuneba, rogorc aRiniSna, `caxcaxiT~ gamoxatavs
SiSis gancdas, xolo damedgreba SiSisagan uZravad gaCerebas, gaqvavebas
gulisxmobs.
SeZrwuneba _ aRtydoma:
raJams gesmodian brZolani da hambavi brZolaTani nu S e h s Z r w u n-
d e b i T, mr. 13, 7 DE;
raJams gesmodis Tquen brZolaM da ÃmaM wyobisaÁ, nu a R t y d e b i T,
C.
aR-tyd-om-a SiSisagan `anTebas, SeSfoTebas~ gulisxmobs, romlis
Sesatyvi-sia berZnulSi zmna
dakÂreba _ gankÂreba _ kÂreba _ Secbuneba _ dasuleba _
gankrToma _ Sineba
dakÂreba _ kÂreba _Secbuneba:
yovelman erman ixiles igi da d a u k  r d a da mirbiodes misa, mr.
9, 15 DE;
yovelman man erman ixila, S e c b u n d e s da mirbiodes, C.
d a u k  r d e b o d a sityuaTa maT misTa zeda madlisaTa, l. 4, 22
DE;
u k  r d a sityuaTa maT misTa zeda madlisaTa, C.
da-kÂr-eb-a//gan-kÂr-eb-a//kÂr-eb-a saerToqarTveluri *kGir- Ziridan
momdinareobs. `qarTul kuir- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli
kvir-, lazuri kvir- da svanuri kGir-~, romelTa semantikac `gakvirvebas;
yuradRebis miqcevas; dakvirebas~ ukavSirdeba (65).
da-kÂr-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `didxan damzera~ (53); `didad
gancÂfreba, удивляться. // dastereba, grZlad sinjva, всматриваться~ (92);
`gaoceba, gonis dakargva, gaStereba, gasuleleba, SeSineba~ (6); `gakvirveba~
(33). dakÂrebas miemarTeba berZnulSi zmna `gakvirveba, gaoceba,
gancvifreba, gaStereba...~ (145; 127).
142
Se-cb-un-eb-a: `gaSterebasaviT~ (54); `gakvirveba~ (33). maSasadame,
Secbuneba zmna SiSisagan gaSterebas niSnavs.
dakÂreba _ gankÂreba _ dasuleba:
mowafeTa d a u k  r d e b o d a sityuasa amas zeda, mr. 10, 24 DE;
mowafeni igi misni d a s u l e b u l iyvnes sityuasa mas, C.
ixiles igi da g a n u k  r d a, l. 2, 48 DE;
xedved mas da d a s u l b i a n, C
da-sul-eb-a//Se-sul-eb-ul: leqsikonTa ganmartebiT `daCumeba~ (53);
`gaoceba, gaStereba, gonis dakargva~ (6); `SeSfoTeba, dabneda~ (33). amdenad,
dasuleba//Sesulebul leqsikuri formebi SiSisagan `gonis dakargvas~, xmis
Cavardnas, anu `dadumebas~ aRniSnaven.
gan-kÂr-eb-a//kÂr-eb-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT aris `SiSi didi(sa)
ocnebisagan~ (53); `aRtacebiTi grZnoba uCveulosa risme xilÂsa, anu
saocrebisagan, удивлять, изумлять, дивиться~ (92); `gaoceba, gaStereba, gaSeSeba~
(6). gankÂreba//kÂreba leqsikur erTeulebs efardeba zmna
`gakvirveba, gaoceba, gancvifreba~ (145; 127).
dakÂreba _ gankrToma _Sineba:
ixiles Wabuki erTi, mjdomare marjueniT kerZo, romel mosil iyo
samosliTa spetakiTa, da d a u k  r d a, mr. 16, 5, C;
ixiles Wabuki mjdomarÀ marjueniT kerZo, Semosili samosliTa
spetakiTa da g a n h k r T e s, DE.
xolo man hrqua maT: nu g a n h k r T e b i T, mr. 16, 6 DE;
man hrqua maT: nu g e S i n i n, C.
gan-krT-om-a qarTveluri *kerT-/krT- Ziris mqone leqsikuri erTeulia.
`qarTul krT- Ziris kanonzomieri Sesatyvisebia megruli kuT- da lazuri
kuT-~ (65). gankrToma niSnavs `SeSinebas; anazdi mcire SiSs~ (53); `anazdad
gakÂrvebas da SiSs~ (92). maSasadame, gankrToma moulodneli gakvirvebiT
gamowveul SiSs niSnavs, romelsac berZnulSi Seesatyviseba leqsema
`SiSisgan gaSeSeba~ (145; 127).
143
amdenad, SeSineba//Sineba erTeulebs sinonimuri rigis wevrebi
ZiriTadad eqspresiuli niSniT emijnebian. amitom, SiSis semantikis jgufSi
Semavali leqsemebi sinonimTa stilistur tips ufro miekuTvnebian, vidre
semantikurs.
4.5. cemis semantikis aRmniSvneli sinonimuri zmnebi
cema _ tanjva _ guema _ reka _ ÃÂrTiT cema _ SoltiT cema _
qviT cema _ qviT datÂnva
cema _ tanjva _ guema:
xolo moqmedTa maT h s c e s da t a n j e s da waravlines igi
calieri, l. 20, 10 DEC.
mas Jamsa miiyvana iesu pilate da g u e m a igi, i. 19, 1 C;
maSin miiyvana pilate iesu da t a n j a igi, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 8, 29; 10, 17; 20, 19; 23, 34; mr. 12, 5; 13, 9.
c-em-a qarTveluri *c- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul c- Zirs
Seesatyviseba megruli C- da lazuri C-~, romelTa semantika `dartymis;
micemis; kbenis; dajaxebis~ mniSvnelobebs Seicavs (65). cema zmna leqsikonTa
mixedviT Semdegnairad ganimarteba: `argniT cema; saboZvris boZeba~ (54);
`(vcem) odesca niSnavs gvemasa, maSina ara romelTame droTa Sina miiRebs
zeddarTulTa, бить, ударять~ (92). cema zemodasaxelebul sinonimur rigSi
mxolod `dartymis~ semantikas Seicavs, romelsac efardeba berZnulSi zmna
`rtymeva, cema~ (145; 127).
tanj-v-a nasesxebia skr. formidan tanč (4, 377), romelic ganimarteba,
rogorc `uwyalo(d) gvema~ (54); `guema, wvaleba, wameba, мучить, бить~ (92);
`gvema, cema; dasja~ (6; 33). rogorc aRiniSna, tanjva cemis mniSvnelobas
Seicavs, oRond Zlieri anu `uwyalod~ cemis niuanss gadmoscems. tanjvas
miemarTeba berZnulSi zmna `magrad cema, gamaTraxeba, gaSoltva~
(145; 127).
zmnuri erTeulebi cema//tanjva sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT
dasturdeba l. 20, 10-Si. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi paralelizmis iseT saxesTan
gvaqvs saqme, rodesac sinonimuri wyvilis pirveli wevri sakuTriv qarTuli
144
warmoSobis mqone erTeulia, xolo meore ki nasesxebi, ucxo enis
kuTvnileba (97, 692- 695). sagulisxmoa, agreTve dasaxelebul wyvilTa Soris
semantikuri gansxvaveba. tajva meti eqspresiulobiT gamoirCeva, igi
Seubraleblad fizikur zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs, xolo cema neitraluri
stilisturi niSniT xasiaTdeba.
guem-a qarTveluri *guem- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarTul guem- guemas,
Seesatyviseba megruli gam- gamu-a `cema~ (65). guema zmnas berZnulSi
efardeba leqsemebi `tanjva, wameba...~ da `cema, kanis
gadayvelfa, gadatyaveba, gadaZroba~ (145; 127). maSasadame, guema kanis
gadaZrobamde cemas gulisxmobs.
guema _ SoltiT cema:
maSin miuteva maT baraba, xolo iesu g u e m a da misca maT raÁTa
juars-acuan, m. 27, 26 C;
maSin miuteva maT barabaÁ, xolo iesus S o l t i T a h s c a da
misca maT, raÁTa juars-ecuas, DE.
SoltiT cema: es Sesityveba ixmareba agreTve dartymis aRsaniSnavad (m.
27, 26) sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia moqmedebis insrtumentze, Soltze
anu riTac sruldeba moqmedeba. SoltiT cema Sesityvebas berZnulSi
efardeba zmna `gamaTraxeba, gaSoltva~ (145; 127).
ÃÂrTiT cema _ reka:
iwyes vieTme nerwyuvad pirsa missa da à  r T i T a c e m a d misa,
mr. 14, 65 DE;
dahburian pirsa missa, h r e k e d mas da etyÂed, C.
ÃÂrTiT cema//rek-a: reka aris `dakakuneba; moreka nadirTa; sareklis
krva~ (54; 92); `kakuni~ (6). maSasadame, reka zmna imgvar moqmedebas aRniSnavs,
roca fizikuri zemoqmedebis anu cemis Sedegad gamoicema `raxunis,
kakunis~ xma. ÃÂrTiT cema ki niSnavs `mjiRiT~ anu muStiT cemas. (54) reka
zmnaSi aqcenti gakeTebulia moqmedebis instrumentis dartymiT gamocemul
Tanmxleb xmaze. ÃÂrTiT cema//reka leqsemebis fardia berZnulSi zmna
`joxis cema; muStiT cema...~ (127).
145
qviT cema _ qviT datÂnva:
RaRadebn da q v i T a i c e m n Tavsa TÂssa, mr. 5, 5 DE;
RaRadebn da q v i T a d a i t  n v i n, C.
qviT cema//qviT datÂnva: `Tavis gaWyleta~ (6); `qvis TavSi cema, qviT
Tavis gatexa~ (33). sinonimuri Sesityvebebi qviT cema//qviT datÂnva
berZnulSi gadmoicema erTi leqsemiT `dartyma, cema, dartymis
miyeneba~ (145; 127). dasaxelebul sinonimur wyvilSic ikveTeba is
insrtumenti, riTac sruldeba moqmedeba rogorc amas budagovi miuTiTebs
(129, 408).
4.6. daZaxebis, xmobis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi
wodeba _ mowodeba _ miwodeba _ mowesa _ Cineba _ rquma _ xada _
moxada _ Sexada _ Ãmoba _ Ãmis-yofa _ RaRadeba _ RaRad-yofa _
yivili
wod-eb-a _ Cin-eb-a:
ara moved w o d e b a d marTalTa, aramed codvilTa sinanulad, m.
2, 17 DE;
ara mosrul var C i n e b a d marTalTa, aramed codvilTa, C.
wod-eb-a _ rqu-m-a:
amisaTÂs e w o d a agaraksa mas, agaraki sisxlisaÁ, m. 27, 8 DE;
amisaTÂs e r q u a agaraksa mas agarak sisxlis, C.
saxlsa Cemsa saxl Tavyanis-sacemel e w o d o s, mr. 11, 17 C;
saxlsa Cemsa saxl salocvel e r q u a s, DE.
ix. agreTve: i. 15, 15;
mo-wod-eb-a _ mo-xad-a:
warvediT meboZirebsa gzaTasa da raodennica hpovneT, m o u w o d e T
qorwilsa amas, m. 22, 9 DE;
aw ganvediT gansavalTa zeda gzaTasa da ravdenica hpooT, m o x a-
d e T qorwilsa amas, C.
ix. agreTve: m. 11, 16; i. 4. 16; 9, 24; 11, 8.
146
mi-wod-eb-a _ Se-xad-a _ mi-xad-a:
Sevida meored taZarTa maT pilate, m i u w o d a iesus, i. 18, 33 C;
Sevida pilate kualad taZrad da S e h x a d a mun iesus, DE.
m i h x a d e s iesus da mowafeTa misTa qorwilsa mas, i. 2, 2 DEC.
mo-wod-eb-a _ Ãm-ob-a:
vidre filipes à m o w o d e b a d m d e Senda, rameTu iyav leRusa
mas queSe, gixile Sen, i. 1, 48 C;
vidre filipesa U m o b a d m d e Senda, iyav raÁ leRusa queSe,
gixile Sen, DE.
mo-wes-a:
romelni m o u w e s e d moyuasTa maTTa, l. 7, 39 CD;
romelni m o u w e n d moyuasTa maTTa, E.
Ãm-ob-a _ RaRad-eb-a:
romel à m o b d a taZarsa mas Sina, m. 21, 15 C;
romel R a R a d e b d a taZarsa mas Sina, DE.
Ãm-ob-a _ RaRad-yofa:
à m o b d e s ÃmiTa didiTa: Semiwyalen Cuen, iesu, m. 20, 30 DE;
R a R a t – y v e s da Tques: Semiwyalen Cuen, iesu C.
meyseulad à m a – y o mamaman mis yrmisaman, mr. 9, 24 DE;
munquesve R a R a t – y o mamaman mis yrmisaman, C.
