lekt'kkl=k ,oa hkkjrh; lekt

lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt

BASOC-102

Self Learning Material

Directorate of Distance Education

SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY

MEERUT-250005

UTTAR PRADESH

SIM Module Developed by :

Reviewed by :

•

Assessed by:Study Material Assessment Committee, as per the SVSU ordinance No. VI (2).

Copyright © Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.

No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission from the publisher.

Information contained in this book has been published by Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd and has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its author shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specially disclaim and implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use.

Published by : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd., 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002.Tel: 43532500, E-mail: [email protected]

DEM C—Typeset at: Printed at: Edition: 2020

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 1

fo"k;&lwph

1- lekt'kkL=k%,difjp; 1&22

1-1 mís';(Objectives) 1 1-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 1 1-3 lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kk,oavFkZ(Meaning and Definition of Sociology) 2 1-4 lekt'kkL=kdhizo`Qfr(Nature of Sociology) 3 1-5 lekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekuktkldrk(Sociology cannot be Regarded as a Science) 3 1-6 lekt'kkL=kfoKkugS(Sociology is a Science) 5 1-7 lekt'kkL=kdk{ks=k(Scope of Sociology) 7 1-8 lekt'kkL=kdkdk;Z&{ks=k(Fields of Sociology) 10 1-9 lekt'kkL=kdkegÙo(Importance of Sociology) 11 1-10 lekt'kkL=kvkSjvU;fo"k;(Sociology and Other Subjects) 15 1-11 lkjka'k(Summary) 21 1-12 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 21 1-13 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings) 22

2- lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡ 23&66

2-1 mís';(Objectives) 23 2-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 24 2-3 lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology) 24 2-4 vuqlaèkkufØ;kfofèkosQizeq[klS¼kafrdrRo(Main theoretical Element of Research Method) 26 2-5 fo'kq¼'kksèk (Pure Research) 30 2-6 lkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frdkmi;ksx (Scientific Method in Studying Social Phenomena) 33 2-7 oLrqfu"Brk,oaewY;fujis{krk(Objectivity and Value Neutrality) 35 2-8 rF;dhifjHkk"kk,oafo'ks"krk,¡(Definition and Characteristics of Fact) 44 2-9 voèkkj.kk(Concept) 47 2-10 fl¼kar(Theory) 50 2-11 ifjdYiukdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and Definition of Hypothesis) 55 2-12 lkekftdlosZ{k.ki¼fr(The Social Survey Method) 62 2-13 izdj.k&vè;;ui¼fr(The Case Study Method) 62 2-14 iz'ukoyh,oalk{kkRdkji¼fr(Questionnaire and Interview Method) 63 2-15 yksder&laxzgi¼fr(The Public Opinion Poll Method) 64 2-16 oLVZgui¼fr(The verstehen Approach) 64 2-17 izdk;kZRedi¼fr(The Functional Theory) 64 2-18 lkjka'k(Summary) 65 2-19 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 66 2-20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further readings) 66

2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

3- lekt'kkL=k,oalkekftdO;oLFkk 67&116

3-1 mís';(Objectives) 67 3-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 68 3-3 lekt(Society) 69 3-4 leqnk;(Community) 71 3-5 lfefr(Association) 73 3-6 laLFkk(Institution) 75 3-7 laxBu(Organisation) 77 3-8 lkekftdlajpuk(Social Structure) 78 3-9 lkekftdO;oLFkkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Social System : Meaning and Definition) 80 3-10 lkekftdLrjhdj.kdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and Definition of Social Stratification) 82 3-11 lkekftdLrjhdj.kosQfl¼kar(Theories of Social Stratification) 83 3-12 èkeZ&ra=kdhvoèkkj.kk(Concept of Hierarchy) 86 3-13 vlekurkrFkkLrjhdj.k(Inequality and Stratification) 88 3-14 tkfrrFkkoxZ(Caste and Class) 89 3-15 D;ktkfroxZesaifjo£rrgksjghgS(Is Caste Changing into Class?) 92 3-16 O;fDrrFkklektesaokLrfodlacaèk(The Relationship between Individual and Society) 93 3-17 lektdhmRifÙk(The Origin of Society) 95 3-18 lektosQizdkj(Types of Society) 97 3-19 vkS|ksfxdlekt(Industrial Society) 100 3-20 lektdkLo:irFkkrqyukRedvè;;u(Structure of Society and Comparative Study) 103 3-21 ekuo&lektvkSji'kq&lekteasHksn(Difference between Human Society and Animal Society) 107 3-22 Hkk"kkrFkklekt(Language and Society) 109 3-23 lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Social Mobility) 112 3-24 lkekftdxfr'khyrk,oalkekftdifjorZu(Social Mobility and Social Change) 114 3-25 lkjka'k(Summary) 115 3-26 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 116 3-27 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings) 116

4- lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkvkSjfodkl 117&143

4-1 mís';(Objectives) 117 4-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 117 4-3 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙk(Origin of Sociology) 118 4-4 lekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology) 118 4-5 Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology in India) 120 4-6 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkosQfl¼kar(Theories of the Origin of Sociology) 126 4-7 /eZvkSjlekt(Religion and Society) 130 4-8 /k£edvYila[;dksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Religious Minorities) 133 4-9 /eZfujis{krk(Secularisation) 137 4-10 /eZfujis{krkosQdkj.k(Causes of Secularisation) 138 4-11 /k£ed:f<+okn(Religious Fundamentalism) 139 4-12 /k£ed:f<+okn&,doSf'odleL;[email protected](Religious Fundamentalism – A Global Problem) 140 4-13 /k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~HkoosQdkj.k(Origin Causes of Religious Fundamentalism) 141

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3

4-14 lkjka'k(Summary) 142 4-15 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 143 4-16 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further readings) 143

5- lekthdj.k 144&183

5-1 mís';(Objectives) 144 5-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 144 5-3 lekthdj.kdkvFkZ(Meaning of Socialization) 145 5-4 lekthdj.kdhizfozQ;k(Process of Socialization) 146 5-5 lekthdj.kosQvfHkdj.k(Agencies of Socialization) 149 5-6 lekthdj.kosQrÙo(Elements of Socialization) 152 5-7 lekthdj.kosQegÙo(Role of Socialization) 153 5-8 izkS<+ksadklekthdj.k(Socialization of Adults) 154 5-9 oS;Drhdj.k(Individualization) 154 5-10 oS;Drhdj.kosQi{k(Aspects of Individualization) 155 5-11 efgyk,¡,oalekt(Women and Society) 156 5-12 dU;kèku,oangst&izFkk(Bride-wealth and Dowry System) 165 5-13 efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkosQdkj.k,oamik;(Causes and Measures of Violence Against Women) 169 5-14 fgUnwefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Hindu Women) 172 5-15 eqfLyeefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Muslim Women) 177 5-16 efgykvksadhleL;kvksaosQlekèkkugsrqiz;Ru(Efforts to Solve Problems of Women) 178 5-17 ljdkj}kjkfd;sx;siz;Ru(Efforts Made by the Government) 179 5-18 lkjka'k(Summary) 183 5-19 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 183 5-20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further readings) 183

BA-SOCIOLOGY-I YEAR

Sociology & Indian Society

Unit – I

The Meaning and Definitions of Sociology, Nature of Sociology, Scope of Sociology,

Fields of Sociology, Importance of Sociology and Social Science, Sociology the Discipline.

Sociology and its relationship with history, economics, political science, psychology,

anthropology, law and biology. Sociology as a science.

Unit – II

Methods of Sociology, The Scientific or Experimental Method, Historical Method,

Scientific study of Social Phenomena, Problem of objectivity and value neutrality, issue of

measurement in social science, elements of scientific method concepts theory an facts,

hypothesis, research designs descriptive, The Social survey methods. The Case study method,

Questionnaire method, Interview method, the public opinion Poll method. The Verstehen's

approach, The Functional Theory.

Unit – III

Sociology and Society, Community, Association, Institution, Organization, Social

structure, Social System, Social stratification, concept of hierarchy, inequality and stratification,

theories of stratification class different conceptions of class, caste and class, caste as a class.

Man and Society, The origin of Society, Tribal Society, Agrarian society, Industrial society,

BASOC-102

Nature of Society, Human and Animal society, Language & Society Social mobility, Types of

mobility open and closed models, intra and intergenerational mobility, vertical and horizontal

mobility, social mobility and social change.

Unit – IV

The origin of Sociology, Development of Sociology, Psychological approach, Important

theories of the origin of sociology, Religion and Society, Size, growth and regional distribution of

different religions groups, educational levels of different groups, problems of religious

minorities, communal tension, secularism, conversions, religious fundamentalism.

Unit – V

Socialization Process of Socialization, Agencies of Socialization, Elements and Role of

Socialization, Socialization of Adults, Individualization, women and Society, Demographic profile

of women, special problems dowry, atrocities, discrimination, existing programmes for women

and their impact situational analysis of children, child welfare programmes reservation to

women.

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 1

lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)

bdkbZ&1(Unit–1)


:ijs[kk1.1 mís';(Objectives)1.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)1.3 lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kk,oavFkZ(Meaning and Definition of Sociology)1.4 lekt'kkL=kdhizo`Qfr(Nature of Sociology)1.5 lekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekuktkldrk(Sociology cannot be Regarded as a Science)1.6 lekt'kkL=kfoKkugS(Sociology is a Science)1.7 lekt'kkL=kdk{ks=k(Scope of Sociology)1.8 lekt'kkL=kdkdk;Z&{ks=k(Fields of Sociology)1.9 lekt'kkL=kdkegÙo(Importance of Sociology)1.10 lekt'kkL=kvkSjvU;fo"k;(Sociology and Other Subject)1.11 lkjka'k(Summary)1.12 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)1.13 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)

1-1 mís'; (Objectives)

blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxs%

• lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kk]izo`Qfr,oa{ks=kdhO;k[;k]

• lekt'kkL=kosQegÙodko.kZuvkSj

• lekt'kkL=kvkSjvU;fo"k;osQlacaèkksadhtkudkjhA

1-2 izLrkouk (Introduction)

lektdk,dvar%lacafèkrlexzosQ:iesavè;;udjusijlekt'kkL=kosQeq[;ljksdkj,oa lekt'kkL=kh;dYiukvksa osQ ckjs esa ifjp; feyrk gSA O;fDrxr ilanvkSj ukSdjh osQ cktkjijgekjhifjppkZlsirkpyrkgSfdfdlizdkjvk£Fkd]jktuhfrd]ikfjokfjd]lkaLo`Qfrd,oa'kS{kf.kdlaLFkk,¡var%lacafèkrgSavkSjfdlizdkj,dO;fDrbllsc¡èkkgqvkHkhgSrFkkfioqQNlhekrdbldkscnyHkhldrkgSA

vxysoqQNvè;k;fofHkUulaLFkkvksavkSjlkFkghlkFklaLo`QfrijvkèkkfjrgksaxsA;slekt'kkL=kdhoqQNizeq[k'kCnkoyh,oaladYiukvksaijHkhosaQfnzrgksaxs]ftllslektdksle>usesavkidksennfeysxhD;ksafdlekt'kkL=kequ";osQlkekftdthou]lewgksavkSjlektksadkvè;;ugSAbldhfOk"k;&oLrqgS,dlkekftdizk.khdhrjgLo;agekjkO;ogkjA

2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)

lekt'kkL=k,slkdk;Zdjusokykigykfo"k;ughagSAyksxksausges'kklsmllektvkSjlewgdksns[kkvkSjle>kgSftlesa;sjgrsgSaA;glHkhlH;rkvksavkSj;qxksaosQnk'kZfudksa]èkk£edxq#vksavkSjfofèkosÙkkvksadhiqLrdksalsLi"VgksrkgSAviusthouvkSjviuslektosQckjsesalkspusokykekuoLoHkkoosQoynk'kZfudksa,oalkekftdfopkjdksardlhferughagSA

gelHkhosQviuhjkstejkZdh¯tnxhosQckjsesavkSjnwljksadh¯tnxhosQckjsesaHkhvius&viusfopkjjgrsgSavkSjblhrjgviuslektvkSjnwljslektksaosQckjsesaHkhA;sjkstkukdhgekjhèkkj.kk,¡vkSjgekjhlkekU;ckSf¼dle>ghgSftlosQvuqlkjgeviukthouthrsgSaArksHkh,dfo"k;osQ:iesalekt'kkL=kdk,dlektosQckjsesaizs{k.k,oafopkjnk'kZfudvuq¯pruksa,oalkekU;ckSf¼dle>lsgVdjgSA

1-3 lekt'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa vFkZ (Meaning and Definition of Sociology)

lksf'k;ksykWth (Sociology) 'kCn 1839 esa izQkalhlh fo}kuvkxLVdkEVs }kjk x<+k x;k FkkAlekt'kkL=kdk,di`Fkdfo"k;osQ:iesavè;;ula;qDrjkT;vesfjdkesa1876esa]izQkalesa1889esa]xzsVfczVsuesa1907esa]iksyS.M,oaHkkjresaizFkeegk;q¼osQckn]feÏ,oaeSfDldksesa1925esarFkkLohMsuesa1947esavkjEHkgqvkA

‘Sociology’nksfofHkUuHkk"kkvksalsfy,x,nks'kCnksaSocius,oaLoguslsfeydjcukgSAblesaSociusySfVuHkk"kklsfy;kx;kgSAftldkvFkZgS^lekt*vkSjnwljk'kCnLogusxzhdHkk"kklsfy;kx;kgSftldkvFkZgS^'kkL=k*AblizdkjSociologydk'kkfCndvFkZlektdk'kkL=k;klektdkfoKkugSAtgk¡rdbldhifjHkk"kkdkiz'ugSrksvyx&vyxfo}kuksausbldhifjHkk"kkvyx&vyx<axlsnsusdkiz;klfd;kgSAfx¯MXl]leuj]okMZvkfnuslekt'kkL=kdks,d,slsfoKkuosQ:iesaifjHkkf"krdjusdkiz;klfd;kgStkslektdksbdkbZekudjlexz:ilsbldkvè;;udjrkgSAokMZosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=klektdkfoKkugSAblhrjgfx¯MXlusfy[kkgSfd]lekt'kkL=klektdkoSKkfudvè;;ugSAnwljhvksj]eSdkbojrFkkist]vkuksZYM,e-jkst]ikoZQ,oacxsZltSlsvusdfo}kuksauslekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksadkO;ofLFkrvè;;udjusokykfoKkudgkgSAeSdkboj,oaistuslekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kknsrsgq,fy[kkgS]lekt'kkL=klkekftdlacaèkksaosQfo"k;esagS]lacaèkksaosQblhtkydksgelektdgrsgSaA

ysfdu fxUlcxZ] flesy]gkWcgkmlrFkkxzhutSlslekt'kkfL=k;ksadk fopkjgS fdlkekftdlacaèkksadhvis{kklkekftdvar£ozQ;k,¡vfèkdegÙoiw.kZgSaAlkekftdlacaèkrksbrusizdkjosQgSafdmudkO;ofLFkrvè;;udjukHkhdfBugSAvr%,slhfLFkfresalekt'kkL=kdks;fngelkekftdvUr£ozQ;kvksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkudgdjifjHkkf"krdjsarksbldhizo`QfrdksT;knkLi"V:ilsle>ktkldrkgSA

lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkosQlacaèkesateZufopkjdeSDloscjdk,dvyxn`f"Vdks.kgSAbuosQvuqlkjlkekftdlacaèkksadksle>usosQfy,lkekftdvUr£ozQ;kvksadksle>ukghi;kZIrughagSAnjvlyvUr£ozQ;kvksadkfuekZ.klkekftdfozQ;kvksalsgksrkgSvkSjbudksdrkZosQn`f"Vdks.klsghle>ukpkfg,Avr%oscjosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kogfoKkugStkslkekftdfozQ;kvksadhO;k[;kO;fDrijdvFkZosQvkèkkjijdjrkgSA

tkWulu]cksxkMZlrFkkÝiiQys¯extSlsvusdlekt'kkfL=k;ksadh;gekU;rkgSfdlekt'kkL=klkekftdlewgksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkugSAtkWuludhekU;rkgSfdlekt'kkL=kdksosQoylkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;udgnsuki;kZIrughagSA,slkblfy,D;ksafdlkekftdlacaèkdk{ks=kcgqrO;kidgS]tSls&lacaèkvfrlkèkkj.kHkhgksldrkgSvkSjizfrLièkkZRedHkhA,slhifjfLFkfresalkekftdlacaèkksaosQvè;;ulsgefdlhfu"d"kZijughaigq¡pldrsAvr%lekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlewgksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkudgukpkfg,A

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3


Li"Vr%lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkosQlacaèkesamQijhrkSjijerHksnt:jgSijewyr%lHkhfo}ku;gLohdkjdjrsgSafdlekt'kkL=k]lkekftd&fozQ;k]lkekftd&vUr£ozQ;k]lkekftd&ewY;ksa;klkekftd&lacaèkksadklexz:ilsvè;;udjusokykfoKkugSA

1-4 lekt'kkL=k dh izo`Qfr (Nature of Sociology)

lekt'kkL=kfoKkugS;kugha]blfo"k;esafo}kuksaesacM+kerHksngSAoqQNvkykspdlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekurs]tcfdnwljsvkykspdksaosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kHkhjktuhfr'kkL=k]bfrgklvkSjvU;lkekftd'kkL=kksadhHkk¡fr,dfoKkugSA

blfo"k;ijfdlhfu.kZ;ijigq¡puslsiwoZgesa^foKku*'kCnosQvFkZdksHkyhHkk¡frle>ukgksxkA

foKku dk vFkZ

foKku¶KkuvFkokvè;;udkogvaxgSftlesaozQec¼<axls,oalkekU;fu;eksadhfozQ;kdksfn[kykrsgq,rF;ksavFkoklR;ksadko.kZugksrkgSA¸blesarF;ksadksbdV~BkdjosQmUgsaO;ofLFkr<axlsla;qDrfd;ktkrkgSrkfdizekf.kdfu"d"kks±dh[kkstdhtklosQAoSKkfudKkuizek.k,oaroZQijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAvr,o;glR;kiu;ksX;gksrkgSrFkkblslapfjrfd;ktkldrkgSAfoKkudhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡gSaµ

(i) lqLi"V]vfojksèkh,oaewÙkZlw=kfuekZ.kdhlaHkkouk]

(ii) lkekU;hdj.kksaosQfuekZ.k,oaHkfo";ok.khdjusdh;ksX;rk]

(iii) vk¡dM+s,oalkekU;hdjosQlR;kiudhlaHkkoukA

oSKkfudfofèkesaiz;qDrfofHkUuiFkgSaAi;Zos{k.k]vadu]oxhZdj.k]ifjdYiuk]lR;kiu,oaHkfo";ok.khA

fofy;e bl¯yxj(William Esslinger)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkudhizeq[kHksndfo'ks"krk;ggSfdogvuU;:i,oafofèkor<axlsroZQijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAiz;ksx,oaHkfo";ok.khbldhvis{kk,¡ughagSaAblesaleh{kkdhfofèk;k¡ozQec¼gksrhgSaA¸gDlysosQvuqlkjHkh]¶foKkuroZQ,oaizek.kijvkèkkfjrKkudkozQec¼iqatgSA¸

1-5 lekt'kkL=k dks foKku ugha ekuk tk ldrk (Sociology cannot be Regarded as a Science)

tksys[kdlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuekuuslsbadkjdjrsgSa]muosQroZQfuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- iz;ksx dh deh (Lack of experimentation)µlekt'kkL=k,dfoKkugS;kugha]bllacaèkesaHkzkfUrdkdkj.k;ggSfdfoKku'kCnosQdbZvFkZcrk;sx;sgSaA;fn^foKku*'kCndkiz;ksxmlhvFkZesafd;ktk;sftlvFkZesaHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesafd;ktkrkgS]rkslekt'kkL=kfoKkugksusdknkokughadjldrkAtc^foKku*'kCndkiz;ksxHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesafd;ktkrkgSrksblesaiz;ksxrFkkiwoZdFku(prediction)dhtqM+ok¡izfozQ;k'kkfeygksrhgSAbln`f"Vlslekt'kkL=kfoKkuughagS]tSlkfdLizkWV(Sprout)usdgkgS]¶;fnvkiiz;ksxughadjldrs];fnvkiuki&rksyughadjldrs];fnvkieksVsrkSjij,dRocksèkdèkkj.kkLFkkfirughadjldrs];fnvkiviuhlkekftdbathfu;¯jxosQfo"k;esavk'oLrughagksldrsrksvkidksfdlhHkhrjgoSKkfudvè;;uesaO;LrughadgktkldrkgSA¸

blesadksbZlansgughagS fdlekt'kkL=kHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhHkk¡friz;ksx,oaiwoZdFku

4 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


ughadjldrk]D;ksafdekuo&O;ogkjrFkkekuo&lacaèkksadhlkexzhftldklekt'kkL=kvè;;udjrkgS]cM+hfofp=krFkkvfuf'prgSAoqQNHkkouk,¡,slhgksrhgSaftuosQlacaèkesadksbZiz'ughugha fd;ktkldrkAmudk fujis{kHkkoHkhugha fd;ktkldrkAmnkgj.kosQfy,]dke&thou(sex life)vkSjèkeZtSlsfo"k;xaHkhjokn&fookndksHkM+dknsrsgSaAfooknxzLrfo"k;kasdkvè;;udjusokykO;fDrfojksèkherksadhfuUnkdkik=kculdrkgSA;fn;gfo"k;u'kkcUnh]xksgR;k]xHkZikr]ifjokjfu;kstu;kNqvkNwrgSrks'kksèkdrkZvo';ghbuosQi{kesagksxk;kfoi{kesaAmlosQ}kjkfn;kx;kdksbZHkhfujis{kfo'ys"k.knksuksaghi{kksadks#"VdjusokykgksldrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrlektbruktfVy,oaifjorZu'khygSfdmlosQfofHkUurRoksadksi`Fko~QdjukrFkkmudkfo'ys"k.kdjukµtSlkHkkSfrdfo"k;ksaesafd;ktkldrkgS]lEHkoughagSAgelalkjdksfdlhHkhiz;ksx'kkykesaiz;ksxdjosQns[kldrsgSafdikuhosQnksrÙogksrsgSaAblesanksHkkxgkbMªkstuvkSj,dHkkxvkWDlhtugksrkgS]ijarqlekt'kL=kesa,slhiz;ksx'kkykeasiz;ksxdhckrdfBurFkkvlaHkogSA

2- oLrqfu"Brk dh deh (Lack of Objectivity)µoSKkfudfofèkviukusesalekt'kkL=khosQlkeusnwljhdfBukbZ;ggSfdogviusiz;ksxkèkhuoLrqosQlkFkiw.kZr%fujis{kughajgldrk]tcfdHkkSfrd'kkL=khjgldrkgSAekuodhviuh#fp;k¡rFkkviusiwokZxzg(prejudices)gksrsgSa]vr,omlosQfy;s;glaHkoughagSfdiz;ksxdhoLrqdksfcYoqQyfu£yIrHkkolsns[ksAfdlhoLrqosQlacaèkesacpiulsgekjseuesatksdYiuk,¡gSa]mulsgefcYoqQyeqDrgkstk;sa]cgqrdfBuckrgSAvr%gekjsewY;kaduiwokZxzgdkjhgksaxs];gfuf'pr&lkgSAblosQvfrfjDr;fndksbZO;fDrekuo&O;ogkjosQvè;;uesafujis{kjgusdkiz;RudjrkgS]rksmldks'kh?kzghludh]la'k;oknh]ikxy;kns'knzksghdgktkldrkgSAviuh'kksèkesaturk}kjklg;ksxosQLFkkuijmlsmuosQfojksèkdklkeukdjukiM+ldrkgSrcvkRej{kkosQfy,ogoqQNsdlkekftdewY;ksadksLohdkjdjysrkgSvkSjviusvè;;ulsmu?kVukvksadksfudkynsrkgStkslekt'kkL=kh;mi;ksfxrkj[krhgSavkSjlkekftdvfLrRodkewykèkkjgSaArhljhdfBukbZ;ggSfdlkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;u'kkjhfjdbafnz;ksalsughfd;ktkldrkAlkekftdlacaèkksaesagetksoqQNns[krsgSa]oggekjsvkarfjdthoudkckã:iek=kgSAvr%;fndksbZlekt'kkL=khfdlhO;fDrdhczkãfozQ;kvksadksHkyhHkk¡frle>ukpkgrkgS]rksmlsmlO;fDrosQeudhfozQ;kdksHkhle>ukiM+sxkAHkkSfrdfoKkuosÙkkdks,slhtfVyleL;kdklkeukughadjukiM+rkA

3- ;FkkrF;rk dh deh (Lack of Exactivity)µfoKkudk,dvkSjy{k.k;ggSfdmlesai;Zos{k.k(observation)rFkkvuqeku(hypothesis)osQvkèkkjijoqQNfu;ecuk;stkldrsgSavkSjmufu;eksadhdlkSVhijHkfo";ok.khdhtkldrhgSAlekt'kkL=kdksbln`f"VlsHkhfoKkuughadgktkldrk]D;ksafdigyhckr;ggSfdblosQfu;eksadksuis&rqys'kCnksaesaO;Drughafd;ktkldrkvkSjnwljhckr;gHkhgSfdbldhHkfo";ok.khlghufudysA

blosQfu"d"kZcgqèkkdkyvkSjLFkkuosQdkj.kifjlhfergksrsgSaAblrF;osQdkj.kfdlkekftdlacaèkksadk{ks=k foLr`rgSrFkkekuoh;vfHkizsj.kk;satfVygSa]blfy,ekuoO;ogkjosQckjsesadksbZiwoZdFkudjukdfBugSA

4- ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh vLi"V (Terminological Theofficiency)µ;groZQHkhizLrqrfd;kx;kgSfdlekt'kkL=kesavLi"V,oalqfuf'pr'kCnkoyhdkvHkkogksrkgSAfofHkUuO;fDroqQN'kCnksadksfofHkUuvFkks±esaiz;qDrdjrsgSaAmnkgj.kr;k]^tkfr*,oa(caste)oxZ'kCnksadkvHkhrdlqLi"VvFkZmiyCèkughagSAeaMyfooknesaloksZPpU;k;ky;us

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 5


viusfu.kZ;esadgkgSfdoxZdhvoèkkj.kkdkstkfrlsi`Fko~Qughafd;ktkldrkAD;ktkfresaoxZfufgrgS\;gHkzkafrvHkhrdnwjughagqbZgSA'kCnfopkjksa&oSKkfudvFkokvU;Fkk&dkekè;egksrsgSaAlekt'kkL=kesavHkhrd;Fks"VoSKkfud'kCnkoyhdkfodklughagksik;kgSAgekjsvusdikfjHkkf"kd'kCn;FkkµèkeZ]tkfr]oxZ]lewgnSfudthouesaiz;qDr'kCngSaAtcrdgeHkzked'kCnksadksiz;qDrdjrsjgsaxs]ikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkoyhdkiz;ksxlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudkinfnykusesackèkdgksxkA

mi;qZDrdfBukb;ksadksè;kuesaj[krsgq,;gdgktkrkgSfdlekt'kkL=kukedhdksbZoLrqughagSµvfèkdlsvfèkd;fnoqQNgSrks^lkekftdvè;;u*(social studies)Alkekftdlacaèkksadkfujis{kvè;;ulaHkoughagS_'kksèkdrkZfujis{kgksghughaldrkAfujis{kfo'ys"k.kosQfcukfoKkuvlaHkogSA

1-6 lekt'kkL=k foKku gS (Sociology is a Science)

vkykspdksaosQroZQoqQNlhekrdlR;izrhrgksrsgSaAoLrqr%lkekftd?kVukoLrqdhoSKkfudleh{kkdfBukb;kasls;qDrgSAlekftdvè;;uviusLo:iosQdkj.kmrus;FkkFkZughagksldrsftrukizko`QfrdvFkokHkkSfrdfoKkuAijarqvkykspdviusi{kdksc<+k&p<+kdjo£.krdjrsgSa]tcoglekt'kkL=kdksoSKkfudrklsiw.kZr;kbadkjdjrsgSaAdnkfpr~mudhèkkj.kkgSfdfu"d"kks±dh;FkkFkZrk,oaiwoZdFkudh;ksX;rkghfdlhvè;;udksoSKkfudrkdkinnsldrkgSAijarq;gèkkj.kkfoKkuosQLo:iosQckjsesalghle>ughagSAekSlefoKkulghiwoZdFkuughadjikrk]ijarqD;kblvkèkkjijmlsfoKkudguslsbadkjfd;ktkldrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]fu"d"kks±dhlkoZHkkSfedekU;rk,oaiwoZdFkudhiw.kZ:is.klR;rkfoKkuosQekinaMughagSaAfdlhfo"k;osQoSKkfudLo:idkfuèkkZjdrRoblosQ}kjkiz;qDrfofèk;k¡gSaA;fnvè;;udhfofèk;k¡oSKkfudgSarksmlfo"k;dksfoKkudguk=kqfViw.kZughagksxkAlekt'kkL=kviusfo"k;&oLrqosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèk;ksadkiz;ksxdjrkgStSlkfuEuvafdrgSA

lekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudgstkusosQfo#¼nhx;hvkifÙk;ksadksroZQlsdkVktkldrkgSAoLrqr%viuhfo"k;&lkexzhdkvè;;udjrsle;lekt'kkL=koSKkfudfofèkdkiz;ksxdjrkgS]vr%;gfoKkudgykus;ksX;gSA

igyhckr;ggSfdlekt'kkL=khizR;{k:ilsiz;ksx'kkykesaiz;ksxughadjldrkAlekt'kkL=kdhfo"k;&oLrqvFkkZr~lkekftdO;ogkjfdlhHkhnwljhizko`Qfrd?kVukosQlekuoSKkfud'kksèkosQ;ksX;gSAoqQNfo'ks"k{ks=kksa];Fkk&vkS|ksfxd{ks=kksaesaeuq";ksadhlgefrlsmuijvusdvizR;{kiz;ksxfd;stkjgsgSaAblosQvfrfjDrlekt'kkL=klektfefr(sociometry)]iz'ukoyhfofèk(question-naire)]lk{kkRdkj fofèk (interview)] O;fDrxrthouvè;;ufofèk (case study method)vkfnfofèk;ksadkiz;ksxdjrkgSftlesalkekftdO;ogkjosQvè;;uesaifjek.kkRedekiksadkbLrsekyfd;ktkrkgSAbufofèk;ksadksiz;ksxkRedfofèkosQlekuBgjk;ktkldrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnge;gtkuukpkgrsgSafdD;kvYi&vk;okysifjokjksaesaf'k'kqvksadhe`R;q&njvfèkdgSrksgevk¡dM+sbdV~BsdjrsgSaAlekt'kkL=kosQikli;kZIr;Fks"Bfofèk;k¡gSaAdfBukbZosQoylkexzhbdV~BkdjusdhgS]D;ksafdlkexzhbdV~BkdjusdhizfozQ;keg¡xhgSA

nwljhckr;ggSfdoSKkfud'kksèkdhnkscqfu;knhfofèk;k¡&i;Zos{k.k,oarqyuklekt'kkL=khdkslqyHkgSavkSjogbudkiz;ksxdjrkgSA

rhljh ckr ;g gS fd lHkh HkkSfrd foKkuksa esa iz;ksx cUn iz;ksx'kkyk esa ugha fd;s tkrsA[kxksyfoKku (astronomy)esamldh fo"k;&lkexzhdksiz;ksx'kkykesacUndjosQiz;ksxugha fd;ktkldrkAu{k=kksarFkkxzgksadksiz;ksx'kkykesaughayk;ktkldrkAfiQj;fn[kxksyfoKkudks]tksiz;ksx'kkykesaiz;ksxughadjldrk]foKkudgktkldrkgSrkslekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekuusdkdksbZvkSfpR;ughagSAU;wVu(Newton)rFkkvkoZQfeMht(Archimedes)usviusfu;eksadh[kkst

6 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


iz;ksx'kkykesacSBdjughadhFkhA,dlekt'kkL=khosQekxZesackèkk,¡mldhfo"k;&oLrqlsmRiUuughagksrh]ijUrqmlosQviusghlekt}kjkmlijyknhx;hlhekvksalsmRiUugksrhgSaA

pkSFkhckr;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kfu;eksadkfuekZ.kdjrkgSvkSjiwoZdFkuHkhdjrkgS]pkgsmldkiwoZdFkuiw.kZr%Bhdfl¼ugksA;g,slsfu;eksadks[kkstusdkiz;RudjrkgStkslaLo`QfresafofHkUurkvksadhmis{kkdjrsgq,HkhlkekU;r%ykxwgksrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,];gfu;efdfdlhleqnk;(community)dhlkekftdfozQ;k,¡mlleqnk;osQyksxksa}kjkmfprle>htkrhgSa]D;ksafdosjhfr;k¡(mores)gksrhgSa]blfy,ughafdosfozQ;k,¡jhfr;k¡blfy,gSa]D;ksafdosmfprgSaAyksxfookgdhlaLFkkdksblizdkjlsfu;ferdjrsgSafdlxks=k&xeu(incest)dksjksdktklosQA;sfu;elkoZHkkSfedgSaAmudhU;k;laxrrklsbadkjughafd;ktkldrkAblosQvykok]dksbZHkhfoKkublckrdkxoZughadjldrkfdmldkiwoZdFkudHkhxyrughagksxkAvU;foKkuksa}kjkLFkkfirfu;eksaesaHkhcknesale;osQlkFkifjorZudjukiM+kgSALizkWV(sprott)osQvuqlkj]¶fl¼karksesamuifjorZuksaustksbruh'kh?kzrk;krsthlsgq,gSa]gesa'kafdrcukfn;kgSfdfoKkugesavkttksf'k{kknsjgkgS]D;kogh^dy*nsxkAlkekftdthouosQoqQN{ks=kksaesaiwoZdFkuoqQNlhekrdlaHkogSA¸D;wohj(Cuvier)osQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kosQiwoZdFkuh;ewY;dksmUurfd;ktkjgkgSAcPpksaosQO;fDrRovkSjikfjokfjdlacaèkksaijdkiQhlghlwpukmiyCèkgSAtclekt'kkL=kvkSjvfèkdifjiDogkstk;sxkvkSjekuoh;O;ogkjosQihNsfufgrfu;eksadksvfèkdiw.kZ:ilsle>usyxtk;sxkrksogvfèkd;FkkFkZiwoZdFkudjus;ksX;gkstk;sxkA¸

ik¡pohckr;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kdk;Z&dkj.klacaèkksadhLFkkiukdjrkgSAifjokjosQvè;;uesa]blusikfjokfjdfo?kVu,oarykd]uxjhdj.k,oaikfjokfjdfo?kVuosQchplacaèkdh[kkstdhgSAblizdkj];glkekftdizfozQ;kvksa,oalacaèkksaosQ^oSQlk*(how),oa^D;ksa*(why)dkmÙkj<w¡<usdkiz;RudjrkgSA

vfUrer;k];fn^foKku*'kCndksmlvFkZesaiz;qDrfd;ktk;ftuvFkks±esaD;wohj(Cuvier)]fi;lZu(Pearson)]fx¯MXl(Giddings)rFkkvU;'kkfL=k;ksausfd;kgSrkslekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudgstkusosQfo#¼lHkhvkifÙk;k¡fuewZyfl¼gkstk;sxhAD;wohj(cuvier)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkui;Zos{k.k,oaiqu%i;Zos{k.kdhizfozQ;k}kjkfo'oesalekurkvksadh[kkstdhfofèkgS]ftlosQifj.kke]varesafu;eosQ:iesa?kksf"krfd;stkrsgSatksKkuosQ{ks=kksaesalqO;ofLFkrdjfy;stkrsgSaA¸fi;lZu(Pearson)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkudkdk;ZrF;ksadkoxhZdj.k]muosQrkjrE;,oalkis{kegÙodkirkyxkukgSA¸fx¯MXl(Giddings)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkurF;ksadkirkyxkusvkSjmudksle>usosQiz;RulsuoqQNvfèkdgSvkSjudeAfoKkurF;ksadklkeukdjusesalgk;rkdjusosQvfrfjDroqQNughadjrkA¸foKkudh,dljyifjHkk"kk;ggSfd;gosQoylaxfBrlw>cw>gSftlesarF;ksadkO;fDrfu"Bi;Zos{k.krFkkmudhlS¼kfUrdO;k[;kdhtkrhgSAfoKkudh,dijaijkxrifjHkk"kk;ggSfd;gfdlhfo"k;lslacafèkrozQec¼i;Zos{k.k]vuqHko,oavè;;u}kjkizkIrKkudklaxzggSftlosQ,dho`Qrlaiw.kZesafo'ys"k.k,oaoxhZdj.kfd;ktkrkgSAyqaMcxZ(Lundberg)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkumuvoLFkkvksaftuosQvèkhu?kVuk,¡?kfVrgksrhgSa]dh[kkstdhizfozQ;kgSA¸oscj(Weber)osQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kogfoKkugStkslkekftdfozQ;kdhlkFkZdO;k[;kdjusdkiz;RudjrkgSftllsdk;Z&dkj.kdh,dlkekU;O;k[;kijigq¡pktklosQA¸vr,olekt'kkL=k,doSKkfudvuq'kklugStks^foKku*'kCn}kjkfu£n"Vek¡xksadhiw£rdjrkgSAogviuhfo"k;&oLrqdkoSKkfud<axlsvè;;udjrkgSA;glkekftdlacaèkksa]fo'ks"kr;klaLFkkvksa,oalfefr;ksaosQizdkjksa,oa:iksadkoxhZdj.kdjusdkiz;rudjrkgSA;glkekftdthouosQfofHkUudkjdksa,oaHkkxksaosQchplacaèkksadksfuèkkZfjrdjusdkiz;RudjrkgSA;gviuhlkexzhosQozQec¼vè;;ulslkekU;fu;eksadks<w¡<usdkiz;RudjrkgSA,slsfu;elkekftdleL;kvksaosQlekèkkuesaiz;qDrfd;stkrsgSaAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kHkhvFkZ'kkL=k]jktuhfr'kkL=krFkkeuksfoKkudhghHkk¡fr,dfoKkugSA;|fi;gvHkhrdiw.kZrkdksizkIrughagqvkgS]rFkkfilekt'kkL=kh,slsmidj.kksadh[kkstesagSatksblosQvè;;u

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 7


dksvfèkdlw{erFkkblosQfu;eksadksvfèkdoSKkfudcukusesalgk;dgksaxsAdkEVs(Comte)usbls^lkekftdHkkSfrd'kkL=k*(Social physics)dkukefn;kFkkA

jkcVZchlZVsM(Robert Bierstedt)usviuhiqLrd^lkekftdO;oLFkk*(The Social Order)esalekt'kkL=khdhizo`QfrdhfuEufyf[krfo'ks"krkvksadko.kZufd;kgSµ

1- lekt'kkL=k,dlkekftd]ufdizko`QfrdfoKkugSA

2- lkekt'kkL=kLohdkjkRed(positive)]ufdvkn'kkZRed(normative)foKkugSA

3- lekt'kkL=k,dfo'kq¼vFkoklS}kfUrd]ufdO;kogkfjdfoKkugSA

4- lekt'kkL=k,dvewrZ]ufdewrZfoKkugSA

5- lekt'kkL=k,dlkekU;ho`Qr]ufdfo'ks"kho`QrfoKkugSA

6- lekt'kkL=kroZQijd,oavkuqHkfod(empirical)foKkugSA

1-7 lekt'kkL=k dk {ks=k (Scope of Sociology)

vysDlbaosQYlosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kifjorZu'khylektdkvè;;udjrkgS] blfy,lekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhurkslhekfuèkkZfjrdhtkldrhgSvkSjughblosQvè;;u{ks=kdksfcYoqQyLi"V:ilsifjHkkf"krfd;ktkldrkgS¸lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=klsrkRi;Z;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kdkfoLrkjfdulhekvksardgSAlekt'kkL=kosQfo"k;&{ks=kosQlacaèkesafo}kuksaosQerksadkseq[;:ilsnksHkkxksaesackaVktkldrkgSA

