leon barrett - university of california, berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week05.pdf · status • a3p1...
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CS 182Sections 101 102Leon Barrett
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Status
• A3P1 already due
• A3P2 due on Thursday
• This week– Color
– Representations and concepts
• Next week– Schemas and frames
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Questions!
1. How do humans detect color biologically?
2. Are color names arbitrary? What are the findings surrounding this?
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Questions!
• How do humans detect color biologically?
• Are color names arbitrary? What are the findings surrounding this?
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A Tour of the Visual System
• two regions of interest:– retina
– LGN
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http://www.iit.edu/~npr/DrJennifer/visual/retina.html
Rods and Cones in the Retina
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The Microscopic View
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What Rods and Cones Detect
Notice how they aren’t distributed evenly, and the rod is more sensitive to shorter wavelengths
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Center / Surround• Strong activation in center, inhibition
on surround
• The effect you get using these center / surround cells is enhanced edges
top: the stimuli itself
middle: brightness of the stimuli
bottom: response of the retina
• You’ll see this idea get used in Regier’s model
http://wwwpsych.stanford.edu/~lera/psych115s/notes/lecture3/figures1.html
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Color Opponent Cells
• These cells are found in the LGN
• Four color channels: Red, Green, Blue, Yellow
• R/G , B/Y pairs
• much like center/surround cells
• We can use these to determine the visual system’s fundamental hue responses
Mea
n Sp
ikes
/ Sec
Wavelength (mμ)
25
400 700
+RG
50
25
400 700
+GR
50
25
400 700
+YB
25
400 700
+BY
(Monkey brain)
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Questions!
1. How do humans detect color biologically?
2. Are color names arbitrary? What are the findings surrounding this?
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The WCS Color Chips
• Basic color terms:– Single word (not bluegreen)– Frequently used (not mauve)– Refers primarily to colors (not lime)– Applies to any object (not blonde)
FYI:English has 11 basic color terms
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Results of Kay’s Color Study
If you group languages into the number of basic color terms they have, as the number of color terms increases, additional terms specify focal colors
B+W (Grey)
R+Y (Orange)
R + Bu (Purple)Bk or G or Bu
R+W (Pink)Y
Y+Bk (Brown)Y+Bk (Brown)R
BkBkBkW
BuBuBuBk
GGGG or BuBk
YYYYG or BuBk or G or Bu
RRRRR or YR or YBk or G or Bu
WWWWWWW or R or Y
VIIVIVIVIIIa / IIIbIIStage I
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Representations
• What is a localist representation?
• What is a distributed representation?
• How many things can you represent with 4 neurons, in each representation?
• How many conjunctions of things can each represent?
• What is coarse coding?
• What is coarsefine coding?
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Coarse Coding
info you can encode with one fine resolution unit = info you can with a few coarse resolution units
Now as long as we need fewer coarse units total, we’re good
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CoarseFine Coding
but we can run into ghost “images”
Feature 2e.g. Direction of Motion
Feature 1e.g. Orientation
Y
X
G
G
YOrientation
XOrientation
YDir XDir
Coarse in F2, Fine in F1
Coarse in F1, Fine in F2
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Categories
• What constitutes a basiclevel category? Is red a basiclevel category? Is maroon?
• Does it vary from person to person?
• What is a superordinate category? A subordinate category?
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Categories & Prototypes: Overview
• Three ways of examining the categories we form:– relations between categories (e.g. basiclevel category)
– internal category structure (e.g. radial category)
– instances of category members (e.g. prototypes)
Furniture
Sofa Desk
leathersofa
fabricsofa
Lshapeddesk
Receptiondisk
BasicLevel Category
Superordinate
Subordinate
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BasicLevel Category
• Perception: – similar overall perceived
shape
– single mental image
– (gestalt perception)
– fast identification
• Function: – general motor program
• Communication:
– shortest
– most commonly used
– contextually neutral
– first to be learned by children
– first to enter the lexicon
• Knowledge Organization:
– most attributes of category members stored at this level
What constitutes a basiclevel category? Definition:
Red? Maroon? yes arguable (expertise)
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Category Structure
• Classical Category:– necessary and sufficient conditions
• Radial Category: – a central member branching out to lesscentral and noncentral cases
– degrees of membership, with extendable boundary
• Family Resemblance: – every family member looks like some other family member(s)
– there is no one property common across all members (e.g. polysemy)
• PrototypeBased Category
• EssentiallyContested Category (Gallie, 1956) (e.g. democracy)
• Adhoc Category (e.g. things you can fit inside a shopping bag)
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Prototype• Cognitive reference point
– standards of comparison
• Social stereotypes
– snap judgments
– defines cultural expectations
– challengeable
• Typical case prototypes
– default expectation
– often used unconsciously in reasoning
• Ideal case / Nightmare case
– e.g. ideal vacation
– can be abstract
– may be neither typical nor stereotypical
• Paragons / Antiparagons
– an individual member that exhibits the ideal
• Salient examples
– e.g. 9/11 – terrorism act
• Generators
– central member + rules
– e.g. natural number = singledigit numbers + arithmetic
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Mother• The birth model
The person who gives birth is the mother
• The genetic modelThe female who contributes the genetic material is the mother
• The nurturance modelThe female adult who nurtures and raises a child is the mother of the child
• The marital modelThe wife of the father is the mother
• The genealogical modelThe closest female ancestor is the mother (WFDT Ch.4, p.74, p.83)
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Radial Structure of Mother
The radial structure of this category is defined with respect to the different models
CentralCase
Stepmother
Adoptivemother
Birthmother
NaturalmotherFoster
mother
Biologicalmother
Surrogatemother
Unwedmother
Geneticmother