Ãm-ob-a _ xad-a:
romelTame Tana mdgomareTa viTar esma, ityodes, aha elias u à m o b s,
mr. 15, 35 C;
romelTame mun mdgomareTa esma da ityodes: aha elias h à a d i s, DE;
qaTmis Ãm-ob-a _ yiv-il-i:
vidre qaTmisa à m o b a d m d e, sam gzis uvar-myo me, m. 22, 36 DE;
vidre qaTmis y i v i d m d e, sam gzis uvar-myo m[e], C;
ix. agreTve: mr. 13, 35; 14, 30;
147
wod-eb-a//mo-wod-eb-a//mi-wod-eb-a leqsikuri erTeulebi qarTveluri
*wod- Ziridan momdinareoben. `qarTul wod- `uwods, wodeba~ Seesatyviseba
svanuri WGd-, li-WGd-i `kiTxva~, xe-WGd-i-el `ekiTxeba~ (65).
wod-eb-a leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc `daZaxili, Zaxeba~
(54); `daZaxeba, xmoba// darqmeva, saxelis micema~ (92); `daZaxeba~ (6); `(saxelis)
darqmeva; mowodeba, moxmoba~ (33). wodebas berZnulSi efardeba zmna
`daZaxeba, mowodeba; saxelis darqmeva~ (145; 127).
rqu-m-a saerToqarTveluri *reqG-/rqG- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul
rqu- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli raqv- da svanuri req-/raqG-~,
romelTa semantika `Tqmas, laparaks~ ukavSirdeba (65). rquma ganimarteba,
rogorc `hrqva, uTxra~ (54); `xmarebuli srulTa Sina droTa, xolo
awindelsa Sina Tqma~ (92).
mo-wod-eb-a zmna ki aRiniSnavs Semdegs: `mowodeba ars moyvasTa moÃmoba,
xolo moxade _ uaRresisa da dauZaxe udaresTaTvis~ (53); `moxmoba, mowveva~
(92); `daZaxeba, Sekreba~ (6).
mi-wod-eb-a niSnavs agreTve `daZaxebas, miwvevas~ (6). mi- zmniswini
Sesabamisad saiqeTo mimarTebas aRniSnavs. mowodeba//miwodeba formebs
berZnulSi miemarTeba zemodasaxelebuli zmna
mo-wes-a zmnac aseve `mowodebas, moxmobas, daZaxebas~ niSnavs, romlis
fardia berZnulSi `daZaxeba, moxmoba, saxelis darqmeva~ (145; 127).
Cin-eb-a ganimarteba, rogoc `gamorCeva, mowodeba, anu daniSvna
romelsame saqmesa zeda~ (92); `wveva~ (6); `mowveva, mowodeba~ (33).
xad-a: leqsikonTa ganmartebiT `RmerTs mouwoda, gina uaRressa~ (54; 92);
`mipatiJeba, miwveva, mowodeba, moxmoba, daZaxeba~ (33).
mo-xad-a: moxad-e `uaRress mouwode~ (53); `daZaxeba, mowodeba, moxmoba,
mowveva~ (33). maSasadame, moxada `mowodebas~ aRniSnavs, oRond `uaRresis
mowodebas~. mixade//moxade erTeulebs berZnulSi gadmoscems zmna
`xmamaRla daZaxeba, miwveva, mipatiJeba~ (127).
Se-xad-a zmnac `mowodebas, mowvevas, daZaxebas~ niSnavs (6; 33), oRond
moxmobil konteqstSi (i. 18, 33) Sexada forma garedan SigniT `SepatiJebas,
Sexmobas~ gulisxmobs, romlis fardia berZnulSi kvlav zmna.
148
Ãmoba//Ãmis-yofa: `xmis gamoReba// mowodeba, moxmoba~ (92); `daZaxeba,
JRera, yvirili; mowodeba~ (6); `yvirili, xmamaRla daZaxeba, dayvireba~ (33).
Ãmoba//Ãmis-yofa erTeulebi berZnulSi gadmoicema zmniT `dayvireba,
Rriali, yvirili...~ (145; 127).
RaRad-yofa momdinareobs qarTveluri Rad- Ziridan. `qarTul Rad- Zirs
Seesatyviseba lazuri Rod- (lazurSi Rod- Zirs ukavSirdeba, rogorc
`Tqmis~, aseve `qmnis~ mniSvnelobebi) da svanuri Rd- (*Rad)~ (65). RaRad-yofa
leqsikonTa mixedviT Semdegnairad ganimarteba: `ese iTqmis yovelive
ÃmamaRlobiT Ãmis-yofa...~ (54); `xmamaRla zaxili~ (92); `daZaxeba~ (6);
`yvirili, xmamaRla Zaxili~ (33). RaRad-yofa gadmoicema berZnulSi zmniT
yiv-il-i: `maRali Ãmianoba~ (54); `mamlis xmianoba, kivili, RaRadeba
kacTa~ (92); `Zaxili~ (6). moxmobil magaliTSebSi (m. 22, 36...) yivili `mamlis
xmianobas~, anu dayivlebas aRniSnavs.
4.7. motacebis, moparvis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi
gamoReba _ gamorTuma _ moquma _ iavaris-yofa _ gamotyuenva
gamo-R-eb-a:
vis Ãel-ewifebis saxlsa Zlierisasa Seslvad da WurWeli misi
g a m o R e b a d, m. 12, 29 DE;
gamo-R-eb-a saerToqarTveluri *R- Ziridan momdinareobs, romlis
semantika `waRebas; warTmevas~ ukavSirdeba (65). gamoReba ganimarteba,
rogorc `Signidam gamotana~ (53); `gamotana, anu gamozidva, warmoeba,
aRmoceneba~ (92); `mocema, motana, gamocileba, CamorTmeva~ (6).
gamo-R-eb-a gamo-rTu-m-a:
g a m o i R e T samoseli igi pirveli da SehmoseT mas, l. 15, 22 DE;
g a m o a r T u T magas kuarTi igi winaÁ da STaacuT magas, C.
gamo-rTu-m-a niSnavs `naqonebi Tvisi mouRos~ (53); `miRebas, CamorTmevas~
(92); `gamorTmevas, morTmevas~ (6). gamorTuma aRniSnul konteqstSi samoslis
gamotanas aRniSnavs, romelsac berZnulSi efardeba zmna `gamorTmeva,
napirze gamotana...~ (127).
149
gamo-R-eb-a _ mo-qum-a:
g a m o i R i s erTman oc da aTi da sammeoci da asi, mr. 4, 8 C;
m o a q u n d a ocdaaTeuli, samoceuli da aseuli, DE.
mo-qun-a leqsemas berZnulSi miemarTeba zemodasaxelebuli zmna
romelic dasaxelebul konteqstSi (mr. 4, 8) mravali nayofis `gamotanas~
aRniSnavs
iavaris-yofa:
ver uZlis Seslvad saxlsa Zlierisasa da WurWrisa misisa i a v a r i s
– y o f a Á, m. 12, 29 C.
iavar-yofa ganimarteba, rogorc `mitaceba; nadavlad Cagdeba~ (6);
`gaZarcva, akleba, dataceba~ (33).
iavaris-yofa _ gamo-tyuen-v-a:
arca uZlis vin Seslvad saxlsa Zlierisasa da WurWeli misi iavar-
yvis, mr. 3, 27 C;
arca Ãel-vis-ewifebis Seslvad saxlsa Zlierisasa da WurWeri misi
g a m o t y u e n v a d, DE.
gamo-tyu-en-v-a niSnavs `gaZarcvas, alafobas, tyved wayvanas~ (6; 33).
iavaris-yofa//gamotyuenva sinonimur erTeulebs berZnulSi Seesatyviseba
zmna `Sepyroba; miTviseba; gaZarcva~ (127).
4.8. xilvis, gamocxadebis semantikis gamomxatveli sinonimuri zmnebi
gamocxadeba _ gancxadeba _ gamoCineba _ gamoCena _ Cueneba _
sacnaur-yofa _ grZnoba
gamo-cxad-eb-a _ gan-cxad-eb-a:
sam gzis g a m o u c x a d a iesu Tavi TÂsi mowafeTa TÂsTa, i. 21, 14
DE;
sam gzis g a n e c x a d a iusu mowafeTa maT, C.
gamo-cxad-eba: leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba, rogorc `gamoCenasa-
viT~ (53); `gamoCena // apokalipsi, wigni ioane maxareblisa~ (92); `ganmarteba,
gaSiSvleba, gacnoba; gamoCena, naTlisReba; saxe, azri~ (6).
150
gan-cxad-eb-a: `sacxadod Seqmna~ (53); `cxadad gamoCena, gamocxadeba~ (92);
Cveneba, gamoCena, zmaneba, gamoaSkaraveba~ (6). gamocxadeba// gancxadeba
sinonimur erTeulebs berZnulSi efardeba zmna `gamoCena,
gamocxadeba, gamoaSkaraveba~ (145; 127).
gan-cxad-eb-a _ gamo-cxad-eb-a _ gamo-Cin-eb-a:
aravin farulad rasme iqmn da hnebavn, viTarmca g a n c x a d e b u l
iyo, i. 7, 4 DE;
rameTu ara ars, romeli dafarulad ras vin iqmn da g a m o a C i-
n e b n Tavsa TÂssa kadnier yofad, C.
ara ars saÁdumloÁ, romelimca ara g a n c x a d n a, da arca
dafaruli raÁ ars, romeli ara g a m o C n d e s, mr. 4, 22 C;
ara ars dafaruli, romeli ara g a m o c x a d n e s, arca
saidumloÁ, romeli ara gancxadebulad movides, DE.
gan-cxad-eb-a _ gamo-cxad-eb-a _ gamo-Cen-a:
egre iyos dRe igi, odes Ze kacisaM g a m o c x a d n e s, l. 17, 30 C;
egreve iyos dRÀ igi, odes ZÀ kacisaÁ g a m o C n d e s, DE.
ara ars dafaruli, romeli ara g a m o C n d e s, arca saidumloÁ
romeli ara gamocxadnes, m. 10, 26 DE;
ara ars dafarul, romel ara g a n c x a d n e s, arca saidumloÁ,
romeli ara g a m o C n d e s, C.
gamo-Cin-eb-a//gamo-Cen-a ganimarteba rogorc, `sacxadod qmna~ (53);
`danaxveba, gamotana sanaxavad // gamocxadeba // aRmoCineba, warmoCineba~ (92);
`gamocxadeba, Cveneba, gaSiSvleba~ (6). gamoCineba//gamoCena leqsikur formebs
miemarTeba berZnulSi zemodasaxelebuli zmna xolo
gamocxadeba//gamoCena sinonimur wyvils gadmoscems `gaxsna,
gamoaSkaraveba~ (145; 127).
gamo-cxad-eb-a _ Cuen-eb-a:
g a m o e c x a d a mas angelozi uflisaÁ, l. 1, 11 C;
e C u e n a mas angelozi uflisaÁ, DE.
151
Sevides wmidasa qalaqsa da g a m o e c x a d n e s mravalTa, m. 27,
53 DE;
Sevides wmidasa qalaqsa da e C u e n n e s mravalTa, C.
Cuen-eb-a: `gankvirebiT xilva~ (54); `danaxveba, gamocxadeba // moCveneba,
anu sizmari~ (92); `Cveneba, moCveneba, xilva, zmaneba, sizmari~ (6; 33). Cveneba
leqsemas `dasizmrebis, moCvenebis mniSvneloniT berZnulSi efardeba zmna
`Cveneba, danaxva; xilva, xolo `gamocxadebis, danaxvebis~
mniSvnelobiT mas gadmoscems zemodasaxelebu-li leqsikuri forma.
gamo-cxad-eb-a _ gamo-Cin-eb-a _sacnaur-yofa:
rameTu ara ars dafaruli, romeli ara g a m o c x a d n e s, arca
saidumloÁ, romeli ara s a c n a u r i y o s, l. 8, 17 DEC.
rameTu sityuaÁca Seni g a m o g a C i n e b s Sen, m. 26, 73 DE;
rameTu sityuaÁca Seni s a c n a u r g y o f s Sen, C.
sacnaur-yofa niSnavs imave `gamoCinebas~ (6). gamoCineba//sacnaur-yofa
erTi winadadebis farglebSi dasturdeba sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT
(l. 8, 17) da orive formas leqsema miesadageba.
gamo-Cin-eb-a _ xil-v-a:
movides da Tques, viTarmed g a m o C i n e b a Á c a angelozTaÁ
i x i l e s, l. 24, 23 DE;
movides da ityodes, viTarmed: x i l v a Á angelozTaÁ v i x i-
l e T, C.
gamo-cxad-eb-a _ Cuen-eb-a _ xil-v-a:
C u e n e b a Á raÁme i x i l a taZarsa mas Sina, l. 1, 22 DE;
x i l v a Á i x i l a taZarsa mas, C.
angelozi uflisaM g a m o e c x a d a C u e n e b i T iosefs
egÂptes, m. 2, 19 C;
angelozi uflisaÁ g a m o u C n d a x i l v i T iosebs, DE.
xil-v-a: ganimarteba, rogorc `naxva~ (54); `naxva, gancda, gasinjva, anu
Cveneba~ (92); `naxva, SeniSvna, gasinjva, Cveneba, sizmari, Sesaxedaoba,
sanaxaoba, Cena, gaxela~ (6); `xedva, naxva; moCveneba; sizmari; saxe, Sesaxedao-
152
ba~ (33). xilvas, romelsac `moCvenebis, gamocxadebis~ mniSvneloba aqvs
aRniSnul konteqstebSi berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsikuri erTeuli
`Cveneba, gamocxadeba~ (145; 127).
xilva _ Sexilva _ xedva _ gancda
xil-v-a _ Se-xil-v-a:
i x i l v i d e s urTierTas mowafeni da ver icnes visTÂs ityoda, i.