1- Lo:ikRedvFkokfof'k"VkRedlEiznk;rFkk(Formal or Specialistic or Particularistic School)

2- leUo;kRedlaiznk;(Synthetic School)izFkefopkjèkkjkosQiks"kdlekt'kkL=kdks,dfo'ks"kfoKkuekursgSatcfdf}rh;fopkjèkkjkosQleFkZdlekt'kkL=kdks,dlkekU;foKkuekuusosQi{kesagSA

1- Lo:ikRed laiznk; (Formal School)

teZulekt'kkL=khtktZflesybllaiznk;osQizorZdgSaAbllaiznk;lslacafèkrvU;fo}kuksaesaohjdkUr]okuf;t]eSDloscjrFkkVkuhtvkfnizeq[kgSaAbl fopkjèkkjklslacafèkr lekt'kkfL=k;ksa osQ ekU;rkuqlkj vU; foKkuksa tSls jlk;u'kkL=k] HkkSfrd 'kkL=k]bfrgkl]vFkZ'kkL=k]Hkwxksy]jktuhfr'kkL=kvkfnosQlekulekt'kkL=kHkh,dLora=k,oafo'ks"k foKkugSAtSlsizR;sdfoKkudhviuhdksbZizeq[kleL;k;klkexzhgksrhgSftldkmlh'kk[kkosQvarxZrvè;;udhtkusokyhHkhdksbZeq[;leL;k;klkexzhgksuhpkfg,A,slkgksusdhfLFkfresghlekt'kkL=k,dfof'k"V,oaLora=kfoKkuculosQxkvkSjbldk{ks=kfuf'prgkslosQxkAbllEiznk;osQvuqlkj];fnlekt'kkL=kdkslaiw.kZlektdk,dlkekU;vè;;ucukusdhdksf'k'kdhx;hrksoSKkfudvkèkkjij,slkdjuklaHkoughajgtk,xkA

(i) tktZ flesy osQ fopkj (Views of George Simmel)%tktZflesyuslekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksa osQ Lo:iksadkvè;;uekuk gSA buosQvuqlkj];fnvU;foKkuksaosQlekulekt'kkL=kHkhlkekftdlacaèkksadhvUroZLrqdkvè;;udjusyxkrks;g,dfof'k"VfoKkuughaculosQxkAvr%lekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksa osQ Lo:iksa dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,A buosQ vuqlkj] lHkh HkkSfrd ,oavHkkSfrdoLrqvksadkviuk,dLo:ivkSj,dvaroZUrqgksrhgStks,dnwljslsfHkUugksrsgSaALo:ivkSjvaroZLrqdk,dnwljsijdksbZizHkkoughaiM+rkAmnkgj.kgsrqµrhu,dlekucksryksaesals,desaikuh]nwljsesanwèkvkSjrhljsesa'kjkcHkjh

8 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


tkldrhgSAikuh]nwèkvkSj'kjkcdkcksryksaosQLo:iijvkSjbuosQLo:idkcksryksadhvaroZLrqijdksbZizHkkoughiM+sxkAcksrydhfo'ks"kvko`Qfr;kcukoVmldkLo:igSvkSjmlesaHkjkgqvkikuh]nwèkvkSj'kjkcmldhvaroZLrqgSAblhizdkjlkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksavkSjvaroZLrqesaHkhvarjik;ktkrkgSvkSj;sHkh,d&nwljsdksizHkkforughadjrsgSaAvuqdj.k]lg;ksx]izfrLièkkZ]izeq[kvèkhurk]JefoHkktuvkfnlkekftdlacaèkksaosQbUghaLo:iksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkugSA

(ii) ohjdkar osQ fopkj (Views of Vier Kant)%lekt'kkL=kdksrks,dfof'k"VfoKkuosQ:iesaekufldlacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;udjukpkfg,tksO;fDr;ksadks,d&nwljslsvFkoklewglsckaèkrsgSaAlekt'kkL=k;'k]lEeku]izse]yTtk]Lusg]leiZ.k]?k`.kk]lg;ksx]la?k"kZvkfnHkkoukRed;kekufldigyqvksadkvè;;udjrkgSA

(iii) okufot osQ fopkj (Views of Von Wiese)% bUgksaus lkekftdlacaèkksa osQ 650Lo:iksadkmYys[kfd;kgSvkSjcrk;kfdlekt'kkL=kdksLo;adksbUghaLo:iksaosQvè;;uesavius&vkidksyxkukpkfg,A

(iv) eSDl oscj osQ fopkj (Views of Max Weber)%bUgksausHkhlekt'kkL=kdks,dfof'k"VfoKkuekukgSAbuosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=klkekftdfozQ;kvksadkvè;;ugSAlkekftdfozQ;kvksadksbUgksausmuO;ogkjksaosQ:iesaLi"Vfd;kgStks fdvFkZiw.kZvkSjlkFkghlkFktksvU;O;fDr;ksaosQO;ogkjksalsizHkkforHkhgksrsgSaA

vr%lekt'kkL=kdkdk;ZlkekftdO;ogkjdksle>ukvkSjmudhO;kjdkdjukgSA

Vkuht] oksxy] jkWl] ikoZQ ,oa oxsZlvkfn lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us Hkh Lo:ikRedlEiznk;dkleFkZufd;kgSAbllEiznk;lslac¼lHkhlekt'kkL=kh]lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksardghlhferekursgSaA

Lo:ikRed lEiznk; dh vkykspuk

(i)lkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;ufdlhvU;foKku}kjkughafd;ktkrk]vr%lekt'kkL=kdks,duohufoKkuosQ:iesabudkvè;;udjukpkfg,A,slkdgukfujkèkkjgSAlkekftdlacaèkksaosQcgqrlsLo:itSls&izHkqRo]lÙkk]'kfDr]LokfeRo]vkKkikyu]nklrk]la?k"kZvkfndkvè;;udkuwu'kkL=kesadkiQhlhekrdO;ofLFkr:iesafd;ktkrkgSAlksjksfduosQvuqlkj¶Lo:iksadkvè;;uvU;foKkuksaosQ}kjkHkhfd;ktkrkgS]vr%lekt'kkL=kosQfy,ekuoh;lacaèkksaosQLo:iksaosQfoKkuosQ:iesadksbZLFkkuughagSA¸

(ii)bllEiznk;osQleFkZdksausLo:ivkSjvuroZLrqesaHksnfd;kgSvkSjbUgsa,dnwljslsi`Fko~QekukgS]ysfdulkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:ivkSjvaroZLrqdks,d&nwljslsi`Fko~QdjuklaHkoughagSA

(iii)bllEiznk;osQleFkZdlekt'kkL=kdksvU;lkekftdfoKkuksaesai`Fko~Q,oaLora=kfoKkucukusosQi{kèkjgSaAijarq;glaHkoughagS]D;ksafdfofHkUulkekftdfoKkuksaesaikjLifjdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSAlHkhlkekftdfoKkuFkksM+hcgqrek=kkesa,d&nwljslsoqQNuoqQNxzg.kdjrsgSaAlksjksfduosQvuqlkj¶'kk;ngh,slkdksbZfoKkugkstksvU;foKkuksalsfdlhufdlh:iesalacaèkuj[krkgksA¸

(iv)bllaiznk;dhekU;rkosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kesaosQoylkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;u fd;ktk,rkslkekftdthouosQ fofHkUui{klekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=k(lhek)osQvarxZrughavk;saxsA,slhfLFkfresalekt'kkL=kdk{ks=kcgqrlaoqQfprgkstk,xktksfdblfo"k;osQfodkldhn`f"VlsmfprughagSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 9


(v)lket'kkL=klaiw.kZ:ilslektdkfoKkugSA;gizekf.krgksx;kgSfdlkekftdthouosQfofHkUui{k,d&nwljsosQlkFk?kfu"B:ilslacafèkrgSaA;fnlkekftdthouosQfdlh,dHkhHkkx;ki{kesaifjorZuvkrkgSrksmldkvljvU;Hkkxksa;ki{kksaijHkhiM+rkgSAvr%bllaiznk;osQleFkZdksaosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kosQvarxZrosQoylkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksaosQvè;;uijtksjnsukmfprughagSA

(vi)Lo:ikRedlaiznk;osQleFkZdksauslekthdj.kosQLo:iksavkSjlkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksaesadksbZfoHksnughafd;kgSArFkknksuksadks,d&nwljsdki;kZ;ekufy;kgStcfd;FkkFkZesa,slkughagSAlkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksaesaosQoylkekthdj.kosQughacfYdvlekthdj.kosQLo:iHkhekStwngSaA

2- leUo;kRed laiznk; (Synthetic School)

lksjksfdu]nq[khZe]gkWcgkmlrFkk ¯xloxZbllaiznk;osQizeq[kleFkZdksaesalsgSaA;sfo}kulekt'kkL=kdksfof'k"Vdhctk;lkekU;foKkucukukpkgrsgSaAbufo}kuksaosQvuqlkj]lektosQlacaèkesalaiw.kZKkuizkfIrgsrqlekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:irdghlhferughaj[kktkldrkAblsrkslaiw.kZlektdklkekU;vè;;udjukpkfg,bllacaèkesabllaiznk;osQleFkZdksausnksroZQfn;sgSaA

(i)lektdhizo`Qfrthfor'kjhjdhHkkafrgSftlosQfofHkUuvax,d&nwljsosQlkFk?kfu"B:ilsvarlZEcfUèkrgSavkSj,dvarjgksusokykdksMZHkhifjorZunwljsvaxksadksizHkkforfd,fcukughajgldrkgSAvr%lektdksle>usosQfy,mldhfofHkUubdkbZ;ksa;kvaxksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksadkstkuukvfrvko';dgSA;gdk;Zmlhle;gksldrkgStclekt'kkL=kdkslkekU;foKkucuk;ktk,vkSjblosQ{ks=kdksdkiQhO;kidfd;ktk;sA

(ii)lekt'kkL=kdks,dlkekU;foKkucukusosQi{kesa,droZQ fn;ktkrkgS fdizr;sdlkekftdfoKkuosQ}kjklektosQ,dHkkx;ki{kdkghvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQrkSjijjktuhfr'kkL=k}kjklektosQ,di{k&jktuhfrdthoudkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAblhizdkjvFkZ'kkL=kosQ}kjkvk£Fkdthoudkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA,slkdksbZHkhfoKkuughagSatkslkekftdthouosQlHkhi{kksadklaiw.kZle>;klexz:iesavè;;udjrkgksAvr%lekt'kkL=kdks,dfoKkuosQ:iesa;gdk;ZdjukgSA,slkgksusijghlekuokLrfodizo`Qfrdksle>ktkldrkgSAblosQlacaèkesagekjkKkudkiQhlaoqQfprvkSj,dkdhgS;FkkFkZesalekt'kkL=kdkyksxksadkslkekftdthoudhvoLFkkvksalsifjfprdjkusdhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkgSvkSj;gmlhle;laHkogStcblosQ{ks=kdks,dfoKkuosQ:iesafoLr`rfd;ktk;sA

(d) nq[khZe osQ fopkj (Views of Durkheim)%izQkalhlhlekt'kkL=khbZekbynq[khZeHkhblhfopkjèkkjkosQleFkZdgSaAnq[khZeosQvuqlkj],dlkekU;lekt'kkL=kdkfuekZ.kdjuklaHkogStksfof'k"VfoKkuksaosQfo'ks"k{ks=kksaosQfu;eksaijvkèkkfjrvfèkdlkekU;fu;eksalsfudydjcukgksA;sghlkewfgd:iesalkekftdthouosQfofHkUui{kksadkizfrfufèkRodjrsgSaAbUghaosQvè;;ulslektdksHkyhHkkafrle>ktkldrkgSAnq[khZeosQvuqlkj¶gekjkfo'oklgSfdlekt'kkfL=k;ksadksfof'k"VfoKkutSlsdkuwudkbfrgkl]izFkk,a,oaèkeZ]lkekftdvad'kkL=k]vFkZ'kkL=kvkfnesafd,x,vUos"k.kksalsfu;fer:ilsifjfprjgusdhcgqrvfèkdt:jrgSD;ksafdbuesamiyCèklkefxz;ksalsghosQlekt'kkL=kdks,dfof'k"VLora=kfu;keksadkfodkldjlosaQxsAblosQi'pkr~bls,dlkekU;foKkuosQ:iesavU;lkek-ftdfoKkuksaosQlkFkleUo;LFkkfirdjukgSA¸

10 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


([k) lksjksfdu osQ fopkj (Views of Sorokin)%lksjksfduosQvuqlkj&ekuyhft,;fnlkekftd?kVukvksadksLoho`Qrdjfn;ktk,vkSjizR;sdoxZdkvè;;u,dfo'ks"klkekftdfoKkudjsrksbufo'ks"klkekftdfoKkuksaosQvfrfjDr,slsfoKkudhvko';drkgksxhtkslkekU;,oafo'ks"kfoKkuksaosQlacaèkksadkvè;;udjsAdksbZHkhlkekftdfoKkuiw.kZr%Lora=kgSAizR;sdlkekftdfoKkudksfdlhufdlh:iesavU;lkekftdfoKkuksaijfuHkZjjgukiM+rkgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd,dfoKku}kjklkekftdthouosQfdlh,di{k;k,dfof'k"VekU;rk,aikjaifjd:ils,d&nwljsdksizHkkfordjrhgSaAvr%,dfu"d"kZesaleUo;LFkkfirdjlosQrkfdlektdkslexz:ilsle>ktklosQAlekt'kkL=kdkdk;ZfofHkUulkekftdfoKkuksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksa;kmuosQlkekU;rRoksadkvè;;udjukgSApkgsfdlhHkhizdkjosQlacaèkvk£Fkd]jktuhfrd;kèkk£edLFkkfirdjsavFkokdksbZHkhfozQ;kdjsa]muesaoqQNlkekU;rRovo';gksrsgSaAbUghalkekU;rRoksa;kvUrlZEcaèkksadkvè;;ulekt'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSA

eSdkboj,oaistosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=khgksusosQdkj.kgekjh#fplkekftdlacaèkksaesagS]bldkj.kughafdoslacaèkvk£Fkd]jktuhfrdvFkokèkk£edgSacfYdbldkj.kHkhfdoslkFkghlkekftdHkhgksrsgSaA¸

lksjksfduosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kdkvè;;u{ks=klkekU;gksukpkfg,vkSjblslkekftdfoKkuosQizR;sdi{kdkvè;;udjukpkfg,A¸

leUo;kRed lEiznk; dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Synthetic School)

1- ;fnlekt'kkL=kesalHkhizdkjosQrF;ksa,oaiz?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktk,xkrks;gvU;lkekftdfoKkuksadh,df[kpM+hek=k;k^gjiQuekSyk*foKkucutk,xkA

2- ;fnlket'kkL=k,dlkekU;foKkugksxkrksbldkviukdksbZLora=k{ks=kughagksxkA,slhfLFkfresablsvU;lkekftdfoKkuksaijvkfJrjgukiM+sxkA

3- ;fnlekt'kkL=kesalHkhizdkjosQlkekftdrF;ksa,oa?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkusyxkrks,slhfLFkfresa;gfdlhHkhrF;;kiz?kVukdkiw.kZrkosQlkFkvè;;uughadjik,xkA

4- ;fnlekt'kkL=k fofHkUu foKkuksadk;ksx;kladyuek=kgksxkrksbldhviuhdksbZfuf'pri¼frfodflrughagksik;sxhA

1-8 lekt'kkL=k dk dk;Z&{ks=k (Fields of Sociology)

D;ksafdlekt'kkL=kdkfo"k;&{ks=kdkiQhO;kidgS]vr,oblosQvè;;udksfofHkUu{ks=kksaesafoHkkftrdjusdkiz;Rufd;kx;kgSAizeq[k{ks=kfuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) lekt'kkL=kh; fl¼kar (Sociological theory)%blesalekt'kkL=kh;voèkkj.kkvksa]fu;eksa,oalkekU;hdj.kksadkvè;;ulfEefyrgSA

(ii) ,sfrgkfld lekt'kkL=k (Historical theory)% blosQ varxZr Hkwrdkyhu lkekftdlaLFkkvksa,oaorZekulaLFkkvksadhmRifÙkdkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA

(iii) ifjokj dk lekt'kkL=k (Sociology of family)%ifjokjdktUe]fodkl]blosQdk;Zizdkj]Lo:irFkkbldhleL;kvksa]tSlsrykdvkfndkvè;;ulfEefyrgSA

(iv) ekuo&lkaf[;dh ,oa ifjfLFkfr foKku (Human ecology and demography)%blesatula[;krFkklektesaHkkSxksfydrRoksaosQizHkkodkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 11


(v) leqnk; dk lekt'kkL=k (Sociology of Community)%;gleqnk;dkvè;;ugSAblosQnksHkkxgSaµ

(i)xzkeh.klekt'kkL=k],oa (ii)uxjh;lekt'kkL=kA

(vi) fo'ks"k lekt'kkL=k (Special Sociology)% fiNys oqQNsd fnuksa esa lkekftd lacaèkksaosQ fofHkUuigyqvksadkvè;;udjusosQ fy, fo'ks"klekt'kkL=kksadk fodkl fd;kx;kgSAblizdkjvktgekjslkeus;sfo'ks"klekt'kkL=kgSaµ'kSf{kdlekt'kkL=k]èkeZdk lekt'kkL=k] vk£Fkd lekt'kkL=k] jktuhfrd lekt'kkL=k] dkuwu dk lekt'kkL=k]lkekftdfo?kVu]vijkèkfoKku]lkekftdeuksfoKku]lkaLo`Qfrdlekt'kkL=k]lkekftdeu%fpfdRlk'kkL=k] yksd&lekt'kkL=k (folk sociology)] vkS|ksfxd lekt'kkL=k] dykdklekt'kkL=k]lsukdklekt'kkL=k]fpfdRlkdklekt'kkL=k]O;kfèkdklekt'kkL=k]euksjatudk lekt'kkL=k] NksVs legksa dk lekt'kkL=k] ukSdj'kkgh (bureaucracy)dklekt'kkL=k]lkekftdLrjhdj.kdklekt'kkL=k]¯yx(sex)dklekt'kkL=kA

Hkfo";esa]vU;u;sfof'k"Vlekt'kkL=kksaosQfodflrgksusdhlaHkkoukgSA

1-9 lekt'kkL=k dk egÙo (Importance of Sociology)

;giz'uLokHkkfodgSfdlekt'kkL=kdkegÙoD;kgS]bllsfdliz;kstudhiw£rgksrhgSvkSjblosQvè;;ulsD;kykHkgksrkgS\ijsVks(Pareto)tSlsoqQNvkykspdksadkdFkugSfdlekt'kkL=kdkdksbZegÙoughagS]D;ksafdblesathoudh;FkkFkZokLrfodrkvksadkvè;;uughafd;ktkrkvkSjpw¡fdbldklacaèk,slsfopkjksalsgStksoSKkfud[kkstksalsrfudHkhlacafèkrughagS]vr%lkekftdthouesamudkdksbZmi;ksxughagSAijarqlekt'kkL=kosQegÙoosQckjsesa;gn`f"Vdks.kBhdughagSAlekt'kkL=kdhegÙoiw.kZvoèkkj.kkvksaosQvè;;ulsblosQegÙodkirkyxtkrkgSµ

1- lekt'kkL=k lekt dk oSKkfud vè;;u djrk gS (Sociology makes a scientific study of society)%lekt'kkL=kosQtUelsiwoZlektdkdHkhHkhoSKkfud<axlsvè;;uughafd;ktkrkFkk]vkSjlektfdlhHkhfoKkudhfo"k;&lkexzhughaFkkAlekt'kkL=k}kjkghlektdkokLrfodoSKkfudvè;;ulaHkogSAbrukghsugha]cfYdvkèkqfudlalkjdhvusdleL;kvksalslacafèkrgksusosQdkj.klekt'kkL=kusbrukvfèkdegÙoiw.kZLFkkuizkIrdjfy;kgSfdlekt'kkL=khmikxedksvU;lHkhlkekftd'kkL=kksadksle>usdkJs"BremikxeekuktkrkgSAlektdkoSKkfudKkuekuo&lacaèkksaesa fdlhHkhegÙoiw.kZlqèkkjdhiwoZvko';drkgSA

2- lekt'kkL=k O;fDr osQ fodkl esa laLFkkvksa osQ LFkku dk vè;;u djrk gS (Sociology studies the role of institution in the development of individual)%lekt'kkL=kosQekè;elsghegkulkekftdlaLFkkvksarFkkizR;sdlaLFkklsO;fDrosQlacaèkdkoSKkfudvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA ?kjrFkkifjokj]LowQyrFkk f'k{kk]ppZrFkkèkeZ] jkT;rFkkljdkj]m|ksxrFkkdk;Z]leqnk;rFkkla?kvkfn,slhegkulaLFkk,¡gSaftuosQekè;elslektdhxkM+hpyrhgSAblosQvfrfjDr;slaLFkk,¡euq";dhvoLFkk,¡fuèkkZfjrdjrhgSaAlekt'kkL=kbulaLFkkvksavkSjeuq";osQfodklesamuosQ;ksxdkvè;;udjrkgSvkSjbulaLFkkvksadksvfèkdkfèkd'kfDr'kkyhcukusosQfy,mi;qDrmik;ksadklq>konsrkgS]rkfd;svPNs<axlsO;fDrdhlsokdjlosaQA

3- lekt&lacaèkh Kku rFkk mlosQ vk;kstu osQ fy, lekt'kkL=k dk vè;;u vfuok;Z gS (The study of sociology is indispensable for understanding and planning of society)% lektdhjpukcM+htfVyrFkkfofp=kgSAlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uosQfcukbldhfofHkUuleL;kvksadksle>uk,oagydjikukvlaHkogSAmfprghdgkx;k

12 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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gSfdgelektdksrcrdughale>ldrsgSavkSjumlslqèkkjldrsgSa]tcrdfdgemldhjpukrFkkmldhlapkyu&fofèkosQckjsesatkudkjhizkIrughdjysrs]BhdmlhizdkjtSlsdksbZHkhO;fDrdkjdhe'khujhvkSjmlosQiqtsZfiQVdjusdhfofèkvkfndkstkusfcukfcxM+hgqbZdkjdksBhdughadjldrkAlkekftdleL;kvksadklekt'kkL=kosQlkFkoSlkghlacaèkgS]tSlk fdthofoKkuvkSjdhVk.kq'kkL=kdkvkS"kèkfoKkuosQlkFkgS];kxf.krrFkkHkkSfrdfoKkudkbathfu;¯jxosQlkFkgSA

ftlizdkjlS¼kfUrdrFkkiz;ksxkRedfoKkuksaesavuqlaèkkufd;sfcukjksxksadksnwjdjus;kiqy&fuekZ.kdhvkèkqfudfofèkekywedjikuklaHkoughagS]mlhizdkjlekt'kkL=klslacafèkrvuqla?kkuksaosQfcukliQylkekftdvk;kstuHkhlaHkoughagSA;gekU;mís';ksadhizkfIrosQfy,oqQ'kyremik;ksaosQfuèkkZj.kesalgk;rkdjrkgSA

fdUghaHkhlkekftduhfr;ksaosQfozQ;kUo;ulsigyslektosQlacaèkesaoqQNKkuizkIrdjukvko';dgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]ekuyksfdtuu&njdks?kVkusdhuhfrokaNuh;le>htkrhgS]blmís';dhizkfIrosQfy,mÙkelkèkuksadkfu.kZ;osQoyvk£Fkdn`f"Vlsugha fd;ktkldrk]D;ksafdifjokj&O;oLFkk] jhfr&fjoktvkSj:f<+xrewY;ksadksvo';è;kuesaj[kukiM+sxkvkSjbuosQfy,lekt'kkL=kh;<axdkfo'ys"k.kvko';dgSA

4- lkekftd leL;kvksa dks gy djus osQ fy, lekt'kkL=k cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS (Sociology is of great importance in the solution of social problems)%vkèkqfudlalkjosQlkeusvusdleL;k,¡gSaftUgsalektosQoSKkfudvè;;u}kjkghgyfd;ktkldrkgSALi"VgSfdlkekftdcqjkb;k¡vdkj.kghughaiSnkgksrha]cfYdgjckrdkmfprdkj.kgksrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdkdkeoSKkfudvuqlaèkkuosQekè;elslkekftdleL;kvksadkvè;;udjukvkSj mudk gy<w¡<+uk gSA ekuoh; O;ogkjksadkoSKkfudvè;;udjusosQiQyLo:igesamlKkurFkkmufl¼karksadkirkyxsxkftulsgelkekftdvoLFkkvksaijfu;a=k.kiklosaQxsvkSjmudkslqèkkjlosaQxsA

5- lekt'kkL=k us euq"; osQ okLrfod egÙo rFkk mlosQ lEeku dh vksj gekjk è;ku vko`Q"V fd;k gS (Sociology has drawn our attention to the intrinsic worth and dignity of man)%euq";osQizfrgekjkn`f"Vdks.kcnyusesalekt'kkL=kdkcM+k;ksxjgkgSA,dc`gr~fof'k"VlektesagelHkhlhfergSa]mllhekrdtgk¡rdgelaiw.kZlaLFkkvkSjlaLo`QfrdkizR;{kvuqHkodjldrsgSaAgenwljs{ks=kksaosQyksxksadksfudVrklsughatkuldrsAmudksfudVlstkuusvkSjmuy{;ksadkvuqekuyxkukftuosQlgkjsnwljsthforgSavkSjmuifjfLFkfr;ksadkstkuukftuesaosjgjgsgSa]osQfy,lekt'kkL=kdkKkuvfuok;ZgSAvcgeuseuq";osQokLrfodewY;ksadks,deuq";osQ:iesavkSjtkfr]jax]fo'oklrFkknwljsrRoksaosQHksnHkkodhO;FkZrk,oavuqi;qDrrkdksle>ukvkjaHkdjfn;kgSAftltkrh;;klkekftdHksnusigys,dO;fDrdksnwljslsi`Fkddjfn;kFkk]ogvclekIrgksjgkgSvkSjgeèkhjs&èkhjsekuoh;Hkzkr`&Hkkoukdhvksjc<+jgsgSaA

6- vijkèk vkfn leL;kvksa osQ lacaèk esa lekt'kkL=k us gekjk n`f"Vdks.k cny fn;k gS (Sociology has changed our outlook with regard to the problems of crime etc.)%blosQvfrfjDrlekt'kkL=kusfofHkUuizdkjosQvijkèkksaosQckjsesagekjkn`f"Vdks.kcnyfn;kgSAvcvijkfèk;ksadksifrri'kqvksadhHkk¡frughanqRdkjktkrkAblosQfoijhr]mUgsaekufldjksxxzLreuq";le>ktkrkgSvkSjmuosQjksxdksnwjdjosQmUgsalektdkmi;ksxhlnL;cukusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgSAvijkèk'kkL=k]n.M&lekt&lqèkkj&dk;ZrFkklkekftdfpfdRlkvkfntkslkekftdvoLFkkvksadksle>usvkSjyksxksadhO;fDrxr

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 13


leL;kvksadksgydjusosQ{ks=kesaiz'kaluh;dk;ZdjjgsgSa]lekt'kkL=kosQlgk;d'kkL=kghrksgSaA

7- ekuo&laLo`Qfr dks le`¼ cukus es lekt'kkL=k us cM+k ;ksx fn;k gS (Sociology has made great contirbution to enrich human culture)%lekt'kkL=kusekuo&laLo`Qfrdksle`¼cukusesacM+k;ksxnkufn;kgSAblusgekjseulsvusdHkzkfUr;ksadksgVk;kgSAlekt'kkL=kusgesa,slhVsª¯uxnhgSfdgjO;fDrviusèkeZ]jhfr&fjokt]uSfrdrkrFkklaLFkkvksalslacafèkriz'uksadksroZQiw.kZn`f"Vlsns[ksAblosQvfrfjDrblusgesaoLrqfu"B]xq.knks"krFkkfujis{kcukfn;kgSA;geuq";dksLo;arFkknwljksadksvPNhizdkjle>us;ksX;cukrkgSAviusvfrfjDrvU;lektksavksjlewgksaosQrqyukRedvè;;ulsogviusvfLrRolslacafèkrcgqr&lhoLrqvksadksns[kusesaleFkZgksrkgStksvU;FkkmlosQè;kuesaughavkrhAmldkthouvfèkdèkuhvkSjiw.kZgkstkrkgStksfdvU;FkkughagksldrkFkkAlekt'kkL=kgesaladh.kZO;fDrxrjkx&}s"k]vgaoknhegÙokdka{kkvksarFkkoxZ&}s"kdksR;kxusdkegÙoHkhle>krkgSAla{ksiesadgktkldrkgSfdlekt'kkL=kosQfl¼karizR;sdO;fDrdksnwljsO;fDr;ksarFkklaiw.kZlektdh;FkklaHkoiwjhlsokdjusdkizksRlkgunsrsgSaA

8- lekt'kkL=k varjkZ"Vªh; leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku esa vfr egÙoiw.kZ gS (Sociology is of great importance in the solution of international problems)%HkkSfrdfoKkuksaesagqbZmUufÙkosQiQyLo:ilalkjosQns'k,dnwljsosQfudVvkx;sgSaAijarqlkekftdlacaèkksaosQ{ks=kesaog,dnwljslsnwjgSaAewyHkwriz'u;ggSfdlHkhizdkjdhoSKkfudizxfrlsD;kykHkgSa;fnjk"Vª,dnwljsosQ[kwuosQI;klsgSaAlektosQmQijvkèkqfud;q¼osQvusdHk;adjifj.kkegksrsgSaAvkèkqfud;q¼dhlkekftdykxrfofoèk:iesaizn£'krgksrhgSaA;q¼osQvusddkj.kgksrsgSaijarqlokZfèkdegÙoiw.kZdkj.kgSa%µjkT;ksaosQjktuhfrdlaxBuksa,oamuosQlacaèkksaosQeè;izdk;kZRedvlarqyuAgechloha'krkCnhosQlalkjesafuokldjrsgSatksjktuhfrdrkSjijvBkjgoha'krkCnhdhifjfLFkfr;ksaesafoHkkftrgSAifj.kkeLo:i]jktuhfrdbdkb;ksaosQeè;,oamuosQvanjmifLFkrrukosa]la?k"kZ,oa;q¼dksle;≤ijLFkkunsrsgSaA jk"Vª&jkT;dhgeiwtkdjrsgSarksfo'o&jkT;oSQlsLFkkfirfd;ktkldrkgSA;q¼osQlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uls;q¼osQfofHkUudkj.kksadhghle>mRiUugksxhtks,slslHkhdkj.kksadksnwjdjusesalgk;dgksxhftulsjk"VªksaosQeè;rukoc<+rkgS,oavarr%;q¼dhmRifÙkgksrhgSA

9- f'k{kk osQ fo"k; osQ :i esa Hkh lekt'kkL=k mi;ksxh gS (Sociology is useful as a teaching subject)%pw¡fdlekt'kkL=k,degÙoiw.kZ'kkL=kgS]vr%f'k{kkosQ:ieas Hkh ;g yksdfiz; gks jgk gSA dkWystksa rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ ikB~;&fo"k; esa blsegÙoiw.kZLFkkufn;ktkusyxkgSAgkyesaVªs¯uxdkWystksaesaHkhblsfo"k;osQ:iesaLFkkufn;kx;kgS]D;skafdvè;kidksadksosQoyviukfo"k;rFkkviusf'k";ksadksO;fDrxr:iesaghtkuusdhvko';drkughagksrh]cfYdmUgsamllkewfgd&thoudhizo`QfrosQckjsesaHkhtkuukvko';dgksrkgSftlosQfy,mUgsaviusfo|k£Fk;ksadksrS;kjdjukgksrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdhf'k{kknsuslslektho`QrfopkjèkkjkdktUegksxk]lektho`QrO;ogkjdkfodklgksxk]lkekftd;kstukdho`f¼gksxhvkSj,du;hlkekftdO;oLFkkdkmn;gksxkA

lekt'kkL=kosQegÙodk,dvU;izek.k;ggSfdvkbZú,ú,lúvkSjihúlhú,lúrFkk,slhghvU;mPpijh{kkvksaesacSBusokysfo|k£Fk;ksaosQikB~;ozQeesaHkhblslfEefyrdjfy;kx;kgSA;gfopkjBhdghgSfdlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uosQfcukmuyksxksadhVªs¯uxrFkkmudkKkuvèkwjkghjgsxkftUgsans'kosQ'kkluesaegÙoiw.kZinksadksl¡HkkyukgSA

14 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


O;olk; osQ :i esa lekt'kkL=k (Sociology as a Profession)

lekt'kkL=kosQfo|kFkhZfuEufyf[kr{ks=kksaesajkstxkjikldrsgSaµ

(i) m|ksxksa ,oa ljdkj esa yscj osyisQ;j vfèkdkjh] ekuo&lacaèk vfèkdkjh rFkk ilZuyvkWiQhljosQ:iesaA

(ii) lkekftdlqj{kk];Fkkµjkstxkjdk;kZy;]csjkstxkjhchek;kstuk]lkekftdlqj{kk;kstukosQ{ks=kesaA

(iii) vijkfèk;ksaosQlqèkkj&lacaèkh{ks=kesa];Fkkµizkscs'kuvfèkdkjh]ckyHkouksa;klqèkkj&?kjosQvèkh{kdosQ:iesaA

(iv) lkekftddY;k.kosQ {ks=kesalektdY;k.kvfèkdkjh]ckydY;k.kvfèkdkjh]xzkedY;k.kvfèkdkjh]gfjtudY;k.kvfèkdkjh]dchykdY;k.kvfèkdkjhosQ:ieasA

(v) lkekftdf'k{kkosQ{ks=kesalkekftdf'k{kk;kizkS<+f'k{kkvfèkdkjhosQ:iesaA

(vi) foèkok&dY;k.kosQ{ks=kesaukjhfuosQruosQvèkh{kdosQ:iesaA

(vii) cw<ksa]vaixks]vukFkksaosQfy,[kksysx;svkJeksaesamuosQvèkh{kdosQ:iesaA

(viii) ifjokjfu;kstuosQ{ks=kesalkekftd'kksèkdrkZosQ:iesaA

la{ksiesa]lekt'kkL=kdklclsvfèkdegÙoblckresagSfd;gvkèkqfudvoLFkkvksaosQvkèkqfudreKkulsifjfprdjkrkgS]vPNsukxfjdksaosQfuekZ.kesa;ksxnsrkgS]leqnk;dhleL;kvksadksgydjusesalgk;rknsrkgS]lektosQckjsesaKkudho`f¼djrkgS]O;fDrdkslektosQlkFkmlosQlacaèklsifjfprdjkrkgS]vPNslektosQlkFkrknkRE;djrkgSrFkkyksxksadhvusd?kVukvksa,oackrksadkdkj.ktkuusesalgk;rkdjrkgSAizksúchp(Beach)dkdFkugS]¶lekt'kkL=kvkèkqfudlalkjdhcgqr&lhewyleL;kvksaijizR;{kizHkko}kjklcizdkjosQO;fDr;ksadksHkkrkgSA¸izksúfx¯MXldkdFkugS]¶ftlizdkjvFkZ'kkL=k;gcrykrkgSfdftuoLrqvksadksgeizkIrdjukpkgrsgSa]mUgsaoSQlsizkIrdjsa_mlhizdkjlekt'kkL=kcrykrkgSfdgetkscuukpkgrsgSa]oSlsfdlizdkjcusaA¸

lekt'kkL=kosQegÙodkrkRi;Z;gughagSfdblslekt'kkL=kdhvko';drkgS;kugha]cfYdiz'u;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kosQ}kjkizkIrKkudkiz;ksxfdlizdkjfd;ktk;sALi"Vr%bllsO;fDrxr,oalkekftdnksuksaizdkjosQykHkgSaA

Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udkegÙovkSjHkhvfèkdgSAik'pkR;izHkkoosQdkj.kHkkjrh;lektèkzqoxfrlsifjo£rrgksjgkgSAbldhjhfr;k¡cnyjghgSaAla;qDrifjokjksadkfo?kVugksjgkgSAfookg&caèkuf'kfFkyiM+jgsgSaAVwVsifjokjksadhla[;kc<+jghgSAfL=k;ksa,oacPpksaesaLora=krkdhHkkoukc<+jghgSaifjokj&fu;kstudhvko';drkvuqHkodhtkjghgSApyfp=kksausfopkjèkkjk,oajgu&lguosQ<axdksizHkkforfd;kgSAHkk"kkokn]{ks=kh;rkoknrFkktkfroknfljmBkjgsgSaAjktuhfrdnyksaesalÙkkdhgksM+pjelhekijgSAiz'kkldh;ra=kosQizR;sdLrjijHkz"VkpkjgSAcsjkstxkjhdhleL;kxaaHkhjgSAc<+rsgq,uxjhdj.kusvusdleL;kvksa];FkkµvkRegR;k]>qXxh&>ksiM+h]laozQkedjksx]vijkèk]cky&vijkèk]lewg&la?k"kZvkfndkstUefn;kgSAyksxvkanksyudkjhrjhdksadklgkjkvfèkdek=kkesaysjgsgSaAf'k{kkiz.kkyhesa?kksjvO;oLFkkgSAf'k{k.k&laLFkkvksaesa¯glkReddk;Zokfg;k¡c<+jghgSavkSj;gk¡rdfdmPp&inLFk,oalEekfurO;fDr;ksarFkkmioqQyifr;ksarddksviekfurfd;ktkjgkgSAla{ksiesa]izR;sdvksjpkfjf=kdfo?kVuvkSjladVekStwngSaA

Hkkjrh;lektesaO;kIrmDrfofHkUuleL;kvksaosQlekèkkuosQfy,buleL;kvksadhlkekftdi`"BHkwfedksle>ukgksxkAlekt'kkL=kbli`"BHkwfedksle>usesadkiQhlgk;dgksxkA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 15

lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)1-10 lekt'kkL=k vkSj vU; fo"k; (Sociology and Other Subjects)

lekt'kkL=k rFkkvU;lkekftd foKkuksa osQlacaèkksa osQ fo"k;esa oqQN fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSAlekt'kkL=kosQvfrfjDrvU;vusd foKkuHkhlektdkghvè;;udjrsgSaA buesaeuksfoKku]ekuo'kkL=k]bfrgklvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kvkfnvkrsgSaAdkWEVsusbunwljslkekftdfoKkuksadkscsdkjekukgS]D;ksafdlektdkvè;;uVqdM+ksaesack¡Vdjughafd;ktkldrkAdkWEVsdkdgukgSfdlekt,diw.kZrkgSvkSjmldkvè;;uHkhiw.kZrkesaghgksukpkfg,AblrjgdkWEVsosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=kgh,dek=klkekftdfoKkugSA

1- lekt'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl (Sociology and History)

bfrgklekuotkfrosQdk;ks±dkvè;;udjrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdksmllslektosQvè;;uesalgk;rkfeyrhgSAikWycFkZosQ'kCnksaesa]¶laLo`QfrvkSjlaLFkkvksadkbfrgkllekt'kkL=kdksle>usvkSjmudhlkexzhtqVkusesalgk;dgksrkgSA¸

vuksZYMV;uchdhiqLrdlekt'kkL=kesacM+hlgk;dfl¼gksjghgSAvktdylekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.klsHkhbfrgkldkvè;;ufd;ktkjgkgSAbfrgklvkSjn'kZurkslekt'kkL=kosQfy;scM+kghmi;ksxhfl¼gqvkgSAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjbfrgklesacM+kfudVlacaèkgSA

lekt'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl esa varj%mijksDrlacaèkgksrsgq,Hkhlekt'kkL=kvkSjbfrgklesafuEufyf[krvarjgSa%

1- n`f"Vdks.k dk varj µlekt'kkL=kvkSjbfrgklosQn`f"Vdks.kfHkUu&fHkUugSAlkèkkj.kr;kbfrgklesamu?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAtksvuks[kh;kvlkèkkj.kgksrhgSAlekt'kkL=kmu?kVukvksadkvè;;udjrkgSftudhiqujko`fÙk;k¡vfèkdgksrhgSaAbfrgklfo'ks"kns'kdkydh?kVukvksadko.kZudjrkgSAlekt'kkL=klkoZHkkSfedfu;eksadh[kkstdjrkgSvkSjfo'ks"kns'kdkydh?kVukvksalslacaèkughaj[krkA