13, 22 DE;
S e x i l n e s urTierTas mowafeTa misTa da Sezrundes, C.
xil-v-a _ xed-v-a:
i x i l e T da mRÂZare iyveniT da ilocevdiT, mr. 13, 33 DE;
x e d e v d i T da iRÂZebdiT da Tayuanis-scemdiT, C.
xed-v-a _ gan-cd-a:
Tualsa Sina Sensa diresa ara i x e d a v, m. 7, 3 C;
diresa Tualsa Sina Sensa ara g a n i c d i, DE.
Se-xil-v-a niSnavs `erTmaneTis Sexedvas~ (33). Se- zmniswins swored
damatebiTi semantika Semoaqvs xilva zmnis mniSvnelobaSi.
xed-v-a `ars Tvalis Cena, gina saqme sacnauri, gina mecniereba~ (54);
`TvaliT garCeva~ (92); `mzera, SeniSvna, krZalva~ (6); xilva//Sexilva//xedva
sinonimur erTeulebs berZnulSi Seesatyviseba zmna `danaxva, Sexedva,
cqera...~ (154; 127).
gan-cd-a: `danaxva, monax(v)eba, gamocda~ (53); `gamocda, gasinjva //
danaxva, ganxilva, gasinjva~ (92); `danaxva, Sexedva, cqera; gasinjva,
gamoZieba; cnoba~ (6). maSasadame, gancda polisemiuri leqsemaa, romelic
moxmobil magaliTSi (m. 7. 3) `Sexedvas, danaxvas~ niSnavs, rasac berZnulSi
efardeba zmna `SeniSvna, danaxva~ (145; 127).
4.9. dacinvis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi
kicxeva _ gankicxva _ basroba _ mRera _ gmoba _ Seuracxeba _
Seuracx-yofa
kicx-ev-a _ basr-ob-a:
igini e k i c x e v d e s mas, mr. 5. 40 C;
153
igini h b a s r o b d e s mas, DE.
kicx-ev-a leqsikonTa mixedviT aris `qirdad agdeba, agdeba~ (54);
`agdeba, dacineba~ (92); `gmoba, dacinva, sacinlad agdeba~ (6; 33).
basr-ob-a ganimarteba, rogorc `gardametebuli gankicxva~ (53; 92);
`dacinva, gmoba~ (6; 33). ase rom,Bbasrobac dacinvaa, mxolod igi metismetad,
gadametebulad dacinvas niSnavs, romelsac Seesatyviseba berZnulSi
`Zviris Tqma, avad xseneba, daZraxva, gakilva, gaWorva~
(145; 127).
kicx-ev-a _ basr-ob-a _ gm-ob-a:
romelni Tana-warhvidodes, e k i c x e v d e s mas, mr. 15, 29 C;
Tana-warmavalni igi h g m o b d e s mas, DE.
Tana-warmavalni igi h b a s r o b d e s mas, m. 27, 39 C.
Tana-warmavalni igi h g m o b d e s mas, DE.
ix. agreTve: m. 26, 65; mr. 14, 64.
gm-ob-a ganimarteba, rogorc `sityva RmrTis uaris-yofisa da Sjulis
damÃsneliA~ (53); `gineba, Seuracx-yofa, lanZRva, Zraxva~ (92; 6). maSasadame
gmoba Seuracxmyofel dacinvas, lanZRvas gulisxmobs, romelsac efardeba
berZnulSi zemodasaxelebuli zmna
kicx-ev-a _ mRer-a:
e k i c x e v e d mas da etyÂed: gixaroden, meufeo huriaTao, m. 27, 29
C;
e m R e r d e s mas da etyodes: gixaroden, meufeo huriaTao, DE.
mRer-a leqsikonTa mixedviT: `mRera ars esenica WadrakTa da nardTa da
yovelTa samorinoTa TamaSoba, da orolTa mravalgvarad brunebasac(a)
mRerad(ve) ityvian...~ (53); `msofliuri galoba, simRera. // TamaSoba. // kicxeva,
dacinva~ (92); `Zvra, TamaSoba, xtoma, cekva; dacinva (6; 33). maSasadame, mRera
polisemiuri leqsemaa. dasaxelebul sinonimur rigSi ki igi `dacinvas~
niSnavs, romlis fardia berZnulSi `abuCad agdeba, masxrad agdeba~
(145; 127).
kicx-ev-a _ Seuracx-yofa _ Se-uracx-eb-a:
154
e k i c x e v d e s mTavarni igi maT, l. 23, 35 C;
S e u r a c x – h y o f d e s mTavarnica igi maT, DE;
jer-ars Zisa kacisaÁ vneba friad da S e u r a c x – y o f a d
moxucebulTagan, mr. 8, 31 DE;
jer-ars Zisa kacisaM friad vnebad da S e u r a c x e b a d, C.
Seuracx-yofa//Se-uracx-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc: `miuCnevloba da
angariSSi ar Caagdos~ (54); `dawuneba, ukadrisad miCneva; arafrad miCneva~
(92); `upatioeba, arafrad miCneva; arafrad Cagdeba, gineba, Zageba; Sercxvena~
(6); `arad Cagdeba, ukugdeba, uaryofa, pativis arcema~ (33). Seuracx-yofas
berZnulSi miesadageba `Seuracyofa...~ (145; 127).
basr-ob-a _ gan-kicx-v-a _ Seuracx-yofa:
raJams daasrules b a s r o b a Á igi mis zeda, ganhZarcues Zoweuli
igi, mr. 15, 20 C;
odes g a n k i c x e s igi, ganhsZarcues mas Zoweuli igi, DE.
rameTu vecxlis moyuare iyvnes da S e u r a c x – h y o f d e s
mas, l. 16, 14 DE;
rameTu vecxlis moyuare iyvnes, g a n k i c x e s igi, C.
gan-kicx-v-a: sasacilod agdeba~ (53); `gaqirdva, agdeba~ (92) `dacinva~ (6;
33). gankicxva berZnulSi gadmoicema zmniT `dacinva, sacinlad
agdeba~ (145; 127).
4.10. gatexis, damtvrevis semantikis mqone sinonimuri zmnebi
ganxeTqa _ ganTqdoma _ gantexa _ damusrva _ Semusrva _ ganpeba _
ganxeva _ gamobRleZa
gan-xeTq-a _ Se-musr-v-a:
jaWÂTa da borkiliTa Sekrul iyo igi da g a n x e T q i s da
S e m u s r i s igi, mr. 5, 4 DEC.
gan-xeTq-a _ gan-sTqd-om-a:
arca STaasxian RÂnoÁ axali TxierTa ZuelTa, raÁTa ara g a n x e T-
q n e s Txierni, m. 7, 19 DE;
155
arca STaasxian RÂnoÁ axali TxierTa ZuelTa, ukueTu ara
g a n s T q d i a n Txierni, C.
ix. agreTve: l. 5, 37.
gan-xeTq-a _ gan-p-eb-a:
uZÂres g a n x e T q i l iqmnis, mr. 2, 21 C;
ufroÁsad g a n i p i s, DE.
gan-p-eb-a _ gan-x-ev-a:
ara g a n v a p o T ege, aramed wil-vigdoT magas zeda, i. 19, 24 C;
ara g a n v x i o T ese, aramed wils-vigdoT amas zeda, DE.
mo-p-eb-a _ gamo-RleZ-a:
ukueTu ara, m o a p i s cocxalica igi misgan axalman man ZuelisaÁ,
mr. 2, 21, DE;
ukueTu ara, g a m o i R l i Z i s sworad TÂsa axalman man
ZuelisaÁ,
C.
gan-tex-a _ da-musr-v-a:
g a n t e x n a purni igi da miscemda mowafeTa TÂsTa, mr. 6, 41 C;
d a m u s r a puri igi da mihscemda mowafeTa TÂsTa, DE.
movides erisaganni igi da pirvelisaM mis g a n u t e x n e s wÂvni, i.
19, 32 DE;
movides erisa kacni da pirvelsa mas d a u m u s r n e s wÂvni, C.
gan-tex-a _ Se-musr-v-a _ da-sxer-a:
lerwami S e m u s r v i l i ara g a n t e x o s, m. 12, 20 DE;
lerwami d a s x e r i l (i) ara S e m u s r o s, C.
gan-xeTq-a//gan-sTq-d-om-a leqsikonTa mixedviT ganimarteba Semdegnairad:
`miwaTa da kldeT(a) ganpeba, gina werilTa da naqsovTa daxeva~ (53);
`gagleja, gaxeCa, daxeva // ganxeTqa qGeyanisa~ (92); `gaxeva, gawyveta;
gaskdoma, gaxeTqa~ (6); `gagleja~ (33). ganxeTqa leqsemas berZnulSi efardeba
`gaxeTqva, SuagulSi gawyveta~ (145; 127).
156
gan-tex-a saerToqarTveluri tex- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul tex-
Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli tax-, lazuri tax- da svanur tx-
(*<tex). Semonaxulia la-tx-i (<<satexi; weraqvi>>) fuZeSi~ (Sesatyvisobebi
vlindeba aRniSnul ZirTa semantikaSic (65). gantexa ganimarteba, rogorc
`Semusrva~ (53); `orad gaCexa, anu wGrilad damusrva); `mtvreva~ (6). gantexa
zmnas berZnulSi Seesatyviseba `gatexa, motexa~ (145).
Se-musr-v-a ganimarteba, rogorc `damtvreva~ (54); `damtGreva, dalewa~
(92); `dafSvna, damsxvreva~ (6); `gatexa~ (33).
da-musr-v-a: `daamtvria~ (53); `dalewa, damsxvreva~ (92); `damtvreva,
dawvrilmaneba, dafSvna~ (6); `damtvreva, damsxvreva~ (33). maSasadame,
damusrva//Semusrva zmnuri sinonimebi wvril nawilebad dafSvnas, damtvrevas
aRniSnaven, romelTac berZnulSi gadmoscems zmna `damtvreva,
damsxvreva...~ (145; 127).
gan-p-eb-a qarTveluri *pu- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarTul p- gan-p-eb-a
<<gapoba; gakveTa; gaxeTqva>>, miemarTeba svanuri pu- na-pu <<naWeri; lukma>>
(65). ganpeba `ese ars frinvelni ra frTiTa haerTa ganapobs, gina navi, anu
Tevzi, anu kaci da cxo(v)eli SeslviTa wyalTa ganapobs. samoslis gaxevac
ganpebad iTqmis~ (53); `Suaze gaWra, gankveTa, gaCexa, gaxeTqa, an gagleja.
//mfrinvelTagan haeris gakveTa freniTa, anu navTa da kacTagan wylisa _
curviTa~ (92); `gapoba, ganxeTqileba~ (6); `gagleja, gaxeva~ (33). maSasadame,
ganpeba polisemiuri erTeulia. dasaxelebul mniSvnelobaTagan Cvens
magaliTSi (mr. 2, 21) igi samoslis `gaxevas~ aRniSnavs, romelic berZnulSi
gadmoicema leqsemiT `gapoba, gaxeva...~ (145;).
gan-x-ev-a: `tyavis gankveTa~ (53); `naqsovT, anu qartis gagleja, gafrewa~
(92); `gaxeva~ (6). ganxeva//ganpeba//ganxeTqa sinonimuri erTeulebi berZnulSi
gadmoicema sityviT `gaxeva, gagleja, garRveva, gaxeTqa~ (145; 127).
gamo-RleZ-a zmnis semantika `gamoglejas~ (6; 33) ukavSirdeba.
ganpeba//ganxeTqa//gamobRleZa erTi winadadebis farglebSi dasturdeba
sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT, sadac ganpeba//ganxeTqa mxolod `gaxevas~
niSnavs, xolo gamoRleZa mTlianad samoslis nawilis `gamoglejas~,
mocilebas warmoadgens.
157
4.11. Sepyrobis, cixeSi Casmis semantikis Semcveli sinonimuri zmnebi
Segdeba _ STagdeba _ Seyeneba _ Sesuma _ Sevrdoma
Se-gd-eb-a _ Se-yen-eb-a:
SfoTisaÂs da kacis-klvisa S e g d e b u l iyo sapyrobilesa, l.
23, 25 DE;
aRZrvisaTÂs da kacis-klvisaTÂs S e e y e n a sapyrobilesa, C.
kacis-klvisaTÂs S e g d e b u l iyo sapyrobilesa, l. 23, 19 DE;
kacis-klvisaTÂs S e y e n e b u l iyo sapyrobilesa Sina, C.
Se-gd-eb-a _ STa-gd-eb-a _ Se-su-m-a:
S e a g d o igi sapyrobilesa, vidremde misces mas Tana-nadebi igi, m.
18, 30 E;
S T a a g d o igi sapyrobilesa, vidremde misces mas Tana-nadebi, D;
S e s u a igi sapyrobilesa, vidremdis mosces Tana-nadebi igi, C.
Se-gd-eb-a _ Se-vrd-om-a:
arRa S e e g d o iohane sapyrobilesa, i. 3, 24 C;
arRa S e v r d o m i l iyo iovane sapyrobilesa, DE.
Se-gd-eb-a//STa-gd-eb-a: es sinonimuri zmnebi niSnavs `Cagdebas~ (6; 33). Se-
zmniswini aCvenebs `Ria sferodan daxurul sferoSi, anu garedan SigniT~
mimarTul moZraobas. `SigniT~ termini gulisxmobs `sagnis yovelmxriv
daxurul Siga ares~. magram, Se- zmniswins amave SinaarsiT enacvleba STa-
zmniswini, rac aRniSnavs `garedan SigniT mimarTulebas zevidan qveviT
moZraobis pirobebSi~ (26, 204-205). swored aRniSnuli Sinaarsia gadmocemuli
sinonimuri rigis zmnebSi Segdeba// STagdeba//Seyeneba//Sesuma//Sevrdoma.
Se-yen-eb-a: leqsikonTa mixedviT `dilegTa ra kaci daapyra, gina
aRmarTTa maval yos, gina mowesed SeasakuTros, gina Secdomili masve gzasa
zeda daayenos~ (54); `SeCereba, mocva, Cagdeba~ (6); `Casma, Cagdeba~ (33). yeneba
zmna zmniswinis gareSe `aRdgomas~ (54), anu vertikalur mdgomareobaSi
gaCerebas niSnavs. Seyeneba zmnuri forma ki gulisxmobs sapyrobileSi
`Casmas~ da imavdroulad xazs usvams iq drois gatarebas fexze dgomiT.
158
Segdeba//STagdeba//Seyeneba sinonimur zmnebs berZnulSi efardeba
`Caketva, gamoketva; dapatimreba~ (154; 127).
Se-su-ma: `SigniT dajdineba, SewyGdeva~ (92); `Cagdeba, Casma~ (6); `Sesma,
daleva; Segdeba, Casma~ (33). maSasadame, Sesuma zmna garedan SigniT
`Segdebis, Semwyvdevis~ mniSvnelobas gadmoscems da Tan miuTiTebs
daxurul sivrceSi, kerZod, cixeSi jdomiT mdgomareobaSi yofnaze.
Se-vrd-om-a: `oris(av) muÃliT daCoqeba~ (54); `muxldadgmiT Sevedreba~
(92); `Cavardna~ (6; 33). aRniSnul zmnaSi xazgasmulia cixeSi Segdeba da
imavdroulad sapyrobileSi xanis dayofa muxlze moyril viTarebaSi.
sinonimuri rigis erTeulebi Sevrdoma//Sesuma berZnulSi gadmoicema zmniT
`Segdeba, Casma~ (145; 127).
4.12. dabnevis semantikis gamomxatveli sinonimuri zmnebi
ganbneva _ mimoganbneva _ ganqreva _ ganTesva
gan-bn-ev-a _ gan-qr-ev-a:
romelsa zeda daeces, g a n a b n i o s igi, m. 21, 44 C;
romelsa zeda daeces, g a n a q r i o s igi, DE.
mimo-gan-bn-ev-a _ gan-Tes-v-a:
nuukue m i m o g a n b n e u l T a maT warmarTTa mivides, i. 7, 35 C;
nuukue g a n T e s u l T a maT warmarTTa egulebis mislvad, DE.
gan-bn-ev-a: gan- zmniswini, rogorc wesi, aRniSnavs Signidan gareT
moZraobas (26, 215-242), magram igi agreTve zogjer aRniSnavs moZraobas
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT (iqve, 233-234). swored am ukanasknel mniSvnelobas
Seicavs igi ganbneva//mimoganbneva//ganTesva//ganqreva sinonimur zmnebSi.
ganbneva ganimarteba, rogorc `gafantva~ (53); `gafantva, mimodabneva;
`gafantva, gaSla, aSliloba~ (92; 6).
mimo-gan-bn-ev-a: mimo- rTuli zmniswinia, romelic aqeT-iqiT, wriul
moZraobas gamoxatavs (26, 45). mimoganbneva niSnavs `gafantvas aqa iqiT,
midamo~ (92).
gan-Tes-v-a qarTveluri *Tes- Ziris mqone leqsikuri erTeulia.
`qarTul Tes- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli Tas- da lazuri
159
Tas-. Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba maT semantikaSic, romelic `Tesvas~
ukavSirdeba (65). ganTesva niSnavs `ganbnevas~ (53; 92); `gafantva, daTesva~ (6;
33).
gan-qr-ev-a: qarTveluri *qar-/qr- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarTul qar-/qr-
`ganqarveba~-s, megrulSi Seesatyviseba nqir- gon-qir-af-a `gaqroba~, svanurSi
qar-qr- ad-qar-G-e `dakargva~ (65). ganqarveba ganimarteba, rogorc `wurilad
dalewa, an ganiaveba~ (92); `gafantva; gaqroba~ (6; 33).
ganbneva//ganqreva formebs berZnulSi efardeba zmna `ganiaveba,
ganTesva, ganbneva~ (145; 127). ganTesva//mimoganbneva sinonimur wyvils ki
miemarTeba `ganbneva, ganTesva~ (145; 127).
amrigad, oTxTavis teqstSi gamoyofili moZraobis, mdgomareobis,
sicocxlis Sewyvetis, SiSis, cemis, motacebis, dacinvis, ganbnevis...
Sinaarsis Semcveli sinonimuri rigis zmnebis analizma aCvena, rom TiToeul
rigSi Semavali leqsemebi saerTo semantikuri siaxloviT xasiaTdebian.
yvela jgufSi ikveTeba dominanturi statusis mqone leqsema, romelic
saerToa mwkrivis yvela wevrisaTvis, xolo calkeul wevrTa identifikacia
erT konkretul semantikur niSans emyareba.
moZraobis Sinaarsis Semcvel sinonimTa rigebisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia
val-/Ged-/Gid- Ziri, romlis semantika ukavSirdeba `svlas, gadaadgilebas~.
igi stilisturi da semantikuri niSniT neitraluria, xolo aRniSnuli
Ziridan miRebuli zmniswiniani formebi moslva, mislva, aRmoslva,
gamoslva, moyvaneba... TavianTi rigebisaTvis warmoadgenen sayrden leqsemebs,
romlebic ar Seicaven raime damatebiT diferencialur niSnebs, aRniSnaven
mxolod subieqtis garkveuli mimarTulebiT gadaadgilebas. TiToeul
mwkrivSi Semavali zmnebi dominant erTeuls sxvadasxva semantikur-
diferencialuri niSnebiT emijnebian, rac maT individualur mniSvnelobas
aniWebs.
mdgomareobis Sinaarsis Semcveli sinonimuri rigisaTvis saerToa
`dadgomis, gaCerebis~ semantika. mwkrivis sayrdeni wevria dadgroma zmna,
romelic ar aris Seferili stilisturi da semantikuri niSniT. igi
Tavisuflad enacvleba mwkrivSi Semaval yvela erTeuls, xolo calkeuli
160
zmnebi sxvadasxva niuansebiT ganirCevian dominanti sityvisagan. damtkiceba
`myarad, mtkiced~ dadgomas aRniSnavs; dayovneba mcire droiT `SeCerebas,
dacdas~ warmoadgens; dayofa gaurkveveli xniT erT adgilze `drois
gatarebas~ gulisxmobs; lodna raimes molodinSi dacdis mniSvnelobas
Seicavs; damkÂdreba erT adgilze `saniadagod~ anu samudamod dasaxlebas
aRniSnavs; daSToma Tavisi nebiT darCenas warmoadgens; dabudeba frinvelTa
mier TavianTi saTavsis, budis xis totze gakeTebas da masSi dabinavebas
gulisxmobs; adgil-pyroba ki raime samyofSi mcire xniT `SeCerebas~
aRniSnavs.
sicocxlis Sewyvetis semantikis mqone zmnebSi yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia sinonimTa warmoqmnis iseT wyaroze, rogoricaa sityvis
tabu da evfemizmi. mwkrivis dominanti wevria sikudili//moklva, romelic
stilistur-semantikuri niSniT neitraluri leqsemaa, xolo misi fardi
sinonimuri odenobebi warwymeda//aRsruleba//gardacvaleba//Sesueneba//sulis
aRmobera//sulis ganteveba// sulis aRmoteveba//amier sofliT cvaleba//amier
sofliT ganslva//sulis warwymeda// sulis ganÃueba//sulis warÃda...
umeteswilad sikudilis evfemisturad monacvle erTeulebi da
frazeologiuri Sesityvebebia, romlebic Serbilebulad gadmoscemen im
grZnobas, rac adamianis sulisa da xorcis gayris Sinaarss ukavSirdeba.
SiSis semantikis Semcveli zmnebis sayrden leqsemas warmoadgens
SeSineba. igi stilisturi TvalsazrisiT neitraluria, ar Seicavs
damatebiT semantikur niuansebs. rigSi Semaval calkeul wevrebSi ki
eqspresiuli niSnis mateba SeiniSneba. SeZrwuneba gamoxatavs `caxcaxiT~
SiSis gancdas; damedgreba SiSisagan `dafrTxobas~ gulisxmobs; aRtydoma
SiSisagan `anTebas, SeSfoTebas~ aRniSnavs; dasuleba//Sesuleba leqsikuri
formebi SiSisagan `gonis dakargvas~, xmis Cavardnas anu `dadumebas~
aRniSnaven; gankrToma moulodneli gakvirvebiT gamowveul SiSs niSnavs;
gancToma SiSisagan `Wkuaze SeSlas, sigiJes, SeSlilobas~ gulisxmobs da a.
S. maSasadame, calkeuli wevrebi eqspresiuli niSnis mixedviT ganirCevian
dominanti leqsemisagan, rac teqstis mxatvrulad gaformebas emsaxureba.
161
cemis, galaxvis semantikis mqone sinonimuri rigis dominanturi wevria
cema zmna. igi neitraluria eqspresiuli TvalsazrisiT, aramarkirebulia
stilisturad, xolo mwkrivis calkeuli wevrebi eqspresiuli niSnebiT
ganirCevian misgan. guema kanis gadaZrobamde cemas niSnavs; tajva
`umowyalod~, Seubraleblad fizikur zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs;
frazeologiur SesityvebebSi ÃÂrTiT cema// SoltiT cema// qviT cema//qviT
datÂnva ikveTeba moqmedebis dros gamoyenebuli instrumenti riTac
sruldeba obieqtze fizikuri zemoqmedeba. ÃÂrTiT cema gulisxmobs mjiRiT
anu muStiT cemas; SoltiT cema miuTiTebs, rom obieqtze fizikuri
zemoqmedeba sruldeba SoltiT, anu maTraxiT; qviT cema//qviT datÂnva
aRniSnaven qvis saSualebiT adamianisaTvis fizikuri zianis miyenebas.
msgavsi viTarebaa sxva semantikur jgufebSi gaerTianebuli sinonimuri
rigis zmnebSic, romlebic dominantur leqsemas emijnebian ZiriTad
mniSvnelobaze sxvadasxva semantikuri niSnebis matebiT.
identuri semantikuri moculobis ori sinonimuri zmna saxarebis
teqstSi Cveni masalis mixedviT ar dasturdeba, rac oTxTavSi absoluturi
sinonimiis arsebobis sakiTxs zmnebSi kiTxvis niSnis qveS svams. amitom
warmodgenili sinonimuri zmnebi relatiur, nawilobriv anu kvazisinonimebs
miekuTvnebian.