2- Lo:i dk varj µbfrgklewÙkZvkSjlekt'kkL=kvewÙkZfoKkugSAikoZQosQ'kCnksaesa]¶blhvFkZesabfrgklekuovuqHkovkSjekuoizo`QfrdkewÙkZvkSjlekt'kkL=kvewÙkZfoKku gSA¸ bfrgkl ?kVukvksa] laLo`Qfr;ksa vkfn dk bfro`ÙkkRed o.kZu djrk gS] ijarqlekt'kkL=kmuosQdkj.kksavkSjlkekU; fl¼karksadh[kkstdjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]bfrgkl;q¼ksadko.kZuek=kdjrkgSvFkokmuosQLFkwydkj.kcrykrkgSAlekt'kkL=kmuizfrfozQ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgStks;q¼dksizksRlkfgrdjrhgSaA

3- fo"k;&lkexzh dk varj µ bfrgkl Hkwrdky dh ?kVukvksa dk vè;;u djrk gSAlekt'kkL=klkèkkj.kr;korZekulektlslacafèkrgSAmldksHkwrdkydh?kVukvksaesaoghard#fpgStgk¡rdmulsorZekulektksadksle>usesalgk;rkfeyldrhgSA

4- tksj nsus dk varj µbfrgklO;fDr;ksaosQdk;ks±ijcynsrkgSAlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhbdkbZekuolewggSAfuEufyf[krrkfydklslekt'kkL=kobfrgklosQvarjdksle>ktkldrkgSµ

lekt'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl esa varj

lekt'kkL=k bfrgkl

1- orZekun'kkvksadkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA 1- okLrfod?kVukvksadko.kZudjrkgSA

2- izkphu ?kVukvksa ls vfèkd iz;kstu ughaj[krkA

2- izkphu?kVukvksadkHkho.kZudjrkgSA

3- oSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrkgSA 3- ,sfrgkfldi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrkgSA

16 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society) 4- iz;ksxkRedgSA 4- fu'p;kRedgSA

5- O;kogkfjdgSA 5- ekSf[kdgSA

6- leqnk;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSA 6- O;fDr;ksaosQdk;ks±dkvè;;udjrkgSA

7- leqnk;ksaosQfu;a=k.kksadksvfèkdegÙonsrkgSA

7- leqnk;ksaosQfu;a=k.kdksdeegÙonsrkgSA

8- iqujko`fÙkokyh?kVukvksalslacafèkrgSA 8- vfèkdrjvf}rh;?kVukvksalslacafèkrgSA

9- loZHkkSe ?kVukvksa osQ lkekU;hdj.k lslacafèkrgSA

9- fo'ks"k ns'kdky dh ?kVukvksa osQ ;FkkFkZo.kZulslacafèkrgSA

10- lH;rkrFkklaLo`QfrdhmRifÙkrFkkfodkldhns'kdkyosQizlaxesao.kZudjrkgSA

10- lH;rk rFkk laLo`Qfr dh fozQ;kvksa dkvè;;udjrkgSA

11- ;q¼dksizksRlkgunsusokyhizfozQ;kvksadkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA

11- ;q¼osQo`Qf=kedkj.kksadko.kZudjrkgSA

12- lkekftd?kVukosQ:iesa;q¼dkvè;;udjrkgSA

12- jktuhfrd?kVukosQ:iesa;q¼dko.kZudjrkgSA

13- fo'ys"k.k osQ lkFk&lkFk leL;kvksa dkslqy>kusdkHkhlq>koughansrkA

13- osQoy;Fkk rF;o.kZudjrk gS] lq>kkonsrkgSA

2- lekt'kkL=k vkSj jktuhfr'kkL=k (Sociology and Political Science)

lekt'kkL=kvkSjjktuhfr'kkL=kosQ?kfu"BlacaèkosQfo"k;easckUlZusfy[kkgS]¶lekt'kkL=kvkSjvkèkqfudjktuhfrfl¼karosQfo"k;esalclsvfèkdegÙoiw.kZckr;ggSfdjkT;fl¼karesafiNysrhlo"kks±esatksifjorZugq,gSamuesalsvfèkdrjlekt'kkL=k}kjklq>k;sgq,vkSjcryk;sgq,ekxZijghgq;sgSaA¸okLroesajktuhfr'kkL=kdhleL;kvksadksHkyhizdkjle>usosQfy,lekt'kkL=kdkkkuvko';dgS]D;ksafdjktuhfrdleL;kvksadklkekftdi{kHkhgksrkgSAfxfMXalosQ'kCnksaesa]¶lekt'kkL=kosQizkjafHkdfl¼karksadksui<+sgq,yksxksadkjkT;dkfl¼kari<+kukoSlkghgStSlkfdU;wVu}kjkcryk;sgq,xfrosQfu;eksadksutkuusokysdks[kxksyfo|kvFkokm".krkvkSj;kfU=kdrkosQlacaèkdk'kkL=ki<+kukA¸th-bZ-th-oSQVfyuusjktuhfr'kkL=krFkklekt'kkL=kdks,dfp=kosQnksi{kdgkgSdkWEVsvkSjLisUljosQvuqlkjjktuhfr'kkL=kvkSjlekt'kkL=kesadksbZvarjughagSA,iQ-th-foYluosQeresa¶okLroesa];gekufy;ktkukpkfg;sfdcgqèkk;gfuf'prdjukcM+kdfBugkstkrkgSfddksbZfo'ks"kys[kdlekt'kkL=khekuktk,;kjktuhfr'kkL=kh;knk'kZfudA¸

lekt'kkL=k vkSj jktuhfr'kkL=k esa varj

lekt'kkL=k jktuhfr foKku

1- lektdkfoKkugSA 1- jkT;;kjktuhfrdlektdkfoKkugSA

2- lkekftdn`f"Vdks.kj[krkgSA 2- 'kkludkn`f"Vdks.kj[krkgSA

3- laxfBrvkSjvlaxfBrleqnk;ksadkvè;;ugSA

3- osQoylaxfBrleqnk;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSA

4- lcizdkjlslkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSA

4- osQoyjktuhfrdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 17

lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)5- lektosQlc:iksadkvè;;udjrkgSA 5- osQoyjktuhfrdlektdkvè;;udjrk

gSA

6- lkekftd fu;a=k.k osQ lc lkèkuksa dkvè;;udjrkgSA

6- osQoy jkT; }kjk Loho`Qr fu;a=k.k dkvè;;udjrkgSA

7- lcleqnk;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSA 7- osQoy,dlfefr;k jkT;dkvè;;udjrkgSA

8- psruvkSjvpsrudkeksadhO;k[;kdjrkgSA

8- osQoypsrudk;ks±dkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA

3- lekt'kkL=k vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k (Sociology and Economics)

lekt'kkL=k vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k dk ijLij lacaèk µ vFkZ'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, isQ;jpkbYMcdvkSjLy¯lxjusfy[kkµ¶vFkZ'kkL=keuq";dhmufozQ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgStksfdvko';drkvksadkslarq"VdjusosQHkkSfrdlkèkuksadksizkIrdjusosQfy;sdhtkrhgSA¸blizdkjvFkZ'kkL=kvk£Fkdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSAvk£FkdlacaèkksadklkekftdfozQ;kvksavkSjlacaèkksalscM+k?kfu"BlacaèkgSAnwljhvksjlkekftdlacaèkksaijHkhvk£FkdlacaèkksadkizHkkoiM+rkgSAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=k,d&nwljsdksizHkkfordjrsgSaAblizdkj?kfu"BlacaèkosQdkj.koqQNlekt'kkfL=k;ksausvFkZ'kkL=kdkslekt'kkL=kdh,d'kk[kkghekufy;kgSAFkkelosQ'kCnksaesa]¶okLroesavFkZ'kkL=kfoLr`rfoKkudh,d'kk[kkek=kgSA¸flYojeSuosQ'kCnksaesa]¶lkèkkj.kiz;kstuksaosQfy;sblslkekftdlacaèkksaosQlkekU;fl¼karksadkvè;;udjusokysfir`foKkulekt'kkL=kdh,d'kk[kkekuktkldrkgSA¸

lkekU; leL;k,¡ µ bl izdkj lekt'kkL=k rFkk vFkZ'kkL=k dk cM+k gh fudV lacaèk gSAeSdkbojusfy[kkgSµ¶vk£Fkd?kVuk;salnSolkekftdvko';drkvksavkSjfozQ;kvksaosQleLrLo:iksa}kjkfuf'prgksrhgSavkSjoslnSoizR;sdizdkjdhlkekftdvko';drkvksavkSjfozQ;kvksadkiwoZfuf'prl`tu]Lo:ihdj.kvkSjifjorZudjrhjgrhgSA¸blizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kdhvusdleL;k;salkekU;gSaAmnkgj.kosQfy;scsdkjhdhleL;keq[;:ilsvk£FkdgS]ijarqmldk,dlkekftdi{kHkhgSAvusdlkekftdizfozQ;k,¡Hkhcsdkjhc<+krhgSAbudkj.kksadkfo'ys"k.klekt'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSAvFkZ'kkL=klscsdkjhosQvk£Fkddkj.kksadkirkyxrkgSvkSjmuosQfuokj.kosQfy;slq>komifLFkrdjrkgSAHkkjrdhiapo"khZ;;kstukesacsdkjhdksnwjdjusosQfy;sps"VkdhtkjghgSAblps"Vkesa;gckrè;kuesaj[khxbZgSfdlkekftdi{kdklqèkkjgq,fcukcsdkjhnwjughagksldrhAf'kf{krcsdkjhdk,dcM+kdkj.kf'kf{krO;fDr;ksadk'kkjhfjdJedjusls?k`.kkdjukHkhgSAbllsf'kf{krO;fDroqQNFkksM+h&lhukSdfj;ksaosQihNsHkkxrsgSaAf'kf{kresatks[kemBkusdhHkhcM+hdehgSAvr%O;kikjvkSjO;olk;dhvksjHkhvis{kko`QrdeyksxtkrsgSaAbllsukSdfj;ksaesacM+hizfr;ksfxrkjgrhgSvkSjyk[kksaf'kf{kr;qodcsdkjjgrsgSaAblcsdkjhdksnwjdjusosQfy,osQoyukSdfj;ksadhla[;kc<+kuslsghdkeughapyldrkD;ksafdns'kosQlkjsf'kf{kruo;qodksaosQfy;sukSdfj;ksadhO;oLFkkdjikukvlaHkogSAblosQfy,yksxkssaosQn`f"Vdks.krFkkvkns'kksaesaifjorZudjukiM+sxkA;gcsdkjhdhleL;kdklkekftdi{kgSA

csdkjhdhleL;kosQlkFk&lkFkvusdleL;k,¡,slhHkhgSaftldkvFkZ'kkL=kvkSjlekt'kkL=kesalkekU;:ilsvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]tSlsfuèkZurk]tula[;k]vk£Fkdfu;kstu]mRiknulacaèkhleL;kbR;kfnAokLroesavk£FkdfØ;kosQpkjksai{kksa&mRiknu]fofue;]forj.krFkkmiHkksxvkfnijlekt'kkL=kHkhlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.klsfopkjdjrkgS]D;ksafdbulcijlkekftdlajpukrFkklaLFkkvksavkfndkHkhizHkkoiM+rkgSAlprks;ggSfdvfèkdka'kvk£FkdleL;kvksadkoqQNuoqQNlkekftdi{kvo';gksrkgSftldklekt'kkL=kesavè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA

18 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


ijarqlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kosQbl?kfu"BlacaèkdkvFkZ;gughagSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdksbZLora=kfoKkuughagSAogLora=kfoKkugS]mlesavkSjlekt'kkL=kesafuEufyf[krvarjHkhgSaµ

lekt'kkL=k vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k esa varj

lekt'kkL=k vFkZ'kkL=k

1- lekt'kkL=k lkekftd lacaèkksa dk vè;udjrkgSA

1- vFkZ'kkL=kvk£Fkdlacaèkksadkvè;;ugSA

2- lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesaiwjklektlfEefyrgksrkgSA

2- vFkZ'kkL=kdk{ks=kvis{kkÑrvfèkdlhfergSA

3- lekt'kkL=kdkn`f"Vdks.kO;kidgSA 3- vFkZ'kkL=k osQoy vk£Fkd n`f"Vdks.k lslacaèkksavkSjfØ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgSA

4- lekt'kkL=k lektdkvè;;udjrk gS]mldhbdkbZlewggSA

4- vFkZ'kkL=k esa bdkbZ euq"; gS vkSj ogfo'ks"kr;keuq";osQvk£Fkdi{kdkewyr%vè;;udjrkgSA

5- lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡vFkZ'kkL=klsfHkUugSA

5- vFkZ'kkL=kesafuxeuvkSjvkxeulsdkefy;ktkrkgSA

blizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kesa{ks=k]fo"k;&lkexzh]n`f"Vdks.krFkki¼fr;k¡vyx&vyxgSaAvr%vFkZ'kkL=k,dLora=kfoKkugSvkSjlekt'kkL=klsijLijlgk;rkdklacaèkj[krkgSA

lekt'kkL=k]ekuo'kkL=kovFkZ'kkL=k]burhuksafoKkuksaesavusdleL;kvksadklkekU;:ilsvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]tula[;kdhghleL;kdksyhft,AvFkZ'kkL=kesatula[;kosQvè;;udkcM+kegÙogSAekYFkudkizfl¼tula[;kdkfl¼karvFkZ'kkL=kesa,degÙoiw.kZfl¼kargSAblesa;gcryk;kx;kgSfdtula[;kT;kferh;vuqikresac<+rhgSvFkkZr~nqxquh]pkSxquh]vBxquhgksrhtkrhgS]thou;kiuosQlkèkuksalsvR;fèkdc<+tk;sxhvkSjizÑfrdksck<+ksa]vdkyksaegkekfj;ksavkfnosQ}kjktula[;kdedjuhiM+sxhA

ekuo'kkL=kesavkfnelaLÑfr;ksaosQvè;;uesatula[;kosQ:irFkkek=kkosQizHkkodksHkhè;kuesaj[kukiM+rkgS]D;ksafdbldklkaLÑfrdthouijvo';izHkkoiM+rkgSAetjsykusfy[kkgS]¶cfg£ookgvkSjcgqfookgmulektksaesaik;stkrsgSatgk¡ijvlhfervk£FkdlkèkugksrsgSa]ftuosQmi;ksxosQfy,cgqr&lseuq";ksadhvko';drkgksrhgStu&jhfr;ksa]:f<+;ksavkSjijEijkvksaijHkhtula[;kdkcM+kizHkkoiM+rkgSA¸

4- lekt'kkL=k vkSj euksfoKku (Sociology and Psychology)

lekt'kkL=klektdkvè;;udjrkgSAeuksfoKkuekuoO;ogkjdkfoKkugSSAFkkmylosQ'kCnksaesaµ¶euksfoKkuekuoh;vuqHkovkSjO;ogkjdk;FkkFkZfoKkugSA¸blrjglekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkudkfo"k;{ks=kcgqroqQNfeyrk&tqyrkgSvkSjnksuksagh;FkkFkZfoKkugSaAnksuksaghrF;kRedgSavkSjoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAnksuksadhHkfo";ok.khdjusdh'kfDrvU;foKkuksaosQeqdkcysesadegSAnksuksaesarVLFkrkj[kukdfBugSA

lekt'kkL=k vkSj euksfoKku esa varjµlekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkuesabruhvfèkdlekurkgksrsgq,HkhnksuksaesafuEufyf[krvarjgSaµ

1- n`f"Vdks.kdkvarjµeSdkbojusfy[kkgSfd¶;gosQoylkekU;lkexzhdhvksjn`f"Vdks.kdkvarjgSA¸euksfoKkuosQvuqlkjeuq";osQgj,dO;ogkjdkvkèkkjeuq";dkeu

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 19


;kpsrukgSAlekt'kkL=kosQvuqlkjlkekftdO;ogkjksadkvkèkkjeuq";dhlewgesajgusdhizo`fÙkgSAeuksfoKkudkn`f"Vdks.koS;fDrdgS]lekt'kkL=kdklkekftdgSA

2- euksfoKkudhbdkbZO;fDrgS]lekt'kkL=kesalewgdksbdkbZekuktkrkgSAblrjgeuksoSKkfudlkaLÑfrdvkSjHkkSxksfydi;kZoj.klsfudkydjeuq";dkvè;;udjrkgSAnwljhvksjlekt'kkL=khlektosQizlaxesaeuq";dkvè;;udjrkgSA

3- euksfoKkurFkklekt'kkL=kdhiz.kkfy;k¡vyx&vyxgaSA

euksfoKku vkSj lekt'kkL=kµn`f"Vdks.krFkkiz.kkfy;ksavkfnesavarjgksusijHkhlekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkuesacM+k?kfu"BlacaèkgSAekuoeuksfoKkudksle>sfcuklekt'kkL=kesaekuolacaèkhfØ;kvksa]var%lacaèkksavkfndksle>ukyxHkxvlaHkogSAmlhizdkjlkekftdlacaèkksa]O;ogkjksa]fØ;kvksarFkk?kVukvksadkstkusfcukekuoeuksfoKkuosQcgqrlsxw<+jgL;fNisghjgtkrsgSaAblizdkjnksuksafoKku,d&nwljsosQiwjdgSaaeSdkbojosQ'kCnksaesa¶lekt'kkL=kfo'ks"k:ilseuksfoKkudkslgk;rknsrkgStSlsfdeuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdksfo'ks"klgk;rknsrkgSA¸

lekt'kkL=k vkSj lekt euksfoKkuµlekt euksfoKku dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, ozsQu vkSjozQpiQhYMusfy[kkgS]¶lekteuksfoKkulektesaO;fDrosQO;ogkjdkfoKkugSA¸lekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkuesabruhvfèkdlekurkgSfddkyZfi;lZuusrksmlesadksbZvarjghughaekukgSAeuksfoKkudh;g'kk[kklekt'kkL=klsmlosQlacaèkdksvkSjHkhfudVdjnsrhgSAokMZosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkudh;g'kk[kklekt'kkL=klsmlosQlacaèkdksvkSjHkhfudVdjnsrhgSAokMZosQvuqlkj]¶euksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdhegt,ddM+hgSA¸ysfi;jvkSjÚkaloFkZfy[krsgSafd¶lekteuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkuosQfy,oSlkghgStSlkfd'kkjhfjdjlk;u'kkL=kthou'kkL=kvkSjjlk;u'kkL=kosQfy,gSaA¸

blrjg;gLi"VgSfdlekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkuesacgqroqQNlekurkgSAijarqfiQjHkhbunksuksaesaekSfydvarjgSA;gekSfydvarjvxzfyf[krgSµ

1- fo"k; lkexzh dk varjµlekt'kkL=klewgosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSAijarqlekteuksfoKkulektesaO;fDrosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSADykbuoxZosQ'kCnksaesa¶blle;;gHkhlpgS]fdlekt'kkL=kdkekSfydlacaèklewgosQO;ogkjlsgSvkSjlekteuksfoKkudklkewfgdifjfLFkfresaO;fDrosQO;ogkjlsA¸blrjglekt'kkL=kvkSjlekueuksfoKkudhfo"k;lkexzhvyx&vyxgSAcksxkMZlfy[krkgS¶tSlseuksfoKkuekufld fØ;kvksa dkvè;;udjrk gS oSls gh lekt'kkL=k lkekftd izfØ;kvksa dkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA¸

2- n`f"Vdks.k dk varjµlekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkuosQvè;;udjusosQn`f"Vdks.kesa varj gSA lekt euksfoKku esa lkaLÑfrd o lkekftd ewY;ksa osQ izfr O;fDr osQn`f"Vdks.kksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kbun`f"Vdks.kksalslacafèkrlkekftdfu;eksa;kewY;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSAfjolZusfy[kkgSfdnksuksa'kkL=kksadkijLijlacaèkt:jgSijarq,d'kkL=kdksnwljsijfuHkZjughajgukpkfg,A

blizdkjeuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdks?kVdrRoiznkudjrkgSAlekteuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdksizHkkodrRoiznkudjrkgSA

5- lekt'kkL=k vkSj u`foKku (Sociology and Anthropology)

ekuo'kkL=kdhfofHkUu'kk[kkvksadhvusd[kkstksauslekt'kkL=kosQfl¼karksaiju;kizdk'kMkykgSAekuo'kkL=kdhlekt'kkL=kosQlclsfudV'kk[kklkekftdekuo'kkL=kgSbldkmís';lkekftdifjfLFkfr;ksaesaeuq";ksaosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjukgSAmldhvusd[kkstksalslekt'kkL=kosQvusd

20 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


fo"k;ksa dks u;k izdkj feyk gSA lekt'kkL=k us lkaLÑfrd {ks=k] lkaLÑfrd midj.k] vU;ksU;kfJrmidj.k]lkaLÑfrdi'pk;uvkfn èkkj.kk;sa lkekftdekuo'kkL=klsyhgSavkSj muosQvkèkkj ijlkaLÑfrdlekt'kkL=kdkfodklgqvkgSA

6- lekt'kkL=k vkSj fofèk'kkL=k (Sociology and Jurisprudence)

fofèk'kkL=k dkuwu dk foKku gSA ;gdkuwuh fu;eksa dk vè;;udjrk gSA fofèk'kkL=k rFkklekt'kkL=kdkfudVrjlacaèkgSAlekt'kkL=k]lektesaeuq";osQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSAeuq";dkO;ogkjdkuwu}kjkfu;af=kr,oafu;fergksrkgS]vr%dkuwulekt'kkL=khosQfy,Hkhvè;;udk,dfo"k;cutkrkgSAijarqdkuwuosQvè;;uesalekt'kkL=khrFkkfofèk'kkL=khnksuksadkn`f"Vdks.kvyx&vyxgksrkgSAodhymudkuwuksadkvè;;udjrkgSftudkikyudjukeuq";osQfy,vfuok;ZgSAmldkblckrlsdksbZerycughagksrkfd;sdkuwuukxfjdksaosQO;ogkjijfdlizdkjvkSjfdllhekrdizHkkoMkyrsgSaA

nwljhvksj]lekt'kkL=khdkuwudklkekftd?kVukoLrqosQ:iesavè;;udjrkgSAmldheq[;vfHk#fpLo;adkuwuksadkstkuusesaugha]vfirq;gtkuusesagSfdD;kdkuwuksadkikyufd;ktkrkgSA;fngk¡]rksfdlizdkj\bln`f"Vdks.klslekt'kkL=kh}kjkdkuwuosQvè;;udksdkuwudklekt'kkL=k(sociology of law);klekt'kkL=kh;fofèk'kkL=k(sociological jurisprudence)dhlaKknhx;hgSAvijkèk'kkL=k,oan.M'kkL=kbldhegÙoiw.kZ'kk[kkgSAvijkèk'kkL=k]vijkèkrFkkvijkèkhosQO;ogkjdkvè;;ulkekftdn`f"VlsdjrkgSAnaM'kkL=kfofHkUuizdkjdhnaMiz.kkfy;ksarFkkvijkfèk;ksadksmi;ksxhukxfjdcukusosQfy,fofHkUulqèkkjksa,oaiuqokZl&;kstukvksaosQizHkkoksadkvè;;udjrkgSAdkuwulekt'kkL=kdhbu'kk[kkvksausdkuwufuekZrkvksa,oadkuwudksfØ;kfUordjusokyksaosQKkuesao`f¼djmudhdkiQhlgk;rkdhgSrkfdmudks;gKkugkslosQfddkuwuokLrfod:iesafdlizdkjdk;ZdjrsgSarFkkvijkèkdksfdlizdkjlekIrfd;ktkldrkgSAblizdkj]lekt'kkL=kusmufofoèkleL;kvksadks]tkslektosQlkeusmifLFkrgSarFkkftudksgydjukgS]ijvkijkfèkdfofèk'kkL=kdhn`f"VlsdkiQhizdk'kMkykgSAifj.kker%fofèk'kkL=kus,du;kvFkZxzg.kdjfy;kgSfddkuwueuq";ksaosQfy,cuk;stkrsgSarFkkmudksfu£er,oafØ;kfUordjrsle;ekuoh;rFkklkekftdigywdksHkhè;kuesaj[kktkukpkfg,A

7- lekt'kkL=k rFkk thofoKku (Sociology and Biology)

thofoKku euq"; osQ tSfod fodkl] mldh yS¯xd] 'kjhj'kkL=kh; ,oa oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksadkfoKkugSAbllsirkpyrkgSfdeuq";osQ'kjhjvkSjeudkfodklfdlizdkjgqvk]mldh'kkjhfjdiz.kkyhckgjhlalkjosQizfrfdlizdkjizfrfØ;kdjrhgSrFkkmlosQlexzO;fDrRoesamldh'kkjhfjdlajpukD;kdk;ZdjrhgSA

lekt'kkL=kekuoh;vUr%fØ;k,oavUrlZEcUèkksadkvè;;ugSA,u-th-eqyj(N.G. Muller)osQvuqlkj]¶euq";osQfy,fdlizdkjdhizxfrlaHkovFkokokaNuh;gS]bllacaèkesagekjsfopkjvkaf'kd:iesablckrijfuHkZjgSfdeuq";dkLoHkkoD;kgS]mldkmn~Hkofdlizdkjgqvk]mlesaifjorZufdlizdkjgq,;kgksldrsgSarFkkmldk'ks"kizÑfr(nature)osQlkFkD;klacaèkgSA¸euq";dhlkekftdizxfrosQ<axksa,oabldhlhekvksadksfuèkkZfjrdjukmldh'kkjhfjdleFkZdrk,oalhekosQKkuosQfcuklaHkoughagSA

fe'kkVhVho(Mischa Titiev)osQvuqlkj]¶euq";dhlaLÑfrosQckjsesaiw.kZKkuizkIrdjukmldh 'kjhj&jpuk osQ ckjs esa fcuk oqQN tkudkjh izkIr fd;s vlaHko gSA¸ Mk£oudk fodklh;fl¼karlekt'kkL=kesadkiQhmi;ksxhjgkgSALisalj],dizeq[klekt'kkL=kh]uslektosQfodkldhizkÑfrdfodklosQfl¼karosQvkèkkjijO;k[;kdhgSAekuo&ifjfLFkfr&foKku(ecology)tSfodifjfLFkfr&foKku ij vkèkkfjr gSA tuufoKku (genetics), ftldk lekt'kkL=k esa cgqr egÙo gS]

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 21


thofoKkudh,degÙoiw.kZ'kk[kkgSAekuoh;O;ogkjksaijvkuqoaf'kdrk(heredity)osQizHkkodkKkuizkIrdjusosQfy,thofoKkulsdkiQhlgk;rkfeyrhgSA

lekt'kkL=kviuhvksjlsthofoKkudksu;hfn'kkvksalsKkuizkIrdjusdhizsj.kknsrkgS_mnkgj.kr;k]tula[;kdkslhferdjusdhvko';drklstUe&fu;a=k.k(birth control)osQlkèkuksadh[kkstgqbZA

ijarqthooSKkfudfl¼karksadklekt'kkL=kesavUèkkèkqUèkiz;ksxughafd;ktkukpkfg,Ablfo"k;ijfxUlcxZdkdFkugS]¶tSfodrRolektosQfo|k£Fk;ksaosQfy,Li"Vr;kegÙoiw.kZgSa]D;skafdlektdhbdkbZthforizk.khgS]ijarqlkekftdrF;ksadksle>usesathooSKkfudfl¼kUrksaosQlqyHkiz;ksx,oafo'ks"kr;klkekftdfodkl;kifjorZuesafo'kq¼iztkrh;rRoksaijvfèkdcynsusdhizo`fÙklscM+hHkzkfUrgqbZgSaA¸

1-11 lkjka'k (Summary)

• lksf'k;ksykWth (Sociology) 'kCn 1839Úkalhlh fo}kuvkxLVdkEVs }kjk x<+k x;k FkkAlekt'kkL=kdk,di`Fkdfo"k;osQ:iesavè;;ula;qDrjkT;vesfjdkesa1876esa]Úkalesa1889esa]xzsVfczVsuesa1907esa]iksyS.M,oaHkkjresaizFkeegk;q¼osQckn]feÏ,oaeSfDldksesa1925esarFkkLohMsuesa1947esavkjEHkgqvkA

• lekt'kkL=k foKku gS ;k ugha] bl fo"k; esa fo}kuksa esa cM+k erHksn gSA oqQNvkykspdlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekurs]tcfdnwljsvkykspdksaosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kHkhjktuhfr'kkL=k]bfrgklvkSjvU;lkekftd'kkL=kksadhHkk¡fr,dfoKkugSA

• vysDlbaosQYlosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kifjorZu'khylektdkvè;;udjrkgS]blfy,lekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhurkslhekfuèkkZfjrdhtkldrhgSvkSjughblosQvè;;u{ks=kdksfcYoqQyLi"V:ilsikfjHkkf"krfd;ktkldrkgSA¸lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=klsrkRi;Z;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kdkfoLrkjfdulhekvksardgSA

• bfrgklekuotkfrosQdk;ks±dkvè;;udjrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdksmllslektosQvè;;uesalgk;rkfeyrhgSAikWycFkZosQ'kCnksaesa¶laLÑfrvkSjlaLFkkvksadkbfrgkllekt'kkL=kdksle>usvkSjmudhlkexzhtqVkusesalgk;dgksrkgSA¸

• lekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kdkijLijlacaèk&vFkZ'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkdjrsgq,isQ;jpkbYMcdvkSjLy¯lxjusfy[kkµ¶vFkZ'kkL=keuq";dhmufØ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgStksfdvko';drkvksadkslarq"VdjusosQHkkSfrdlkèkuksadksizkIrdjusosQfy,dhtkrhgSA¸blizdkjvFkZ'kkL=kvk£Fkdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSA

1-12 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)

1- ¶lekt'kkL=klektdkfoKkugSA¸O;k[;kdhft,A

2- lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkdjrsgq,uhfr'kkL=k,oalkekftdeuksfoKkulsblosQlacaèkdhO;k[;kdhft,A

3- lekt'kkL=kdkbfrgkl]vFkZ'kkL=krFkkjktuhfr'kkL=klsD;klacaèkgS\

4- lkekftdthouijHkkSxksfydrRoksadkD;kizHkkoiM+rkgS\

5- ¶bfrgklHkwrdkyhulekt'kkL=kgSrFkklekt'kkL=korZekudkyhubfrgklgSA¸O;k[;kdhft,A

22 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society) 1-13 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

• ckWVkseksj] Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth %,xkbMVw izkWCyEl,aM fyVjspj]tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA

• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h2003-nizSfDVlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth-vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA

• ctZj] ihVj ,y- 1963- buohVs'ku Vw lksf'k;ksykWth % , áwefufLVd ilZisfDVo- isaxqbu]gkjeaMLoFkZA

• ¯x¯Ml],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhcsl]osaQfcztA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 23

lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)

bdkbZ&2(Unit–2)


:ijs[kk2.1 mís';(Objectives)2.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)2.3 lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)2.4 vuqlaèkku fØ;kfofèk osQ izeq[k lS¼kafrd rRo (Main theoretical Element of Research

Method)2.5 fo'kq¼'kksèk(Pure Research)2.6 lkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frdkmi;ksx(Scientific Method in Studying

Social Phenomena)2.7 oLrqfu"Brk,oaewY;fujis{krk(Objectivity and value Neutrality)2.8 rF;dhifjHkk"kk,oafo'ks"krk,¡(Definition and Characteristics of Fact)2.9 voèkkj.kk(Concept)2.10 fl¼kUrD;kgS(What is Theory)2.11 ifjdYiukdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and definition of Hypothesis)2.12 lkekftdlosZ{k.ki¼fr(The Social Survey Method)2.13 izdj.k&vè;;ui¼fr(The Case Study Method)2.14 iz'ukoyh,oalk{kkRdkji¼fr(Questionnaire and Interview Methods)2.15 yksder&laxzgi¼fr(The Public opinion poll method)2.16 oLVsZgui¼fr(The Versterhen Approach)2.17 izdk;kZRedi¼fr(The Function theory)2.18 lkjka'k(Summary)2.20 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)2.20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)



• lekt'kkL=kdhfofHkUui¼frdhO;k[;k]

• rF;dhifjHkk"kk,oafo'ks"krkdko.kZu,oa

• lkekftdlosZ{k.ki¼frdhtkudkjhA

M-pc/E/Laxmi/Kunal ji 11-09-2020

24 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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lekt'kkL=kdhizÑfrvkSjbldhmi;ksfxrkosQlkFk&lkFkftlfo"k;dhvfèkdppkZgksrhgSoggSµlekt'kkL=kdhi¼frAgeusigysghdgkgSfdviusfodklosQvkjaHklsghlekt'kkL=kusoSKkfudrkdksviuk;k,oamlosQfy,lrr~iz;klHkhfd;kAfuf'pr:iesalkekftd;FkkFkZdkvè;;udjusdhi¼fr;k¡,dughavusdgSaA

bldk,ddkj.krks;gHkhgSfdoqQNfo}kublsizkÑfrdfoKkuekursgSavkSjnwljsblsizkÑfrdfoKkuksals fHkUuvFkokbfrgkl;kn'kZutSlkekursgSaAvkèkqfudle;esavcdksbZHkhlekt'kkL=khbUgsaizkÑfrdfoKkuughaekurkvkSjosle>rsgSafdlekt'kkL=kh;rF;ksadkvè;;uO;ofLFkr:ilsgksukpkfg,A

2-3 lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡ (Methods of Sociology)

izkÑfrdfoKkuksa,oalkekftdfoKkuksaeasfo}kuksaosQvuqlkjnksegÙoiw.kZvarjgSAizkÑfrdfoKkuksaesaoLrqdhO;k[;kvkSjfujh{k.koLrqosQckgjlsghlaHkogStcfdlkekftdfoKkuksaesafujh{k.k,oaO;k[;kvanjlsvFkoklkekftdbdkb;ksaosQlaioZQesalaHkogSAnwljhfHkUurk;ggSfdizkÑfrdfoKkuksaesafujh{k.kvkSjo.kZufujis{kvFkokiw.kZr%oLrqfu"BgksldrsgSatcfdlkekftdfoKkuksaesafujh{k.kvkSjo.kZuesaewY;mís';,oavFkZtqM+tkrsgSaAeSDloscjuslkekftdfoKkuksaesaHkhewY;fujis{krkdhodkyrdhgSijarqvfèkdka'kfo}kublslaHkoughaekursgSaA

lekt'kkL=k ,d lkekftd foKku osQ :i esa vusd i¼fr;ksa vFkok mikxeksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS ftuesa izeq[k gSaµ

1- ,sfrgkfldi¼fr(Historical Method)

2- rqyukRedi¼fr(Comparative Method)

3- izdk;Zoknhi¼fr(Functional Method)

4- Lo:ikRedi¼fr(Formal Method)

5- lajpukRedi¼fr(Structural Method)

1- ,sfrgkfld i¼fr (Historical Method)

bldkvkjaHklekt'kkL=kosQvkjaHklsghgqvkAoLrqr%fodkloknh(Evolutionist)lekt'kkfL=k;ksausekuolektdkvè;;u,dc`gr~,sfrgkfld;kstukosQvuq:idjuk'kq:fd;kAbuvè;;uksaesalket'kkfL=k;ksausfodklosQfu;e]fodklosQpj.k,oafodklosQifj.kkeksadhppkZlkekftdlaLFkkvksa]lkekftdlajpukvksa]lektksa,oalaLÑfrosQlanHkZesadhAblosQvarxZrlkekftdrF;ksadhO;k[;kmudhmRifÙkmuosQØfedfodkl,oafodklosQvyx&vyxpj.kksaosQ:iesadhxbZAvxLrdkEVs]gcZVZ]leuj]gkWcgkmlvkfnlekt'kkL=khblhvkèkkjijviusvè;;udjrsjgsA

,sfrgkfldi¼frdk,dnwljkLo:ieSDl oscjdhjpukvksaesaifjyf{krgksrkgSAmUgksausfodkldh;kstuk,oapj.kksadhO;k[;kughadhijarqvkèkqfudiwathokn]ukSdj'kkgh,oausr`Rodkvè;;u,sfrgkfldlanHkZesafd;kAgkyosQo"kks±esalh- jkbV feYl,oajseka ,juusHkh,sfrgkfldi¼frosQvkèkkjijvkS|ksfxdlektksaosQifjorZudkvè;;ufd;kgSA

dkyZ ekDlZ,oamlosQvuq;kf;;ksausHkh,sfrgkfldi¼frdkvuqlj.kfd;kAbllacaèkesaifjorZuosQlanHkZesa,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdoknvFkokbfrgkldkHkkSfrdoknhfo'ys"k.kdhèkkj.kknhx;hAiwjsekuolektosQbfrgkldksrhupj.kksaesackaVdjns[kusdhdksf'k'kdhx;h,oaØkafrdkfl¼karHkhizfrikfnrfd;kx;kA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 25


bli¼frdhvkykspuk;gdgdjdhx;h fdcgqèkklkekftdrF;ksadhmRifÙkvFkok,sfrgkfldfodkldkirkyxkukcgqrdfBugksrkgSA;gHkhdgkx;kfdfodkldh;kstuk,¡,dghfn'kkokyhgSatksxyrgSaAfodklosQpj.kokLrfodrkosQvuq:iughagSa,oaleLrlektksadkfodkl,dghØeesaughagqvkgSAbuvkykspukvksaosQckotwn;gi¼frdkiQhizpfyrgS,oaekuobfrgklosQpj.kksaesack¡Vdjns[kusdhizo`fÙkvcyxHkxloZekU;gkspqdhgSA

2- rqyukRed i¼fr (Comparative Method)

;|firqyukRedi¼frdkmn; fodklokfn;ksa osQlkFk gh gqvk ijarq bldk foLr`ro.kZuloZizFkebekby nq[khZeusfn;kAmlosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kh;O;k[;kdkj.kkRedlacaèkksadh[kkstesafufgrgSAizÑfrfoKkuhblsiz;ksxksaosQ}kjkizkIrdjrsgSaijarqlekt'kkL=kesa;glaHkoughagSblfy;sblsnks;knkslsvfèkdlkekftdrF;ksadhrqyuklsizkIrfd;ktkldrkgSAvkRegR;klacaèkhviusvè;;uesatgk¡mlusvkRegR;kdhnjksadkslkekftdlajpukdhvoLFkkkvksalstksM+koghamlusfHkUu&fHkUulektksadhrqyukHkhdhgSA

vkèkqfudlekt'kkL=kesa,l- ,e- fyilsV,oafjpMZ csufMDlusvkS|ksfxdlektksaesalkekftdxfr'khyrkdkvè;;udjusosQfy,]cS¯jxVuewjusyksdra=k,oarkuk'kkghdhlkekftdtM+ksadkstkuusosQfy,,oagkjksfotusizxfrosQLrjksadkstkuusosQfy,rqyukRedi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;kgSA

rqyukRedi¼frdkseSDl oscjusHkh,dlgk;di¼frosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;kgSAbllacaèkesamlusvkn'kZizfr:idhèkkj.kknh,oabldkiz;ksxfd;kAlekt'kkL=keasvusdlekt'kkL=khoscjdksghrqyukRedi¼frdktudekursgSaA

bldhvkykspukdjrsgq,jsMfDyiQ czkmuusdgkfdLora=k:ils;gi¼frfujFkZdgSAtcrdbldkiz;ksxfdlhO;kid;kstukvFkokfl¼karosQvarxZrufd;ktk,;gizHkkohughagksrkgSArqyukdhbdkb;ksaosQlacaèkesavLi"VrkHkhbli¼frdhewydetksjhgSA