4.13. sinonimuri paralelizmi oTxTavis teqstSi
oTxTavis calkeul redaqciaSi zogjer erTi winadadebis farglebSi
dasturdeba sinonimuri wyvilebi, rac lingvistur literaturaSi
`sinonimuri paralelizmis~ saxeliT moixsenieba (94, 57). erT garkveul
konteqstSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd naxmari sinonimur wyvilTa calebi
xSir SemTxvevaSi damazustebel rols asruleben da mravalmxriv
axasiaTeben cnebas (22, 472; 15, 367). amitom, maTi gamoyeneba teqstSi
umeteswilad mxatvruli mizniT aris ganpirobebuli, rac gadmosacemi
Sinaarsis gaZlierebas da emociur gamoxatvas emsaxureba (22, 473).
saxarebis teqstSi sinonimur wyvilebSi umeteswilad nasesxebi
leqsemebi SeiniSneba da maTi fardi qarTuli eqvivalentebi erTgvari
162
ganmmarteblis rolSi gamodian, rac ucxouri sityvis danergvis erTgvar
saSualebad miiCneva (94, 57).
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT sinonimuri paralelizmis ramdenime
SemTxvevaze. a) sinonimur wyvilTagan erTi wevri ucxouri warmomavlobisaa,
xolo meore sakuTari enis fondis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens; b) sinonimuri
wyvilis orive wevri sakuTriv qarTuli warmoSobisaa; g) sinonimuri
wyvilis orive wevri nasesxebia.
a) sinonimur wyvilTa Soris erTi wevri nasesxebia, meore ki sakuTari
enis leqsikuri fondidan aris.
sanTeli _ lampari:
movida mun s a n T l e b i T a, l a m p r e b i T a da
saWurveliTa, l. 8, 16 DECFGHIK.
ix. agreTve: i. 18, 3.
sa-nT-el-i qarTveluri *naT- Ziridan momdinareobs. qarTul naT- Zirs
Seesatyviseba megr. noT- da laz. noT-. Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba aRniSnuli
Zirebis semantikaSic (65). sanTeli ganimarteba, rogorc `aRsanTebeli~ (54);
`patruqzed Camosxmuli cvili an qoni asanTebad, светильник, свеча~ (91);
`lampari, kandeli~ (6).
lampari berZnuli idan aris nasesxebi, romelic
ganimarteba, rogorc `CiraRdani, sanTeli; manaTobeli...~ (127); `sanaTi, gina
fanari~ (53); `asanTebeli kandeli, светильник~ (91); `sanTeli, an kandeli~ (6).
lampari berZnulSi polisemiuri leqsemaa, xolo oTxTavSi igi mxolod
`sanTlis~ mniSvnelobiT aris Semosuli.
lampari//sanTeli oTxTavis or Zvel redaqciaSi mxolod aRniSnul
magaliTebSi gvaqvs (l. 8, 16; i. 18, 3) sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT,
romelsac berZnulSi erTi leqsema gadmoscems.
brwyinvale _ spetaki:
samoseli misi iqmna m b r w y i n v a l e da s p e t a k viTarca
Tovli, mr. 9, 3 DE;
samoseli misi iqmna b r w y i n v a l e, s p e t a k friad, C.
163
brwyinvale qarTveluri *berwy-/brwy- Ziridan momdinareobs da
ganimarteba, rogorc `saCino, gina TeTri elvare, gina TeTri saCino~ (53);
`elGare, bzinGare, anu naTlis feri, светлый~ (91); `naTeli~ (6).
spetaki falauri spēt/spētak sityvidan aris nasesxebi (4, 372-373) da
niSnavs `TeTrs~ (53; 91; 6; 33). berZnulSi spetaks gadmoscems leqsema
`TeTri~ (127; 145). e. doCanaSvilis ganmartebiT, moxmarebis
TvalsazrisiT spetaksa da TeTrs Soris niuansobrivi gansxvaveba iCens Tavs
`spetaks xmaroben Zalian naTelisaTvis, elvarisaTvis~ (24, 188).
brwyinvale da spetaki sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT dasturdeba
mr. 9, 3-Si, romlebsac berZnulSi erTi leqsema `TeTri,~ (127; 145).
gadmoscems. brwyinvale, rogorc aRiniSna, `naTlis fers, naTels~ ewodeba,
xolo misi momdevno leqsema spetaki aseve `Zalian naTels~ gulisxmobs,
rac Tvisebis yvelaze maRal xarisxze miuTiTebs.
rabi _ moZRuari:
hrques mas: r a b i, romel iTargmanebis: m o Z R u a r, sada iyofi,
i. 1, 38 DECFGHIK.
rabi//rabbuni: (ebr. rab, sir. rabi, berZn. somx. rabbi). es sityva
berZnulis gziT aris Semosuli qarTulSi `didis batonis da Semdgom
moZRvar-maswavleblis mniSvnelobiT~ (22, 140). k. danelia aRniSnavs, rom
rabi formaSi `i qarTuli saxelobiTis niSani ki ar aris, aramed ebrauli,
siriuli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli `Cemi~ e. i. rab-i = `moZRvari Cemi~.
adre mas sapatio mwignobarT eZaxdnen, Semdgom axal aRTqmaSi ioane
naTlismcemlisa da qristes mimarT ixmareba~ (22, 140). maSasadame, rabi
`ebrauli sityvaa, = maswavlebels~ (33).
mo-ZRu-ar-i saerToqarTveluri *ZeRG-/ZRG- Ziridan momdinareobs.
qarTul ZeRu-/ZRu- Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. jR-/njRv-, laz.
njR- da svan. JRG-/JoRG-, romelTa semantika aris `gagzavna; gaZRola;
gaswreba~ (65). moZRuaris amosavali mniSvnelobac `gaswrebas~ ukavSirdeba
(65). moZRuari ganimarteba, rogorc `ostati~ (53); `maswavlebeli,
damrigebeli, mwGarTneli, учитель, наставник. //aRsarebisa an gandobis mama,
164
духовник, отец духовный~ (92; 33). moZRuari moxmobil magaliTSi (i. 1, 38),
rogorc misi ebrauli eqvivalenti (rabi), `maswavlebels, damrigebels~
niSnavs.
abba/aba _ mama:
a b a, (abba, C) m a m a o Cemo, yovelive SesaZlebel ars Sen mier, mr.
14, 36 DE.
abba/aba: (ebr. , sir. aba, berZn. . es sityva semituri Ziris mqonea,
romlis etimologiuri mniSvneloba ucnobia. sazogadod aRniSnavs mamas,
wminda da sulier mamas; tomis, xalxis mamamTavars (6; 33; 139). mogvianebiT
ki pativiscemis gamomxatvel epiTetad iqca. ebraulidan berZnulSi
Semosuli axali aRTqmis wignebSi sinonimadaa naxmari -isa da
orive gverdi-gverd gamoiyeneba, rogorc sinonimuri wyvili (22, 144).
mama saerToqarTveluri *mam- Ziridan momdinareobs (65) da polisemiuri
leqsemaa. `mama ars RmerTi dambadeblobiTa, mama ars Semqmneli; mamad
iTqmnian moZRvari, mR(vr)deli, aRmzrdeli, ostati, gina kaci uxucesi~ (53;
91). dasaxelebul magaliTSi (mr. 14, 36) mama `moZRvars, maswavlebels~
gulisxmobs.
brZeni _ mecnieri:
dahfare ese b r Z e n T a g a n da m e c n i e r T a da
gamoucxade ese CCÂlTa, m. 11, 25 DEC.
ix. agreTve: l. 10, 21.
brZeni momdinareobs saS. sparsuli sityvidan frazanak `brZeni, mecnieri~
(4, 296). brZeni ganimarteba, rogorc ,,didad Wkviani~ (53); `friad gonieri, anu
mecnieri, мудрый, премудрый~ (92; 6). brZens berZnulSi Seesatyviseba leqsema
`gonieri, brZeni, Wkviani~ (145; 127).
me-cn-ier-i qarTveluri *can-/cn- Ziris Semcvelia (65), rac niSnavs
`mcnobels~ (53). `swavluls, gamocdils swavlaTa Sina, учёный // nacnobs,
знакомый~ (92). Cveni masalis mixedviT mecnieri `mcodnes, swavluls~
niSnavs m. 11, 25 magaliTSi sinonimuri paralelizmis formiT warmodgenili
165
wyvili brZeni//mecnieri berZnulSi gadmoicema erTi leqsemiT
`gonieri, brZeni, Wkviani~ (127; 145).
b) sinonimur wyvilTa wevrebi sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobisaa
mcneba _ swavla _ moZRureba _ qadageba
mcneba _ moZRureba _ swavla:
dagitevebies m c n e b a Á RmrTisaM da gipyries m o Z R u r e b a Á
kacTaÁ, mr. 7, 8 DE;
dagitevebies m c n e b a Á RmrTisaM da gipyries s w a v l a Á
kacTaÁ, C.
ix agreTve: mr. 7, 9;
mcn-eb-a qarTveluri *mcen-/mcn- Ziris Semcveli leqsemaa, romlis
amosavali semantika aris `dabareba; Setyobineba~ (65). mcneba ramdenime
mniSvnelobas Seicavs: 1. `mcneba, sakuTrad: aTni saufloni mcnebani, RGTisa
mier micemulni mosesadmi, десять заповедей~; 2. `brZaneba, akrZalva~; 3.
`niSani~... mcneba dasaxelebul konteqstebSi (mr. 7, 8; 7, 9) uflis mier
danabareb `aT mcnebas~ aRniSnavs, romelsac berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema
`mcneba, aTi mcneba, brZaneba; Setyobineba~ (145; 168; 127).
swavla qarTveluri *waG- Ziridan momdinareobs (65) da ramdenime
mniSvnelobas Seicavs: swavla 1. `ars raM(c) ara icodes, uTxras da
swvarTos~; 2. `swavla ars qadageba~; 3. `xolo sxva swavla ars sakanonod
Soltis miReba, viTarca weril ars 2, 12 fsalm., 23, 16-22 luka: `vswavlo ege
da ganuteo~ (64; 92; 6; 33). swavlas berZnulSi gadmoscems leqsema
`swavla; darigeba, Wkuis swavleba; qadageba~ (122; 139).
mo-ZRu-r-eb-a, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saerToqarTveluri *ZeRG-/ZRG-
Ziridan momdinareobs (65). moZRuari niSnavs `damrigebels, maswavlebels~,
xolo abstraqtuli saxeli moZRureba ki ganimarteba, rogorc `swavleba,
darigeba, учение, наставление, предание (92), romelsac berZnulSi efardeba
`swavla, darigeba, qadageba, moZRvreba; swavleba, rCeva-
darigeba~ (145; 168; 127). mcneba//moZRureba//swavla moxmobil konteqstebSi
erTi winadadebis farglebSi ixmarebian, romlebic ganirCevian Semdegi
166
mniSvnelobaTa niuansebiT. Tu mcneba RvTis mier danabareb aT mcnebas
aRniSnavs, moZRureba da swavla adamianis _ moZRvris, maswavleblis
`darigebas, swavlebas~ gulisxmobs.
swavla _ qadageba:
raJams daasrulna iesu brZanebani ese aTormetTa mimarT mowafeTa
TÂsTa, warvida mier q a d a g e b a d da s w a v l a d qalaqebsa missa,
m. 11, 1 DEC.
qadageba: 1. `maRlis xmiT swavleba~; 2. `ganTqma, xmis dagdeba~ (54; 92).
qadageba moxmobil konteqstSi pirvel mniSvnelobas `swavlas~ Seicavs. m. 11,
1 magaliTSi leqsemebi qadageba//swavla sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT
dasturdeba, sadac qadageba meti eqspresiuli Sinaarsis Semcvelia anu igi
maRali xmiT `swavlebas, moZRvrebas~ gulisxmobs.
borkili _ sakrveli _ jaWu:
mraval gzis j a W Â T a da b o r k i l i T a Sekrul iyo igi, mr.
5, 4 DE;
Seborkilian igi j a W Â T a da s a k r v e l i T a, C.
ix. agreTve: l. 8, 29.
jaWu qarTuli *jaWG- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTuli jaWu- Ziris
megruli eqvivalentia Zewkv- (*Zowkv- umlautis Sedegad)~ (65). zogierTi
mkvlevari am sityvas megrul-Wanuridan nasesxebad miiCnevda (145, 29; 88, 129-
130; 52, 96-97; 136, 237), magram b. gigineiSvilis mtkicebiT, am sityvis zanizmad
miCneva gamarTlebuli ar aris da igi qarTuli warmomavlobisaa (17, 741).
jaWu ramdenime mniSvnelobas Seicavs. igi aris `rkinisa da sxvaTa
metallTagan Seqmnili Tvali an rgoli erTimeoreSi gayrilni abjarTa da
javSanTani, броня. // Sesaborkilebeli amgvaradve Seqmnili, цепь, верига. //
canda, qvabT sakidari. // Zewkvi, anu Siba TvalmargalitiT asxmuli gulzed
da mxarzed Camosavlebi, romelsa ewodebis maniaki da farRuli, цепь,
цепочка~ (91). moxmobil konteqstebSi jaWu niSnavs `borkils~ (6).
bork-il-i qarTveluri *bark- Ziridan momdinareobs `megruli *bork-
kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba bark- formas. megruli bork-il-i `fexi~...