3- izdk;Zoknh i¼fr (Functional Method)

izdk;Zoknh i¼fr dk fodkl fodkloknh i¼fr dh vkykspuk osQ iQyLo:i gqvkA ;gfodklokfn;ksaosQblnkosdksekuusdksrS;kjughaFkkfdekuoleqnk;osQiwjslkekftdbfrgkldh,dghlkFkoSKkfudO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA

lkekftdizdk;Zdh èkkj.kkdkiz;ksx19oha 'krkCnhesa gksusyxk FkkAÚkalhlhlekt'kkL=khbekby nq[khZeuslclsigysizdk;Zdhlqfuf'prifjHkk"kknhAmlusbli¼frosQvkèkkjijèkeZdhO;k[;kHkhdhAizfl¼ekuo'kkL=kheSfyuksLdhusbli¼frdkO;kikdiz;ksxvkLVªsfy;kosQvkl&iklosQtutkfr;ksaosQvè;;uesafd;kAmlusblsfl¼kardevkSji¼frvfèkdekukAcknesavesfjdhlekt'kkfL=k;ksaVkydkWV ikjlal,oavkj osQ eVZuusblsvR;fèkdyksdfiz;cukfn;kA

bli¼frdhekU;rkgSfdlektO;oLFkkdhvusdva'kksaesatholslekurkgSAlektosQvax,d&nwljslstqM+sgSaALFkkfiryachvofèkokysvkSjfu;fervaxlajpukdgykrsgSaAlajpukvksaosQvyx&vyxifj.kkegksldrsgSaijarqosvkerkSjijlektesa,drk]lqn`<+rk]fLFkjrkvkSjlarqyudk;edjrsgSaAblfy,bli¼frdk,dvko';ddnelajpukvksaosQldkjkRedifj.kkeksadks[kkstfudkyukgSA

bli¼frdhcgqrvfèkdvkykspukgqbZgSAblijvkjksigSfd;g;FkkfLFkfroknhgS]orZekuiawthoknhO;oLFkkdkiks"kdgS,oaifjorZurFkkifjorZudh'kfDr;ksadhO;k[;kdjusesavleFkZgSAvesfjdhlekt'kkL=kheVZuusvizdk;Zdhèkkj.kknsdjbuvkjksiksalsmcjusdkiz;klfd;kgSA

26 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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4- Lo:ikRed i¼fr (Formal Method)

Lo:ikRedi¼frHkhfodkloknh,oaloZKkuhmik;ksaosQfo#¼,dizfrfØ;kosQLo:imHkjhAblsteZulekt'kkL=khtktZ flesyusfodflrfd;kvkSjdkiQhfnuksard;gteZui¼frghjgx;hAblosQvarxZrlkekftdlacaèkksa,oalaidks±osQLo:iksadkirkyxk;ktkrkgSAflesy}kjkO;oârLo:icgqrBkslughaFksAgkyosQo"kks±esath lh gksekUluslkekftdO;ogkjosQizkjafHkdLo:iksaosQ:iesalewgksadkvè;;ufd;kgSA20osQn'kdesatksvkS|ksfxdlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;ufd;sx;sFksmudhennlsmluslewgksafu;eksavkn'kks±osQLo:iksadkirkyxkusdhps"VkdhgSA;gi¼frlekt'kkL=kesa,dneghyksdfiz;ughagksldhgSA

5- lajpukRed i¼fr (Structural Method)

fo'ks"k:ilsekuo'kkL=kesa,dvkSji¼frftlsysoh LVªklusfodflrfd;kizpfyrgStkslajpukoknosQukelstkuktkrkgSAblosQvarxZrekuolektosQlkoZHkkSfedrRoksadh[kkstdhps"VkdhtkrhgSApawfdlajpukosQvusdvFkZizpfyrgSablfy;s;gi¼frlekt'kkL=kesavfèkdizpfyrughagqbZgSA

i¼frosQlacaèkesa;gfooknlekt'kkL=kesavHkhrdpyjgkgSAvkerkSjijorZekule;esanksghi¼fr;k¡izpfyrgSa],drksuoizR;;oknhftlijizdk;ZoknhdhNkigSAbuesaHkhvusdvkarfjdfHkUurk,¡gaSAuoizR;;okndk,dizdkjlekt'kkL=kh;i¼fresavfèkdlsvfèkdlkaf[;dhosQiz;ksxosQi{kèkjgaSAvkerkSjij;giz;ksxkReduewuksaosQvkèkkjijmidYiuk]funsZ'ku]vkadM+ksaosQlaxzgdjusosQfHkUurjhdksa,oalkekU;hdj.kdhrduhdksadkiz;ksxdjrkgSAnwljhgS}a}oknhi¼frftlesaoxhZ;fo'ys"k.kosQvkèkkjijlkekftd?kVukvksa,oalaxBuksadhO;k[;kdhtkrhgSA,sfrgkfldvè;;u lektksa dk lef"Vxr ys[kk&tks[kk ,oa }a}kRed ifjizs{; bl i¼frdh eq[;fo'ks"krk,¡gSaA;gi¼fr;wjksiesavfèkdizpfyrgStcfduoizR;;oknhi¼frvesfjdkesavfèkdizpfyrgSAHkkjresavfèkdrjlekt'kkfL=k;ksausuoizR;;oknhi¼frdksviuk;kgSAijarqMh- ih- eq[kthZ],- vkj- nslkbZlekt'kkfL=k;ksaus}a}oknhi¼frosQvkèkkjijHkkjrh;lektosQfo'ys"k.kosQcgqrghvPNsiz;klfd,gSaA

2-4 vuqlaèkku fØ;kfofèk osQ izeq[k lS¼kafrd rRo (Main theoretical Element of Research Method)

izR;sdlkekftd'kksèkosQoqQNfuf'prmís';gksrsgSavkSjmís';ksadhizkfIrrcrdlaHkoughagksldrhtcrdfd;kstukc¼:iesa'kksèk&dk;ZdksvkjaHkufd;ktk;sAblh;kstukdh:ijs[kkdks'kksèk&izjpukdgrsgSaA,dlkekftd'kksèkdhleL;k;kmidYiukftlizdkjdhgksxh]mlhosQvuqlkj'kksèkizjpukdkfuekZ.kfd;ktkrkgSftlls'kksèk&dk;Zdks,dfuf'prfn'kkizkIrgkslosQA

'kksèk izjpuk dk vFkZ (Meaninig of Research Design)

'kksèkosQmís';osQvkèkkjijvè;;ulsiwoZghbldkfuèkkZj.kdjfy;ktkrkgSA'kksèkosQmís';osQvkèkkjijvè;;ufo"k;osQfofHkUui{kksadksLi"V'kksèkdjuslsiwoZcuk;hx;h;kstukdh:ijs[kkdks'kksèk&izjpuk,¡dgrsgSaA

,dkWiQosQvuqlkj]¶fu.kZ;fØ;kfUordjusdhfLFkfrvkuslsiwoZghfu.kZ;fuèkkZfjrdjusdhizfØ;kdksizjpukdgrsgSaA¸tc;g'kksèkdk;Zfdlhlkekftd?kVuklslec¼gksrkgSrksoglkekftd'kksèkdhizjpukdgykrkgSA'kksèk&dk;ZdhizÑfroy{;osQvuq:imi;qDr'kksèkizjpukdksfofHkUuizdkjksaesalspqudj'kksèkdÙkkZviusmi;ksxesaykrkgSA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 27


'kksèk izjpuk osQ izdkj (Types of Research Design)

'kksèkdk;Zesami;ksxhpkjizdkjdh'kksèkizjpuk,¡dkeesayk;htkrhgSa]bUgsami;ksfxrkosQvkèkkjijvuqlaèkkudÙkkZLo;apqurkgSA

1- vUos"k.kkRed vFkok fu:i.kkRed 'kksèk&izjpuk,¡ (Exploratory or Formulative Research Design)µ

tcfdlh'kksèkdk;Zdkmís';fdUghalkekftd?kVukesavUr£ufgrdkj.kksadks<wa<fudkyukgksrkgSrksmllslaca¼:ijs[kkdksvUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdgrsgSaAblizdkjdh'kksèkizjpukesa'kksèkdk;Zdh:ijs[kkblizdkjizLrqrdhtkrhgSfd?kVukdhizÑfroèkkjk&izokgksadhokLrfodrkvksadh[kkstdhtklosQAleL;k;kfo"k;osQpqukoosQcknizkDdYiukdkliQyrkiwoZdfuekZ.kdjusosQfy,blizdkjosQizjpukdkcgqregÙogS]D;ksafdblosQlg;ksxlsgekjsfy,fo"k;dkdk;Z&dkj.klacaèkLi"VgkstkrkgSA

dHkh&dHkhleL;kosQpqukovkSj 'kksèk&dk;Z osQ fy,mldhmi;qDrrkosQlacaèk esagesavU;fdlhÏksrlsoqQNKkuizkIrughagksikrkgSAmlvoLFkkesavUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdhlgk;rkls'kksèkdk;Zesagesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA

vUos"k.kkRed'kksèkizjpukdhliQyrkgsrqfuEuckrksadkè;kuj[kukvko';dgSµ

(i)laca¼lkfgR;dkvè;;ublfn'kkesaizFkevfuok;ZrkgSD;ksafdblosQvHkkoesafo"k;osQlacaèkesadksbZHkhvkjafHkdKkugesaizkIrughagksldrkgSAlacaèklkfgR;dkvè;;udjosQ fo"k;dh izÑfr osQ ckjs esa lkekU; Kku izkIrdjukvR;arykHkdkjhfl¼gksrkgSA

(ii)vuqHkolosZ{k.k]blfn'kkesanwljhvko';drkgS]gekjsfy,;gHkhvko';dgkstkrkgSfdgemulHkhO;fDr;ksalsviuklaioZQLFkkfirdjsaftuosQfo"k;esagesaoglwpukfeysfd'kksèk&fo"k;osQlacaèkesamudksi;kZIrvuqHko;kKkugS]ijvf'k{kk]voljdkvHkko;kvU;fdlhdkj.klsosviusvuqHko]Kkudksfyf[krLo:insughalosQgSaA,slsyksxksadkO;kogkfjdKkugekjsfy,iFk&izn'kZddkdk;ZdjldrkgSAvr%bulsykHkumBkusdheq[kZrk,dxaHkhj'kksèkdrkZdnkfiughadjldrkAblfy,lwpuknkrkvksadkpqukobl<axlsdjukpkfg,fdfo"k;;kleL;kosQlacaèkesavuqHkooKkuj[kusokyslaHkkforlHkhO;fDrmlpqukoesavktk;sa]pkgsosdeZpkjhgksvFkokleL;kosQfofHkUun`f"Vdks.klsns[kusokysleFkZdgksa;kvkykspd,slkdjuslsghfo"k;osQdkj.kksadh[kkstokLrfod:iesagkslosQxhA

(iii)vUrn`Zf"V&izsjd?kVukvksadkfo'ys"k.k]vUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdkrhljkvko';drRogSAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfdvè;;ufo"k;lslaca¼oqQN,slsrF;HkhgksldrsgSaftudkfo'ys"k.kdjusijvè;;uoLrqosQlacaèkesaO;kogkfjdvUrn`Zf"ViuildrhgSAblizdkjdhvUrn`Zf"V}kjkizkDdYiukosQfuekZ.kesarFkkokLrfod'kksèkdk;ZesavR;fèkdlgk;rk feyrhgSAizR;sdleqnk;;klewgosQthouesaoqQNn`f"V&vkd"kZd]oqQNvR;UrljyoLi"V]oqQNO;kfèkdh;]oqQNO;fDrxrfof'k"Vxq.klacaèkh?kVuk,¡gksrhgaStksfdvUrn`Zf"VdksizksRlkfgrdjusesalgk;dfl¼gksrhgSaA

28 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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vUos"k.kkRed 'kksèk&izjpuk osQ eq[; dk;Z (Main Functions of Exploratory Research Design)µ

vUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izpukosQeq[;dk;ZlkrgSaµ(d)iwoZ&fuèkkZfjrizkDdYiukdkrkRdkfydfLFkfr;ksa osQ lUnHkZ esa ijh{k.k djuk] ([k) fofHkUu 'kksèk&i¼fr;ksa osQ iz;ksx dh laHkkoukvksa dkLi"Vhdj.kdjuk(x)lkekftdn`f"Vdks.klsegÙoiw.kZleL;kvksadhvkSj'kksèkdÙkkZosQè;kudksvkd£"krdjuk](?k)foLr`r'kksèkdk;ZosQfy,vifjfpr{ks=kesaO;ofLFkrizkDdYiukdkvkèkkjizkIrdjuk](p)foKkuksadhlhekvksaesafoLrkjdjosQmlosQ{ks=kdkfodkldjuk]vkSj(N)vfèkdegÙoiw.kZfo"k;ksaijè;kuosQfUnzrdjusgsrq'kksèkdÙkkZdksvkd£"krdjukA

blizdkjvUos"k.kkRed'kksèkizjpukmuvkèkkjksadksizLrqrdjrhgStksfd,dliQy'kksèk&dk;ZosQfy,egÙoiw.kZgksrsgSaAlsYofVyrFkkvU;osQvuqlkj]¶vUos"k.kkRedvuqlaèkkumlvuqHkoosQgsrqlaca¼izkDdYiukosQfu:i.kesalgk;dgksxkA¸

2- o.kZukRed 'kksèk izjpuk (Descriptive Research Design)µfo"k;;kleL;kosQlacaèkesaokLrfodrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijo.kZukRedfooj.kizLrqrdjuko.kZukRed'kksèk&izjpukdkeq[;mís';gSAblgsrq;gvko';dgksrkgSfdfo"k;osQlacaèkesagesa;FkkFkZrFkkiw.kZlwpuk,¡izkIrgkstk,¡D;ksafdbuosQfcukvè;;ufo"k;;kleL;kosQlacaèkesagetksoqQNHkho.kZukRedfooj.kizLrqrdjsaxsogoSKkfudugksdjosQoynk'kZfudghgksxkAoSKkfud&o.kZudkvkèkkjokLrfod;kfo'oluh;rF;ghgksaxsAftl'kksèk&izjpukdkmís';o.kZukRedfo'ys"k.kizLrqrdjukgksrkgSmlso.kZukRed'kksèk&izjpukdgrsgSaA

blizdkjdh'kksèk&izjpukesarF;ksadkladyufdlhHkhoSKkfudizfofèkosQ}kjkfd;ktkldrkgSAizk;%lk{kkRdkjvuqlwphoiz'ukoyh]izR;{kfujh{k.k]lgHkkxh&fujh{k.k]lkeqnkf;dfjdkMZdkfo'ys"k.kvkfnizfofèk;ksadkso.kZukRed'kksèk&izjpukesalfEefyrfd;ktkrkgSAo.kZukRed'kksèkizjpukesafuEufyf[krckrksadkè;kuj[kukvko';dgSµ

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o.kZukRed'kksèkesafuEufyf[krpj.kgksrsgSaµ

1-'kksèkosQmís';dkfu:i.ko.kZukRed'kksèkdkizFkepj.kgksrkgSftlesa'kksèklslacafèkrekSfydiz'uksadkLi"Vhdj.krFkky{;ksadksifjHkkf"krdjuklfEefyrgksrk

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 29


gSftllsfdvuko';dovlac¼rF;ksadkladyuugksrFkkJeoèkudhcckZnhlscpktklosQA

2-mís';dksLi"VdjusosQi'pkr~;gvko';dgSfdrF;ladyudhizfofèk;ksadkpqukomfpr<axlsdjfy;ktk;s]D;ksafd;gpqukoBhdizdkjlsfd,fcukfo"k;lslaca¼fuHkZj;ksX;rF;ksa]vkadM+ksavFkokizek.kksadks,df=krdjusdhdksbZlaHkkoukugha jgrhgSA fHkUu&fHkUu'kksèki¼fr;ksaosQvius&viusxq.kgSaAmi;qDri¼frosQpqukoij'kksèkdk;ZdhliQyrkfuHkZjdjrhgSA

3-funsZ'kuksadkpqukovFkoklEiw.kZtula[;kdhoqQNizfrfufèkbdkb;ksadkvè;;umi;ksxh fl¼gksldrkgS] D;ksafd blizdkjosQvè;;uosQvkèkkj ijlEiw.kZtula[;kosQfo"k;esafo'oluh;fu"d"kZfudkyktkrkgSAbuizfrfufèkbdkb;ksaesaHkhfeF;k>qdkolscpusdhvko';drkgSA

4-funsZ'kuksaosQpqukoosQi'pkr~oSKkfudizfofèk;ksadhlgk;rklsvko';dvkadM+ksadkladyuvkSjmudhtkapdhtkrhgSftllso.kZukRedfooj.kesavuko';dckrksadklekos'kugkslosQAokLrfodrkrks;ggSfdlk{kkRdkjdÙkkZvFkokfujh{k.kdÙkkZdhbZekunkjhrFkkifjJeij'kq¼rFkk;FkkFkZlwpuk,¡,d=kdhtkldrhgSaAvr%lkexzhladyuosQle;Hkhdk;ZdrkZvksaijfu;fer:ilsfuxjkuhj[kuhpkfg,A

5-ftuvkadM+ksavFkokrF;ksadkladyufd;kx;kgSmudhlekurk;kfHkUurkosQvkèkkjijfofHkUulewgksaesaoxhZdj.k]lkj.khdj.k]vU;lkaf[;dh;foospuk]'kq¼rkrFkkizf'k{k.kbldk;ZesavR;aregÙoiw.kZvko';drk,¡gSaAvr%blLrjijvR;arfuxjkuhj[kusdhvko';drkjgrhgSA

6-vafreLrjijfjiksVZdkizLrqrhdj.kvkrkgSftlesa'kksèk&fo"k;osQlacaèkesarF;;qDrfooj.krFkklkekU;fu"d"kZizLrqrfd;ktkrkgSAblLrjijHkk"kkosQiz;ksxijfo'ks"klkoèkkuhcjrusdhvko';drkgksrhgSAD;ksafdvR;fèkdvyadkj;qDrHkk"kklsfo"k;osQfooj.kesavfrjatukiuildrhgSvkSjmldkfofHkUuyksxksaosQ}kjkfofHkUuvFkZyxk,tkusdkHkhMjjgrkgSAbuleLrpj.kksalsliQyrkiwoZdxqtjusosQi'pkr~gho.kZukRed'kksèk&dk;Zviusmís';ksadhiw£rdjldrkgSA

3- ijh{kkRed 'kksèk izjpuk (Experimental Research Design)µHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhrjglekt'kkL=kHkhvius'kksèkdk;Zesaijh{k.kiz.kkyhdkmi;ksxdjvfèkdkfèkd;FkkFkZrkykusdkiz;kldjjgkgSAftlizdkjHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesaoqQNfuf'prfu;af=krvoLFkkvksaesa j[kdj fo"k; dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS mlh izdkj fu;af=kr n'kkvksa esa j[kdjfujh{k.k&ijh{k.kosQ}kjklkekftd?kVukvksadkO;ofLFkrvè;;udh:ijs[kkdksijh{k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdgrs gSaApSfiuosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kh;'kksèkesa ijh{k.kkRedizjpukdhvoèkkj.kkfu;a=k.kdhn'kkvksaosQvarxZrfujh{k.k}kjkekuoh;lacaèkksaosQO;ofLFkrvè;;udhvksjlaosQrdjrhgSA¸iz;ksx'kkyk&i¼frosQ}kjkfo"k;dkvè;;uijh{k.kkRed'kksèkdkghnwljkukegSA

1- i'pkr~ ijh{k.k (After-Only Experiment)µblosQvUrxZrlHkhn`f"Vlsizk;%lkekftdfo'ks"krkvksaoizÑfrokysnkslewgksadkspqufy;ktkrkgSftuesals,dlewg]fu;af=krlewgvkSjnwljkijh{k.kkRedlewgdgykrkgSAfu;af=krlewgesafdlhHkhizdkjdkifjorZuughayk;ktkrkgS]tcfdijh{k.kkRedlewgesafdlh,ddkjdosQ}kjkifjorZuykusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgSAblizdkj;fnizFkelewglsfHkUugkstkrkgSrksmlhdkjddksmlifjorZudkdkj.kekufy;ktkrkgSA

30 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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2- iwoZi'pkr~ ijh{k.k (Before-After Experiment)µblosQvarxZrvè;;uosQfy,osQoy,dghlewgdkpqukofd;ktkrkgSvkSjmlhdkvè;;u,dvoLFkkfo'ks"kosQigysvkSjcknesafd;ktkrkgSAbunksuksavè;;uksaosQvarjdksns[kktkrkgSvkSjmlsifjo£rrifjfLFkfrdkifj.kkeekufy;ktkrkgSA

3- dk;kZUrj&rF; ijh{k.k (Export-Facts Experiment)µbl izdkj dk ijh{k.kfdlh,sfrgkfld?kVukdkvè;;udjusosQ fy,fd;ktkrkgSAij,sfrgkfld?kVukvksadksnksgjkuk'kksèkdÙkkZosQo'kesaughagksrkAvr%ognkslewgksadkpqukodjrkgSftuesals,desa?kVuk(ftldkfdmlsvè;;udjukgS)?kfVrgkspqdhgStcfdnwljsesaughaAbunksuksalewgksadhiqjkuhifjfLFkfr;ksadkrqyukRedvè;;udjosQ;girkyxkusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgS]fdftllewgesaog?kVuk?kfVrgqbZgSogfdudkj.kksalsgqbZgSAla{ksiesa],sfrgkfld?kVuk&pØksadkijh{k.kdjorZeku?kVukvksa;kvoLFkkvksaosQdkj.kksadh[kkstdk;kZUrjrF;ijh{k.kdgykrkgSA

2-5 fo'kq¼ 'kksèk (Pure Research)

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fo'kq¼lkekftd'kksèkdkmís';lkekftd?kVukvksaesadk;Z&dkj.klacaèkksadkirkyxkukgksrkgSAlkFkghblizdkjosQ'kksèk&dk;Z}kjk?kVukvksaesafufgr;k?kVukvksadkslapkfyrdjusokysfu;eksadkirkyxk;ktkrkgSAizR;sd?kVukpkgsogizkÑfrdgks;klkekftd]oqQNfuf'prfu;eksaosQvuqlkjgh?kfVrgksrhgSAbufu;keksadks[kkstfudkyukfo'kq¼'kksèkdkizeq[ky{;gSAizkÑfrd?kVukvksadkslapkfyrdjusokysvusdfu;eksadkirkizkÑfrdoSKkfudksa}kjkfo'kq¼'kksèkosQekè;elsghyxk;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kHkhlkekftd?kVukvksaosQihNsfNisfu;eksadks[kkstfudkyusdhfn'kkesaiz;Ru'khygSAbufu;eksadh[kkstosQfy,fo'kq¼'kksèkdklgkjkysukvko';dgSA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 31


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oSKkfud ;k iz;ksxkRed i¼fr (The Scientific or Experimental Method)

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(i) LokHkkfod(spontaneous)rFkk(ii) fu;af=kr(controlled)A

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32 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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rnqijkarmidYiuk(hypothesis)dkizØevkrkgSAbldkvFkZgksrkgSfdoxhZÑrrF;ksaosQvUrlZEcUèkosQfy,oqQNlaHkkforO;k[;knhtk;sAoxhZdj.kgesalaxrrF;ksadksvlaxrrF;ksalsvyxdjusesalgk;rknsrkgSAoqQNsd?kVukvksaosQchpik;kx;kvUrlZEcUèkrFkkmudhizÑfr,oaikjLifjdvUr£Ø;kosQvè;;ulsgevLFkk;hO;k[;knsusosQ;ksX;gkstkrsgSaAijarq;gvko';dughafdgekjh;gO;k[;kBhdgksAgesablhizdkjosQvU;rF;ksaosQvkèkkjijmldklR;kiudjukgksrkgSvkSj;fnogO;k[;kBhdughafudyrhrksmlsNksM+nsukgksrkgSvkSjmlosQLFkkuiju;hmidYiuk[kkstuhiM+rhgSAtcrdlR;kiuughagkstkrk]rcrd;ghmiØepyrkjgrkgSA

blosQcknvafreizØeiwoZdFkudksgSftldkvFkZgSfdrF;ksaosQi;Zos{k.kosQvkèkkjijfu£erlkekU;fl¼kUrHkfo";esaHkhlghgksxk];fnmlfl¼kUrdhfuèkkZfjrn'kk,¡orZekugksaxhAHkkSfrdfoKku]lghiwoZdFkudjldrkgS]ijarqlekt'kkL=kosQoyvuqekfuriwoZdFkugh_D;ksafdbldhfo"k;&oLrqfofoèk,oatfVygSA

vr,o]lekt'kkL=kesaiz;ksxkRedi¼frdksizR;{k:ilsiz;qDrughafd;ktkldrk]D;ksafdekuo&O;ogkjcM+ktfVygksrkgSftlsi;Zos{k.k]rqyukrFkkiz;ksxosQfy,fu;af=krvoLFkkesaykikukdfBugksrkgSAtktZ ysfol(George Lewis)dkdFkugS]¶geleqnk;osQ,dva'kdksviusgkFkksaesaidM+djtSlkczksM fcxust(Brod Bignase)osQjktk xqyohj(Gulliver)osQlkFkfd;k]lkekftdleL;kvksadklekèkudjus,oaviuhladYiukRedftKklkdks'kkardjusgsrqblosQfofHkUuLo:idksughans[kldrs,oaughblsfofHkUufLFkfr;ksaesaj[kldrsgSaA¸blosQvfrfjDrlkekftdekiosQlghrksyuosQfy;smi;qDroSKkfud;a=kmiyCèkughagSaAtksrRolkekftd?kVukoLrqdksizHkkfordjrsgSa;FkkekuohHkko,oalEefr;k¡]mUgsaHkhiw.kZr;klghrkSjijekikughatkldrkA

vr,o;gLohdkjdjukgksxkfdlkekt'kkL=kesa^oSKkfud*iz;ksxlaHkoughagSArnfivizR;{k:ilsrF;ksadki;Zos{k.kdjosQmudkoxhZdj.kdjosQrFkkmuosQchpvUrlZEcUèkLFkkfirdjosQ]mudhvLFkk;hO;k[;kdjosQ]mlvLFkk;hO;k[;kdklR;kiudjosQ]lkekU;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksadkfuekZ.kdjosQrFkkbufl¼kUrksaosQvkèkkjijiwoZdFkudjosQlekt'kkL=kiz;ksxkRedi¼frdkiz;ksxvo';djrkgSAijarq;gLohdkjdjukiM+sxkfdlekt'kkL=kdhifjdYiuk,¡HkkSfrdfoKkuksadhHkk¡frBkslvkSjvVyughagSaAlekt'kkL=kdkfo"k;vfuf'pr<axlsfofoèk]yxHkxvuUrvkSjtfVygSAblesaizR;sdoLrqvU;oLrqosQlkFkvR;fèkdlacafèkrgSA

lekt'kkL=kesavHkhrdoSKkfud:iesaizekf.krfl¼kUrksadkfodklughagksik;kgSAblesavHkhlkekftdO;ogkjdhizo`fÙk;ksa,oafofèk;ksadkfodklgksik;kgSijarq,slsfl¼kUrksadkfodklughagksldkgSftuosQckjsesaiwoZdFkufd;ktklosQ,oaftUgsaoSKkfudrF;lsizekf.krfd;ktklosQAlekt'kkL=kdkvè;;uvHkhrdo.kZukRedfo'ys"k.krdghlhfergSA;gegÙoiw.kZlkekftdlaLFkkvksadhroZQ;qDrO;k[;kizLrqrdjrkgSAbufo'ys"k.kksaesaoSKkfudrkesaoqQNrRolfEefyrgksrsgSaijarq;goSKkfudrkSjijizek.k;ksX;fl¼kUrksadhizLrqfrughadjrsA

,sfrgkfld i¼fr (The Historical Method)

,sfrgkfldi¼fresaHkwrdkyhulH;rkvksadh?kVukvksa]izfØ;kvksavkSjlaLFkkvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]rkfdorZekulkekftdthouosQvkjEHkrFkkmldhizÑfr,oadk;ZfofèkdkKkugkslosQAbfrgklvkSjlekt'kkL=kdkijLijbruk?kfu"BlacaèkgSfdth-bZ-gkoMZ(G.E. Howard)tSlsdbZlekt'kkL=khbfrgkldksHkwrdkyhulekt'kkL=kvkSjlekt'kkL=kdksorZekudkbfrgklekursgSaALi"VgSfdgekjslkekftdthouosQvkèkqfud:i(forms)gekjsfjoktvFkokthou&;kiudhfofèk;ksa(ways of living)dhtM+savrhrlstqM+hgSaAblfy,budhO;k[;kmuosQewyÏksrksadhlgk;rklsghdhtkldrhgSvkSj,slkosQoybfrgklosQlg;ksxlsghlaHkogSA

ijarq bli¼frlslekt'kkL=kdhlEiw.kZleL;kvksadkvè;;ulaHkoughagSAlekt'kkL=kosQfo"k;{ks=kdksbfrgkl}kjkiznÙkrF;ksaosQvè;;urdghlhferughaj[kktkldrkAfu%lUnsg

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 33


thou&pfj=kksa]Mk;fj;ksavkfnesavafdr,sfrgkfldrF;vusdubZckrksadkKkudjkrsgSa]ijarqoSKkfudvè;;uosQfy,mudkdksbZfo'ks"kegÙoughagS]D;ksafdlekt'kkL=k}kjkiwNstkusokyslHkhiz'uksaosQmÙkj,sfrgkfldrF;ughansldrsAblosQvfrfjDrbfrgklosQrF;ksaosQlacaèkesa;g'kadkHkhjgrhgSfd'kk;nmurF;ksaosQO;k[;kdkjksausmudkvè;;ufcYoqQyfujis{kgksdjufd;kgksA

lkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uosQfy,,sfrgkfldi¼friw.kZr%i;kZIrrFkkfo'oluh;ughagSAvr%lekt'kkL=kdkvè;;udjusosQfy,vU;i¼fr;ksaosQiz;ksxdhHkhvko';drkgSA

2-6 lkekftd ?kVukvksa osQ vè;;u esa oSKkfud i¼fr dk mi;ksx (Scientific Method in Studying Social Phenomena)

vkèkqfud;qxesalkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèkdksghfo'oluh;ekuktkrkgSAlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèkdkiz;ksxD;ksaooSQlsfd;ktkrkgS]bldkmYys[kdjuslsiwoZfoKku,oaoSKkfudi¼frfdlsdgrsgSa];gtkuysukvko';dgSA

foKkuviusvkiesadksbZfo"k;&lkexzhughagksdj,slhlkexzhgSftlsoSKkfudi¼fr(Scien-tific Method)dksdkeesaysrsgq,izkIrfd;kx;kgksAtgk¡izkÑfrdfoKkuesaoSKkfudi¼frdklgkjkfy;ktkrkgS]ogk¡lkekftdfoKkuksaesaHkhlkekftd?kVukvksadksle>usgsrqblhi¼frdkmi;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAvr%fdlhHkhfo"k;&lkexzh;kKku&Hk.MkjdksfoKkucukusesablckrdkfo'ks"kegÙogSfdmlsoSQlsizkIrfd;kx;kgS]fdli¼frdksdkeesafy;kx;kgSA;fnoSKkfudi¼frdhlgk;rklslkekftd?kVukvksavkSjfo"k;lkexzhdksizkIrdjusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgSrksblsfoKkudgktk;sxkALVqvVZ pstusfy[kkgSfdfoKkudklacaèki¼frlsgSufdfo"k;lekxzhlsAblckrdksvU;'kCnksaesaO;Drdjrsgq,izks- xzhuusfy[kkgSfdfoKkudkvFkZrF;ksadh[kkstdjusokysrjhosQlsfy;ktkrkgSALi"VgSfdftlfdlhfo"k;esaoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSoghfo"k;foKkugS]pkgsogizkÑfrdfoKkuksaosQ{ks=kesagks;klkekftdfoKkuksaosQ{ks=kesaA

oqQNyksxksadkdgukgS fdlkekftdvuqlUèkkudksoSKkfudughaekuktkldrkD;ksafdlkekftd?kVukvksadhizÑfrcgqrtfVygS]lkekftd?kVuk,¡cnyrhjgrhgSa]lkekftd?kVukvksadksukik&rksykughatkldrkrFkklkekftd?kVukvksaosQdk;Zdj.klEcUèkksadksKkrughafd;ktkldrkgSA;gHkhdgktkrkgSfdlkekftdfoKkuksaosQikliz;ksx'kkykughagS]oslkoZHkkSfedfu;eksadkizfriknuughadjldrs]osHkfo";ok.khdjusesavleFkZgSaA,slhfLFkfresalkekftdfoKkuksavkSjmuosQ{ks=kesafd;stkusokyslkekftdvuqlUèkkuksadksoSQlsoSKkfudekuktkldrkgSAokLrfodrk;ggSfdvktfofHkUulkekftdfoKkuksaesalkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;ugsrqoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAbldhlgk;rklsrF;,df=krfd;stkrsgSa]murF;ksaosQvkèkkjijfu;eksadkizfriknufd;ktkrkgSvkSj;sfu;elkoZHkkSfedgksrsgSaA,slhfLFkfresa;gdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdfoKkuksa,oalkekftdvuqlaèkkudhizÑfroSKkfudgSAlekt'kkL=kvkSjblosQ{ks=kesagksusokysvuqlaèkkuksadhizÑfrHkhoSKkfudgSD;ksafdbuesafoKkudhlHkhfo'ks"krk,¡ik;htkrhgSaAfoKkuosQizeq[krRo;kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) voyksdu](ii)lR;kiurFkkoxhZdj.k](iii)lkekU;hdj.k](iv)Hkfo";ok.kh](v)oSKkfudizo`fÙkAge;gk¡;gns[kusdkiz;kldjsaxsfdlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèkdkmi;ksxfdlizdkjfd;ktkrkgS%

1- lkekftd ?kVukvksa dk vè;;u oSKkfud i¼fr ij vkèkkfjrµlekt'kkL=kesalkekftd?kVukvksa osQvè;;uesa oSKkfudi¼frdk iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA buesa rF;&ladyuosQfy,lkekftdlosZ{k.k&i¼fr]oS;fDrdthou&vè;;ui¼fr]lektfefr]voyks-du]lk{kkRdkj]vuqlwph]iz'ukoyhvkfndkmi;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAbuesa,sfrgkfld]rqyukRed]lajpukRed&izdk;kZRedi¼fr;ksadklgkjkHkhfy;ktkrkgSAbuesalsmi;qDr

34 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


i¼fr;ksadkiz;ksxdjrsgq,rF;,df=krfd;stkrsgSa]lkekftd?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA

2- osQoy okLrfod ?kVukvksa dk vè;;uµlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaesa ^D;kgS*esa#fpyhtkrhgS]ufd^D;kgksukpkfg,*esaArkRi;Z;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kesa?kVukvksadkoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]mudk;FkkFkZfp=k.kfd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa]tcngst&izFkkijlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.klsfopkjfd;ktkrkgSrks;ghcrk;ktkrkgSfdngstizFkkdkorZekuLo:iD;kgS]blosQfy,mÙkjnk;hdkj.kD;kgSa]fduifjfLFkfr;ksausblsizksRlkgufn;k]blizFkkdkyksxksaijD;kizHkkoiM+rkgS]blosQifj.kkeD;kgSavkfnAlekt'kkL=khviusvè;;uesangst&izFkklslacafèkrbuckrksadhfoospukdjrkgS]og;gughadgrkgSfdblizFkkdkscUnfd;ktkukpkfg,vFkkZr~ogmins'kkRed;kvkn'kkkZRedckrsaughadgrkgSA

3- dk;Z&dkj.k osQ lacaèk ij vkèkkfjrµlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaesadk;Z&dkj.klEcUèkksadhfoospukdh tkrh gS] izkIr rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij lkekU;hdj.k fd;k tkrk gS] fu;eizfrikfnrfd;stkrsgSa]mufu;eksadkijh{k.kvkSjiquiZjh{k.kfd;ktkrkgSAlekt&foKkuksaosQ{ks=kesaizfrikfnrfu;eksaesalkoZHkkSfedrkdkxq.kik;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksadhlgk;rklsuosQoyorZeku?kVukvksadhfoospukvkSjO;k[;kghdhtkrhgScfYdHkfo";esa?kfVrgksusokyhlaHkkfor?kVukvksadkmYys[kHkhfd;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kusviusvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijHkfo";ok.khdjusdh{kerkdkdkiQhfodkldjfy;kgSAvr%gedgldrsgSafdpw¡fdlkekftdvuqlaèkkuksaesaoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgS]vr%budhizÑfroSKkfudgSA

4- fu;eksa dh ijh{kk ,oa iquiZjh{kkµizkÑfrd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frdkmi;ksxblfy,fd;ktkldrkgSD;ksafdvè;;uosQvkèkkjijfu;ferfu;eksadhijh{kk,oiquiZjh{kkdhtkldrhgSAlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesavoyksdufofèkdkiz;ksxdjrsgq,dk;Z&dkj.klacaèkksadkirkyxk;krFkklekt'kkL=kh;fu;eksadkizfriknufd;ktkrkgSAbufu;eksadhizkekf.kdrkdhtkapdHkhHkhdhtkldrhgSA,dLFkkuijcky&vijkèkdksizksRlkgunsusesatksifjfLFkfr;k¡mÙkjnk;hgksrhgSa]osghifjfLFkfr;k¡fdlhvU;LFkkuijblosQfy,mÙkjnk;hgksaxhAblizdkjcky&vijkèkosQdkj.kksadhlqxerklstkapdhtkldrhgSA

5- fu;eksa esa lkoZHkkSfedrkµ;|filekt'kkL=kh;fu;eksadhizÑfrlkekftdgksrhgS]ijarqfiQjHkhmuesalkoZHkkSfedrkdkxq.kik;ktkrkgSvkSjblhdkj.k;sfu;eoSKkfudfu;eksaosQvarZxrvkrsgSaAlkekftd?kVukvksalslacafèkrftufu;eksadklekt'kkL=kesaizfriknufd;ktkrkgS]oseq[;r%lkoZHkkSfedgksrsgSaAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfd,d&lhizÑfrosQlektksaesalekudkj.klnSolekuizHkkodksghtUensaxsA;gckrvusdlekt'kkL=kh;fu;eksaosQvkèkkjijLo;aizekf.krgkspqdhgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ]vkS|ksxhdj.k,oauxjhdj.kesao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkla;qDrifjokjVwVsaxs]fo?kfVrifjokjvijkfèk;ksadkstUensaxsrFkkL=kh&f'k{kkosQizlkjosQlkFk&lkFkfL=k;ksadhfLFkfrrqyukRed:ilsmUurgksxhvkfnA

6- Hkfo";ok.kh dh {kerkµlekt'kkL=khfofHkUuizdkjosQvuqlaèkkuksaosQ}kjkosQoyorZekulkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uosQvkèkkjijHkhHkfo";dhlEHkkoukvksaijizdk'kMkyrkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ],dlektoSKkfudlkekftd?kVukvksasosQoSKkfudvè;;uosQvkèkkjijuosQoyorZekudhghO;k[;kdjik;sxkoju~mlosQvkèkkjijHkfo";osQlacaèkesaHkhcryklosQxkAblsgeifjokjosQmnkgj.k}kjkHkyh&Hkk¡frle>ldrsgSaAoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrsgq,tcgeorZekuesaikfjokfjdlaxBudkvè;;udjsaxsvkSjmlesagksusokysifjorZuksadkirkyxk;saxsrks;gHkfo";ok.khHkhdhtklosQxhfdvkxs

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 35


vkusokysle;esaikfjokfjdlaxBudkLo:iD;kgksxkALi"VgSfdlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaesaHkfo";dhifjfLFkfr;ksadkiwokZuqekulqxerklsyxk;ktkldrkgSA

mi;qZDr foospuosQvkèkkjijgedgldrsgSa fdlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesa HkhoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxmlhizdkjlsfd;ktkldrkgSftlizdkjlsHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesaHkkSfrd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesafd;ktkrkgS]¯drq;gHkhlR;gSfdlkekftd?kVukvksadhizÑfrxq.kkRedgksuslsmuosQckjsesa,slsfuf'prfu"d"kZ,oafl¼karizkIrughafd,tkldrstSlsHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesaizkIrfd,tkrsgSaA

2-7 oLrqfu"Brk ,oa ewY;fujis{krk (Objectivity and Value Neutrality)

oLrqfu"Brk dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Objectivity)

rF;ksadkmuosQokLrfod:ieasvoyksdu]ladyu,oafo'ys"k.kghoLrqfu"BrkgSAlkekftd?kVukdks;FkkFkZ:iesans[kukvkSjmlh:iesaO;DrdjnsukghoLrqfu"BrkgSArkRi;Z;ggSfdtgk¡vè;;udrkZLo;aosQfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa]vfHko`fÙk;ksa]ewY;ksa]iwokZxzgksavkfnlseqDrjgdj?kVukvksadklw{evoyksdudjrkgS]rF;ladfyrdjrkgSvkSjmuosQvkèkkjijfu"d"kZfudkyrkgSrksgedgldrsgSafdvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkgSApkgsvè;;uosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZvPNsgksa;kcqjs]mfprgksa;kvuqfpr]eudksizlUurknsusokysgksa;kd"Vigq¡pkusokys]ijarqvuqlaèkkudrkZmUgsamlh:iesaizLrqrdjnsrkgSftl:iesaosgSaAogmuesaurksviuhvksjlsoqQNtksM+rkgS]uoqQN?kVkrkgSvkSjughoqQNfNikrkgSAogrkslR;dh[kkstdjrkgSvkSjmlslR;:iesaghizdVdjnsrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesagedgldrsgSafdoLrqfu"BrklR;dh[kkstlslacafèkrgSvkSj?kVukvksadksmuosQokLrfod:iesaizdVdjukghoLrqfu"BrkgSA

oLrqfu"BrkdkvFkZLi"Vdjrsgq,izks- xzhuusfy[kkgS]¶izek.kksa;krF;ksadkfu"i{k:ilsijh{k.kdjusdhbPNkvkSj;ksX;rkghoLrqfu"BrkgSA¸blifjHkk"kkesanksckrksaijtksjfn;kx;kgS],drksfu"i{kvè;;udhbPNkijvkSjnwljk;ksX;rkijAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfd?kVukvksadksmuosQ;FkkFkZ:iesans[kusvkSjO;DrdjusdhvuqlaèkkudrkZesan`<+bPNkgksuhpkfg,A;ksX;rkdkrkRi;ZrVLFkn`f"Vdks.kviukdj;kfuLo;aosQfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa]ewY;ksa]laLdkjksa]iwoZ&èkkj.kkvksavkfnlsiw.kZr%eqDrgksdjoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kcuk;sj[krsgq,vè;;udjuslsgSA

ykosy ts-dkjusfy[kkgS]¶oLrqfu"BrkdkvFkZgSfdfofHkUuizdkjdh?kVukvksals;qDrlalkjfdlhO;fDrosQfo'oklksa]vk'kkvksavFkokHk;ksalsLora=k,dokLrfodrkgSftldklcoqQNgevarn`Zf"V,oadYiuklsugha]cfYdokLrfodvoyksduosQ}kjkghle>ldrsgSaA¸blifjHkk"kklsLi"VgSfd?kVuke;lalkjdkvè;;ufu"i{kvoyksdu}kjkghlaHkogSftlesavè;;udrkZosQLo;aosQfopkjksa]ewY;ksa]fo'oklksa]vk'kkvksa]bPNkvksaodYiukvksadkdksbZegÙoughagSA

isQ;jpkbYMosQvuqlkj]¶oLrqfu"BrkdkrkRi;Z,d,slh;ksX;rklsgSftlosQ}kjkvè;;udrkZ;kvuqlaèkkudrkZviusdksmufLFkfr;ksalsvyxj[klosQftudkogLo;a,dHkkxgS,oafdlhHkhizdkjdhizfrc¼rk(yxko);kHkkoukosQctk;fu"i{k,oaiwokZxzgksalsLora=kgksdjrdks±osQvkèkkjijfofHkUurF;ksadksmuosQLokHkkfod:iesavoyksfdrdjlosQA¸

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgedgldrsgSafdfu"i{kjgdj?kVukvksadksmuosQ;FkkFkZ:iesans[kukvkSjBhdmlh:iesamudkfp=k.kdjnsukghoLrqfu"Brk(objectivity)gSAvè;;udrkZdki{kikr&jfgrn`f"Vdks.k];FkkFkZvoyksdu,oarF;ksadkmuosQLokHkkfod:iesafo'ys"k.k,oaizLrqrhdj.koLrqfu"BrkosQewyvkèkkjgSaA

36 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


oSKkfud vè;;u dh vko';drk % oLrqfu"Brk dk egRo (Need of Scientific Study: Importance of Objectivity)

vè;;u;kvuqlaèkkudkeq[;mís';izkekf.kdfu"d"kks±vFkkZr~KkudhizkfIrgSA;gmlhle;laHkogStcvè;;uiw.kZr%oS"kf;d;koLrqfu"BgksA;fnfu"i{k:ilsvoyksduughafd;kx;kgS]rF;ksadkladyulgh:iesaughafd;kx;kgS];fnmurF;ksaosQfo'ys"k.kesadghaHkhO;fDrxrvfHkufr;ki{kikrvkx;kgSrks,slhfLFkfresatksfu"d"kZfudkystk,¡xs]osoSKkfud]izkekf.kd;koLrqfu"BughagksldrsAtcfu"d"kks±esaoLrqfu"BrkdkvHkkogksxkrks;FkkFkZKkuizkIrughafd;ktklosQxk]lR;rdughaigq¡pktklosQxkAvr%?kVukvksadhlgk;rkdkirkyxkusosQfy,vè;;uksaesa]fo'ks"kdjlkekftdvuqlaèkkuksaesaoLrqfu"BrkdkgksukvR;arvko';dgSAoLrqfu"BrkdkegÙo,oaoSKkfudvè;;udhvko';drkfuEufyf[krfoospuklsLor%ghLi"Vgkstk,xhµ

1- lekt'kkL=kh; vè;;uksa dks oSKkfud cukus gsrq (To make Sociological Studies Scientific)µoqQNyksxksadkekuukgSfdlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uoSKkfudughagksrs,oalekt'kkL=kfoKkuughagSAmudhblizdkjdhekU;rkdkizeq[kdkj.klkekftd?kVukvksadhtfVyizÑfr,oavè;;udrkZdkO;fDrfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukukdfBuvo';gSD;ksafdvè;;udrkZosQO;fDrxrfopkj]iwokZxzg]vfHko`fÙk;k¡,oailan&ukilanvè;;udh;FkkFkZrk;koSKkfudrkdkslekIrdjnsrsgSaAysfdu;fnvuqlaèkkudrkZesaoLrqfu"Brkcuk;sj[kusdkn`<+ladYigksrkslkekftd?kVukvksadkoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsvè;;ufd;ktkldrkgSA;fnvè;;udrkZesalkekftd?kVukvksadhokLrfodrkvksadks[kkstfudkyusdhcyorhbPNkgSvkSjogfujarjblfn'kkesaiz;Ru'khygSarkslekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksadksoSKkfudcuk;ktkldrkgSAblgsrqvko';dgSfdrF;ksadk;FkkFkZfp=k.kfd;ktk,]oSKkfudi¼frofu;eksadkiw.kZr%ikyufd;ktk,A;fnvè;;uesarVLFkHkkodkscuk;sj[krsgq,?kVukvksadklghfp=k.kfd;ktk,rksfdlhHkhvè;;udksoSKkfudcuk;ktkldrkgSA

2- oSKkfud i¼fr osQ liQy iz;ksx gsrq (For Successful use of Scientific Method)µ lR;rdigq¡pusosQfy,oSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxvko';dgS]ijarqosQoybli¼frosQiz;ksxlsghizkekf.kd;koSKkfudfu"d"kZizkIrughafd,tkldrsgSaA;fnoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkbli¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrks;FkkFkZKkuizkIrfd;ktkldrkgSvkSjvè;;uesaoSKkfudrkyk;htkldrhgSAokLroesans[kktk,rksoSKkfudi¼frvkSjoLrqfu"Brk,dgh flDosQosQnksigywgSaAoSKkfudi¼fresalkekftd?kVukvksadkvoyksdu]oxhZdj.kfo'ys"k.krFkklR;kiuvkrkgS]ijarq;fnbuesalsfdlhHkhLrjijoLrqfu"BrkdhdehgSrksoSKkfudfu"d"kZughafudkystklosaQxs]vè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frosQliQyiz;ksxosQfy,oLrqfu"BrkvR;arvko';dgSA

3- izfrfufèkRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks izkIr djus gsrq (To get Adequate Representative Data)µ lkekftd?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesaizfrfufèkrF;izkIrdjusosQfy,fun'kZuiz.kkyh(Sam-pling Method)dhlgk;rk lsvè;;u gsrq bdkb;ksa dkpquko fd;ktkrk gSA ;gpqukoi{kikrjfgrgksukpkfg,Aiw.kZoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkgksukpkfg,]vU;FkklexzdkizfrfufèkRodjusokyhbdkb;ksadkpqukoughafd;ktklosQxkAblosQvykok],slsrF;ksadkladyufd;ktkukpkfg,tkslexz(Universe)dhlHkhfo'ks"krkvksadkiwjhrjgizfrfufèkRodjrsgksaArF;ladyugsrqiz'ukoyh]vuqlwph]lk{kkRdkj]voyksdu]oS;fDrdvè;;u&i¼frvkfnesalsfdlh,ddkpqukodjizfrfufèkrF;ksadks,df=krfd;ktkukpkfg,AblosQfy,vko';dgSfdrF;&ladyudhizfofèk;ksadkpquko,oaiz;ksxlqfoèkkuqlkjughacfYdoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkfd;ktk,vU;FkkizfrfufèkrF;ksadksizkIrughafd;ktklosQxkA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 37


4- rF;ksa osQ lR;kiu gsrq (For getting Data Verified)µiqu%ijh{kk;klR;kiu'khyrkoSKkfudrkdh,degÙoiw.kZdlkSVhgSvkSjbldlkSVhijdksbZHkhvè;;urHkh[kjkmrjrkgStcvuqlaèkkuosQizR;sdpj.kijoLrqfu"Brkdklgkjkfy;kx;kgksAvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkdkrkRi;Z;ghgSfdogiw.kZr%rF;ksaijvkèkkfjrgS]ufdvè;;udrkZosQLo;aosQi{kikriw.kZfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa;kiwoZ&èkkj.kkvksaijAtgk¡fdlhvè;;uesabuckrksadklekos'kgkstkrkgS]ogk¡mlvè;;uosQfu"d"kZoSKkfud;kizkekf.kdughajgtkrsA,slsfu"d"kks±dhiqu%ijh{kkvkSjlR;kiuughafd;ktkldrkAvr%rF;ksaosQlR;kiu,oaoSKkfudfu"d"kks±dhizkfIrgsrqoLrqfu"BrkvR;arvko';dgSA

5- fu"i{k fu"d"kks± dh izkfIr gsrq (To get Unprejudiced Conclusions)µlkekftdvuqlaèkkudhlkFkZdrkblhckresagSfdizkIrfu"d"kZfuHkZj;ksX;gksaA;fnvuqlaèkkuosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZizkekf.kdughagS];fnmudhlR;rkdhtk¡pughadhtkldrhgS];fnmuosQvkèkkjijfu;eksa,oafl¼karksadkizfriknuughafd;ktkldrkgSrks,slsvuqlaèkkudhdksbZmi;ksfxrkughagSAfdlhvè;;u;kvuqlaèkkuosQekè;elsizkekf.kd,oafu"i{kfu"d"kks±dhizkfIrgsrqizkjaHklsvarrdoLrqfu"Brkdkscuk;sj[kukvko';dgSAblosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkkufujFkZdgkstk,xkAvr%vè;;udrkZoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukdjghfu"i{kfu"d"kZizkIrdjldrkvkSj,slsfu"d"kZghfdlhfo"k;dksfoKkudhJs.khesayk[kM+kdjrsgSaA

6- okLrfod Kku dh o`f¼ gsrq (To enrich Real Knowledge)µvKkurk:ihvaèkdkjdksnwjdjukfoKkudkizeq[kdkegSvkSj;gdkemlhle;mÙkerkosQlkFkiwjkfd;ktkldrkgStcoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukdjlkekftd?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesavfèkdlsvfèkdek=kkesa;FkkFkZtkudkjhizkIrdhtk,Atcblizdkjdhtkudkjhc<+sxhrksifj.kkeLo:ilkekftdthouosQlacaèkesagekjsKkuesafnuksafnuo`f¼gksrhtk,xhAbllsyksxksadksoqQjhfr;ksa,oaHkzkarèkkj.kkvksalsNqVdkjkfeylosQxkAvr%okLrfodKkudhizkfIrgsrqvè;;udrkZdksltxjgrsgq,viusLo;aosQfopkjksavkSjiwoZèkkj.kkvksaijfu;a=k.kj[kukgksxkAblosQfy,mlsoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukukgksxkA

7- vuqlaèkku osQ u;s {ks=kksa dk irk yxkus gsrq (To explore New Fields of Investiga-tion)µtcdksbZvè;;udrkZoSKkfudvè;;udhfn'kkesavkxsc<+rkgSrksrF;ksadkirkyxkus;klkekftd?kVukvksadkslghifjizs{;esale>usosQfy,mlsoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukukgksrkgSAtcvè;;udrkZfu"i{kgksdjfdlh?kVuk;kleL;kdkvè;;udjrkgSrksmlosQlacaèkesavusdvKkrrF;ksadkirkpyrkgS]mllslacafèkrdbZjgL;ksadhtkudkjhfeyrhgS]dbZuohui{kizdk'kesavkrsgSaftuosQlacaèkesavuqlaèkkudrkZusigysdHkhlkspkHkhughaFkkAlkekftd?kVukvksa;kleL;kvksaosQlacaèkesauohui{kksadhtkudkjhvuqlaèkkuosQu;s{ks=kksadksfodflrdjusesa;ksxnsrhgSAHkfo";esavè;;udrkZbuuohui{kksadksysdjvuqlaèkkudhu;h;kstuk,¡cukldrkgSA;glcoqQNmlhle;laHkogStcvè;;uiw.kZr%oLrqfu"B,oaoSKkfudgksA

8- vuqlaèkkudrkZ ij fu;a=k.k cuk;s j[kus gsrq (To Maintain Control over the In-vestigation)µvulaèkkudrkZftllekt]lewg]lkekftd?kVuk;kleL;kdkvè;;udjrkgS]mllsfdlhufdlh:iesalkekU;r%lacafèkrgksrkgSA,slhfLFkfresamlosQLo;aosQfopkj]Hkkouk,¡]vfHko`fÙk;k¡]iwokZxzgvkfnvè;;uesackèkdculdrsgSaAblfLFkfresaNqVdkjkizkIrdjusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdvè;;uesaloZ=koSKkfudrkcuk;sj[khtk,A;goSKkfudrkghvè;;udrkZijfu;a=k.kj[kdjmlsoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukdjvè;;udk;ZdjusosQfy,izsfjrdjldrhgSAoLrqfu"BrkosQvkèkkjijghoglR;dkirkyxkldrkvkSjoSKkfudfu"d"kZizkIrdjldrkgSA

38 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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9- Hkzkafr;ksa dh lekfIr gsrq (To get Rid of Fallacies)µHkzakrèkkj.kk,¡vusdO;fDr;ksaolewgksaosQchpdbZckjruko,oala?k"kZmRiUudjnsrhgSaAblizdkjdhèkkj.kk,¡tkfr]iztkfr]èkeZ]Hkk"kk]laiznk;]laLÑfr]izkar;k{ks=kvkfnlslacafèkrgksrhgSaAlkekU;KkuosQvkèkkjijO;fDrHkzkarèkkj.kkvksadkslghekucSBrkgSD;ksafdmlosQikllR;rkdkstkuusdkdksbZvkèkkjughagksrkAoSKkfudvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kks±dhlgk;rklsghHkzkarèkkj.kkvksadksnwjfd;ktkldrkgSAfo'oesadkiQhyacsle;rd,dHkzkarèkkj.kk;gizpfyrjghgSfd'osriztkfrghloZJs"BiztkfrgSrFkkyksxksadkslH;cukusvkSjmuij'kkludjusdkmlhiztkfrdksvfèkdkjgSAvcoSKkfudvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjij;gizekf.krgkspqdkgSfddksbZHkhiztkfrvU;dhrqyukesaJs"B;kghuughagSAvr%Hkzkarèkkj.kkvksalsNqVdkjkizkIrdjusosQfy,oSKkfudvè;;uvko';dgSA

10- lkekftd leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku gsrq (To get Social Problems Solved)µvktosQvkèkqfudtfVylektksaesavusdlkekftdleL;k,¡O;kIrgSaA;slekt:ih'kjhjesajksxosQlekugSaAtcrdbulsNqVdkjkizkIrughafd;ktkrk]rcrdlektdksLoLFkughacuk;ktkldrk]mlsizxfrdhvksjvkxsughac<+k;ktkldrkAfofHkUuizdkjdhleL;kvksadh;FkkFkZtkudkjhoSKkfudvè;;ukasdhlgk;rklsghizkIrgksldrhgSA,slsvè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"Brkdkgksukfurkarvko';dgSA

oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus esa dfBukb;k¡ (Difficulties in Achieving Objectivity)

;gk¡geoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrosQekxZesavkusokyhdfBukb;ksaijfopkjdjsaxstksfuEuizdkjgSaµ

1- HkkoukRed izo`fÙk;ksa dk izHkko (Effect of Emotional Attitudes)µizR;sdO;fDrosQviusoqQNlkekftd,oalkaLÑfrdewY;gksrsgSa]uSfrdrklacaèkhèkkj.kk,¡gksrhgSaAogizkjaHklsghoqQNckrksadksvPNkvkSjoqQNdkscqjkekuusyxtkrkgSAO;fDrRofuekZ.kdhizfØ;kosQnkSjkumldhtksHkkokRedizo`fÙk;k¡cutkrhgSa]osmlosQO;ogkj&izfrekuksadksizHkkfordjrhgSaA,slhfLFkfresa;fndksbZvè;;udrkZla;qDrifjokj]tkfr&O;oLFkk]vLi`';rk] os';ko`fÙk] Nk=kksa esa vuq'kklughurkvkfndkvè;;udjrk gS rks mldhHkkokRedizo`fÙk;k¡mlosQoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsvè;;udjusesadfBukbZmRiUudjrhgSaA

2- vlR; izfrek,¡ (Fasle Idols)µÚkafll csdudkdgukgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZdbZvlR;izfrekvksalsizHkkforgksdjvè;;uosQnkSjkuoqQN=kqfV;k¡djcSBrkgSAvkius,slhpkjizfrekvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSµxqiQkdhizfrek,¡]U;k;ky;dhizfrek,¡]cktkjdhizfrek,¡,oatutkfrdhizfrek,¡AxqiQkdhizfrekvksaosQvarxZrmu=kqfV;ksadksfy;kx;kgStksvuqlaèkkudrkZviusladh.kZ;k,dkdhfopkjksaosQdkj.kfdlhoLrq;k?kVukdksle>usosQlacaèkesadjcSBrkgSAU;k;ky;ksadhizfrekvksaosQvarxZrosxyfr;k¡vkrhgSatks,dvuqlaèkkudrkZosQoy'kCnksaijcgqrvfèkdHkjkslkdjusosQdkj.kdjcSBrkgSAcktkjdhizfrekvksaesaos=kqfV;k¡vkrhgSa]tks,dvuqlaèkkudrkZizFkk]ijaijk]:f<+vkfnijt:jrlsT;knktksjnsus,oamUghaosQvkèkkjijfu"d"kZfudkyusosQdkj.kdjcSBrkgSAtutkfrdhizfrekvksaosQvarxZros=kqfV;k¡vkrhgSatks,dvuqlaèkkudrkZviusfo'ks"kizdkjlslkspus&fopkjus,oans[kusosQrjhosQosQdkj.kdjcSBrkgSAbulcifjfLFkfr;ksaesavius,dkdhn`f"Vdks.k,oalhferKkuosQ{ks=klsckgjfudydjoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkoqQNfu"d"kZfudkyukvuqlaèkkudrkZosQfy,dfBugkstkrkgSA

vlR;izfrekvksaosQvykoklektesaizpfyroqQN,slhèkkj.kk,¡HkhgksrhgSaftudkdksbZrk£ddrksughagksrk]ijarqtksvuqlaèkkudrkZosQvè;;udksizfrowQy:ilsizHkkfordjrhgSA;fnvuqlaèkkudrkZblèkkj.kkijfo'okldjosQvkxsc<+rkgSfdvLi`';le>htkus

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okyhtkfr;ksadkckSf¼d&LrjfuEugksrkgSrksblosQiQyLo:imlosQ}kjkizkIrfu"d"kks±esaoLrqfu"Brkdhfuf'pr:ilsdehik;htk,xhA

2- lkekU; Kku dk izHkko (Influence of General Knowledge)µgkVZdk;gdFkuiw.kZr%lghgSfdoLrqfu"BrkdklacaèkokLrfodKkulsgS]ufdlkekU;KkulsAysfdudbZckjvuqlaèkkudrkZlkekU;KkudksghokLrfodKkule>usdhxyrhdjcSBrkgSA,slh fLFkfresavè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkldrhAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa];fndksbZvuqlaèkkudrkZviuslkekU;KkuosQvkèkkjijdksbZizkDdYiukcukysrkgSrksifj.kkeLo:iogtkus&vutkus,slsrF;ksaosQladyuijtksjnsrkgStksmldhizkDdYiukdksghizkekf.krdjusesa;ksxnsavkSjogvU;rF;ksadkstku&cw>djNksM+nsrkgSA,slhfLFkfresaoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrcgqrdfBugSA

4- fof'k"Vrkewyd Hkzkafr (Particularistic Fallacy)µvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkdhdehdk,deq[;dkj.kfof'k"VrkewydHkzkafrgSAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfdvè;;udrkZfdlhlkekftd?kVukosQ,di{k;kdkjddksghegÙoiw.kZ,oafu.kkZ;dekudjmlhijtksjnsrkgSA;ghfof'k"VrkewydHkzkafrgSAblosQifj.kkeLo:i]vè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkldrhvkSjmlosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZoSKkfudughagksldrsAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa];fnvuqlaèkkudrkZ;gdgsfd^cky&vijkèkosQfy,cqjhlaxfrghmÙkjnk;hgS]vFkok;gdgsfdèkeZ&ifjorZudk,dek=kdkj.kfuèkZurkgS*rks,slhfLFkfresaogvU;i{kksa;kdkjdksadhvogsyukdjsxk]ifje.kkeLo:ivè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkughavkik,xhA

5- vè;;u esa vfr tYnckth (Overhurry in Research Work)µtYnckth esaliQyrkiwoZdvuqlaèkkudk;ZlaiUudjukrksnwjjgk]lkekU;dk;ZHkhfcxM+tkrkgSAlkekftd?kVukvksadhizÑfrghoqQN,slhgksrhgSfdmudkèkS;ZiwoZdyacsle;rdvè;;udjukgksrkgS]rHkhdghaizkekf.kdrF;izkIrfd,vkSjlghfu"d"kZfudkystkldrsgSaAblosQfoijhr]tgk¡fdlhvuqlaèkkudksblfy,tYnckthesaiwjkfd;ktkrkgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZosQiklle;dhdehgS;kvè;;uosQfu"d"kZ'kh?kzghfdlhljdkjh;kxSj&ljdkjh,tsalhosQlEeq[kizLrqrdjusgSa]ogk¡,slhn'kkesavè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA;ghdkj.kgSfdvusdfodkl&dk;ZØeksadkewY;kaduoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsughagksikrkA

6- vuqlaèkkudrkZ dk O;fDrxr LokFkZ (Vested Interest of the Researcher)µO;fDrxrLokFkZ O;fDrdksvaèkkcuknsrkgSA;gLokFkZghoLrqfu"BrkdklclscM+k'k=kqgSALokFkZosQvkxsO;fDrvlR;dksHkhvk¡[kew¡ndjLohdkjdjysrkgSA,slhfLFkfresavuqlaèkkudrkZrVLFkgksdjurksrF;ksadkladyudjldrkgSvkSjughoSKkfudfu"d"kZfudkyldrkgSAog;krks,slsrF;ksadkladyudjrkgStksmlosQLokFkks±osQvuq:igksa;kogrF;ksadksblizdkjlsrksM+&ejksM+djizLrqrdjrkgSfdmuls,slsfu"d"kZfudylosaQtksmlosQLokFkks±dhiw£resalgk;dgksaA;snksuksaghfLFkfr;k¡oLrqfu"BrkosQekxZesackèkdgSaAtcvuqlaèkkudrkZvè;;uesaviusLokFkZdksloksZifjekucSBrkgSrksogoLrqfu"B<axlsvè;;udjghughaldrkA

7- LokFkZ&lewgksa dk ncko (Pressure of Interest Groups)µLokFkZ&lewgksadkncko;kgLr{ksiHkhoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresadfBukbZiSnkdjrkgSALokFkZ&lewgksaosQvarxZrizFke]vk£Fkdn`f"VlslaiUuO;fDrvkSj f}rh;]lÙkkèkkjh;kjktuhfrd&:ils'kfDr'kkyhO;fDrvkrsgSaA;fnfdlhvuqlaèkkuosQfu"d"kks±lsbuosQfgrksaijizfrowQyizHkkoiM+usdhlaHkkoukgksrks;syksxvuqlaèkkudrkZijnckoMkydj;krksfud"kks±dkscnyoknsusesaleFkZgkstkrsgSa;k,slsfu"d"kks±dksizdk'kesaghughavkusnsrsAdHkh&dHkhvuqlaèk-kudrkZ,slslaiUuyksxksaosQnckoesavkdjrF;ksadksblizdkjizLrqrdjrsgSafdmuosQ

40 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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fgrksadksfdlhizdkjdhdksbZpksVughaigq¡psAJfedksalslacafèkrvè;;uksaesaLokFkZ&lewgksaosQnckoosQdkj.kghoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA

8- ltkfrokn (Ethnocentrism)µbldk rkRi;Z ;ggS fd O;fDrviuslewg]lekt]tkfr]iztkfr]Hkk"kk]{ks=k]èkeZlaLÑfrvkfndksloZJs"BekudjpyrkgSAblhèkkj.kkosQo'khHkwrgksdjtcvuqlaèkkudrkZdksbZvè;;udjrkgS rks ogviuslektdhijaijkvksa]ewY;ksa]vkn'kks±]laLFkkvksa]èkeZ]laLÑfrvkfndksloksZÙkeizekf.krdjusdkvkSjvU;yksxksaosQlkekftd,oalkaLÑfrdthoudksviuslsuhpkfn[kkusdkiz;RudjrkgSAblizdkjosQiz;RudkrkRi;Z;ghgSfdvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkughavkik;sxh]vuqlaèkkudrkZfu"i{kn`f"Vdks.kviukdjvè;;uughadjlosQxkAfdlh,djktuhfrdfopkjèkkjklsizfrc¼rkvkSjmlsghloZJs"BekuusdhHkwyoLrqfu"BrkosQekxZesacgqrcM+hckèkkgSA,slkvè;;udrkZfo"k;dki{kikrjfgrgksdjvè;;uughadjldrkALi"VgSfdltkfroknoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresackèkdgSA

9- lkekftd ?kVukvksa dh tfVy izÑfr (Complex Nature of Social Phenomena)µ lkekftd?kVukvksadhtfVyizÑfrosQdkj.klkekftdvuqlaèkkuesaoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrdbZ ckjdfBugks tkrh gSAlkekftd ?kVuk,¡ ifjorZu'khygSaA buesa le;osQlkFk&lkFkifjorZuvkrsjgrsgSaAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdlkekftd?kVukvksalslacafèkrfofHkUuO;fDr;ksaesavusdfHkUurk,¡ik;htkrhgSa_muosQO;fDrRo]fopkj]Hkkouk,¡]ewY;]ifjfLFkfr;k¡,oaHkwfedk,¡vkfnfHkUu&fHkUugksrsgSaA,slhfLFkfresafofHkUuO;fDr;ksaosQchpiuiusokyslkekftdlacaèkHkhtfVygkstkrsgSaA,slhn'kkesavè;;udrkZdbZckjLo;aosQfopkjksa]fo'oklksa]Hkkoukvksa,oaewY;ksaosQvkèkkjijlkekftd?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesafu"d"kZfudkyrkgSAifj.kkeLo:ivè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA

10- izf'k{k.k dk vHkko (Lack of Training)µvuqlaèkkudrkZ osQ fy, laiw.kZ vuqlaèkkuizfØ;klsHkyh&Hkk¡frifjfprgksukvko';dgS]vU;FkkvuqlaèkkuesafdlhHkhLrjijvfHkufrvkldrhgS]vè;;udhoLrqfu"BrklekIrgksldrhgSAvr%vuqlaèkkudrkZosQfy,iw.kZr%izf'kf{krgksukvko';dgSAmlsbln`f"Vlsizf'kf{krgksukpkfg,fdlexzdkfuèkkZj.koSQlsfd;ktk,]bdkb;ksadksoSQlspquktk,]rF;&ladyugsrqdkSu&lhizfofèkviuk;htk,]izkIrrF;ksadkfo'ys"k.koSQlsfd;ktk,]fofHkUurF;ksaesalg&lacaèkoSQlscrk;ktk,Alkèkkj.kr%ns[kk;gtkrkgSfdvfèkdka'kvuqlaèkkuksaesadk;ZdrkZvksaosQizf'k{k.kijiwjkè;kuughafn;ktkrk]iQyLo:ivè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA

11- uSfrd vkn'kZ o ewY; (Moral Ideals and Values)µvuqlaèkku&dk;ZesavuqlaèkkudrkZosQ Lo;a osQ uSfrd ewY;ksa dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksuk pkfg, vU;Fkk og rF;ksa dksrksM+&ejksM+djizLrqrdjldrkgSvkSj,slhfLFkfresavè;;udhoLrqfu"BrklekIrgksldrhgSAyq.McxZusblfLFkfrosQlacaèkesafy[kkgSfdvè;;uesaxyfr;ksadk,dvfèkdlkekU;vkSjdelpsrÏksroSKkfuddh]vkSjfo'ks"kdjlekt&oSKkfudksadh];gizo`fÙkgSfdosleqnk;dhizpfyruSfrdlafgrk(Code of Morals);kuSfrdrklacaèkhLo;aosQfopkjksadksarF;ksaosQladyu,oamUgsarksM+&ejksM+djj[kusgsrqizHkkforgksusdhNwVnsnsrsgSaALi"VgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZosQLo;aosQuSfrdvkn'kZ,oaewY;oLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresackèkdgSaA

12- feF;k&>qdko (vfHkufr) ,oa iwokZxzg (Bias and Prejudices)µyq.McxZus fy[kkgS fdfeF;k&>qdko(vfHkufr)rFkkiwokZxzglHkhfoKkuksaesatfVyrkiSnkdjusokysdkjdgSa]ysfdulkekftd foKkuksadhrqyuk HkkSfrd foKkuksa esa mudkegÙodkiQhdegSAbldkeq[;dkj.k;ggSfdHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhfo"k;&oLrqlkekU;m}sxkRedHkko&xzafFk;ksa (Common Emotional Complexes) osQ izHkko lsdkiQh eqDr gksrh gSaA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 41


tcfdlkekftd?kVuk,¡izk;%bllsizHkkforgksrhgSavkSjblhdkj.klkekU;bafnz;ksa}kjkHkkSfrdrF;ksadkizR;{kKkucgqroqQN,d&leku;kle:igksrkgSAyq.McxZosQbldFkulsLi"VgSfdlkekftdfoKkuksaesaHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhrqyukesafeF;k&>qdko,oaiwokZxzgksadkizHkkodkiQhvfèkdgksrkgSvkSjblhotglslkekftdvè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrcgqrdfBugSAHkkSfrd?kVukvksadkvè;;ufcukfdlhizdkjosQfeF;k&>qdkooiwokZxzgksaosQlqxerklsfd;ktkldrkgSD;ksafdbuosQlkFkvè;;udrkZdkurksdksbZHkkokRedyxko;kjkx&}s"kgksrkgSvkSjugh,slsvè;;ulsizkIrfu"d"kZvè;;udrkZosQfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa]ewY;ksa]ijaijkvksa]èkeZ]laLÑfrvkfndksfdlhHkh:iesaBsligq¡pkrsgSaAblosQfoijhr]lkekftd?kVukvksalsvè;;udrkZHkhlacafèkrgksrkgSAviusfeF;k&>qdkoosQdkj.k;krksogoqQNlkekftd?kVukvksaoleL;kvksaosQi{kesagksldrkgS;kfoi{kesaAifj.kkeLo:ioLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresackèkkmRiUugkstkrhgSAiwokZxzgksadkrkRi;Z;ggSfdvè;;udrkZfdlh?kVuk]fo"k;&oLrq]O;fDr]leL;kvkfnosQlacaèkesaigyslsghfdlhiwoZ&èkkj.kklsxzflrgksrkgSAiwoZ&èkkj.kk,¡mlsfu"i{k:ilsvè;;udjus]lkspus&fopkjusvkSjfu"d"kZfudkyusesackèkkmRiUudjrhgSaA;fn,dvuqlaèkkudrkZla;qDrifjokjdksvPNkle>rkgSrksla;qDrifjokjosQvè;;uosQnkSjkuviusbliwokZxzg;kiwoZ&èkkj.kkosQvkèkkjijog,slsrF;ksadhvogsyukdjldrkgSftuls,slsfu"d"kZfudyrsgksafdla;qDrifjokjdhctk;,dkdhifjokjvfèkdvPNsgSaA;gk¡ogrVLFkgksdj;koLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkviusiwokZxzgksaosQdkj.kvè;;uughadjikrkgSA

feF;k&>qdko;ki{kikresam}sxksa;kHkkoukvksadkdkiQhizHkkogksrkgSvkSjblhdkj.kfdlhosQ Hkh i{k ;k foi{k esa fcuklksps&fopkjs jk; O;Drdj nhtkrh gS ftlesark£ddrkdkvHkkogksrkgSAnwljhvksjtcfdlhO;fDr]oLrq]leL;k]?kVuk]fl¼kar]vkfnosQlacaèkesageviuseuesaigyslsghdksbZèkkj.kkcukysrsgSavkSjmlhosQifjizs{;esarF;ksadkewY;kadudjrsgSarksblsiwokZxzg(Prejudice)osQukelsiqdkjrsgSaAfeF;k&>qdkorFkkiwokZxzgnksuksaosQvFkZlsLi"VgSfd;soLrqfu"Bvè;;uosQekxZesackèkdgSaAblosQizHkkolsO;fDr[kqysfnyvkSjfnekxlsdkeughadjldrkA;gk¡gesa;gHkhfopkjdjukgSfdfeF;k&>qdko(i{kikr),oaiwokZxzgksaosQvkèkkjD;kgSa]buosQÏksrdgk¡gSa\;sÏksrfuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- vuqlaèkkudrkZ dk feF;k&>qdko (Bias of Researcher)µdbZckjLo;avuqlaèkkudrkZvfHkufrdkÏksr cutkrk gSA mldh iwoZ&èkkj.kk,¡ ;k i{kikriw.kZ fopkj mlosQoLrqfu"BrjhosQlslkspus&fopkjusvkSjfu"d"kZizLrqrdjusesackèkdcutkrsgSaA,slhfLFkfresaogoqQNegÙoiw.kZrF;ksadksNksM+nsrkgSvkSjviusfopkjksa,oaHkkoukvksaosQvuq:ifu"d"kZfudkyysrkgSAvè;;udrkZdhLo;adh#fp&v#fp]fo"k;lst:jrlsT;knkHkkokRedyxko]mldhuSfrdèkkj.kk,¡]vkn'kZ]ewY;]èkk£ed,oalkaLÑfrdekU;rk,¡vkfnmlesafeF;k&>qdkodkÏksrcutkrsgSaA

2- lwpuknkrkvksa osQ iwokZxzg (Prejudices of Informants)µvuqlaèkkudrkZrF;&ladyuosQfy,osQoyvoyksdudklgkjkughaysldrkAmlslwpuknkrkvksalsfeydjmuosQiz'uiwNdjHkhdbZlwpuk,¡;krF;,df=krdjusgksrsgSaAlwpuknkrkHkhlkekftdizk.khghgksrsgSaAmuosQHkhfgr&vfgr]#fp&v#fp]jkx&}s"k]fopkj]vuqHko]ewY;]ijaijk,¡]iwokZxzgvkfngksrsgSaA,slh fLFkfresavè;;ulslacafèkrlwpukizkfIrgsrqmulstksoqQNiwNktkrkgS]mldkmÙkjosiw.kZr%lghghnsaxs];gvko';dughagSAos,slhlwpuk,¡HkhnsldrsgSatksiw.kZr%lR;ughagksa]ftuesalp;k>wBdkfeJ.kgks;kftUgsac<+k&p<+kdjizLrqrfd;kx;kgksA,slhfLFkfresabl

42 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


izdkjdhlwpukvksaijvkèkkfjrfu"d"kZoLrqfu"BughagksldrsAfi¯MxVuusfuEuckrksaosQvkèkkjij;gle>kusdkiz;Rufd;kgSfdlwpuknkrkLo;afeF;k&>qdko;kvfHkufrdkÏksroSQlsgksrsgSa%(v)lwpuknkrkftuckrksadksughacrkukpkgrs]muosQlacaèkeas;krksos>wBcksyldrsgSa;kcgkukcukldrsgSafdbllacaèkesaosoqQNHkhughatkursA(c)dHkh&dHkhviusfdlhLokFkZosQdkj.klwpuknkrkoqQNrF;ksadksc<+k&p<+kdjizLrqrdjldrsgSa;koqQNckrksadkstku&cw>djfNikldrsgSaA(l)dbZckjf'k"VkpkjosQdkj.klwpuknkrk,slhlwpuk,¡ghnsrsgSatksvuqlaèk-kudrkZdh#fposQvuqowQygksaA(n)dHkh&dHkhvuqlaèkkudrkZdketkdmM+kusosQmís';lsHkhlwpuknkrkoqQNckrksadksughatkursgq,Hkh;gizn£'krdjusosQfy,fdoglcoqQNtkursgSa]xyrlwpuk,¡HkhnsrkgSA(;)dbZmÙkjnkrkladksp;kyTtkosQdkj.koqQNiz'uksadkmÙkjtkursgq,HkhughansrsgSaA

oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus osQ lkèku ,oa fofèk;k¡ (Means and Methods for Achieving Objectivity)

mi;qZDrfooj.klsLi"VgSfdlkekftd?kVukvksalslacafèkrvè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"Brkcuk;sj[kukdkiQhdfBugS]ijarqbldk;grkRi;ZughagSoLrqfu"BrkizkIrdjukvlaHkogSAblosQfy,lokZfèkdvko';d;ggSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZLo;aijfu;a=k.kj[ks]viusdksiwokZxzgksalseqDrj[ksvkSjoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kloZ=kcuk;sj[ksA

vktvuqHkoovuqlaèkkuosQvkèkkjij,slhfofèk;ksaolkèkuksadkfodklgkspqdkgStkslkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkizkIrdjusesa;ksxnsrsgSaA;gk¡gemUghadkla{ksiesamYys[kdjsaxsA

1- ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa ,oa voèkkj.kkvksa dk ekudhdj.k (Standardisation of Terms and Concepts)µlekt'kkL=kesalkekU;r%cksy&pkyosQ'kCnksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSftudkdbZckjlekuvFkZughayxk;ktkrkgSAifj.kkLo:ilekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZesaLi"VrkdkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSAblfLFkfrlscpusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdlekt'kkL=kesaftuikfjHkkf"kd'kCnksa,oavoèkkj.kkvksadkiz;ksxfd;ktk,]mudkekudhdj.kfd;ktk,]mudklHkhyksxksaosQ}kjklHkhLFkkuksaijlekuvFkks±esaiz;ksxfd;ktk,Abllslkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvklosQxhA

2- nSo fun'kZu osQ mi;ksx dh izèkkurk (Priority to the use of Random Sampling)µ vè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkykusdhn`f"Vlsvko';dgSfdlexzesalsbdkb;ksadkpqukonSofun'kZufofèk}kjkfd;ktk,rkfdizR;sdbdkbZosQpqustkusdhlekulaHkkoukjgsAnSofun'kZufofèk}kjkbdkb;ksadkpqukodjuslsvè;;udrkZosQi{kikr;kfeF;k&>qdkoosQvè;;uesalfEefyrgksusdhlaHkkouklekIrgkstkrhgSvkSjlkFkghizfrfufèkbdkb;ksadkpqukogkstkrkgSA