167
borkil fuZe, romelic uZveles werilobiT ZeglebSia dadasturebuli,
megrulidan da lazuridan aris nasesxebi (18, 594). Zvel qarTulSi bark-al-
fuZe `fexsac~ aRniSnavda: igi kelobda barkliTa, Sesaq. 32, 33 O. misi
ZiriTadi mniSvneloba barkali Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi meoreuli Cans.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `Zvel qarTulSi borkil- sityvis sinonimia sakrveli~ (65).
borkili ganimarteba Semdegnairad: `ferxT Sesakravi~ (53); `fexT Sesakravi
jaWvi rkinisa~ (91).
sa-krv-el-i iwarmoeba `saerToqarTveluri *kar-/kr- zmnuri Ziridan~,
romlis semantikac `Sekvras~ ukavSirdeba. `Sekvris~ mniSvnelobiT efardeba
mas qarTvelur enaTa Zirebi megr. kir-, laz. kor-/kir- (65). sakrveli
ganimarteba, rogorc `Sesakravi~ (54); `raic ram Sesakravia, узы, оковы~ (91);
`borkili~ (6).
maSasadame, sinonimuri mimarTebebi sakuTriv qarTuli warmomavlobis
leqsemebs Soris gvaqvs. Cveni masalis mixedviT wyvilis pirveli wevri jaWu
aRniSnavs rkinis rgolebisagan damzadebul adamianis fizikuri moZraobis
SemzRudav sagans, xolo momdevno leqsemebi borkili//sakrveli
akonkreteben, rom es sagani gamoiyeneba fexebis Sesakravad. dasaxelebul
wyvilebs berZnulSi efardeba mxolod erTi leqsema `jaWvi~ (127; 145).
g) sinonimur wyvilTagan orive wevri nasesxebia
parafsidi _ pinaki:
ganswmed gareSesa sasumelisa da p a r a f s i d i s a da p i n a -
k i s a s a, m. 23, 25 K.
parafsidi//parafsiti nasesxebia berZnuli formidan da
ganimarteba, rogorc `langari, sini an Tasi, fiala, jami~ (127; 145);
`sakmevlis WurWeli~ (53); `pinaki, badia an sini, блюдо~ (91); `TefSi, WurWeli~
(33).
pinaki fardia berZnuli sityvisa , rac ganimarteba Semdegnairad:
`dafa, ficari, fodnosi, an langari~ (127; 145); `didi jami an TefSi xisa,
блюдо~ (91); `TefSi~ (6).
168
berZnulidan SeTvisebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi parafsidi da pinaki
sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT dasturdeba qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo
redaqciis K nusxaSi, romelTac berZnulSi efardeba mxolod erTi leqsema
. isini orive `langars, jams aRniSnaven~, oRond pinaki xisgan
damzadebul `did jams~ aRniSnavs. iv. imnaiSvilis dakvirvebiT, oTxTavis am
adgilas jer erT-erTi amaTgani iyo, Semdeg moundomebiaT misi Secvla
meore sinonimuri caliT, igi miuweriaT gverdiT, magram pirvelis waSla da
amoReba daviwyebiaT da gadamwers orive forma gadauweria upretenziod (35,
359).
kinsoni _ xarki:
miCueneT me k i n s o n i s a Á x a r k i s a Á, m. 22 19 FG;
kinsoni laTinuri censos formidan momdinareobs (139). berZnulSi misi
Sesatyvisia `xarki~ (145; 127) forma. iv. imnaiSvilis dakvirvebiT,
`efTvimes, rogorc Cans, Tavis redaqciaSi jer kinsoni Seutania
uTargmnelad, Semdeg iqve miuweria misi Targmani _ xarkisaM, xolo
berZnuli kinsonisaÁ-s amoSla daviwyebia, an ubralod miuweria
gverdiT imis saCveneblad, rom amis Targmania `xarkisaM~-o da darCa merme
wauSleli~ (35; 87).
SesaZloa, leqsema kinsoni laTinurSi Tavdapirvelad fulis, monetis
saxeobas warmoadgenda, rogorc asari, kodrati da sxv. Savaraudoa, rom
xarkis gadaxda amgvari monetis (censos) saxiT xdeboda, xolo Semdgom mas
unda SesZenoda zogadad xarkis, `gadasaxadis~ mniSvneloba.
xarki ganimarteba, rogorc `sameufo xarji, debuleba, asaRebi (54; 91);
`gadasaxadi, gadasaxdeli~ (33). xarki araqarTuli warmoSobis mqone
sityvaa. maSasadame, igi romelime ucxo enidan unda iyos SeTvisebuli
qarTulSi.
zmnuri sinonimebis paralelurad xmarebisas wyvilis erT-erTi wevri,
umeteswilad meore, ufro meti gamomxatvelobiTi da espresiuli Sinaarsis
Semcvelia. tirilis semantikis Semcvel sinonimur zmnebSi dominanti wevria
169
tirili, xolo mwkrivis momdevno wevrebi eqspresiuli niSnis matebiT
emijnebian mas.
tirili _ godeba _ tyeba _ glova
tirili _ godeba _ tyeba:
misdevda mas simravle erisaÁ mis da dedebisaÁ romelni t i r o d e s
da e t y e b d e s mas, l. 23, 27 C;
Seudga mas simravlÀ erisaÁ da dedaTaÁ, romelni e t y e b d e s da
h g o d e b d e s, DE.
rameTu h s t i r o d e T da h g o d e b d e T Tquen, xolo
sofelsa uxarodis, i. 16, 20 DEC.
s t i r o d e s mas yovelni da e t y e b d e s, l. 8, 52 DEC.
tirili _ glova:
vaÁ Tquenda, romelni iciniT aw, rameTu i g l o v d e T da h s t i-
r o d i T, l. 6, 25 DEC.
ix. agreTve: mr. 16, 10.
tir-il-i: `tirilica esreT ganiyofebian: rameTu cremli ars uÃmo
oden cremlis dena; vaeba ars avajiTa da keTilis sityviTa satirals rasme
ityodes da cremleodes; godeba ars ÃmakeTilobiT zrun-SewyobiT gulis
satkivarTa sityvaTa mgosnoba...~ (54); `mwuxareba, gamoCenili cremlis
deniTa..., плач~ (91); `cremlva, moTqma~ (6). tirils berZnulSi Seesatyviseba
leqsema `tirili~ (127; 145).
god-eb-a ganimarteba, rogorc `SeÃmobiT tirili~ (53); `moTqmiT
tirili~ (91). godebas efardeba berZnulSi zmna `samgloviaro
simRera; moTqmiT tirili~ (127; 145).
ty-eb-a aris `moTqma TavSi cemiT; glova~ (6); `tirili piris xokiTa da
TavSi xelis SemokvriT~ (33). tyebas berZnulSi Seesatyviseba leqsema
`dartyma, cema; mwared atireba~ (127; 145).
gl-ov-a qarTveluri *gl- Ziridan momdinareobs. `qarTul gl- Zirs
Seesatyviseba megr. rg-.~ Sesatyvisobebi vlindeba aRniSnuli Zirebis
semantikaSic (65). glova `ese ars samwuxarosa saqmesa zeda vaebiT, tiriliT
170
da SewuxebiT yof(n)a~ (54); `vaeba, tirili, плакать, сетовать~ (91); `datireba,
mglovareba~ (6). glovas efardeba berZnulSi leqsema `datireba,
sevdianoba, dardi~ (127; 145).
amdenad, sinonimuri rigis mTavari wevria tirili, xolo misi mewyvile
zmnebi godeba//tyeba//glova erTi konteqstis farglebSi miemarTebian mas
sinonimuri paralelizmis saxiT. romelTagan tirili eqspresiuli da
emociuri niSniT neitraluri leqsemaa, romelsac winadadebaSi pirveli
adgili uWiravs, xolo misi sinonimuri mewyvileebi mosdeven mas da ufro
aZliereben, eqspresiuli ZaliT warmoaCenen `mwuxarebis~ mniSvnelobas.
godeba `moTqmiT~, maRali xmiT tirils aRniSnavs; tyeba `piris xokiTa da
TavSi xelis SemokvriT~ tirils gamoxatavs; glova raime samwuxaro ambis
gamo `vaebiT~ tirils gulisxmobs.
eqspresiuli niSnis mateba SeiniSneba agreTve Cven mier zemoT
ganxilul SiSis da cemis semantikur jgufSi Semaval zmnebSi. paralelur
formaTagan SeSineba stilisturi TvalsazrisiT neitraluria, xolo
Zrwola//SeZrwuneba// damedgreba mosdeven mas da aZliereben eqspresiulad
SiSis mniSvnelobas. Zrwola//SeZrwuneba gamoxatavs `caxcaxiT~ SiSis
gancdas; damedgreba SiSisagan `dafrTxobas~ gulixmobs.
cemis semantikis Semcvel zmnebSi cema//tanjva sinonimuri
paralelizmis saxiT dasturdeba l. 20, 10 magaliTSi, sadac cema
neitraluria eqspresiuli TvalsazrisiT, xolo misi momdevno leqsema
tanjva meti eqspresiulobiT gamoirCeva, romelic Seubraleblad fizikur
zemoqmedebas `gamaTraxebas~ aRniSnavs.
sinonimebis paralelurad xmarebis SemTxvevebi dasturdeba, agreTve
zemoT ganxilul sxvadasxva semantikur jgufSi Semaval leqsemebSi. aseTi
wyvilebia: sneuleba//uZlureba (m. 10, 1); sneuleba//araZleba (m. 4, 23);
sneuleba// salmoba (l. 7, 21); sixaruli//mxiaruleba (l. 1, 14; 1, 28);
sixaruli//Sueba (l. 15, 32); sixaruli//gancxroma (l. 15, 25); saxioba//pariT
mRera (l. 15, 25); mofarduli//msyideli (m. 21, 12); msxuerpli//Sesawiravi (mr.
12, 39); msxuerpli//mrguliad dasawuveli (mr. 12, 39); pasqa//vneba//ucomoeba (l.
22, 7; l. 22, 1). brZeni//mecnieri//mwignobari (m. 11, 25; l. 10, 21; m. 23, 34);
171
keTili//saxieri (l. 8, 15; 19, 17); tilo//ardagi (l. 24, 12; i. 19, 40; 20, 6; 7);
mislva//miaxleba (l. 24, 15); moslva//moaxleba (l. 15, 25);
moyvaneba//warmodgineba...
cxadia, warmodgenili masaliT ar amoiwureba oTxTavis teqstSi
arsebuli leqsikuri sinonimebi. zemoganxiluli erTeulebi warmoadgenen
mxolod nawils im sinonimuri leqsikisa, romelic saxarebaSi dasturdeba.
rogorc aRiniSna, teqstSi yvelaze meti raodenobiT sinonimuri zmnebi
moipoveba, romlebic sxvadasxva semantikur jgufebSi erTiandebian.
4.14. sxvadasxva semantikur jgufSi gaerTianebuli sinonimuri rigis
zmnebi (masala mxolod adgilis miTiTebiT).
uwyeba//rquma//cnobeba//Txroba//miTxroba//rwmuneba//moswaveba:
uwyeba//rquma, i. 15, 15; uwyeba//cnobeba, l. 2, 15; uwyeba//Txroba, i. 11, 57;
miTxroba//Txroba, m. 28, 11; uwyeba//rwmuneba, l. 16, 28; uwyeba//moswaveba, i. 12,
33.
mixedva//mimoxedva//mimoxilva//mimodaxilva//mimodastuanva//gancda:
mixedva// mimoxilva, mr. 3, 5; mixedva//mimodaxilva, mr. 3, 34; mixedva//gancda, m.
6, 28; mimoxedva//mimodastuanva, mr. 5, 32; mimoxilva//mimodaxilva, mr. 9, 8.
dateveba//miteveba//ganteveba//daSToma//dagdeba//dabneva//dageba//winadageba//
dafena: dateveba//miteveba, mr. 14, 52; dateveba//ganteveba, m. 19, 9; dateveba//
daSToma, mr. 12, 20; 12, 21; 12, 22; dateveba//dagdeba, m. 27, 46; mr. 15, 34;
dateveba//miSueba, i. 11, 48; dagdeba//dabneva, m. 27, 5; mr. 10, 50; dagdeba//dadeba,
m. 15, 26; winadageba, l. 10, 8; dafena, mr. 11, 8.
miReba//moReba//gamoReba//mogeba//Sewynareba//gemos xilva//qoneba//aRÃoca
//TanamiReba//moxuma//aRnTeba//aRteveba//mogeba//mokueTa//aRReba:
miReba//moReba, m. 19, 29; mr. 10, 30; l. 18, 30; miReba//gamoReba, m. 17, 25;
miReba//mogeba, m. 10, 9; miReba//Sewynareba, m. 10, 41; 13, 20; mr. 4, 16; i. 3, 32; 3, 33;
miReba//gemos xilva, m. 27, 34; miReba//qoneba, l. 3, 15; 23, 26; i. 3, 16; 3, 36; 5, 24;
6, 40; 8, 12; miReba//aRÃoca, i. 11, 48; miReba//TanamiReba, mr. 8, 14;
moReba//moxuma, m. 27, 59; mr. 8, 6; i. 6, 11; moReba//mokueTa, mr. 6, 27;
mokueTa//aRReba, i. 15, 2; moxuma//aRnTeba, m. 25, 1; moxuma//aRteveba, mr. 4, 32.