3- {ks=kh; dk;ZdrkZvksa ij de ls de fuHkZjrk (Minimum Dependency on Field Investigators)µtgk¡oS;fDrdvuqlaèkku&dk;ks± esa Lo;avuqlaèkkudrkZ }kjkrF;ksadkladyufd;ktkrkgS]ogk¡ogviusdksfu;af=krdjosQiwokZxzgksaofeF;k&>qdkolscpldrkgSAysfdutgk¡vuqlaèkku&dk;ZgsrqrF;ksadkladyuvusd{ks=kh;dk;ZdrkZvksa}kjk,d&lkFkfd;ktkrkgS]ogk¡vfHkufr;ki{kikrlscpusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdmUgsafdlhHkhizdkjdhoS;fDrdLora=krkughanhtk,vkSjmuijiwjkfu;a=k.kj[kktk,A

4- iz'ukoyh o vuqlwph dk iz;ksx (Use of Questionnaire and Schedule)µiz'ukoyhovuqlwphesa fuèkkZfjriz'ugksrsgSa]ekud'kCnkoyhdkbuesa iz;ksx fd;ktkrkgSA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 43


ifj.kkeLo:ilHkhlwpuknkrkiz'uksaosQlekuvFkZyxkrsgSavkSjmuosQ}kjkizkIrmÙkjHkhizek.khÑrgksrsgSaAbuosQiz;ksxdkykHk;ggSfdLo;avuqlaèkkudrkZijHkhfu;a=k.kjgrkgS]ogeuekus<axlsiz'uughaiwNikrkgSAbllsvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkcuhjgrhgSA

5- ;kaf=kd lkèkuksa dk iz;ksx (Application of Mechanical Devices)µrF;ksaosQladyu]lkj.kh;u,oafo'ys"k.kgsrq;kaf=kdlkèkuksadkmi;ksxvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkdksc<+kusesa;ksxnsrkgSArF;ksaosQladyuesaiQksVksxzkiQoVsi&fjdkMZjdkiQhlgk;dgSaArF;ksaosQlkj.kh;u,oafo'ys"k.kesaiafpxe'khu]lkVZj]oSQYD;wysVjodEI;wVj]vkfndkfo'ks"kmi;ksxgksrkgSAbu;kaf=kdlkèkuksaosQiz;ksxdklclscM+kykHk;ggSfdvè;;uesarF;ksadksrksM+&ejksM+djizLrqrughafd;ktkldrk]muesadksbZifjorZuughafd;ktkldrkAvr%vè;;udrkZijfu;a=k.kcukjgrkgSvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvktkrhgSA

6- iz;ksxkRed i¼fr dk mi;ksx (Use of Experimental Method)µlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesavfèkd&ls&vfèkdoLrqfu"BrkykusosQmís';lsiz;ksxkRedi¼frdkiz;ksxfnuksafnuc<+rkghtkjgkgSAtgk¡bli¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgS]ogk¡nkslekulewgksadkpqukodjfy;ktkrkgSAbuesals,ddksfu;af=krlewgvkSjnwljsdksiz;ksxkRedlewgosQ:iesaj[kktkrkgSAfu;af=krlewgesa fdlhHkhizdkjdkdksbZifjorZuughayk;ktkrktcfdiz;ksxRedlewgesafdlh,ddkjdosQ}kjkifjorZuykusdkiz;klfd;ktkrkgSA;gk¡iz;ksxkRedlewgesa,ddkjdosQizHkkodksns[kktkrkgSArRi'pkr~fu;af=kroiz;ksxkRedlewgksadh,d&nwljslsrqyukdhtkrhgSA;fnrqyukosQvkèkkjijiz;ksxkRedlwegesadksbZvarjiktktkrkgSrksbllsLi"VgkstkrkgSfd;gifjorZuveqddkjddkizHkkogSALi"VgSfdlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkykusesaiz;ksxkRedi¼frdkdkiQh;ksxgSA

7- lkaf[;dh; vuqekiksa dk iz;ksx (Use of Statistical Measurements)µ;fnvè;;uosQfu"d"kks±dkslkekU;fooj.kosQ:iesaghizLrqrfd;ktk,rksvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvkldrhgSD;ksafdblesavè;;udrkZrF;ksadksrksM+&ejksM+djviuhbPNkuqlkjizLrqrdjldrkgSAbldehdkslkaf[;dh;x.kukvksa,oalkaf[;dh;vuqekiksa}kjknwjfd;ktkldrkgSAlkaf[;dh;vuqekiksadhlqxerklstk¡pHkhdhtkldrhgSAblhotglslkekftdx.kukvksaolkaf[;dh;vuqekiksadkiz;ksxlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesafnuksafnuc<+rkghtkjgrkgSA

8- lewg vuqlaèkku i¼fr dk iz;ksx (Use of Group Research Method)µi{kikr]feF;k&>qdko o O;fDrfu"Brkdks dedjus ;k lekIrdjus dh n`f"V ls lkewfgdvuqlaèkkui¼frdkfo'ks"kegÙogSAbli¼frdkiz;ksxnks:iksaesafd;ktkldrkgSAizFke],dlkewfgd?kVukdkvè;;uvyx&vyx:iesarFkkvyx&vyxle;ijnks;kvfèkdvuqlaèkkudrkZvksa}kjk,dghi¼frdksdkeesaysrsgq,fd;ktkrkgSAfiQjlcvuqlaèkkudrkZfeydjfu"d"kZfudkyrsgSaAf}rh;],dghvè;;udrkZnksleku{ks=kksaesa,dgh?kVukdkvè;;ulekui¼frdksdkeesaysrkgqvkdjrkgSAfiQjogizkIrfu"d"kks±dhrqyukdjrkgSrFkk;FkkFkZfLFkfrdirkyxkrkgSAbllsvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvkusdhlaHkkoukvfèkdjgrhgSA

9- varj&oSKkfud i¼fr dk iz;ksx (Application of Interdisciplinary Method)µ fofHkUufoKkuksaosQlg;ksxijvkèkkfjrvè;;udksghvarj&oSKkfudvè;;udgrsgSavkSjlekt&foKkuksaesaorZekuesablizdkjosQvè;;uksadkegÙoc<+rkghtkjgkgSAfofHkUufoKkiuksaosQchpfnuksafnulg;ksxc<+rkghtkjgkgSAifj.kkeLo:ilkekftd?kVukvksalacaèkhvè;;uvfèkdkfèkdoLrqfu"B,oa;FkkFkZgksrstkjgsgSaAvktdy;gLi"Vr%eglwl fd;ktkusyxkgS fdfdlhHkh?kVukosQ fy,dksbZ,dghdkjd

44 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vijkèk] fuèkZurk ;k Hkz"Vkpkj tSlh leL;kvksa osQ fy,lkekftd]vk£Fkd]jktuhfrd]lkaLÑfrd,oaeuksoSKkfuddkjdmÙkjnk;hgSaAtcrdbudkjdksadksHkyh&Hkk¡frughale>fy;ktkrkgS]rcrdfdlhleL;k]?kVuk;kfo"k;dk;FkkFkZooLrqfu"BKkuizkIrughafd;ktkldrkA

10- fefJr lkaLÑfrd mikxe dk mi;ksx (Use of Cross-cultural Approach)µtcfdlhlkaLÑfrd{ks=klslacafèkrfdlh?kVuk;kleL;kdkvè;;ufofHkUulkaLÑfrd{ks=kksalslacafèkryksx(fo'ks"kK)djrsgSarksos;gdk;Zvfèkdfu"i{krk,oaoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkdjldrsgSaAvè;;ufd,tkusokyslkaLÑfrd{ks=klslacafèkrvuqlaèkkudrkZesai{kikrofeF;k&>qdkogksldrkgS]ysfdutcvU;lkaLÑfrd{ks=kksalslacafèkrvuqlaèkkudrkZvè;;u&dk;ZdjrsgSarksoLrqfu"Brkdhiwjh&iwjhlaHkkoukjgrhgSA;ghfefJrlkaLÑfrdmikxedgykrkgSA

2-8 rF; dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (Definition and Characteristics of Fact)

rF; D;k gS\ (What are Facts?)

vaxzsthHkk"kkesa^rF;*gsrqnks'kCnksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgStksoLrqr%i;kZ;okphughagSA,d'kCngSîSQDV*(Fact)rFkknwljk^MsVk*(Data)gSAbunksuksa'kCnksaosQfy,¯gnhesage^rF;*'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAvaxzsthesa;snksuksa'kCn,d&nwljsosQi;kZ;okphblfy,ughagS]D;ksafd]vuqlaèkkudhizfØ;kesabunksuksa'kCnksadkiz;ksxfdUghafuf'prLrjksaijfd;ktkrkgSAlkekftdvuqlaèkkuesatcfofHkUuÏksrksalsgerF;ksadkladyudjysrsgSa]blLrjrdrF;osQi;kZ;okphosQ:iesaMsVk(Data)'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAysfdutcburF;ksadhfo'oluh;rkbllhekrdigq¡ptkrhgSfd;sO;oLFkkRedizrhd(Systemic Symbol)dk:iysysa]rHkhburF;ksadksgeîSQDV*(Fact)dhlaKknsrsgSaA

^MsVk*(Data) lsîSQDV*(Fact)rdigq¡pusosQfy,,dfuf'prizfØ;kviukuhiM+rhgSA;|fi^MsVk*(Data)ghîSQDV*(Fact)cutkrkgSAlaHkor%blhfy;sge¯gnhesabunksuksa'kCnksaosQfy;s,dgh'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaA;gvarjgesale>ysukpkfg,rkfd;fnge^rF;*'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSarksfuf'prvuq'kkluosQvarxZrdjsaA

vkSipkfjd:ilsrF;dksifjHkkf"krdjusosQiwoZ,dckrdhvksjlaosQrdjukvko';dgS]D;ksafdbldklhèkklacaèklkekftdrF;(Social Data)lsgSA;gk¡gevkèkqfudlekt'kkL=kh;vuqlaèkkudks,dfuf'prijaijknsusokysizsQUplekt'kkL=khbekby nq[khZe(Emile Durkheim)dkmYys[kdjsaxsA

nq[khZeosQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdrF;]O;ogkjdkogi{kgSftldkfujh{k.koS"kf;d:iesalaHkogSvkSjtksfo'ks"k<axlsO;ogkjdjusdksckè;djrkgSA¸blizdkjrF;osQvusdvk;kegSavkSjlanHkZosQvuqlkj]gemuosQvyx&vyxfo'ys"k.kdjrsgSaA^lkekftdrF;*osQvuqlaèkkuesabldhigpkuosQtkslaosQrnq[khZeusfn;sgSa]osgSabldhckárk(Exteriority)vkSjckè;rk(Con-straints)AblhlanHkZesagerF;dksifjHkkf"krdjsaxsAlkekftdvuqlaèkkuesageoSKkfudizfØ;k,oavuq'kklulsc¼gSaAvr%fdUghafuf'prlhekvksaosQvarxZrghgerF;dksokLrfodrF;dglosaQxsA

rF; dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (Definition and Characteristics of Fact)

rF;dhifjHkk"kkizLrqrdjusesanksn`f"Vdks.kviuk;stkldrsgSaAigysn`f"Vdks.kosQvarxZrgekjsle{kosifjHkk"kk,¡vkrhgSaftUgksauslanHkZ:iesa,dfoLr`r{ks=kdkspqukgSAblosQvarxZrHkkSfrdfoKku]thofoKkurFkklkekftdfoKkurhuksavkrsgSaAblfoLr`rifjizs{;esatksifjHkk"kk,¡nh

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 45


xbZgSamuesaikWfyu;ax(Pauline V. Young)]xqMs,oagkWV(W.J. Goode & P.K. Hatt)rFkkczkWMcsd(May Brodbeck)vkfngSaA

ikWfyu ;axosQvuqlkjµ¶rF;ksadks,slsHkkSfrd;k'kkjhfjd]ekufld;km}sxkRed?kVukvksaosQ:iesans[kktkukpkfg,ftudhfu'p;iwoZdiqf"VdhtkldrhgS,oaftUgsa^Hkk";dhnqfu;k*(World of discours)esalpdgdjLohdkjfd;ktkrkgSA¸ijarqmijksDrm¼j.koLrqr%ifjHkk"kkdhvksjlaosQrdedjrkgS]mlosQi¼fr'kkL=kh;vkèkkjdhvksjvfèkdAblsifjHkkf"krdjrsle;ikWfyu;axusrF;dksosQoyewrZphtksardghlhferughaj[kkAmuosQvuqlkjfopkj]vuqHko,oaHkkouk,¡HkhrF;gSaAfo'ks"kdjlkekftdfoKkuosQlanHkZesaA

xqMs ,oa gkWVusla{ksiesarF;dks,dvuqHkofl¼lR;kiuh;fujh{k.kekukgSA

es czkMcsdosQvuqlkjµrF;osQvFkZdksLi"Vdjrsgq,czkMcsdusfy[kkgSfd;g,dfo'ks"klacksèku(Thing)dhvksjlaosQrdjrkgS(tSls)dksbZ?kVuk;k?kVukosQizdkj;kfdlhLFkkuesax`gLokfe;ksadkvuqikrvkfnAmuosQvuqlkjfdlhrF;dksizLrqrdjusdkvFkZ;ggSfdgekjhvoèkkj.kkvksadksiq"VdjusosQfy;smnkgj.kfeyrsgSaA

rF;dksifjHkkf"krdjusesa nwljkizeq[kn`f"Vdks.kmu fopkjdksadkgStks rF;dksosQoylkekftdifjos'kesaizLrqrdjukpkgrsgSaAbldkroZQ;ggSfdoLrqr%lkekftdvuqlaèkkuesagekjklhèkklacaèklkekftdrF;ksalsghgSAblhn`f"Vdks.kdksLi"VdjusosQfy,izkjaHkesanq[khZe}kjknhxbZifjHkk"kkdhppkZdhxbZgSA

bun`f"Vdks.kdksviusle{kj[kdjgeisQ;jpkbYM}kjknhxbZrF;dhifjHkk"kkijfopkjdjldrsgSa]ftlesa,dlkoZHkkSfedn`f"Vdks.kviuk;kx;kgSA

isQ;j pkbYM osQ vuqlkjµ¶rF; dksbZ izn£'kr dh xbZ ;k izdkf'kr dh tk ldus ;ksX;okLrfodrkdkin]in;kfo"k;gSArF;,d?kVukgSftlosQfujh{k.kksa,oaekiksaosQfo"k;esalHkhesacgqrvfèkdlgefrikbZtkrhgSA¸

lekt'kkL=k fo'odks'k osQvuqlkjµrF;dksblizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kx;kgS%¶,drF;;FkkFkZrkdhdksbZizkek.;?kVukgSftldhizkekf.kdrkdhiqf"VvkuqHkfodvkèkkjijlaHkogksrhgSAfoKkuosQrF;izs{k.k&ijh{k.kdhmitgksrsgSaA?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesa,slsdFkughrF;dhJs.khesavkrsgSaftudkvkuqHkfodvkèkkjijijh{k.kfd;ktklosQA¸

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijrF;dhlkekU;fo'ks"krk,¡fuEukafdr:iesaizLrqrdhtkldrhgSa%

1- lkekftdvuqlaèkkuosQifjizs{;esage^rF;*mlhdksekusaxsftldkfujh{k.koS"kf;d:iesalaHkogks]vFkkZr~ftldhoS"kf;drkLo;afl¼gksA

2- rF;,dkaxhughagksrs]vFkkZr~fdlhrF;dklacaèkvusdrF;ksalsgksldrkgSAvr%;svar%lacafèkrgksrsgSaAtSlhgekjhvko';drkgksrhgS]mlhizdkjvkSjmlhlanHkZesagebldhO;k[;kdjnsrsgSaA

3- rF;?kVukosQ:iesaoglR;gStksokLrfod:iesagekjsle{kfo|ekugSavFkokFkkAvr%;gizk;%izR;{kn'khZ(Emperical)gSA

4- dksbZrF;ewrZ;kvewrZnksuksaghgksldrkgSvFkkZr~mldkizR;{kn'kZuHkkSfrd;k'kjhfjd:iesarFkkekufld;kHkkokRed:iesaHkhlaHkogSAvr%rF;KkusfUnz;xzká(Senses perception)HkhgSvkSjvfrfUnz;xzká(extra sense perception)HkhgSA

5- rF;,dkarvuqHkolsHkhizkIrgksldrsgSaysfdutcmudhfo'oluh;rkvU;osQ}kjkHkhijh{k.k;ksX;gkslosQrHkhghgemlsokLrfodrF;(pertinent facts)osQ:iesaLohdkjdjsaxsAvr%;gijh{k.k;ksX;gksrkgSA

46 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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6- rF;fdlhvoèkkj.kkdhl`f"Vesalgk;dHkhgksrsgSarFkkmldhiqf"VHkhdjrsgSaAvr%;gcgqmUes'kh(multi-oriented)HkhgksrsgSaA;ghugha]cfYd;sghrF;fl¼kar&fuekZ.kdhizfØ;k(process of theory building)esadM+hdkdk;ZdjrsgSaA

rF;dhmi;qZDrfo'ks"krkvksaesageblckrlsrksvk'oLrgksghtkrsgSafdbudkvè;;u]ladyu;kizfrosnuoSKkfud<axlsfd;ktkldrkgSArF;dhfo'ks"krkvksaijfy[krsgq,izk;%lHkhfopkjdksausblosQ,dfo'ks"ki{kdksxkS.kj[kkgS;kmldhppkZghughadhgSAblvksjT;ksacxZ,oajkstjusV(Gideon SJoberg and Roger Nett)uslaosQrfd;kgSArF;LohdkjkRed(Positive)vkSjudkjkRed(Negative)nksuksagksrsgSavkSjnksuksadklkekftdfØ;kesamrukghegÙogksrkgSAlkekftdvuqlaèkkuesageigysdksfVosQrF;ksaijvfèkdegÙonsrsgSa]tcfd]lR;;ggSfdudkjkRedrF;HkhmrusghegÙoiw.kZgSaAlektoSKkfudbuudkjkRedrF;ksadhmis{kkughadjldrkAvfØ;k(Non-action)Lo;agh,dfØ;k(action)osQ:iesarF;gS]tSlsjk"Vªh;xkuosQle;mBdj[kM+kughagksukvfØ;kgSysfdu;gLo;a,drF;gSvkSjegÙoiw.kZrF;gSA

lkekftd rF; (Social Facts)

lkekU;r;kdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdrF;,dvR;artfVyfopkjgS]ftlesackárk]ckè;rkvkSjvifjgk;ZrkosQxq.kfo|ekugksrsgSanq[khZeosQerkuqlkjlekt'kkL=klHkhekuoh;fØ;kvksadkvè;;uughadjrkgS]vfirq]lkekftdrF;ghlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhfo"k;&oLrqgSa

lkekftdrF;ksadksnq[khZeoLrqvksaosQ:iesans[krkgSAnq[khZeusviuhiqLrd(The Rules of Sociological Method)osQvarxZr^oLrq*'kCndkiz;ksxpkjvyx&vyxlanHkks±esafd;kgS]tksfuEufyf[krgSa%

1- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftlesaoqQNfof'k"Vxq.kgksrsgSaAbufof'k"Vxq.kksadksÅijhrkSjijns[kktkldrkgSA

2- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftlsvuqHkoosQekè;elsghtkuktkldrkgSA

3- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftldkvfLrRoeuq";ijughavfirqlektijfuHkZjdjrkgSA

4- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftlsckgjhLrjijns[kdjtkuktkldrkgSA

nq[khZe osQ erkuqlkj lkekftd rF; okLro esa lkewfgdpsrukdks O;Drdjrs gSaA blhfy,lkekftdrF;lkekftd?kVukvksadkokLrfodizfrfufèkRodjrsgSaAvr%lkekftdrF;ksaosQvè;;uosQekè;elslkekftd?kVukvksadheq[;fof'k"Vrkvksadkvklkuhlsirkykxk;ktkldrkgSApw¡fd^oLrq*osQ:iesalkekftdrF;ksadkoLrqfu"Bfujh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgS]blfy,lkekftdrF;ksadkslkekftd?kVukvksadkcksèkdjusosQoSKkfudvkèkkjosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;ktkldrkgSAD;ksafd]tSlkfdÅijdgktkpqdkgSfdbldkoLrqfu"B:iesa(Objectively)fujh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgSAoLrqosQ:iesalkekftdrF;dksLohdkjdjusdkvk'k;;ghgSfdlkekftdrF;dksbZdkYifudèkkj.kk]fo'oklvFkokfopkjughagksrkgS]vfirqbldkvfLrRo;FkkFkZijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAbl;FkkFkZèkjkryijlkekftd?kVukvksadkoSKkfudcksèkvklkugkstk,xkA

,dlkekftdrF;O;ogkj(lkspus&le>us]vuqHkodjus;kfØ;klaikfnrdjus)dk,dHkkxgStksizs{kddhn`f"VesaoLrqijdgSrFkkftldhizÑfrckè;rkewydgksrhgSA

vr%lkekftdthoulslacafèkr,slsO;ogkj;kfopkj]vuqHko;kfØ;kdkslkekftdrF;dgktk,xkftudkfujh{k.k&ijh{k.kgksldrkgksAbldFkuosQvuqlkj^Hkxoku*lkekftdrF;ughagSaD;ksafdmudkfujh{k.klaHkoughagS]tcfdmlhHkxokudhlkewfgdizkFkZukdjuklkekftdrF;gS]D;ksafdbldkfujh{k.klaHkogSA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 47


lkekftdrF;dksifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,nq[khZeusfy[kkgS¶,dlkekftdrF;dk;ZdjusdkogizR;sdrjhdkgS]pkgsfuf'prgks;kugha]tksfdO;fDrijckgjhnckoMkyusdh{kerkj[krkgksA¸

lkekftdrF;dksLi"Vdjrsgq,nq[khZeusfy[kkgSµ¶rF;ksaesa]dk;Zdjus]lkspus]vuqHkodjusosQosrjhosQlfEefyrgSatksO;fDrgsrqckgjhgksrsgSarFkktksviuhncko&'kfDrosQekè;elsO;fDrdksfu;af=krdjrsgSaA¸

lkekftdrF;dksnwljs'kcnksaesaifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,nq[khZefy[krsgSa¶;sdk;Zdjus]lkspus;kvuqHkodjusosQosrjhosQgSaftuesaO;fDrxrpsruklsckgjHkhvfLrRodkscuk,j[kusdhmYys[kuh;fof'k"VrkgksrhgSA¸

vr%Li"VgksrkgSfdizR;sdlektesaoqQNfof'k"VrF;gksrsgSavFkoklkspusdk;Zdjus,oavuqHkodjusosQ,slsrjhosQgksrsgSatksO;fDrijckè;dkjhizHkkoMkyrsgSaftUgsaizkf.k'kkL=kh;;keuksoSKkfudrF;osQ:iesauLohdkjdjosQvfirqlkekftdrF;osQ:iesaLohdkjdjukghroZQla xrgksrkgSAbldM+hesanq[khZedkdFkugS]fdfopkjdjusosQ,slsrjhdksadksizkf.k'kkL=kh;?kVukvksaosQvarxZrLohdkjughadjukpkfg,_D;ksafdmuesafØ;k,¡rFkkizfrfufèkRolfEefyrgSaAblseuksoSKkfud?kVukvksalsHkhfeyk;kughatkldrkgSAftldkvfLrRooS;fDrdpsrukvkSjmlosQekè;elsghgksrkgSAblizdkjos,d<axdh?kVuk,¡fu£erdjrsgSavkSjek=kblhosQfy,¶lkek-ftd¸'kCndkiz;ksxfd;ktkukpkfg,A¸

mDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjij;gdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdrF;dksLi"Vdjusgsrqnq[khZeuseq[;:ilsfuEufyf[krnks'kCnksaijfo'ks"kcyfn;kgS ftlsgelkekftdrF;ksadhfo'ks"krkHkhdgldrsgSa%

1- ckárk (Exteriority)µbldkvk'k;;ggSfdlkekftd?kVukvksa;klkekftdrF;ksadkfuekZ.klektosQlnL;ksaosQekè;elsghgksrkgS]tcfdlkekftdrF;,dckjfodflrgkstkusosQckniqu%O;fDrfo'ks"kdkughajgrkvfirq,dLora=kokLrfodrkosQ:iesamldhvuqHkwfrdhtkrhgSA

2- ckè;rk (Constraint)µlekt osQvusdlnL;ksa osQ ;ksxnku ls lkekftd rF;ksa dkfuekZ.kgksrkgSAblhdkj.kls;scgqr'kfDr'kkyhgksrsgSaAblhfy,;sO;fDrdh#fposQvuq:iughagksrsvfirq;sufliZQO;fDrijckè;dkjhgksrsgSaoju~O;fDrosQO;ogkjrFkk#fp;ksadksfunsZf'krrFkkfu;af=krHkhdjrsgSaAlkekftdrF;ksaesalkekftdckè;rk;knckoLi"Vdjusgsrqnq[khZeusdfri;mnkgj.kizLrqrfd,gSa;FkkµlektesaizpfyrvusdlkekftdrF;tSlsuSfrdfu;e]èkk£edfo'okl]foÙkh;O;oLFkk,¡vkfneuq";osQO;ogkj;kdk;Z&iz.kkyhdksizHkkfordjrsgSaA

2-9 voèkkj.kk (Concept)

voèkkj.kk D;k gS\

voèkkj.kkdkslkekU;r;kizR;;vFkoklacksèkHkhdgktkrkgSAoSKkfud'kksèkesavoèkkj.kkdkiz;ksx;FkkFkZosQizR;{khdj.k]oxhZdj.krFkkcksèkosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAfl¼kar&jpukesabldkegÙoiw.kZLFkkugSAfl¼kar&jpukosQizFkeLrjijewrZ?kVukvksadkvoèkkj.kkvksaosQ:iesavewrhZdj.kfd;ktkrkgSArRi'pkr~bUgsaroZQlaxrvkèkkjijO;ofLFkrdjfl¼karesaifj.kr fd;ktkrkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡fLFkjughagksrhgSa]vfirqblosQvFkZesafujarjla'kksèkuoifjektZugksrkjgrkgSA

fdlhHkhoSKkfudO;oLFkkdh,dfo'ks"k'kCnkoyh(Particular set of terminology)gksrhgSAblosQvarxZr'kCnrksizk;%vfèkdka'koghgksrsgSaftudkmi;ksxgefnu&izfrfnudhHkk"kkesadjrs

48 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


gSaijarq]oSKkfudO;oLFkkesabuosQfo'ks"kvFkZgksrsgSaA,slscgqrls'kCn[kkldjlkekftdfoKkuesaftUgsageviuhoSKkfud'kCnkoyhosQvarxZrHkhekursgSarFkkbudklkekU;Hkk"kkesaHkhiz;ksxgksrkgSAmnkgj.kosQrkSjijgens[kldrsgSafdlekt'kkL=krFkkekuo'kkL=kosQvarxZr lekt*] laLÑfr*]^laLFkk*vkfn'kCnksaosQiz;ksxoqQN[kklvFkZesafd;stkrsgSavkSjbUgsageviuhoSKkfud'kCnkoyhosQvarxZrHkhLFkkunsrsgSatcfdbu'kCnksadkvFkZlkekU;Hkk"kkesaHkhfd;ktkldrkgSArFkkfibunksuksaesabudkvFkZ,dlekuughagksrkgSAlkekU;Hkk"kkesagevlkaLÑfrd(uncultured)dkiz;ksx[kqysvkedjrsgSaAijarq]ekuo'kkL=kesa;giz;ksxvoSKfudrFkkvO;ogkfjdekuktkrkgSAlkekftdHkk"kkesax¡okjdksvlaLÑrdgrsgSaAijarqekuo'kkL=kh;'kCnkoyhesaeuq";dhfcuklaLÑfrosQdYiukghughadhtkldrhAblizdkjpkgsdksbZx¡okjgks]ccZjgksvFkoktaxyhlaLÑfrlsiq"VgksrkgSA

voèkkj.kkdhtcgeO;k[;kdjrsgSa]rksdHkh&dHkh;gdgukdfBugkstkrkgSfd'kCnek=k'kCnkoyhdkva'kgSvFkokfdlhvoèkkj.kkdksO;DrdjrkgSAmijksDr'kCnlekt]laLÑfrvkfnvoèkkj.kk,¡HkhgSaAiz'u;gmBrkgSfdgebUgsafdlukelsiqdkjsablhlanHkZesagevoèkkj.kkvksaosQLo:iijfopkjdjsaxsA

loZizFkege;gekudjpyrsgSafdfdlhHkhoSKkfudO;oLFkkdh'kCnkoyhesaiz;ksxfd,tkusokys'kCnekudhÑr(Standardised)gkstkrsgSarksmudkLo:ivoèkkj.kkdkgkstkrkgSAu;s&u;s'kCnksadkp;ugeoSKkfud'kCnkoyhosQvarxZrdjrsjgrsgSaAmudkmi;ksxgefo'ys"k.kesaHkhdjusyxrsgSa]fiQj,dlekuvFkZesaghlHkhosQ}kjkiz;ksxfd;stkusyxrsgSa]rcèkhjs&èkhjsmudkLo:ivoèkkj.kkdkgksusyxrkgSAysfdublosQvfrfjDrtksewyvarjvoèkkj.kkvkSj'kCnesagSogvFkZlaizs"k.kosQvk;ke(Dimension of meaning communication)dkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ]dksbZ'kCnek=k,dvFkZcrykldrkysfdu]voèkkj.kkosQoy'kkfCndvFkZrdlhferughagksrhvfirq,dfo'ks"kvFkZvk;ke(meaning dimension)dklaosQrdjrhgSA

oSKkfudO;oLFkkosQvarxZrrF;ksaosQfdlhoxZ;klewg;klaoqQy(Complex)dksizn£'krdjusosQfy,gelaf{kIr:Ikesafdlh,d'kCnvFkokdelsde'kCnksadkiz;ksxdjrsgSamlsvoèkkj.kkdgsaxsAblesanksrF;vko';dgSaAizFke]dksbZvoèkkj.kkfturF;ksa]oxZlaoqQyksadklaosQrdjrhgSogLFkk;h:ilsmUgharF;ksa;klaoqQyksardlhferjgsxhA,slkughagSfdgeviuhlqfoèk-kuqlkjfdlhvoèkkj.kkdkvFkZvk;kec<+krs&?kVkrsjgsaAf}rh;]voèkkj.kkdkoqQylaizsf"krvFkZuosQoymldhviuhizÑfrdkscrykrkgS]cfYd]voèkkj.kkdkoqQylEizsf"krvFkZvk;kelsLi"Vr%fHkUuHkhdjysrkgSAmnkgk.kLo:ilkaLÑfrdekuo'kkL=kesalaLÑfrvkSjlH;rknksuksavoèkkj.kk,¡uosQoyviusvFkZvk;kedksLi"VdjrhgSacfYd,dlsnwljsdksvyxHkhdjrhgSaAvoèkkj.kkvksadhl`f"VosQfy,buckrksaijvuqlaèkkudrkZdkè;kuvo';gksukpkfg,A

voèkkj.kk dh ifjHkk"kk

lekt'kkL=k fo'odks'k osQvuqlkjµ¶fdlhoLrq]?kVukvFkokizfØ;kosQoSKkfudizs"k.k,oacksèkosQvkèkkjijlhferlkekU;fopkjksadksvfHkO;DrdjusosQfy,ftufof'k"V'kCn&laosQrksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgS]mUgsaoSKkfud'kCnkoyhesavoèkkj.kk]izR;;;klacksèkdgrsgSaA,dvoèkkj.kk]oLrqvksa]?kVukvksa]O;fDr;ksa]lacaèkksa]izfØ;kvksavkfnofof'k"VoxZvFkoklewgdksfn;kx;k,dfof'k"VukevFkoklaosQrkRedingSaA¸

lkekftdvuqlaèkkuesavuqHkotU;kRedrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijgevoèkkj.kkvksadhl`f"VdjrsgSatksfdlhfuf'prvFkZ;kizfØ;kdhvksjlaosQrdjrhgSaAikfyu;axusvoèkkj.kkdksek=k'kCnlaosQr(Word Indicator)uekudjizfØ;klaosQr(process indicator)ekukgSAvr%dksbZvoèkkj.kkuosQoyrF;ksaosQfdlhoxZdks;kmldhfo'ks"krkvksadks;kfoy{k.krkvksadksdelsde'kCnksaosQ}kjklaosQrdjrhgScfYdrF;ksadhizÑfr]ifjorZuvFkokmudhizfØ;kosQ,dO;ofLFkr,oark£dd:iesavkèkkjdhvksjHkhlaosQrdjrhgSA;s(voèkkj.kk,¡)lHkhifjorZuksa]izfØ;kvksavFkokfLFkfrfo'ks"kftudkO;ofLFkr,oark£ddizfØ;klsvè;;ugqvkgS]mudklkekU;hdj.k(generalisations)

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 49


djrhgSaAla{ksiesaikfyu;axusvoèkkj.kkdksifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,fy[kkgS]¶voèkkj.kkrF;ksaosQ,doxZ;klewgdh,dlaf{kIrifjHkk"kkgSA¸,dkWiQ (Russell L. Ackoff)usvoèkkj.kkvksadksLi"Vdjrsgq,blosQizdk;kZRedi{kksadksgekjsle{kizLrqrfd;kgSA,dkWiQdkergSfdvoèkkj.kkvsadhvko';drkfdlhleL;kosQfuekZ.kvkSjmlosQlekèkkuosQfy,izjpukrS;kjdjusesagksrhgSAblizdkjvoèkkj.kkdhifjHkk"kkosQvarxZrblosQ'kkfCnd,oaizdk;kZRedvFkZdklekos'kgksrkgSA

voèkkj.kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Concept)

fofHkUuifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgevoèkkj.kkvksadhfuEukafdrfo'ks"krkvksadkmYys[kdjldrsgSaµ

1- voèkkj.kkvksaosQ,dlewgdh,d,slhlaf{kIrifjHkk"kkgksrhgSftls,dnks'kCnksaesaO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA

2- voèkkj.kkfdlhO;ogkjizfrekudhlaiw.kZO;k[;kughagksrhmldklaosQrek=kgksrhgSA

3- voèkkj.kkdkfuekZ.koSKkfud¯pruosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSA

4- voèkkj.kkdk ,drk£ddvkèkkj gksrk gSvkSj mldk fuekZ.k izR;{k Kku] okLrfodfujh{k.ko;FkkFkZvuqHkoosQcyijgksrkgSA

5- voèkkj.kkfl¼kardklaf{kIr:iughagksrhoju~rF;ksaosQ,doxZdhfo'ks"krkvksadksla{ksiesacrkusokykrF;gksrkgSA

6- voèkkj.kkesavko';drkuqlkjifjorZuHkhgksrkjgrkgSA

7- voèkkj.kk fdlh fo'ks"k O;ogkj izfrekudks vfHkO;Drdjus okyk ,dlaf{kIrvkSjO;ofLFkroDrO;gSA

8- voèkkj.kkdhizÑfrifjorZu'khygksrhgSD;ksafdle;]LFkku,oamidj.kksaosQifjorZurFkku,rF;ksadhizkfIrosQlkFkblesavdljifjorZudjukvko';dgkstkrkgSA

9- voèkkj.kkosQoy,dlkjka'kughagScfYd;grF;ksaosQfdlh,doxZdksla{ksiesaLi"VdjusokykizrhdgSA

10- voèkkj.kk,¡ghogeq[;vkèkkjgSaftudhlgk;rklsmi;ksxhifjdYiukvksadkfuekZ.kfd;ktkldrkgSA

voèkkj.kk dk egÙo (Importance of Concept)

oSKkfudvUos"k.kdkvafremís';lkekU;fl¼karksadkfuekZ.kdjukgksrkgStksokLroesa,dmPp&Lrjh;vewrZrkdhvoèkkj.kkRed;kstukgksrhgSAdksbZudksbZvuqlaèkkudrkZtksvuqHkotU;voyksdudjukpkgrkgSrFkkviusvoyksdudkfo'ys"k.kdjukpkgrkgSrksmlsvoèkkj.kkRedlajpukdklgkjkysukiM+rkgSAlekt'kkL=kftlesafddbZvoèkkj.kkRed'kCnksadkslkekU;cksypkydhHkk"kklsfy;kx;kgS]tSlsµifjokj]fookg]tkfr]oxZ]ukrsnkjhvkfnmudkvFkZlekt'kkL=kesalkekU;vFkks±lsfHkUugSblfy,voèkkj.kk,¡lqLi"Vgksuhpkfg,A

eVZudkdFkugSfdfl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksalscursgSaAvoèkkj.kk,¡Lo;aesafl¼karughagksrha_tcfofHkUuvoèkkj.kk,¡ijLijrk£dd:ilstqM+djmidYiukvksadkfuekZ.kdjrhgSarks?kVukdhO;k[;k,oafo'ys"k.kdjusesal{kegksusijfl¼karksadkfuekZ.kgksrkgSA

voèkkj.kk,¡ fdlh Hkh iz?kVuk] fLFkfr ,oavuqHkodklaf{kIrhdj.kdjosQ ,d 'kCnvFkok'kCn&lewgosQekè;elsvfHkO;DrdjusdkrjhdkgSAgeO;fDrRo]HkhM+,oalewgdhfofHkUufo'ks"krkvksadksbuvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsvfHkO;DrdjrsgSa]vr%voèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsvfHkO;fDrlaHkogksrhgSAvuqlaèkkuesavoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsiz?kVukvksadksle>usesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA

50 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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voèkkj.kk,¡fl¼karesaizeq[kHkwfedk,¡fuHkkrhgSaAvoèkkj.kkdkizR;sd'kCnlkekftdtxrosQ,dfo'ks"ki{kdksO;DrdjrkgSftlsfdlhfof'k"Vy{;dhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZle>ktkrkgSA

voèkkj.kk,¡fo"k;dhfof'k"VHkk"kkdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSaftlosQekè;elslapkjlaHkogkstkrkgSAvoèkkj.kkvksadkiz;ksxdjusokys,dvoèkkj.kkdkvFkZlekuvFkZesaghle>rsgSaAblhlanHkZesaxqMs rFkkgkVusfy[kkgS]fdlhHkhfoKkulslacafèkrvoèkkj.kkvksadksvR;fèkdfof'k"VvFkZesalaizs"k.k;ksX;gksukpkfg,AmUgsafdlhHkhizdkjlsvLi"VvFkoklansgiw.kZughagksukpkfg,AcfYdmudhjpukblizdkjdhgksuhpkfg,fdmudkfuekZ.kdjusokyhlHkhbdkb;ksadksle>ktklosQA¸

blhvoèkkj.kkosQokLrfodvFkZosQlaizs"k.kijghmldhmi;ksfxrkvkSjliQyrkfuHkZjgSA

fl¼karfuekZ.kdhn`f"Vlsvoèkkj.kkvksadkvewrhZdj.kvko';dgSAvewrZvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsghfl¼karfu£erdjfof'k"VvkuqHkkfodiz?kVukvksaosQ?kfVrgksusdksn'kkZ;ktkldrkgSA

voèkkj.kkvksadkegÙon'kkZrsgq,xqMs,oagkV usfy[kkgSfdvoèkkj.kkdksfodflrdjusdhizfØ;kvuqHkotfurKkudksizkIrdjusomllsfu"d"kZfudkyusesalgk;dfl¼gksrhgSaArF;ksaosQ,doxZ;klewgosQxq.kksadksle>uk]mudkvè;;udjuk]mUgsaO;ofLFkrvkSji`Fko~Qdukvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elslaHkogksrkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡gekjsfopkjksadksiuikusdhn`f"Vlsvko';dgSaA

,dvuqlaèkkudrkZtcuohurF;ladfyrdjrkgSrksog;gvuqHkodjusyxrkgS fdrF;ksaosQokLrfodvFkZdksLi"Vfd,fcukmudkleqfprlapkjlaHkoughagSvkSj;gdk;ZosQoyvoèkkkj.kkvksaosQfodkllsghgksldrkgSAblizdkjlsvoèkkj.kk,¡oSKkfudi¼frdkgh,dvaxgSaftuosQleqfpriz;ksxosQfcuklkekftd'kksèkdksoLrqfu"B:iughafn;ktkldrkAvaresageeVZuosQ'kCnksaesadgldrsgSafd¶gekjkvoyksdurFkk,df=krrF;fdrusghegÙoiw.kZD;ksaugksa¯drqvoèkkj.kkvksaosQvHkkoesafdlhHkh'kksèkdkdksbZegÙoughagSA¸

2-10 fl¼kar (Theory)

lkekftdfoKkuksaesa^fl¼kar*'kCndkiz;ksxgeizk;%ns[krsgSaAlektoSKkfudksausHkhbldhmi;ksfxrkij foLrkjlsizdk'kMkykgSAijarqtcdHkhge;gle>ukpkgrsgSa fdlkekftdfoKkuksaesafl¼kardkD;kvFkZgSrksblosQmÙkjesafl¼karlslacafèkrvusdifjHkk"kk,¡izLrqrdhtkrhgSa]tksuosQoyijLijfojksèkhgksrhgSa]cfYdvLi"V,oalafnXèkHkhgksrhgSaAfl¼kar(Theory),^lS¼kafrdmUes"k* (theoretical orientation), ^lS¼kafrdlanHkZ* (theoretical frame of reference),lS¼kafrdfoLrkj*(theoretical sketch),êkWMy*(model) ,slsvusd'kCngSaftudkiz;ksxlkekftdfoKkuksaesadghrks,d&nwljsosQi;kZ;okphosQ:iesafd;kx;kgSvkSjdgha&dghabu'kCnksaesavarjLFkkfirfd;kx;kgSA

^fl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsO;Drfd;sx;slkekU;hdj.k(generalisation)gSaA lS¼kafrdmUes"k*dkvFkZfdlhvU;fl¼kar;kfl¼karlewgksadhvksjfo'ks"k:ilsizHkkforgksrkgStSlsekDlZokfn;ksa(Marxists)osQfopkjksadkmn~xeekDlZdklkfgR;gSA^lS¼kkafrdlanHkZ*fdlhHkh,slsdFkudklwpdgStksfdfdlhvU;fl¼karijvkèkkfjrgksrsgSatSls]T;ksfr"k'kkL=kesacgqrlkjslS¼kafrdlanHkZu{k=kfoKkuosQfl¼karksalstqM+sgksrsgSaAblhizdkj^lS¼kafrdfoLrkjfdlhfl¼karijvkèkkfjrmldkfoLr`rhdj.kgksrkgSAizk;%lHkhfl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksadh,dfof'k"VdM+hosQ:iesagekjsle{kizLrqrgksrsgSaAblesagekjhlhek,¡vafdrgksrhgSaAvuqlaèkkuizjpuk,¡(research designs)fl¼karosQbli{klslhèkklacaèkj[krhgSaAêkWMy*fl¼kardklekukFkhZ'kCnughagSAysfdu]dgha&dghayksxNksVs&eksVsvuqlaèkkuekWMyksadksHkhfl¼kardhdksfVesaj[kusyxsgSaAizk;%bulHkhekWMyksadkmUes"kfdlhufdlhlS¼kafrdlewgdhvksjgksrkgSA

ijlh dksgsu(Percy S. Cohen)usHkhviuhiqLrdêkWMuZlks'kyF;ksjh*esafl¼karosQckjsesaizdk'kMkykgSftllsfl¼karlslacafèkrgekjslkekU;HkzenwjgksrsgSavkSjfl¼kardkegÙoLi"Vgksrk

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gSAmudkdgukgSfdfl¼kar'kCn,d[kqyspsdosQlekugSftldklaHkkforewY;mlosQmi;ksxdjusokysvkSjmlosQmi;ksxrjhosQijfuHkZjdjrkgSAdksgsudkergSfdtcgefdlhdFkudksfl¼kardhlaKknsrsgSarksgekjkvfHkizk;;ggksrkgSfdmldkewY;êk=krF;ksa*(mere facts)lsvfèkdgSAfl¼kardkegÙoblhfy,Lohdkjfd;ktkrkgSfdosrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaA;fnfl¼karrF;ksalsvkxsughafudysarksmudkdksbZewY;;kegÙoughajgtk;sxkArF;osQoymudFkuksa(statements)dksdgktkrkgSftuosQckjsesagekjkfo'oklgSfdosfdUghafof'k"V?kVukvksaosQckjsesatks?kfVrgqb±gSa]lpgSaAdHkh&dHkhgeHkzeo'kfl¼kardklacaèkoqQNfof'k"V?kVukvksalsyxkrsgSaAijarqdksgsuusblvksjgekjkè;kuvkd£"krdjrsgq,dgkgSfdrF;ksadklacaèk?kVukvksadhlaiw.kZÜkà[kyklsgksrkgSAblckrdksmlus,dmnkgj.k}kjkvkSjLi"Vfd;kgSAdksgsuosQgh'kCnksaesa¶;fndksbZ;gdgrkgSfdmlus,diÙksdks>M+rsgq,ns[kkgSrksmlus,drF;dgkgSAijarq]og;gdgrkgSfdmlusizk;%iÙkksadks>M+rsns[kkgS]rksogek=kvfu£n"Vfof'k"V?kVukvksalslacafèkrvusddFkuksadks,dlkFktksM+rkgS]tksfd,dtfVyrF;gSAijarq;fnog;gdgrkgSfdlHkhiÙkksadksvfuok;Z:ils>M+tkukgSrksogfdlhrF;dksudgdj,dfl¼kardksizLrqrdjrkgS_D;ksafd]tksoqQNmluslHkhiÙkksaosQckjsesadgkgSogoghughatksmlusns[kkgS_dksbZHkhO;fDrlHkhiÙkksadkfujh{k.kughadjldrk]D;ksafd]>M+usokysiÙkksadhla[;kvuargksldrhgSA¸

dHkh,slkdgktkrkgSfdfl¼kar;koqQNfl¼karosQoylkekU;rF;(general facts)ek=kgSa]ijarq;glR;ughagSAlHkhfl¼karfuf'pr:ilsrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaAblhizdkjtcrF;ksaosQckjsesadksbZdFku(statement)dgktkrkgSrksmldkrkRi;Z;ggksrkgSfdlHkhdFkuHkhrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaA;gk¡;gle>ysukvko';dgSfdlHkhfl¼karrksrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaijarqlHkhdFkuksadkstksrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSa]mUgsafl¼kardhdksfVesaughaj[kktkldrkAvuqlaèkkuesa]rF;ksaosQvkèkkjijvuqlaèkkulslacafèkrleL;kosQckjsesavuqeku(guess)yxk;ktkrk gSvkSj ;ghvuqekuvuqlaèkkudrkZdh midYiuk (hypothesis) gksrh gSA midYiukLo;aesadksbZfl¼karughagSA;gosQoyfof'k"V?kVukvksa;k?kVukvksaosQfof'k"VlaoqQyksa(particular events or particular complexes of events)osQckjsesavuqlaèkkudrkZdkvuqekugSftldhlR;rkdkijh{k.kgksukckdhgSAmidYiukdhlR;rkdkijh{k.kgefujh{k.k;kfdlhvU;i¼fr}kjkdjrsgSavkSjijh{k.kosQmijkarvuqlaèkkulslacafèkrvko';dvoèkkj.kkvksadksfodflrfd;ktkrkgSftllsfl¼karfuekZ.kdhizfØ;kesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA

fl¼kar D;k gS\ (What is Theory\)

tclsekuotkfrusÜkà[kykc¼¯pruizfØ;k(linked reflective thought process)dkizkjaHkfd;kgSrcls,slslaosQrns[kusdksfeyrsgSafd;stkfrviuslrrfujh{k.k,oavuqHkoosQvkèkkjijfl¼karksadkfuekZ.kdjrhjghgSAfdlhtkfr]iztkfr]lewgvFkokjk"VªdksviusvfLrRodhj{kkgsrqviusvuqHkoksadks;kstukc¼:iesavkusokyhihf<+;ksadksgLrkarfjrdjukgksrkgSAbrukfuf'prjgkgSfdvkfndkylsghtclseuq";usviuslektdklaxBufd;kgStkfrxrlaLÑfrdhj{kkgsrqyksxksausvkusokyhihf<+;ksadksviukvuqHkogLrkafjrfd;kgSA;sfl¼kardksbZvko';d:iesank'kZfudghughagksrscfYd[ksrh]x`gLFkhlsHkhlacafèkrgksldrsgSaAHkkjro"kZesaekSlerFkkÑf"klslacafèkrfl¼karO;kogkfjd:iesa,dih<+hlsnwljhih<+hrdgLrkarfjrgksrsjgsgSaAvdkyosQy{k.k]mit]ekSlevkfnlHkhfo"k;ksalslacafèkrlkewfgdfl¼karvR;arghyksdfiz;jgsgSaAijarqbufl¼karksadhyksdfiz;rkdkdkj.kdksbZlkaLÑfrd;kHkkoukRed:f<+okfnrkughagSAcfYdvuqHkotU;kRedvUos"k.k(empirical investigation )gSA,dfuf'prlhekosQvarxZr,dfuf'prizfØ;klsvuqc¼fdlhHkhfl¼kardkfuajrjijh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgSAoLrqr%vkèkkj:iesatkserkarjfl¼karosQlacaèkesagSa]oghn`f"Vdks.kvarjky(attitudinal gap)gSAmnkgj.kLo:i]cqf¼thfo;ksadk,doxZ;gekurkjgrkgSfdfl¼karijh{k.k;ksX;;kijh{k.kizLrqrgksa];gvko';dughagSAblosQvarxZrizk;%vfrfUnz;txrosQvuqHko]èkk£edfl¼karvkfnvkrsgSaAvU;n`f"Vdks.kosQvuqlkjfl¼karuosQoy

52 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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cksèkxE;gksrkgS]vFkkZr~ftldkvFkZloZlqyHkgks]cfYdmldkijh{k.kHkhloZlqyHkgkslosQAbln`f"Vdks.kesavusdfopkjdvkrsgSaAvuqHkotU;kRedvuqlaèkku(emperical research)osQlkèkdHkhbln`f"Vdks.kdksviukrsgSaAokLroesaHkkSfrdfoKkuesaHkhfl¼karosQ;snksi{kloZekU;gSaAfdlhfl¼karosQihNsgtkjksao"kks±osQvuqHkogksldrsgSavkSjgksrsHkhgSa]vkSjgtkjksao"kks±dk;ghvarjkymudh{kerkdkifjpk;dgksrkgSAblizdkjfl¼kardhl`f"Vns'kvkSjdkylsfcYoqQyvkc¼ughagSAtcgekjsvuqHko]ckj&ckjosQvuqHko]ijhf{krvuqHko]iqu%ijhf{krvuqHko,dO;oLFkkRedizrhddk:iysysrsgSarksfl¼kardhl`f"VgkstkrhgSAbliwjhl`f"VdhizfØ;kesafujarj]ckj&ckj,sls'kCnksadkp;ufd;ktkrkgSftulsoqQNizdkjosQfopkjksadksvFkZ;klaosQrfeyktkrkgSAbUgsaghvoèkkj.kk,¡dgrsgSaAfopkjvejcsydhrjggksrkgSftldhtM+saughagksrhavkSjtksfdlho`{kosQlgkjsghthrkgS]tksizk;%Lo;aughaejrk]Hkysgho`{kejtk;sA;gho`{k'kCngSAvr%fdlhHkhfopkjdksfdlhufdl'kCnijvkfJrgksukiM+rkghgSAtSls&tSlsgefopkjdjrsgSa]gekjsle{kfuf'pr:ils;s'kCnHkhrSjrsjgrsgSaAfyf[kr:iesavFkokekSf[kd:iesa]bUghaosQ}kjkfopkjksadklaizs"k.kHkhgksrkjgrkgSAtcge,slsoqQNfuf'prrFkkfo'oluh;'kCnksadks[kkstysrsgSatksfopkjksaosQokgdosQ:iesadkevkrsgSavkSjtcvuqHkoO;oLFkkRedizrhddk:iysusyxrsgSarksfl¼kardktUegkstkrkgSAtks'kCnfdlhvosQysvFkZdk|ksrdgksrkgSmlsvaxzsthesa'kCnkoyh(terminology)dgktkrkgStks'kCnvuqHkotU;kRedO;oLFkkRedizrhdksaosQvFkZcrykrsgSa]osvoèkkj.kkcutkrsgSa]vkSjbUghal`f"Vxr,oaijhf{kr'kCnksavkSjvoèkkj.kkvksaijfl¼kardkfuekZ.kgksrkgSA

fl¼kar osQ ewy rRo (The Elements of Theory)

ts-,p-VuZjosQfl¼karksaosQpkjewyrRoksadhppkZdhgS]tksfuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- voèkkj.kk,¡(Concepts)

2- ifjoR;ZvFkokpj(Variables)

3- dFku(Statements)

4- vkdkj(Formats)

fl¼karosQmDrpkjksaewyrRoksadhO;k[;kdjrsgq,VuZjus;gfl¼djusdkiz;klfd;kgSfdbUghaosQekè;elsfl¼karksadkfuekZ.kgksrkgS_VuZjdhblO;k[;kdksfuEufyf[kr¯cnqvksaijfoosfprfd;ktkjgkgSµ

(I) voèkkj.kk (Concept)µvoèkkj.kk,¡?kVukvksadksizn£'krdjrhgSaAleLr;FkkFkZesalsvko';drkuqlkj]ftrusva'kdksgevyxdjosQle>rsgSa]mlsvoèkkj.kkdgrsgSaAvoèkkj.kkogizrhd;k'kCn(;k'kCn&lewg)gS ftlosQ}kjk fdlh;FkkFkZdkcksèkgksrkgSAtSls]lewgdhvoèkkj.kklsnks;knkslsvfèkdO;fDr]usr`Ro]'kfDr]lkewfgdmís';vkfn;FkkFkZle>stkrsgSaAlekthdj.kdhvoèkkj.kklsge;gle>rsgSafdO;fDrHkwfedkoSQlsxzg.kdjrkgSAvijkèkdhvoèkkj.kklsgemlO;ogkjdksle>rsgSaftllslkekftd]lkaLÑfrd;kfofèkdgkfuigq¡prhgSAlkekftdHkwfedklsge;gle>rsgSafdO;fDrD;kdjrkgSA;FkkFkZdkslhferdjosQ]izrhd;k'kCnksals;FkkFkZdksle>uk]voèkkj.kkdkmís';gSAvoèkkj.kkdhmi;ksfxrkfuEufyf[krgSµ

1-voèkkj.kkvksadhjpukifjHkk"kk}kjkdhtkrhgSAifjHkkf"krindktcvoèkkj.kkosQ:iesaiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrks]mlosQekè;els]oSKkfud?kVukvksadkvoyksdudjfy;ktkrkgSAizR;sdO;fDrvoèkkj.kklsmlh;FkkFkZdksle>rkgSftlsvoèkkj.kk}kjkizn£'krfd;ktkrkgSAtSls]tcge^la?k"kZ*dhvoèkkj.kkdkiz;ksxdjrsgSarksle>rsgSafdnksi{kksaesals,di{k]nwljsi{kdhy{;&iw£resa]ckèkkMkyjgkgSA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 53


2-voèkkj.kklslekuvFkZ&cksèk (common meaning)dklapkjgksrkgSAoSKkfudleqnk;dkizR;sdlnL;,dvoèkkj.kkdk,dghvFkZyxkrkgSA'kCnc¼gksusosQdkj.kvoèkkj.kk,¡fcYoqQyrVLFk(neutral)ughagksrhaAxf.kresaftlizdkjizrhdksadk(vadfpÉ)rVLFkcksèkdjkrkgS]mlizdkjlkekftdfoKkuksadhvoèkkj.kk,¡rVLFkughagksrhaAbldkj.koqQNlektoSKkfudvoèkkj.kkosQLFkkuijbdkbZ(unit)dkiz;ksxdjusyxsgSaA

3-voèkkj.kkvksa}kjk;FkkFkZdksoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSAoxks±esack¡Vnsuslsfo'ys"k.kesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA

4-;FkkFkZdkvewrZ:i(abstraction)voèkkj.kkvksa}kjkizdVgksrkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡nksizdkjdhgksrhgSaA

(v) okLrfod voèkkj.kk,¡ (Referent Concepts)µvoèkkj.kkvksa ls Bksl] okLrfod ,oarF;kxr?kVukvksadkcksèkgksrkgSAtSls]vijkèk]la?k"kZ]¯glk]ifjorZu]fo?kVuvkfnA

(c) vokLrfod voèkkj.kk,¡ (Non-Referent Concepts)µftuvoèkkj.kkvksals,slsxq.k;koLrqdkcksèkgksrkgStksokLrfodtxresafn[kkbZughaiM+rh]ijarqfl¼karfuekZ.k;k;FkkFkZdhO;k[;kdjusesamudkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAtSls]bZ'oj]LoxZ&ujd]lkekftdlarqyu]fo'ovkRekvkfndkBkslvfLrRorksughagksrk¯drqbulslkekftd?kVukvksadhle>vo';gksrhgSAxf.krosQlHkhvadvkSjfpÉek=kizrhdLo:igksrsgSa]ijarqmuls;FkkFkZdhjpuk];FkkFkZdhek=kk;koxhZdj.kfuèkkZfjrgksrkgSA

voèkkj.kkvksaosQvkewrZpfj=kls,dleL;kmB[kM+hgksrhgSAgj{k.kcnyusokystxrosQfo"k;esavoèkkj.kk,¡fdlizdkjvko';dKkunsldrhgSaAbldfBukbZdksnwjdjusosQ fy,dk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kk (Operational definition);kvoèkkj.kkdk fuekZ.k fd;ktkrkgSAviuhvko';drkuqlkj?kVukvksadhdk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kkoSKkfudcukysrkgSAmlosQvè;;uesafdlhvoèkkj.kklsosQoyoghvkSjmrukghle>ktk;sxk]ftrukfddk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kkesaogj[kukpkgrkgSAtSls]fdlhvè;;uesavijkèkhdhdk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kknsrsgq,dgkx;kgks¶O;fDrtksvnkyrlsltkikrkgS]vijkèkhgSA¸¶ejhtoggStksvLirkyesajksxhdhgSfl;rlsiathÑrfd;kx;kgSA¸¶xzkeh.kusrkoggStksfuokZpu}kjkfdlhLFkkuh;fudk;dkinkfèkdkjhpqukx;kgSA¸

voèkkj.kkvksals;FkkFkZifjHkkf"krvkSjoxhZÑrgksrkgSA;FkkFkZdksO;ofLFkr:insusosQfy,voèkkj.kkvksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSA

(II) ifjoR;Z vFkok pj (Variables)µ;gHkhvoèkkj.kkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡nksrF;izxVdjrhgSaAigyk]?kVukvksadkosQoyukedj.kdjrhgSAnwljk]?kVukvksaesava'kksadkvarjizxVdjrhgSAtSls5ls10o"kZosQckyd]11ls15o"kZosQckyd]vfèkdla;qDrrkokysla;qDrifjokj]dela;qDrrkokysla;qDrifjokjAblizdkjdhvoèkkj.kkvksadksifjoR;ZvFkokpj fHkUurkdgrsgSaAVkWydVikjlUl fl¼kar&fuekZ.kdhizfØ;k (Process of theory building)ijtksjnsrsgq,fl¼kardhO;k[;kdjrkgS]oghaeVZufl¼karlw=kdhifjHkk"kkizLrqrdjrkgSAnksuksalekt'kkL=kh;gLohdkjdjrsgSafdfl¼kardhl`f"VrF;ksalsghgksrhgSAikjlal}kjknhxbZifjHkk"kkesabUghaKkrrF;ksaijcyfn;kx;kgSAvFkkZr~nwljhizfØ;kdhvksjlaosQrfd;kx;kgSAbUghaKkrrF;ksalsvoèkkj.kksadhHkhl`f"VgksrhgSAtcvoèkkj.kk,¡;kstukc¼:iesavarlZEcfUèkrgksdjfdlhlR;dkmn~?kkVudjrhgSarksfl¼kardktUegkstkrkgSAblizdkjbunksuksaifjHkk"kkvksaesarF;xrvarjns[kusdksughafeyrkA

54 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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eVZu}kjknhxbZfl¼kardhifjHkk"kkdksywfel(P. Loomis)usHkhLohdkjfd;kgSA

ywfel osQ vuqlkjµ¶roZQlaxr:iesavar%lacafèkr,slhvoèkkj.kk,¡ftUgsafujh{k.kksa}kjklq>k;sx;sizLrkoksaesala;qDrfd;kx;kgks],dfl¼kardkfuekZ.kdjrhgSA¸blizdkjeVZuosQlekuywfelHkhfl¼kardksvoèkkj.kkvksadk;kstukc¼la;qDrhdj.kekursgSaA

mijksDrifjHkk"kkvksalsewyr%rhuegÙoiw.kZfu"d"kZfudyrsgSaµ(1)fl¼kar,oavoèkkj.kk,¡osQoymUgharF;ksaijvkèkkfjrgksrsgSaftudhfo'oluh;rkfl¼gSA(2)fl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksadk;kstukc¼izLrqrhdj.kgSA(3)fl¼kargekjsfoLr`rfujh{k.kksadks;kstukc¼:iesaizLrqrdjusosQfy;slqyHkdM+hgSA

T;ksacxZ,oajkstjusVusoSKkfudfl¼kardhifjHkk"kknsrsgq,blsfoLr`rfujh{k.kksadhdM+h(link)osQ:iesaizLrqrfd;kgSAmuosQvuqlkj,slslHkhfujh{k.kftUgsafl¼kaUrvFkZiw.kZ:iesatksM+rkgS]vuqHkotU;kRedvFkZiw.kZrkosQHkh|ksrdgksrsgSaAblhvkèkkjijT;ksacxZ,oajkstjusVusfoKkuesafl¼karosQrhueq[;vk;keksa(dimensions)dhppkZdhgSµ(1),dfoLr`rroZQ;qDrlajpukvFkokLo:i](2)oslkekU;hdj.k;kizLrkotksvuqHkotU;kRedrF;ksadks,dizfrekunsrsgSarFkk(3)osvuqeku(assumptions)tksoSKkfudi¼fr,oarF;ksadhizÑfrlslacafèkrgksrsgSaA

fl¼karlslacafèkrVkWydV ikjlUlus ftUgsa fl¼karosQvko';drRodgkgS]mUghadksT;ksacxZvkSjusVvk;kedgrsgSaAblhdkslw=k:iesaikjlUlusdgkgS]¶,dlS¼kfUrdO;oLFkkvuqHkotU;kRedlanHkZosQroZQlaxr:iesavar%fuHkZj'khy(logically interdependent)lkekU;hÑrvoèkkj.kkvksadk,dlewggSA¸bllw=kesaikjlUlusvoèkkj.kkvksaijHkh,dvaoqQ'kyxkfn;kgS]vFkkZr~voèkkj.kkvksadksvarr%;kstukc¼fdlizdkjfd;ktkldrkgS;kfduvoèkkj.kkvksadks;kstukc¼fd;ktkldrkgS]blosQfy,ikjlUlus,dvkèkkjizLrqrfd;kgSAbldkvFkZ;ggSfdvoèkkj.kk,¡roZQlaxr:iesavar%fuHkZj'khygksuhpkfg,AblizdkjlHkhvoèkkj.kk,¡ftudklanHkZgefl¼karfuekZ.kesaysrsgSaos,d&nwljsdksHkhLor%fl¼djrhjgrhgSaA

ikjlUl}kjknhxbZifjHkk"kkdkvfèkdlqxe:iledkyhui¼fr'kkfL=k;ksa(contemporary methodologist)usizLrqrfd;kgSAmnkgj.kLo:iT;ksacxZrFkkjkstjusVusfy[kkgS]¶oSKkfudfl¼karfoLr`rfujh{k.kksadh,ddM+hgSAvfèkdfof'k"V,oark£ddn`f"Vlsfl¼karvar%lacafèkrizLrkoksa(propositions);kdFkuksa(statements)dklewg(set)gSAtksvuqHkotU;kRed:iesavFkZiw.kZgksrsgSarFkklkFkghosmuvuqekuksa(assumptions)osQfy;sHkhvFkZiw.kZgksrsgSaftlsvuqlaèkkudrkZvuqlaèkkuesaviukbZxbZi¼fr,oavkadM+ksaosQfy,pqurkgSA¸

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkesaoSKkfud fl¼karosQ fuekZ.kdhizfØ;kosQvfrfjDrnwljh O;kogkfjdmi;ksfxrkijHkhizdk'kMkykx;kgStSls]fl¼karvuqHkotU;kRed:iesarksvFkZiw.kZgksrsghgSa]lkFkghmuvuqekuksaosQfy;sHkhegÙoiw.kZgSaftudkgefuekZ.k]ijh{k.krFkkiqu%ijh{k.kvuqlaèkkuesadjrsjgrsgSaA

lkjka'k:iesa;gdgktkldrkgSfdfl¼kargekjsmuvuqHkoksaijvkèkkfjrgksrsgSatksroZQ;qDrgksrsgSavkSjvar%fuHkZj'khyHkhgksrsgSaAysfdu,slslHkhvuqHkockj&ckjijhf{krgksx,gksarkfdosvoèkkj.kkvksadk:iyslosaQAbUghavoèkkj.kkvksadkstcgeroZQlaxr:iesa;kstukc¼djrsgSa]rksfl¼kardgrsgSaA

ts- ,p- VuZj osQ vuqlkjµ¶fl¼kar],dekufldfØ;kgSA;gfopkjksaosQfodkldhizfØ;kgSftlosQekè;els;gLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSfddksbZ?kVukD;ksavkSjoSQls?kVrhgSA¸

ekbdy gsjkykWEcl osQ vuqlkjµ¶fl¼kar,slsfopkjksadkleqPp;gS]tksblckrdknkokdjrsgSafddksbZphtfdlizdkjlsdk;ZdjrhgSA¸

lekt'kkL=k fo'odks'k osQ vuqlkjµ¶fofHkUuifjoR;ks±;kpj(Variables)osQeè;dkj.kkRedlacaèkksadksizn£'krdjusokysizLFkkiukvksaosQ,dlewgdksfl¼kardgrsgSaA;g,d,slklkekU;hdj.k

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 55


gSftlsrF;ksaosQ,dc`gnlewgosQizek.khdj.kosQcknizkIrfd;ktkrkgSAfl¼karfdlh?kVukosQlacaèkesa^D;ksa*vkSj^oSQls*\osQiz'uksaosQmÙkjnsusdk,drjhdkgSA¸

2-11 ifjdYiuk dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Hypothesis)

ifjdYiukfl¼karosQ{ks=kksaesaik;stkusokys,slsdFkuksadksdgrsgSaaftUgsaijh{k.kdhdlkSVhijdlktkldrkgSA,difjdYiuknks;knkslsvfèkdpjksa(variables)osQchpik;stkusokyslacaèkksadkvuqHkokRed:ilsijh{k.kdjus;ksX;dFkugSAifjdYiuk,drh{.kvuqekugSftldkizfriknurFkkvLFkk;hLohÑfrvoyksfdrrF;ksavFkokn'kkvksadhO;k[;kdjusvkSjvuqlaèkkudkvkxsekxZn'kZudjusosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uksadksoSKkfud:iiznkudjuseasifjdYiukdkfuekZ.kvfrvko';dgSA;gliQyvuqlaèkkudh,dvko';d'krZgSAfofHkUuifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgeifjdYiukdksvkSjHkhvfèkdmÙkerklsle>ldrsgSaA

fofHkUufo}kuksausizkDdYiukdksfuEuizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kgSµ

^oscLVj U;w b.Vjus'kuy fMD'kujh vkiQ nh baxfy'k ysaXost*osQvuqlkj]¶izkDdYiuk,dfopkj]n'kk;kfl¼kargksrhgStksfdlaHkor%fcukfdlhfo'oklosQekuyhtkrhgSftllsfdmllsrk£ddifj.kkefudkystklosaQvkSjKkr;kfuèkkZfjrfd;stkusokysrF;ksadhlgk;rklsblfopkjdhlR;rkdhtk¡pdhtklosQA¸

yq.McxZ osQvuqlkj]¶,dizkDdYiuk,ddkepykÅlkekU;hdj.kgS] ftldhlR;rkdhijh{kkvHkhckdhgSA¸

xqMs ,oa gkV osQvuqlkj]¶izkDdYiuk,d,slhekU;rkgksrhgSftldhlR;rkfl¼djusosQfy,mldkijh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgSA¸

ih- oh- ;ax osQvuqlkj]¶,ddk;Zokgdfopkjtksmi;ksxh[kkstdkvkèkkjcurkgS]dk;ZokgdizkDdyiukekuktkrkgSA¸

xkMZlosQvuqlkj]¶,dizkDdyiuk,dizLFkkiuk (Proposition)gS ftldkijh{k.k fd;ktkrkgSA¸

ihVj ,p- eUuosQ'kCnksaesa]¶izkDdYiuk,ddkepykÅvuqekugSA¸

Vkmu lS.MosQvuqlkj]¶izkDdYiukvuqlaèkkudhleL;kosQfy,lq>k;kx;kmÙkjgSA¸

,e- ,p- xksikyosQvuqlkj]¶;gKkroizkIrrF;ksaosQlkekU;voyksduijvkèkkfjr,ddk;ZdkjhvLFkk;hmipkjvFkokgygksrhgStksfdoqQNfo'ks"k?kVukvksadksle>usovU;[kkstesaekxZn'kZuosQfy,viuk;khx;hgSA¸

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls LIk"V gS fd izkDdYiuk ,d ,slk iwoZ fopkj] fu"d"kZ] dFku] lkekU;hdj.k] vewrhZdj.k] vuqeku ;k izLFkkiuk gS ftls vuqlaèkkudrkZ viuh 'kksèk dh leL;k gsrq fu£er djrk gS vkSj mldh lR;rk dh tk¡p djus osQ fy, vko';d lwpukvksa dk ladyu djrk gSA ,d izkDdYiuk fofHkUu pjksa (variables) osQ chp lacaèkksa dks LFkkfir djrh gSA izkDdYiuk lkekftd vuqlaèkku vkSj [kkst dks vkèkkj iznku djrh gS] uohuKkuizkfIrdhizsj.kkiznkudjrhgSAizkDdYiukdhrqyukgeèkzqorkjs;koqQrqcuqeklsdjldrsgSatksvè;;udrkZdkekxZn'kZudjrhgSvkSjmlslghfn'kkcrkrhgSAizkDdYiukosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkkuosQ{ks=kesage,ddneHkhvkxsughac<+ldrsA

56 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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,d vPNh ifjdYiuk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Qualities of a Good Hypothesis)

ifjdYiukosQoy[;kyhiqykorFkkehBsliusughagksuspkfg,oju~,slhgksuhpkfg,ftudkiz;ksxgevuqlaèkkuesadjlosaQA,dmÙkevkSjmi;ksxhifjdYiukesafuEukafdrfo'ks"krk,¡vFkokxq.kgksuspkfg,µ

(i) Li"Vrk (Clarity)µifjdYiuk,¡nksn`f"VlsLi"Vgksuhpkfg,],dHkk"kkdhn`f"VlsrFkknwljhvoèkkj.kkdhn`f"VlsAifjdYiukesaiz;qDr'kCnvkSjmuosQdk;ZrFkkfopkjLi"V,oaHkzejfgrgksuspkfg,Atgk¡rdlaHkogksfof'k"V'kCnksadhifjHkk"kkvkSjO;k[;kHkhnhtkuhpkfg,AifjdYiukesaiz;qDr'kCn,slsgksafdnwljsyksxHkhmudklghvFkZle>losaQAifjdYiukdhLi"VrkvuqlaèkkudrkZdhlw>cw>vkSjvuqHkoijHkhfuHkZjdjrhgSA

(ii) iz;ksxfl¼rk (Empirical Referents)µifjdYiukvksaesablizdkjdhvoèkkj.kkvksadkmi;ksxgksukpkfg,AftudhlR;rkdhtk¡pokLrfodrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijdhtklosQAifjdYiukesafdlhuSfrdrkvFkokvkn'kZdksizLrqrdjusdkiz;Ruughadjukpkfg,vFkkZr~mlesa^vPNs*vkSj^cqjs*tSls'kCnksadkiz;ksxughafd;ktkukpkfg,AifjdYiukokLrfodrFkkoSKkfudvkèkkjijtk¡pdjus;ksX;gksuhpkfg,Ablizdkjdhvkn'kkZRedifjdYiuk,¡tSlsngst¯gnwlektij,ddyadgS]la;qDrifjokjorZekuifjfLFkfr;ksaesavuqi;ksxhgSa]thogR;kikigS]nkunsukvPNhckrgSvkfn'kksèkdhn`f"Vlsvuqi;qDrekuhtkrhgSaA

(iii) fof'k"Vrk (Specificity)µ,dizkDdYiukdksvè;;ufo"k;osQfdlhfof'k"Vigywlslacafèkrgksukpkfg,AlkekU;'kCnksaesaO;Drdhx;hizkDdYiukdkijh{k.kdjukdfBugksrkgS,oamldk{ks=kHkhfoLr`r,oavfuf'prgksrkgSA,slhizkDdYiuk,¡rF;ladyudhn`f"Vlsvuqi;ksxhgksrhgSaAvr%;gvko';dgSfdmi;ksxhvè;;uosQfy,gefof'k"VvkSjNksVh&NksVhizkDdYiuk,¡cuk,¡tksgesarF;ksaosQladyuesa]'kksèkdksO;ofLFkrdjusesa,oafu"d"kZfudkyusesalgk;rkiznkudjlosaQA

(iv) miyCèk&izfofèk;ksa ls lac¼ (Related to Available Techniques)µizkDdYiuk dkfuekZ.kdjrsle;blckrdkè;kuj[kukpkfg,fdmldhlR;rkdhij[kmiyCèkizfofèk;ksaosQ}kjkgkslosQAblosQfy,;gHkhvko';dgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZdksmiyCèkizfofèk;ksadhtkudkjhgksA,slhizkDdYiuk,¡vuqlaèkkudhn`f"VlsO;FkZekuhtkrhgSaftuosQijh{k.kosQfy,gekjsiklizfofèk;k¡miyCèkugksaA

xqMs ,oa gkVfy[krsgSafd¶tksfl¼kardkj;gughatkurkgSfdmldhizkDdyiukdhtk¡posQfy,dkSu&dkSulhizfofèk;k¡miyCèkgSa]ogmi;ksxhiz'uksaosQfuekZ.kesavliQyjgrkgSA¸vr%Li"VgSfdizkDdYiuk,¡izpfyrizfofèk;ksadhigq¡pesagksa]¯drqbldk;grkRi;ZughagSfdgeizkDdYiukvksadhtk¡posQfy,uohuizfofèk;ksadkfuekZ.kughadjldrsAorZekuesafofHkUuleL;kvksa,oaizkDdYiukvksaosQvè;;ugsrqoSKkfudksausvusduohuizfofèk;ksadksfodflrfd;kgSA

(v) fl¼kar&lewg ls lacafèkr (Related to By of Theory)µxqMs ,oa gkVdgrsgSa fdlkekftdvuqlaèkkuosQukSflf[k;sfo|kFkhZblfu;edhvDljvogsyukdjtkrsgSafdmudhizkDdYiukfdlhfl¼karlslac¼ughagksrhAlkekU;r%os,slsfo"k;dkp;udjrsgSatksmUgsa#fpdjrFkkvkd"kZdizrhrgksrkgSAosblckrdkHkhè;kuughaj[krsfdmudkvuqlaèkkudk;ZiwoZizpfyrfdlhfl¼kardksxyrizekf.krdjusvFkokmldhiqf"Vdjus;kmlsla'kksfèkrdjusesalgk;dgksxk;kughaAosfy[krsgSa]¶,dfoKkurHkhlap;hculdrkgS;fnogmiyCèkrF;ksarFkkfl¼karlewgijiw.kZr;kykxwgksrk

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 57


gSA;fnizR;sdvè;;u,di`Fko~QlosZ{k.kosQ:iesagksxkrksfoKkudkfodklughagksldrkA¸izkDdYiuk,¡vkSjfl¼kar,d&nwljsijfuHkZjgSavkSjfoKkuosQfodklosQfy,izkDdYiukvksadkfuekZ.kfl¼karksaosQlanHkZesaghfd;ktkukpkfg,A

(vi) ljyrk (Simplicity)µ,dmÙkeizkDdYiukesaljyrkdkxq.kHkhgksukpkfg,AbldkrkRi;Z;ggS fdmlesavuko';d:ilsvfèkddkjdksadks LFkkuugha fn;ktkukpkfg,A,slhfLFkfresaizkDdYiuktfVy,oaijh{k.kosQv;ksX;gkstkrhgSAJherh ;ax dkergSfdtksvuqlaèkkudrkZviuhleL;klsiwjhrjgifjfprgS,oalw>cw>j[krkgS]ogizkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kvklkuhlsdjldrkgSAosfy[krhgSa]¶ljyrk,drstèkkjokyk;a=kgStksO;FkZdhizkDdYiukvksarFkkfoospukvksaadksdkVHkhldrkgS]vr%blsfofy;evksdedkmLrjk(Occam’s razor) dgkx;kgSA*ljyrkdk;gvFkZughagSfdizkDdYiuk,¡lkekU;tuosQfy,HkhcksèkxE;gksaAcgqrvfèkdljyizkDdYiuk,¡?kkrdHkhfl¼gksldrhgSaA

ifjdYiuk osQ izdkj (Types of Hypothesis)

lekt'kkL=k,oalekt&foKkuksaesavusdizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkizpyugSAlkekftdrF;ksa]?kVukvksa,oaleL;kvksadhizÑfr]vuqlaèkkuosQmís';,oarF;ksaosQizdkjosQvkèkkjijizkDdYiuk,¡HkhdbZizdkjdhgksldrhgSaAfofHkUufo}kuksausfHkUu&fHkUuizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSAmuesalsoqQNdkge;gk¡mYys[kdjsaxsA

xqMs rFkk gkVusfuEukafdrrhuizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSµ

1- vuqHkkoRed lekurkvksa ls lacafèkr (Related to empirical uniformities)µ;sizkDdYiuk,¡ekuoosQlkekU;Kku]roZQokD;]nSfudthouosQvuqHkoksa]ekU;rkvksa]yksdksfDr;ksa]dgkorksa]oDrO;ksa]okrkZvkasrFkkfo'oklksaijvkèkkfjrgksrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]lkekU;r%,slhdgkorsaizpfyrgSafdxatkO;fDrèkuokugksrkgS]i'kqvksaesafl;kj]if{k;ksaesadkSvk]euq";ksaesaukbZrFkkfL=k;ksaesaekfyuprqjgksrsgSaA,slhizkDdYiukesalekurF;ksadhtk¡pdjukghvè;;udkeq[;¯cnqgksrkgSA

2- tfVy vkn'kZ&izk:iksa ls lacafèkr (Concerned with Complex ideal types)µblizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksaesaizk;%,dlkekU;rF;vFokfu"d"kZdksiwokZèkkjekudjvU;rF;ksadhroZQiw.kZ:ilsijh{kkdhtkrhgSA,slhizkDdYiuk,¡vYila[;dlewgksarFkkikfjfLFkfrdhn'kkvksa (ecological conditions)lslacafèkrgksrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]cxsZlusviusvè;;uesa;gizkDdYiukdhFkhfd¶osaQnzhHkwrxksykdkjuxjfodkldhizÑfrosQy{k.kgksrsgSaA¸blizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkmís';vkuqHkkfod,d:irkvksaesa rk£dd:ils fudkys x,lacaèkksadh mifLFkfrdk ijh{k.kdjuk gksrk gSA ,slhizkDdYiukvksaosQfofHkUudkjdksaosQchprk£ddvarl±caèkksaosQvkèkkjijfu"d"kZfudkystkrsgSa] blfy,bUgsalacaèkkRedizkDdYiuk,¡ (Relational Hypothesis)HkhdgrsgSaApw¡fd;sizkDdYiuk,¡rk£ddfu"d"kks±ijvkèkkfjrgksrhgSa]vr%;s fl¼karfuekZ.kesaHkhlgk;dgksrhgSaAnq[khZeusviuhizfl¼Ñfr^vkRegR;k*esafuEukafdrlacaèkkRedifjdyiukvksadksfodflrfd;kFkk%