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dgoma//dadgoma//dadgroma//modgoma//wardgoma//Tana-dgoma//yofna//geba:
dgoma //dadgoma, m. 3, 31; i. 7, 37; 21, 4; dgoma//dadgroma, l. 1, 22; dgoma//
modgoma, i. 11, 42; dgoma//wardgoma, m. 27, 11; dgoma//Tanadgoma, mr. 15, 39;
dgoma//yofna, i. 2, 6; dgoma//geba, mr. 12, 34.
cxovneba//cxoreba//gancocxleba//ganrineba//Ãsna: cxovneba//gancocxleba,
l. 15, 24; cxovneba//ganrineba, mr. 13, 20; l. 23, 35; cxoreba//ganrineba, m. 16, 25;
mr. 8, 35; cxoreba//Ãsna, i. 3, 17; 4, 22; 12, 47; ganrineba//Ãsna, m. 27, 40; mr. 15, 30;
i. 12, 27.
teveba//cadeba//ufleba//miteveba//ganteveba//dateveba: teveba//miteveba, i.
12, 7; teveba//cadeba, m. 8, 22; teveba//ufleba, 24, 43; mr. 1, 34; 5, 19; 11, 16;
miteveba//ganteveba, l. 23, 25; miteveba//dateveba, mr. 10, 2;
ganteveba//aRmoteveba, l. 23, 46; i. 9, 30.
ganSoreba//ganyeneba//ganyra//ganvToma//ganrCeva: ganSoreba//ganyeneba, m. 9,
24; 10, 9; 19, 6; mr. 6, 7; ganSoreba//ganyra, mr. 1, 42; l. 24, 51;
ganSoreba//ganvToma, l. 12, 43; ganSoreba//ganrCeva, m. 13, 49.
inaÃiT-jdoma//inaÃiT-dgoma//inaÃiT-mjdomare//meinaÃe//Tana-meinaÃe// da-
sxdoma//dajdoma//mÃnisTaoba//zemojdoma: inaÃiT-jdoma//inaÃiT dasxdoma, mr.
6, 39; 8, 6; inaÃiT-jdoma//inaÃiT-dgoma, m. 9, 19; 26, 7; 20; mr. 14, 3; l. 24, 30;
inaÃiT-jdoma//mÃnisTaoba, mr. 12, 38; inaÃiT-mjdomare//meinaÃe, i. 13, 28;
inaÃiT-dgoma//dajdoma, l. 17, 7; inaÃiT-dgoma//dasxdoma, mr. 6, 40; 14, 18
inaÃiT-dasxdoma//dasxdoma, mr. 6, 38; 8, 6; meinaÃe//TanameinaÃe, m. 14, 9; mr. 6,
22.
Seracxa//yofa//pyroba//qoneba//goneba//ganzraxva: Seracxa//yofa, l. 15, 19;
Seracxa//pyroba, m. 14, 5; Seracxa//qoneba, m. 21, 46; Seracxa//goneba, i. 16, 2;
Seracxa//ganzraxva, i. 11, 50.
gankiTxva//gansja//dasja//sasjeli: gankiTxva//gansja, m. 19, 28; gankiTxva//
dasja, l. 16, 37; i. 18, 31; gankiTxva//sasjeli, i. 8, 26.
darRueva//ganrRueva//daÃsna//daÃsnili//ganqarveba: darRueva//daÃsna, i. 2,
19; m. 27, 40; ganrRueuli//daÃsnili, m. 9, 2; 9, 6; daÃsna//ganqarveba, i. 7, 23.
cnoba//gulisÃmis-yofa//gamocda//uwyeba//goneba//Sewynareba//codna//
grZnoba//moÃseneba//mogoneba//swaveba//sibrZne//gulisÃma//gulis dadeba:
173
cnoba//gulisÃmis-yofa, m. 9, 4; mr. 5, 30; 6, 33; 8, 17; 12, 12; l. 1, 22; 2, 50; i.
7, 17; 7, 51; 8, 27; 28; 32; 10, 6; mr. 2, 8; 6, 33; 13, 14; i. 10, 33; 13, 28; 16, 18; 16, 9; 11;
cnoba//gamocda, m. 16, 3; cnoba//goneba, mr. 5, 29; cnoba//Sewynareba, i. 17, 8;
cnoba//codna, i. 13, 17; uwyeba//codna, m. 6, 8; 6, 32; 24, 36; 13, 32; 22, 16; 20, 22; 24,
42; 25, 13; 24, 43; mr. 6, 20; 9, 6; 12, 15; 11, 33; 12, 14; 13, 35; 13, 33; 14, 40; i. 2, 9; 2,
24; 3, 2; 7, 28; 5, 13; 6, 64; 9, 30; 11, 57; 9, 20; 9, 29; 14, 4; 12, 35; 13, 1; 13, 3; 13, 11;
14, 5; 15, 15; 16, 18; 18, 21; 21, 12; 21, 24; 19, 10; 19, 35; 24, 25; l. 16, 15;
uwyeba//cnoba, m. 24, 29; l. 1, 18; i. 8. 52; 13, 7; 13, 35; 14, 20; 17, 7; 17, 23; 21, 4;
21, 17; cnoba//codna//uwyeba, i. 14, 7; cnoba//grZnoba, mr. 9, 30; uwyeba//grZnoba,
m. 9, 30; gulisÃmis-yofa//grZnoba, m. 26, 10; gulisÃmis-yofa//uwyeba, mr. 13, 29;
i. 5, 6; 10, 38; gulisÃmis-yofa//mogoneba, l. 2, 17; gulisÃmis-yofa//swaveba, mr.
13, 28; l. 1, 4; gulisÃmis-yofa//sibrZne, l. 2, 47; gulisÃmis-yofa//gulisÃma,
mr. 12, 33; gulisÃmis-yofa//gulis dadeba, l. 2, 19.
Ãel-wifeba//Zleba//SeZleba//Zal-deba//SesaZlebel-yofa//jer-yofa// geba//
adgil-geba//Seugvanebel-yofa//Rireba//cal//qmna: Ãel-wifeba//Zleba, m. 12, 34; i.
5, 44; Ãel-wifeba//SeZleba, m. 12, 29; 19, 25; mr. 2, 7; 2, 19; 3, 23; 3, 24; 3, 25; 3, 26;
3, 27; 5, 3; 9, 3; 10, 26; l. 16, 13; i. 3, 27; 6, 52; 6, 60; 9, 16; 10, 21; Ãel-wifeba//geba,
m. 9, 15; i. 10, 35; Ãel-wifeba//floba, mr. 3, 15; 6, 7; i. 19, 10; Ãel-wifeba//jer-
yofa, m. 20, 15; Ãel-wifeba//SesaZlebel-yofa, m. 10, 28; Ãel-wifeba//qmna, mr. 6,
5; i. 9, 4; Ãel-wifeba//cal, mr. 3, 20; SeZleba//Zleba, m. 17, 19; l. 13, 24; i. 11, 37;
14, 30; SeZleba//Zal-deba, m. 9, 28; 26, 53; 26, 61; mr. 8, 4; l. 3, 8; i. 8, 43; 15, 5;
SeZleba//Rireba, m. 26, 9; Zal-deba//Zleba, m. 20, 22; mr. 9, 22; 9, 23; 10, 38; 10, 39;
geba//adgil-geba, m. 17, 11; geba//Seugvanebel-yofa, l. 17, 1; geba//SesaZlebel-
yofa, i. 3, 9; SesaZlebel-yofa//jer-yofa, mr. 15, 5; jer-yofa//Rireba, m. 18, 33;
i. 4, 20; 4, 24; 23, 23; 27, 6.
yofa//qmna//saqme//Seqmna//goneba//gamoCineba//sworeba//cema//sasyidel-yofa//
mo-yida//Seracxa//wrfel-yofa//Ãmis-yofa//saswaul-
yofa//warmarTeba//Tqma//mowodeba// jer-yofa//saswaulis xilva: yofa//qmna, m.
20, 12; 21, 21; 21, 43; 23, 5; mr. 1, 17; 5, 33; 6, 5; 7, 13; 7, 37; 9, 39; 14, 9; l. 2, 48; 1,
25; i. 2, 11; 4, 54; i. 6, 30; 7, 4; 11, 47; 8, 29; 10, 41; 11, 47; 13, 27; 14, 31; 20, 20;
yofa//saqme, i. 3, 2; 8, 44; 9, 16; 9, 33; yofa//Seqmna, i. 2, 16; yofa//goneba, i. 8, 53;
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yofa//cema, m. 24, 24; mr. 13, 22; yofa//Serisxva, l. 15, 19; yofa//Tqma, i. 11, 42;
yofa//dadgroma, i. 10, 40; yofa// gamoCineba, i. 11, 33; qmna//saqme, i. 5, 19;
qmna//Seqmna, m. 10, 16, i. 1, 10; 9, 11; qmna//SeTxzva, i. 12, 2; Ãmis-yofa//mowodeba, m.
20, 32; saswaulis yofa//saswaulis xilva, l. 23, 8.
1. mwuxareba//zrunva//Wiri//iwroeba//vneba//tanjva//guema//saareba// urva//
uZlureba//dawuxeba//Sewuxeba//SeWuvneba//SeWirveba//Seurveba//Sezruneba:
2. zrunva//urva//Sewuxeba//Wirveba//mwuxareba//gulis sityua//dasuleba
//gulis Tquma//wadili//ndoma:
3. zraxva//Tquma//rquma//ganzraxva//zraxvis yofa//gulis zraxva//gulis
sityua// zrunva: mwuxareba//zrunva, mr. 14, 19; mwuxareba//zrunva//urva, m. 26,
37; zrunva//Wiri, m. 22, 16; mr. 4, 38; 12, 4; Wiri//vneba, m. 27, 19; Wiri//iwroeba, i.
16, 33; urva//saareba, mr. 6, 48;
saareba//tanjva, l. 16, 24; 16, 25; urva//guema, mr. 7, 25; urvili//uZluri,
l. 6, 18; zrunva//zraxva, mr. 13, 11; zraxva//zraxvis-yofa, mr. 3, 6;
zraxva//rquma, mr. 9, 4; zraxva//ganzraxva, mr. 2, 6; 8, 17; 8, 18; l. 6, 11; zraxvis-
yofa//rquma, m. 21, 38; zraxva//gulis-sityua, l. 24, 38;
gulis sityua//zraxva, mr. 7, 21; gulis sityua//gulis Tquma, m. 13, 17;
gulis sityua//wadili, l. 15, 16; gulis sityua//dasuleba, mr. 14, 33; gulis
Tquma//wadili, l. 17, 22; wadili//ndoma, l. 23, 8.
4. ganzraxva//ganracxa//Seracxa//dakÂreba//gonebas modgoma: ganzraxva//
ganracxa, l. 14, 31; ganzraxva//Seracxa, i. 11, 50; ganzraxva// gonebas modgoma,
l. 11, 17; ganzraxva//dakÂreba, l. 24, 4.
mogeba//migeba//geba//adgil-geba//miReba//momarTeba//sityua// sityÂs-geba//
sityÂs migeba//sityÂs mirTuma//miTxroba//gancocxleba//gancxoveleba//
cxoneba//gankur-neba: mogeba//migeba, mr. 12, 34; 14, 60; mogeba//geba//adgil geba,
m. 17, 11; mr. 9, 12; mogeba//miReba, m. 10, 9; mogeba//momarTeba, l. 15, 17;
mogeba//sityua, mogeba// gancocxleba, m. 12, 13; gancocxleba//gancxoveleba, i.
7, 23; gancocxleba// cxomeba, l. 15, 24; gancocxleba//gankurneba, i. 5, 9;
migeba//sityÂs-geba, m. 22, 46; 26, 62; mr. 14, 40; i. 19, 9; sityÂs-geba//sityÂs
migeba, l. 20, 26; sityÂs-geba//Ãdoma i. 2, 24; 19, 12; sityÂs mirTuma//miTxroba,
i. 1, 22.
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moZRureba//swaveba//swavla//ganswavla//mcneba//sityua//Cueneba//moReba:
moZRu- reba//swaveba, i. 9, 34; mr. 1, 22; 7, 7; 7, 13; moZRureba//swavla, m. 15, 2;
mr. 7, 8; 1, 27; swavla//ganswavla, l. 23, 16; i. 6, 45; swaveba//mcneba, mr. 7, 7;
swaveba//sityua, i. 18, 21; swaveba//Cueneba, l. 3, 7; swaveba//moReba, mr. 7, 4.
risxva//ganrisxeba//Serisxva//gulis=wyroma//gulis ganwyroma//yeneba:
risxva //ganrisxeba, i. 11, 38; risxva//Serisxva, m. 19, 13; risxva//gulis-wyroma,
mr. 4, 41; 14, 4; risxva//yeneba, mr. 10, 13; ganrisxeba//gulis ganwyoba, m. 20, 24;
21, 16; ganrisxeba//gulis ganwyroma, m. 26, 8.
Seiwreba//SeWirveba//SeWuvneba//Seurveba//Sewuxeba//Sezruneba: Seiwreba//
SeWirveba, mr. 5. 31; Seiwreba//Seurveba, l. 5, 24; SeWuvneba// Sewuxeba, m. 26, 38;
Sewuxeba//Sezruneba, m. 17, 23; Sewuxeba//dawuxeba, mr. 10, 22.
dumeba//dadumeba//piris dayofa//piris dakrva//utyuad dadgroma: dumeba//
dadumeba, l. 19, 39; 19, 40; 20, 26; dumeba//piris dakra, m. 22, 12; dadumeba//piris
dayofa, mr. 4, 39; dadumeba//utyuad dadgoma, l. 1, 22...
176
daskvniTi debulebebi
sinonimia enis leqsikur-semantikuri sistemis erT-erTi Semadgeneli
nawilia, romelic yvela enaSi arsebobs da enobriv universalias
warmoadgens. igi nebismieri formiT sinqroniul aspeqtSi ganixileba.
sinonimTa ganxilvisas ZiriTad kriteriums warmoadgens sityvaTa
saerTo (ideografiuli) mniSvnelobebi. aseTi sityvebi aucileblad erT
cnebasTan unda iyvnen Tavsebadi.
1. Cven vaanalizebT leqsemebs Soris sinonimur mimarTebas ZiriTadad
qarTuli oTxTavis or Zvel da or bolo redaqciebSi da amdenad, misi
ganxilva Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikur masalaze xorcieldeba.
2. oTxTavis teqstSi gamovlenil leqsikur sinonimTa umravlesobas
Seadgens zmnebi. Tumca masalis siuxve maTi sruli ganxilvis
SesaZleblobas ar iZleva. agreTve, didi raodenobiT dasturdeba
sityvaTwarmoebiT miRebul sinonimTa jgufebi. SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT
moipoveba arsebiTis, zedsarTavis da metyvelebis sxva nawilTa sinonimuri
mwkrivebi.
3. oTxTavSi gamoyofili leqsikuri sinonimebi jgufdeba sinonimur
mwkrivebSi. yoveli sinonimuri mwkrivis wevrebi identificirdebian
dominantasTan _ semantikurad ufro martiv, stilisturad SedarebiT
neitralur da sintaqsurad naklebad `mdgrad~ wevrTan.
sinonimTa Soris gansxvavebani or ZiriTad saxeobamde daiyvaneba. es
gvaZlevs sinonimebis klasificirebis saSualebas semantikur (ideografiul),
stilistur da semantikur-stilistur sinonimebad.
4. Cveni masalis mixedviT dadasturebuli leqsikuri erTeulebi
nawilobrivi, relatiuri sinonimebia, romlebsac saerTo mniSvneloba aqvT
da gansxvavdebian niuansebiT. niuansad moiazreba sinonimTa diferencialuri
komponenti. sinonimTa diferencialuri komponentebi _ es aris minimaluri
elementebi, romlebic leqsikur-semantikur variantebs qmnian. es is niSnebia,
romelTa gamokveTasac cdilobs sityvaSi adamiani, Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki
177
saxarebis mTargmneli. amitom, cnebaTa sruli damTxveva ar gvaqvs arc erTi
metyvelebis nawilis doneze, rac oTxTavis teqstSi e.w. `absoluturi
sinonimiis~ arsebobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS svams.
5. polisemia da sinonimia: sinonimia, rogorc zogadenobrivi
universalia, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli iseT zogadenobriv universaliasTan,
rogoricaa polisemia. es kavSiri ganpirobebulia imiT, rom polisemiuri
sityvis mniSvnelobaTa gamijvna xdeba sinonimTa Sepirispirebisas, xolo
sinonimuri mwkrivis gansazRvra, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu
rogor gaemijneba erTmaneTs polisemiuri sityvis mniSvnelobebi.
sityvis polisemiuri struqturidan gamomdinare, sinonimebis
Sepirispirebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba sityvis azrobrivi struqturis
minimaluri elementebi _ leqsikur-semantikuri variantebi (lsv-ebi).
polisemiuri sityvebi sinonimuri xdebian TavianTi erT-erTi mniSvnelobiT,
sxva mniSvnelobebiT ki SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan.
sinonimTa warmoqmna sxvadasxva saSualebiT xdeba. naSromSi yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia sinonimTa warmoSobis iseT wyaroebze, rogoricaa:
sityvaTwarmoeba, sityvis sesxeba, tabu da evfemizmi.
6. sityvaTwarmoeba oTxTavis leqsikuri sinonimebiT gamdidrebis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa. sinonimuri mniSvnelobis derivaciuli afiqsebi
erTvian msgavsi semantikis mqone fuZeebs, romlebsac ukavSirdeba amosavali
leqsemis sagnobrivi mniSvneloba da viRebT iseT semantikur jgufebs,
rogoricaa: sinonimuri mniSvnelobis abstraqtuli, qonebis, uqonlobis,
daniSnulebis, xelobis... saxelebi.
sinonimuri rigebis gamdidreba xdeba agreTve mimReoburi leqsikiTac,
sadac gamoiyofa yvela drois da gvaris mimReobani.
6.1. kompozicia: mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saxarebis sinonimur
sistemaSi kompozitur leqsikas. sinonimur wyvilebSi vxvdebiT, rogorc
qarTuli warmomavlobis, ise berZnul-qarTuli da somxur-qarTuli
Sedgenilobis Txzul sityvebs. kompoziciiT warmoqmnili sinonimuri
leqsemebi ufro meti intensiobiT, eqspresiulobiT gamoirCevian, vidre maTi
mewyvile martivi sityvebi.
178
7. sesxeba: siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva oTxTavis teqstis
nasesxebi leqsika. sesxeba upirvelesad ganpirobebulia Targmanis uSualo
gavleniT da aseve zepiri gziTac. sinonimebs sxvadasxva enidan nasesxebi
leqsika maSin warmoqmnis, roca mimReb enaSi ukve arsebobs imave cnebis
aRmniSvneli erTeulebi. magram saxarebis teqstSi dasturdeba iseTi
SemTxvevebic, roca nasesxeb sityvebs qarTuli eqvivalentebi ar eZebneba.
oTxTavSi gvxvdeba berZnuli, ebrauli, somxuri, iranuli enebidan
nasesxebi enobrivi erTeulebi, romlebic miemarTebian qarTul
ekvivalentebs da sinonimur wyvilebsa Tu rigebs qmnian. cnebaTa sruli
damTxveva nasesxebi leqsikis Semcvel sinonimur wyvilebSic ar dasturdeba,
radgan zogi ucxouri sityva polisemiuria da romelime konkretuli
mniSvnelobiT, anu erT-erTi lsv-iT aris Semosuli qarTulSi. zog maTganSi
semantikuri niuansebi ikveTeba, zogic ki stilisturi TvalsazrisiT
ixmareba da teqstis mxatvrul gaformebas emsaxureba.
8. tabu da evfemizmi: sinonimTa warmoqmnis erT-erT wyaros sityvis
tabu da misi evfemiurad monacvle leqsika warmoadgens. saxarebaSi amgvari
SemTxvevebi dasturdeba `sicocxlis Sewyvetis~ semantikis Semcvel zmnur
sinonimebSi. teqstis mTargneli Tu gadamweri Tavs aridebs
sikudili//moklva// mokudineba leqsemebis xmarebas da konteqstSi maT iseT
evfemiur erTeulebs unacvlebs, rogoricaa: aRsruleba//gardacvaleba//
Sesueneba//daZineba//sulis aRmobera//sulis ganteveba da sxv. amgvari sityve-
biT Serbilebulad aris gadmocemuli is grZnoba, rac sityva sikudilis
xmarebas Tan axlavs.
9. sinonimuri paralelizmi: oTxTavSi gvxvdeba calkeuli redaqciis
farglebSi erTmaneTis gverdiT sinonimTa paraleluri xmarebis SemTxvevebi.
amgvari movlena literaturaSi `sinonimur paralelizmad~ moixsenieba. erT
garkveul konteqstSi erTmaneTis gverdigverd naxmari sinonimur wyvilTa
calebi xSir SemTxvevaSi damazustebel rols asruleben da mravalmxriv
axasiaTeben cnebas. ganxilulia sinonimTa paralelurad xmarebis Semdegi
SemTxvevebi: a) sinonimur wyvilTagan erTi wevri ucxouri warmomavlobisaa,
xolo meore sakuTari enis fondis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens; b) sinonimuri
179
wyvilis orive wevri sakuTriv qarTuli warmoSobisaa; g) sinonimuri
wyvilis orive wevri nasesxebia. sinonimTa paraleluri formiT xmareba
teqstSi umeteswilad mxatvruli mizniT aris ganpirobebuli, rac
gadmosacemi Sinaarsis gaZlierebas da emociur gamoxatvas emsaxureba.
10. mniSvnelovan Sedegebs iZleva oTxTavis teqstis sinonimuri
leqsikis ganxilva berZnul teqstTan mimarTebaSi. xSirad sinonimuri
mniSvnelobis leqsemebi erTi konkretuli redaqciis farglebSi ixmareba.
berZnul teqstSi naxmari erTi da igive sityva Sesabamis qarTul TargmanSi
mgavsi Sinaarsis mqone ramdenime leqsikuri saSualebiT gadmoicema, rac
aadvilebs maT Soris sinonimurobis dadgenas.
ufro zedmiwevnilobiTa da sizustiT berZnul leqsemebs adiSis
redaqciis leqsika gadmoscems, radgan aRniSnuli redaqciis avtori ufro
kargad icnobs berZnuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis mniSvnelobebs.
11. oTxTavSi yvelaze vrclad zmnuri sinonimebi arian warmodgenili,
radgan zmnis semantika sxva metyvelebis nawilebTan SedarebiT ufro tevadi
da moqnilia.
zmnuri sinonimuri rigebis ageba konkretuli leqsemebis leqsikur
komponentebad daSlas efuZneba. yoveli axali leqsikuri erTeuli amgvar
komponentTa matebiT miiReba. dominanturi sayrdeni leqsema semantikur-
stilisturi neitralurobiT da araeqspresiulobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo
masTan sinonimur rigSi Semavali wevrebi semantikur-diferencialuri
niSnebiT ganirCevian ZiriTadi leqsemisagan.
oTxTavis sinonimur sistemaSi warmodgenili zmnebi erTiandebian
sxvadasxva semantikur jgufebSi da amis mixedviT aris ganxiluli. Esenia:
moZraobis, mdgomareobis, sicocxlis Sewyvetis, SiSis, cemis, xilvis,
motacebis, dacinvis, gatexis, dabnevis... semantikur jgufSi Semavali
leqsemebi. yvelaze vrclad moZraoba-gadaadgilebis Semcveli sinonimuri
zmnebia warmodgenili. am jgufis ZiriTadi sayrdeni Ziria val-/Ged-/Gid.
masze sxvadasxva zmniswinebis darTviT viRebT moslva, mislva, ganslva,
gamoslva, aRslva, da sxv. formebs, romlebic Tav-Tavisi sinonimuri
rigisaTvis ZiriTad, dominantur leqsemebs warmoadgenen, xolo sinonimur
180
mwkrivSi Semavali TiToeuli wevri sxvadasxva azrobrivi niuansebiT Tu
eqspresiuli niSnebiT emijneba maT. msgavsi viTarebaa sxva semantikur
jgufebSi gaerTianebul sinonimur zmnebSic.
12. oTxTavis redaqciebSi gamovlenili sinonimuri mniSvnelobis
leqsikis warmoCineba da ganxilva SeZlebisdagvari sisruliT pirvelad
xorcieldeba aRniSnul naSromSi. saxarebis teqstSi da saerTod Zveli
qarTuli enis ZeglebSi leqsikuri sinonimiis problemis kvleva vrcel
masalaze dayrdnobiT SemdgomSi ufro farTo Sewavlas saWiroebs.
181
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183
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184
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185
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186
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