(i) xk¡oksadhvis{kkuxjksaesavkRegR;kdhnjvfèkdik;htkrhgSA

(ii) fL=k;ksadhvis{kkiq#"kvfèkdvkRegR;kdjrsgSaA

fo'ys"k.kkRed pjksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Analytical Variables)µoqQN izkDdYiuk,¡fo'ys"k.kkRedpjksaosQlacaèklslacafèkrgksrhgSaAdksbZHkhlkekftd?kVukvusddkjdksadkifj.kkegksrhgS]fiQjHkhbuesalsdksbZ,ddkjdghizeq[kdkjdgksrkgSvkSjvU;dkjdlgk;ddkjdgksrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]cky&vijkèkosQfy,euksfo'ys"k.kkoknhfl¼kardkjekufldfoÑfrvkSj

58 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


nqcZyrkdks]rksoa'kkuqØe.koknh^cqjsoa'kkuqØe*dksmÙkjnk;hekursgSaAblizdkjdhizkDdYiukdksdkj.kkRedizkDdYiuk(Causal Hypothesis)HkhdgrsgSaAblesa;gKkrfd;ktkrkgSfd;fnfdlh,dpj(dkjd)esaifjorZugksrkgSrksogfdllhekrdnwljspj(dkjd)dksizHkkfordjrkgSA

oqQN vU; izdkj dh izkDdyuk,¡ (Some other Types of Hypothesis)

1- ldkjkRed dFkuksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Positive Statements)µoqQNizkDdYiukvksadklacaèkldkjkReddFkuksalsgksrkgStSls&iq#"kksadhvis{kkfL=k;k¡vfèkdn;kyqgksrhgSaAxjhcksadhvis{kkèkuokuvfèkdvijkèkdjrsgSaA

2- udkjkRed dFkuksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Negative Statements)µblizdkjdhizkDdYiukesadFkuksadksudkjkRed:iesaizzLrqrfd;ktkrkgS]tSlsiq#"kksadhvis{kkfL=k;k¡vfèkdn;kyqughagksrha]xjhcksadhvis{kkèkuokuvfèkdvijkèkughadjrsA

3- 'kwU; dFkuksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Null Statements)µblizdkjdhizkDdYiukesaldkjkRedvkSjudkjkRednksuksalaHkkoukvksadks O;Dr fd;ktkrkgSvkSjijh{k.k}kjkmUgasLohdkj;kvLohdkjfd;ktkrkgS]tSlsµiq#"kksavkSj fL=k;ksadhn;kyqrkesadksbZvarjughagksrk]xjhc,oaèkuokudhvijkèkizo`fÙkesadksbZlkFkZdvarjughagksrkA

4- dkepykÅ izkDdYiuk (Working Hypothesis)µJherh ih-oh- ;ax us ,sls iSusvuqekuovLFkk;hegÙoiw.kZfopkjksadkstksfdlhvuqlaèkkudkvkèkkjculdrsgSa]dkepykÅizkDdYiukdgkgSAdkepykÅizkDdYiukfdlhHkhvè;;udksizkjaHkdjusdk,dizkjafHkdfopkjgksrkgSAT;ksa&T;ksavè;;udrkZdksvuqHkogksrktkrkgS]ogmlesaifjorZu,oala'kksèkudjrktkrkgSA;gHkhgksldrkgSfdogizkjafHkdfopkjdksiwjhrjgR;kxdjmlosQLFkkuijubZizkDdYiukcukysApw¡fd;gfopkj,dvLFkk;h]dk;ZokgdvkSjdkepykÅegÙodkgksrkgS]blfy,blsdkepykÅ;kdk;kZokgdizkDdYiukdgrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]izkjaHkesaHkkSfrdoSKkfudksadhekU;rkFkh fdijek.kqvfoHkkT;gS]¯drqcknesavè;;uosQvkèkkjijmUgsa;gizkDdYiukcnyuhiM+h]tc;gKkrgqvkfdijek.kqdkvkSjvfèkdfoHkktulaHkogSA

ifjDYiuk dk egÙo (Importance of Hypothesis)

vuqlaèkkueasizkDdyiukosQegÙodksvusdizdkjlsn'kkZ;kx;kgSAfo}kubldhrqyukèkzqorkjs,oaoqQrqcuqeklsdjrsgSarksoqQNleqnzesatgktksadksjkLrkfn[kykusokysizdk'kLraHk(Light house)lstksvuqlaèkkudrkZvksavkSjoSKkfudksadksHkVduslscpkrsgSaAeSDloscjdkergS fdizkDdYiuklsizR;sdoSKkfudxos"k.kkesau,iz'uksadksizksRlkgufeyrkgSAxqMs ,oa gkVdkergSfd¶,dizkDdYiuk;gcrkrhgSfdgefdldh[kkstdjjgsgSaA¸mUgksausvkxsfiQjfy[kkgS]¶vPNsvuqlaèkkuesaizkDdYiukdkfuekZ.k,dosaQnzh;pj.kgSA¸

blizdkjLi"VgSfdfdlhHkhvuqlaèkkuesaizkDdYiukosQvHkkoesafu'p;kRedfu"d"kZizkIrdjukdfBugSAblosQvHkkoesavè;;udrkZviusekxZlsHkVdldrkgSAblhosQ}kjkoglR;vkSjvlR;dhiqf"VdjrkgS,oafo"k;lslacafèkrokLrfodrkdkirkyxrkgSAizkDdYiukosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkkuirokjfoghutgktdhHkkafrgksrkgSA

izkDdYiukosQegÙodhfoospukgefuEuizdkjdjldrsgSaµ

1- vè;;u osQ mís'; dk fuèkkZj.k (Determination of the Goal of the Study)µ izkDdYiukgekjsvè;;uosQmís';dksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSfdgesafdldh[kkstdjuhgSAvè;;uosQmís';dksLi"VdjosQghgemllslacafèkrrF;ksadhxos"k.kkdjrsgSaAizkDdYiuk,¡gesa;gcrkrhgSafdgesafdurF;ksadkladyudjukgSvkSjfdudk

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 59


ugha]dkSu&lsrF;gekjsmís';osQvuq:ivkSjlkFkZdgSarFkkdkSu&lsfujFkZdAdksgsu ,oaukxsyfy[krsgSa]¶izkDdYiukosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkku,dvfuf'prrFkkfopkjghuHkVdkodhHkkafrgSAmlosQfu"d"kks±dksLi"VvFkZokysrF;ksaosQ:iesaizdVughafd;ktkldrkgSA¸vè;;uosQmís';gekjsladyuÏksrksadkHkhfuèkkZj.kdjrsgSaA

2- mfpr fn'kk iznku djuk (Providing Suitable Direction)µizkDdYiukvuqlaèkkudrkZosQ fy, iFk&izn'kZddkdk;Z djrh gS] mls bèkj&mèkj HkVdus ls jksdrh gSA bllsvè;;udrkZdkè;kueq[;fo"k;ijghfVdkjgrkgS]izkDdYiukmlsfofHkUuekxks±esalsosQoymfprvkSjlghekxZijghystkrhgSAoku MysuizkDdYiukdks,sls'kfDr'kkyh vkdk'knhi osQ :i esa ekurs gSa tks vuqlaèkkudrkZ dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrkgSAih-oh- ;ax fy[krhgSa]¶blizdkjizkDdYiukdkiz;ksx,dn`f"Vghu[kkstrFkkvaèkkèkqaèkrF;&ladyulsj{kkdjrkgStkscknesavè;;u&leL;kosQfy,vizklafxdvkSjvuqi;qDrgksldrsgSaA¸

3- vè;;u {ks=k dks lhfer djuk (Restricting the Field of Study)µyqaMcxZosQvuqlkjizkDdYiukosQvkèkkjij]¶getku&cw>djviuhfopkj'kfDr;ksadksLohdkjdjrsgSavkSjviusvuqlaèkkuosQ{ks=kdkslhferdjosQ=kqfV;ksadhlaHkkoukdksdedjusdkiz;kldjrsgSaA¸izkDdyiukvuqlaèkkudk;Zdhlhek fuèkkZfjrdjosQvè;;udrkZdkè;kuvè;;ufo"k;osQ,dfof'k"VigywvFkokrF;ksaijghosaQfnzrdjrhgSAnwljs'kCnksaesaizkDdyiukvè;;udks,dfuf'prlhekesack¡èknsrhgSAvè;;udrkZosQfy,;glaHkoughagSfdog,dfo"k;lslacafèkrlHkhi{kksadk,dlkFkvè;;udjsAvr%;gvko';dgSfdvè;;udksfof'k"V];FkkFkZvkSjoSKkfudcukusosQfy,mlslhferfd;ktk,A

4- vè;;u esa fuf'prrk ykuk (Bringing Definiteness in the Study)µizkDdyiukosQ}kjkvè;;udkslqfuf'prcuk;ktkldrkgSAbllsvè;udrkZdks;gè;kujgrkgSfdmlsdc]dgk¡vkSjdkSu&lhlwpuk,¡ladfyrdjuhgSaAbllsvfu;ferrk,oavO;oLFkkdhlaHkkoukughajgrhA

5- rF;ksa osQ ladyu esa lgk;d (Helpful in Collection of Facts)µizkDdYiukvuqlaèkkudrkZdksleL;klslacafèkrmi;qZDrrF;ksadksladfyrdjusdksizsfjrdjrhgSAizkjaHkesa,slkHkhgksldrkgSfdoSpkfjdvLi"VrkosQdkj.kgerF;ksaosQ,dtaxydks,df=krdjysaA¯drqcknesamuesalsgesaoqQNfof'k"VrF;ksadkghpqukodjukiM+rkgSAbldk;ZesaizkDdYiuklgk;dgksrhgSA,e-,p- xksikyusfy[kkgS]¶izkDdYiukosQfcukvè;;udrkZvuko';d;gk¡rdfdO;FkZlkexzhHkh,df=krdjldrkgSvkSjokLroesaegÙoiw.kZrFkkykHkdkjhrF;mldhn`f"VlsNwVldrsgSaA¸

6- fu"d"kZ fudkyus esa lgk;d (Helpful in Drawing Conclusions)µizkDdYiukvksaosQvkèkkjijrF;ksadkladyufd;ktkrkgSvkSjrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijghKkrfd;ktkrkgS fdgekjhizkDdYiuk,¡lR;gSavFkokvlR;Anksuksagh fLFkfr;ksaesagesalR;kUos"k.kdjukgksrkgStksfdblosQvHkkoesaughagksldrkAukWFkzksZi(Northrop)dkergSfd¶fdlhizkDdYiukesafo|ekurF;leL;kosQlkeèkkuHkhgksldrsgSa]rFkkosokLroesalekèkkugSa];gtk¡pdkdk;ZgSA¸

7- fl¼karksa osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d (Helpful in Formulation of Theories)µihVj ,p- eUudkergSfdizkDdYiukrF;ksaofl¼karksaosQchpdhdM+hgSaA,e-,p-xksikyosQ'kCnksaesa]¶,dfl¼karrFkk,dizkDdYiukosQchpdkvarjizdkjdhvis{kkek=kkdkvfèkdgS]D;ksafdtcizkDdYiuklR;fl¼gkstkrhgSrFkkLFkkfirgkstkrhgSrksog,dfl¼kardkHkkxcutkrhgSA,dizdkjls;s,d&nwljslsfodflrgksrsgSaA¸

60 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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fofy;etkWtZusfy[kkgS]¶O;kokgfjd:ils,dfl¼kar,dfoLr`rizkDdYiukgS];g,dljyizkDdYiukdhvis{kkvfèkdizdkjksaosQrF;ksalslacafèkrgksrhgSA¸fdlhHkhlkekftdvuqlaèkkudkizkjaHkgeizkDdYiukvksaosQvkèkkjijdjrsgSaAtcrF;ksaosQvkèkkjij;sizkDdYiuk,¡lR;fl¼gkstkrhgSarksosfl¼karksadk:iysysrhgSaA

Mk- lqjsanz ¯lg us izkDdYiuk osQ fuEukafdr dk;ks± (egÙo) dk mYys[k fd;k gS%

(i) vuqlaèkkulslacafèkrfofHkUuiz'uksadksLi"Vdjuk]

(ii) vuqlaèkkudksmÙkstukiznkudjuk]

(iii) vuqlaèkkudhfofèkrU=kh;O;oLFkkdksvkèkkjiznkudjrsgq,funsZf'krdjuk]

(iv) iz;ksxkRedizfofèk;ksaosQewY;kadudhdlkSfV;k¡iznkudjuk]

(v) fl¼karosQfuekZ.kosQfy,dk;Zdkjhmidj.kosQ:iesadk;Zdjuk]rFkk

(vi) fuxeui¼frdkiz;ksxdjrsgq,fu"d"kZfudkyusesalgk;rkigq¡pkukA

ifjdYiuk dh lhek,¡ (Limitations of Hypothesis)

izkDdYiuk,¡lkekftdvuqlaèkkuesaekxZn'kZudhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZgSafiQjHkh;fnbudkiz;ksxlkoèkkuhlsughafd;ktkrkgSrks;svè;;uosQfy,[krjkHkhiSnkdjldrhgSaAbuosQnks"k;klhek,¡fuEukafdrgSa%

1- izkDdYiuk esa vVwV fo'okl (Full Confidence in Hypothesis)µdbZckjvè;;udrkZizkDdYiukdksviusvè;;udkekxZn'kZduekudjmlsfl¼djusosQi{kesaghrF;ksadkladyudjrkgSA,slhfLFkfresavè;;udhoSKkfudrklekIrgkstkrhgSAblfy,ghih-oh- ;axusfy[kkgS]¶,dvuqlaèkkudrkZdksviuhizkDdYiukdh'kq¼rkdksLFkkfirdjusosQmís';lsvè;;udkizkjaHkughadjukpkfg,A¸

2- izkDdYiuk ij vkèkkfjr rF; (Hypothesis based Facts)µizkjaHk eas vè;;udrkZizkDdYiukosQvkèkkjijghrF;ksadkladyudjrkgS]¯drqmlspkfg,fdokLrfodrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijviuhizkDdYiukesala'kksèku,oaifjorZudjysA,slkudjusijladfyrrF;gkfuizn,oaO;FkZfl¼gksrsgSaAbllanHkZesaizQkbZ(Fry)usfy[kkgS]¶ek=kfof'k"Viz'uksaosQlanHkZesaghrF;ksadkladyuughadjukpkfg,oju~,dlaLFkkvFkokifjfLFkfrdhxos"k.kkesaiz'uksadkslnSolq>koosQ:iesale>ukpkfg,A¸

3- fof'k"V vfHk#fp;ksa rFkk laosxksa dk izHkko (Influence of Specific Interests and Emotions)µdbZckjvuqlaèkkudrkZviuhfdlhfof'k"V#fpvkSjlaosxosQdkj.k,dfo'ks"kvè;;u&fo"k;dkpqukodjrkgSvkSjmlosQizfrizfri{kikriw.kZjoS;kviukrkgS]rcmlosQ}kjkfd;ktkusokykvè;;uvoSKkfudgkstkrkgSA

4- vè;;udrkZ dk izfr"Bk ¯cnq (Prestige Point of the Investigator)µdbZ ckjvè;;udrkZviuhizkDdYiukdksJs"BolghekuysrkgSvkSjmlosQlkFkviuslEekudkstksM+ysrkgSA,slhfLFkfresaogizkDdYiukosQfoijhfr;FkkFkZrF;ksadksHkhLohdkjughadjukpkgrkA;gfLFkfroSKkfudlR;rdigq¡pusesackèkdgSA

Li"VgSfd;|fiizkDdYiuk,¡vuqlaèkkuosQfy,mi;ksxhgksrhgSa]fiQjHkhmuosQiz;ksxesalkoèkkuhcjruhpkfg,AbllanHkZesaosLVkos (Westaway)usmfprghfy[kkgS]¶izkDdyiuk,¡osyksfj;k¡gSatksfdvlkoèkkudksxkukxkdjlqyknsrhgSaA¸ih-oh- ;ax fy[krh gSa] ¶;fnvè;;udrkZ okLrfodoSKkfud Hkkouk osQvkèkkj ij fdlh fo'ks"kifjfLFkfresarF;ksadksfl¼djusdhvksjughaoju~lh[kusvkSjle>usdhvksjc<+rkgS]rcmldhizkDdYiukdksbZfufgrLokFkZughacusxhvkSj;fnuohurF;mldhizkDdYiukdksvlR;fl¼djrsgSarksmldh[;kfrrFkkizfr"BkdksdksbZvk?kkrughaigq¡psxkA¸

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 61


ifjdYiuk fuekZ.k esa izeq[k dfBukb;k¡ (Main Difficulties in Formulation of Hypothesis)

izkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kdjukdksbZljydk;ZughagSAxqMsogkVosQvuqlkjblosQvarxZrnksizdkjdhdfBukb;k¡vkldrhgSaµlS¼kafrd<k¡pslacafèkrrFkkvè;;uiz.kkfy;ksalslacafèkrA

I. lS¼kafrd <kaps ls lacafèkr (Related to Theoretical Frame-Work)µizkDdYiukosQfuekZ.kesalS¼kafrd<kapslslacafèkrfuEukafdrdfBukb;k¡vkldrhgSa%

1- Li"V <kaps dh vuqifLFkfr (Absence of definite frame-work)µdbZckj,slhfLFkfrHkhgksrhgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZdksfo"k;lslacafèkrfl¼karksadkghKkuughagksrkgSrcogmi;qDrizkDdYiukvksadkfuekZ.kughadjikrkAuohufoKkuksaosQlanHkZeas;gckrvfèkd[kjhmrjrhgSA

2- <kaps osQ rk£dd ,oa oqQ'ky iz;ksx dk vHkko (Lack of Logical and Effieicent use of Frame)µ;fnlS¼kafrd<kapkmiyCèkgS] drqizkDdyiukfuekZ.kesamldkiz;ksxrk£dd,oaoqQ'kyrkiwoZddjusesavè;;udrkZv{kegS]rcHkhlghizkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kughafd;ktkldrkA

II. vè;;u iz.kkfy;ksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Research Techniques)µorZekuoSKkfudKku,oavuqlaèkkudhiz.kkfy;ksaesacgqrvfèkdo`f¼gqbZgS ftuosQckjsesalHkhdkstkudkjh gksukvko';dugha gSAvktlkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;u ,oavfHkO;fDrxf.krh;lw=kksaesadhtkusyxhgSAoaQI;wVj}kjkvè;;uesaennyhtkrhgSAvr%;gvko';dgSfdizkDdYiukvksaosQfuekZ.kesavè;;udrkZvè;;u&iz.kkfy;ksadksHkhè;kuesaj[ksrkfdvè;;uesale;]JevkSjèkudhcprdhtklosQA

1- ?kVuk dh ifjorZu'khyrkµlkekftd?kVukvksadh;gfo'ks"krkgSfdosifjorZu'khygSaAtksfLFkfrvktgS]ogdyughajgsxhAekuoosQfopkj]fo'okl]Hkkouk,¡vkSjeukso`fÙk;k¡cnyrhjgrhgSa]vr%muosQckjsesavuqekuyxkukdfBugSAekuolacaèkksadksizHkkfordjusokysdkjd,oamuosQikjLifjdlacaèkHkhcnyrsjgrsgSa]vr%muosQckjsesaifjdYiukdkfuekZ.kdjuk,ddfBudk;ZgSA

2- vè;;udrkZ dk i{kikrµizkDdyiuk fuekZ.k esa ,d dfBukbZ vè;;udrkZ dhvfHkufr;ki{kikrHkhgSA;fnogfdlhiwokZxzglsxzflrgS;kfdlh?kVukosQizfrHkkokRedyxkoj[krkgSrksmlosQ}kjkfu£erizkDdYiukosQnks"kiw.kZ,oavoSKkfudgksusdhlaHkkoukjgrhgSA

3- ltkfrokn ;k lewg osaQfnzrrk (Ethnocentrism)µnwljksadhrqyukesaviuslewg]tkfr]iztkfrosQizfrO;fDrosQeuesalaosnu'khyrkvkSjHkkokRedyxkogksrkgS]ftlsltkfrokn;klewgosaQfnzrrkdgrsgSaA,slhn'kkesaO;fDrvU;lektksa]lewgksa,oalaLÑfr;ksadhrqyukesaviuslekt]lewgvkSjlaLÑfrdksJs"Ble>rkgSA,slhfLFkfresaizkDdYiukfuekZ.kesaO;fDrdkLo;adki{kikrvkukLokHkkfodghgSAih-oh- ;axesaizkDdyiukosQfuekZ.kosQle;vè;;udrkZdksrhuckrksadkè;kuj[kusdklq>kofn;kgS%(v)vuqlaèkkudrkZdhrh{.kn`f"V](c)fu;af=krdYiuk'kfDrrFkkjpukRed¯pru](l)lS¼kafrd<kapsdhmiyCèkrkrFkkmldkKkuA

varesagedksgsuosQ'kCnksaesadgldrsgSafd¶tksyksxfo"k;iwoZKkuosQvHkkoesadksjsefLr"dlsvuqlaèkkudk;ZvkjaHkdjrsgSa]mUgsaoSKkfudmiyfCèk;k¡cM+hdfBurklsizkIrgksrhgSaAoqQNizkIrdjusosQfy,gesafo"k;dhiw.kZtkudkjhgksuhpkfg,Afdlhiw.kZKkuosQvHkkoesageughatkuikrsfdfdurF;ksadks[kkstukgSrFkktk¡pgsrqD;kizklafxdgS\¸izkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kdjrsle;mi;qZDrlHkhckrksadksè;kuesaj[kukvR;arvko';dgSA

62 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society) 2-12 lkekftd losZ{k.k i¼fr (The Social Survey Method)

bli¼fresa fdlh fuèkkZfjr{ks=kesa jgusokys O;fDr;ksaosQ jgu&lgurFkkdke&dktdhvoLFkkvksaosQlacaèkesavk¡dM+sabdV~Bsfd;stkrsgSa]rkfdmudhn'kklqèkkjus,oamuosQdY;k.kosQO;ogkfjdlkekftdmik;ksadh;kstukcuk;htklosQA

lkekftdlosZ{k.kdhoqQNifjHkk"kk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) ekoZQ vczke (Mark Abrams)µ¶lkekftdlosZ{k.kogizfØ;kgSftlosQ}kjk,dleqnk;(community)dhjpukvkSjxfrfofèk;ksaosQlkekftdi{klslEcfUèkrla[;kRedrF;ksadkslaxzfgrfd;ktkrkgSA¸

(ii) ,- ,iQ- oSYl (A.F. Wells)µ¶lkekftdlosZ{k.k Jfed&oxZdh fuèkZurk rFkkvU;fdlhleqnk;dhizÑfrvkSjmldhleL;kvksalsizeq[k:ilslacafèkrrF;&fu:i.kdkvè;;ugSA¸

(iii) bZ- MC;w- cxsZl (E.W. Burgees)µ¶lkekftdlosZ{k.kfdlhleqnk;dhvoLFkkvksavkSjvko';drkvksadkoSKkfudvè;;ugS ftldky{;mldhlkekftdizxfrosQ fy,jpukReddk;ZØeizLrqrdjukgSA¸

blizdkjlkekftdlosZ{k.kdkmís';lkekftdegÙodhfdlhleL;klslacafèkrvk¡dM+s,df=krdjukgS]rkfdmldkslqy>kusosQfy,jpukReddk;ZØerS;kjfd;ktklosQAlkekftdlosZ{k.kvusdizdkjosQgksldrsgSa];Fkkµ(i)lkekU;;kfo'ks"klosZ{k.k](ii)izR;{k;kvizR;{klosZ{k.k] (iii) tula[;k losZ{k.k ;k izfrn'kZ (sample) losZ{k.k (iv) izkFkfed ;k xkS.k losZ{k.k](v) izkjfEHkd ;k iqujko`fÙkd losZ{k.k] (vi) ljdkjh] v¼Zljdkjh ;k futh losZ{k.k] (vii) foLr`r;klhferlosZ{k.k] (viii)lkoZtfud;kxksiuh;losZ{k.k] (ix)i=kekè;fed;koS;fDrdlosZ{k.k](x)fu;fer;krnFkZlosZ{k.kA

losZ{k.k esa ;s Øe gksrs gSaµ(i) mís'; ;k y{;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk] (ii) vè;;uxr leL;k dhifjHkk"kk] (iii) lkfj.kh esa bl leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k] (iv) lHkh fyf[kr Ïksrksa dk voyksdu](v){ks=k;kfo"k;&{ks=kdkifjlheu](vi){ks=kh;dk;Z](vii)vk¡dM+ksadksbdV~Bkdjuk]Øec¼djukrFkkmudklkaf[;dh;fo'ys"k.kdjuk](viii)fu"d"kks±dhO;k[;kdjuk](ix)fuxeu](x)js[kkfp=kh;vfHkO;fDrA

blizdkjosQlkekftdlosZ{k.kcM+sykHknk;dgksrsgSa]D;ksafdoslkekftd,oavk£FkdrF;ksaosQfoLr`ro.kZughizLrqrughadjrs]cfYdfdlhHkw{ks=kesajgusokysO;fDr;ksaosQchpfo|ekulkekftdoqQjhfr;ksadksHkhizdVdjrsgSaftllsljdkjdkè;kubuoqQjhfr;ksadksnwjdjusdhvksjvkÑ"VgksrkgSAvesfjdkrFkkbaXySaMesaviuhlkekftdleL;kvksaosQlekèkkugsrqO;kidLrjijdkiQhle;lslkekU;rFkkfof'k"VnksuksaizdkjosQlkekftdlosZ{k.kksadkmi;ksxfd;ktkjgkgSAHkkjrrFkkvU;v¼Zfodflrns'kHkhuxjh;rFkkxzkeh.kLrjijfd;stkjgslkekftdlosZ{k.kksalsykHkmBkjgsgSaA,slslosZ{k.kvU;mUurns'kksadhlgk;rk,oalg;ksxlsvFkokLo;aiz;Ruksalsfd;stkjgsgSaA

2-13 izdj.k&vè;;u i¼fr (The Case Study Method)

izdj.kvè;;udkvFkZgS]¶fdlhO;fDr;klewgosQckjsesa'kksèk]ftlosQifjoR;ks±(variable)dksftUgsaekikrksyktkrkgS,oaftuosQvkuqHkkfodlacaèkksadh[kkstdhtkrhgS]mlO;fDr]n'kk;klaLFkkdkvR;Urlkoèkkuh,oaiw.kZi;Zos{k.k}kjkxq.kkRedfo'ys"k.kgksrkgSAbldkiz;ksxfdlhO;fDr&fo'ks"k]lewg]leqnk;;klaLFkkosQvè;;uesafd;ktkrkgSAbli¼frosQihNs;gèkkj.kkgSfdftlizdj.k(case)dkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]og;fnlcdkugharkscgqrlslekuizdj.kksadkizfrfufèkgksrkgS]vr%blizdj.kosQvè;;ulstksfu"d"kZizkIrgksaxs]muesalkekU;fl¼karksadkfuekZ.klaHkogksxkA¸cxZsl(Burgess)usbls^lkekftdlw{en'kZd;a=k*(social microscope)dh

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 63


laKknhgSAbli¼frdkiz;ksxis'ksojvijkfèk;ksarFkkvU;lkekftd:ilsfopfyrO;fDr;ksaosQvè;;uesafd;ktkrkgSftllsml^osQl*lslacafèkrlHkhrRoksadhNkuchu,oamudkfo'ys"k.krFkklHkhlaHkon`f"V;ksalsmudhO;k[;kdhtkrhgSA,p- bZ- tSulu(H.E. Jenson)dkdFkugS]¶fuf'pr:ilsizk:fid(typical)losZ{k.kosQoyfdlhleqnk;dkizdj.kkRedvè;;uughagS]BhdmlhizdkjtSlsO;fDrRodkfo'kq¼O;ogkjoknhvè;;uO;fDrdkizdj.kkRedvè;;uughagS_nwljhvksjeq>s;gdgukpkfg,fdizdj.k&vè;;ui¼frfdlhHkhvkdkjosQlewgijykxwgksldrhgSvkSjbldkiz;skxO;fDrRoosQvè;;ulsysdjLo;alH;rkosQvè;;uosQfy,fd;ktkldrkgSAfdlhHkhleqfprlket'kkL=kh;vè;;uesaizdj.ki¼fr,oa,sfrgkfldi¼frdk;ksxgksrkgSAxqMs ,oa gkV~Zt(Goode and Harts)osQvuqlkj¶;gvè;;uxrlkekftdfo"k;osQ,dkRedLo:idkscuk;sj[kusgsrqlkekftdvk¡dM+ksadkslaxzgdjusdk,d<axgSA¸nwljs'kCnksaesa]¶;g,d,slkmikxegStkslkekftdbdkbZdksmlosQlEiw.kZ:iesans[krkgSA¸bli¼fresaiz;qDrmik;gSaµlk{kkRdkj]iz'uofy;k¡]thou&o`Ùk]fo"k;lslacafèkrlHkhizys[krFkkvU;lHkh,slhlkexzhftldkvè;;uxrfo"k;lslacaèkgksAlaiw.kZr;kbli¼frdkewykèkkjgSA

izdj.k&vè;;uksaosQckjsesaoqQNckrsadghxbZgSaAysfou(Lewin)dkdFkugSfdtcrdmulHkhizdj.kksadks]ftUgsa,dfo'ks"klewgesalaxzfgrfd;kx;kgS]rqyukRed:ilsfl¼ughafd;ktkrk]rcrdlkaf[;dh;i¼fr;ksadkiz;ksxHkzeewydgksxkAnwljsfdlhO;fDr;kleqnk;osQO;ogkjdksle>usvFkokmlosQckjsesaiwoZdFkudjusosQfy,funkuvo';djfy;ktkukpkfg,]rkfdvkuqHkkfodfu;eksaesaj[kstkusokysvpjksa(constant)osQewY;ksadks[kkstktklosQArhljsdksbZHkh,dizdj.kvU;izdj.kksalsizkIrlkekU;hÑrfu;edks>qBykusosQfy,dkiQhgksldrkgSA,slhn'kkesamuifjoR;ks±dkirkyxkukvko';dgStkslkekU;hÑrfu;edhiqf"VughadjrsA

2-14 iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj i¼fr (Questionnaire and Interview Method)

iz'ukoyhrFkklk{kkRdkji¼fr;k¡lekt'kkfL=k;ksadhfiz;i¼fr;k¡gSaAiz'ukoyhfdlhleL;klslEcfUèkregÙoiw.kZ,oalqlaxriz'udh,dlwphgksrhgSAyqaMcxZ (Lundberg)osQvuqlkj]¶iz'ukoyhmíhidksa(Stimuli)dk,dlewggSftlosQvarxZrf'kf{krO;fDr;ksadksmuosQ'kkfCndO;ogkjosQi;Zos{k.kgsrqNksM+fn;ktkrkgSA¸;glEcfUèkrO;fDr;ksarFkklfefr;ksadksblfuosnuosQlkFkizLrqrdhtkrhgSfdviuh;ksX;rkrFkkviusKkuosQvuqlkjmuiz'uksadkmÙkjnsusdhÑikdjsaAbldkmís';,slsrF;ksadhtkudkjhdjukgksrkgStksKkidosQiklgksrsgSa]ijarq'kksèkdrkZosQiklughagksrsAoqQNsdiz'uksaosQizkIrmÙkjksalslkekftdO;ogkjosQckjsesaiwoZdFkufd;stkrsgSaA;gvko';dgSfdiz'ukoyhosQiz'ulkoèkkuhiwoZdcuk;stkuspkfg,Aiz'uvLi"Vughagksuspkfg,]mudhla[;kcgqrvfèkdHkhughagksuhpkfg,vkSjuosbrusfDy"Vgksafdlkèkkj.kle>vkSjcqf¼dkO;fDrmudkmÙkjunslosQA

fdlhfo'ks"kfLFkfr;kleL;kosQckjsesavko';dvk¡dM+sbdV~BsdjusosQfy,iz'ukoyhi¼frlkjslalkjesaiz;qDrdhtkrhgSAoqQNle;iwoZgekjsns'kesaf'k{kk&iz.kkyhosQlqèkkjlslacafèkr,diz'ukoyhvè;kidksa]yksd&O;fDr;ksa]odhyksa]fo}kuksavkfndksHksthx;hFkhAblizdkj,df=krrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijdksBkjhvk;ksxusljdkjdksviuhfjiksVZnhFkhA

lk{kkRdkj i¼frosQvarZxr'kksèkdÙkkZleL;klslacafèkrO;fDr;ksa;klewgksalsizR;{klaioZQLFkkfirdjrkgSA,slsO;fDr;klewglsoS;fDrdLrjijckrphrdhtkrhgSftllslacafèkrleL;kdksvPNhrjgle>usrFkkmldkgydjusesacM+hlgk;rkfeyrhgSAbli¼frdkiz;ksxvusdfo}kuksa}kjkviuhegÙoiw.kZÑfr;ksadksfy[kusesafd;kx;kgSAoqQNsdegÙoiw.kZÑfr;k¡;sgSaµMkW-fMfdUlu,oaMkW-chedh^,esfMdyLVMhvkWiQlsDl,MtLVesUV*(A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment)_MkW-,-lh-fdUls(A.C. Kinsey)dh^fnlsDlqvyfcgSfo;jbufnáweuesy,.MiQhesy(The Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male and Female)vkfnAiz'ukoyh;klk{kkRdkj

64 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


i¼fr}kjkvusdizdkjdhlwpuk,¡izkIrdhtkldrhgaSAiz'ukoyhdklclscM+kykHk;ggSfdO;fDrvukejgdjvfèkdBhdmÙkjnsldrkgSAblesavfu;af=kroS;fDrdizHkkoHkhughaiM+rsrFkkiz'uksaosQmÙkjnsusesaiwokZxzgdhdelaHkkoukgksrhgSAlk{kkRdkj,dueuh;i¼frgS]D;ksafddksbZiz'ufHkUu&fHkUuO;fDr;ksa}kjkfofHkUuizdkjlsle>ktkldrkgS]vr,olk{kkRdkjdÙkkZmliz'uosQvFkZdksHkyhizdkjlsle>ldrkgSAoglghmÙkjdksHkhmxyokldrkgSrFkkmÙkjnsusokysO;fDrosQlaiw.kZO;ogkjosQvkèkkjijvadudjldrkgSAogiz'uksadkØecnyldrkgS]rkfdmÙkjnkrkmÙkjnsuslsiwoZlEiw.kZlwphdksui<+sA

2-15 yksder&laxzg i¼fr (The Public Opinion Poll Method)

bli¼frdkiz;ksxfdlhfo"k;ijturkosQfopkjksa]mudhHkkoukvksa,oamuosQn`f"Vdks.kksadkirkyxkusosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAvesfjdkesa^yksder&laxzg*cM+kfiz;gSAogk¡lkekftd]vk£Fkd,oajktuhfrdn'kkvksaijyksderdkstkuusesaizk;%bli¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAturklacafèkriz'uksaosQmÙkj^gk¡*;k^ughaekywe*esansdjviuserdksizdVdjrhgSAmnkgj.kr;k]yksderblfo"k;ijbdV~Bkfd;ktkldrkgSfdD;kdkVZj&nslkbZokrkZfo'o&'kkafresalgk;dgksxh_D;kla;qDrjk"Vªla?kdksbldhvliQyrkvksaosQckotwndke;j[kktk;s\tuer&laxzgi¼frlsizkIrifj.kkeksaosQvkèkkjijlÙkkèkkjhviuhuhfr;ksaesavko';dla'kksèkudjldrsgSaA

2-16 oLVZgu i¼fr (The verstehen Approach)

lkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQvè;;ugsrqoqQNsdlekt'kkfL=k;ksaus]ftuesaeSDl oScj(Max Weber)dkukeloZizeq[kgS]bli¼frdkleFkZufd;kgSAoLVZsgu(Verstehen),dteZu'kCngSftldkvFkZgSlekt'kkL=kh;lsleL;kvksadksle>ukAbli¼frosQleFkZdksadkdFkugS fdi;Zosf{krrF;ksadkdksbZewY;ughagS;fnmuesa fufgrvFkks±dh[kkstrFkkmudkewY;kaduufd;ktk;sAvesfjdhlekt'kkL=khlh- ,p- owQys(C.H. Cooley)usviuhiqLrd‘Sociaological Theory & Social Research’esadgkgSfdO;fDr;ksaosQO;ogkjosQegÙodksle>usosQfy;s;gvko';dgSfdi;Zos{k.kdksmudhfpUruizfØ;krFkkmudhHkkoukesacSBukrFkkmudhekufldvoLFkkosQlkFkrknkRE;LFkkfirdjukpkfg,AosQoyrHkhO;fDr;ksadhfØ;kvksadksvPNhizdkjlsle>ktkldrkgSA

bli¼frijvfèkdizdk'kMkyrsgq,owQys(Cooley)usviuhiqLrd(Life and Student)esafy[kkgSfd,d&nwljsO;fDr;skaosQerksaosQlkFkrknkRE;LFkkfirdjosQghmuosQckjsesa^le>*vkldrhgSArknkRE;lsvfHkizk;gSfdmuO;fDr;ksadhHkk¡frghviuslsHkhoSlhgh¯pruizfØ;kdhtk;srFkkmudhekufldvoLFkkosQlkFklEioZQLFkkfirfd;ktk;sA

Li"VgSfdbli¼frdkiz;ksxesèkkoh]lqf'kf{krksarFkklw>&cw>okysO;fDr;ksa}kjkghLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrlkekftdleL;kvksadksle>usosQfy,osQoy;ghi¼fri;kZIrughAbldkiz;ksxoSKkfud;kvkuqHkkfodi¼frosQlkFkfeykdjfd;ktkukpkfg,]osQoyrHkhmÙkeifj.kkeizkIrgksldrsgSaA

2-17 izdk;kZRed i¼fr (The Functional Theory)

oqQNsdlekt'kkfL=k;ksauslkekftd?kVuk&o`fÙkosQvè;;uesaizdk;kZRedmikxedksvfèkdegÙofn;kgSAbli¼frosQvarxZrlektosQfdlhHkkxdksmlosQdk;ks±]ufdmn~HkovFkokmi;ksfxrkosQvFkZesale>usdkiz;klfd;ktkrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]izdk;ZoknlkekftdlaLFkkvksa];Fkkifjokj]oxZ]jkT;]èkeZvkfndkvè;;urFkkmuosQ}kjkfd;sx;sdk;ks±osQn`f"Vdks.klsdjrkgSA;glektosQ fofHkUuHkkxksadkizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kgSAvkj- osQ- eVZu (R.K. Merton)osQvuqlkj];gfl¼kar]i¼fr,oadkyrhuksadhlafèkijvkèkkfjrgSAizdk;Z,slk;ksxnkugStksvkaf'kd

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 65


xfrfofèk}kjklEiw.kZxfrfofèkftldkfd;gHkkxgS]osQizfrfd;ktkrkgSAizdk;kZRedi¼frblekU;rklsysdjpyrhgSfdlektdhlEiw.kZlkekftdO;oLFkkvUr%lacafèkrrFkkvUr%fuHkZjHkkxksadksfeykdjcuhgSAizR;sdHkkxlewgosQthouosQfy,vko';ddk;ZdjrkgSrFkkbuHkkxksadksmuosQ}kjkfd;sx;sdk;ks±vFkokmuosQ}kjkiwfjrvko';drkvksaosQvFkZesaghle>ktkrkgSApw¡fd;sHkkxijLij&vkfJrgSa]vr,omudksiw.kZ:is.kle>usosQfy,vU;HkkxksarFkklEiw.kZlkekftdO;oLFkkosQlkFkmuosQlacaèkdksle>ukgksxkA

eVZu(Merton)usizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kdhfuEufyf[krizeq[kizfØ;kvksadkftØfd;kgSµ

(i) izdk;kZRedvis{kkvksadhLFkkiuk_

(ii) lajpukrFkkizfØ;kvksadhO;k[;k_

(iii) {kfriwjdizfØ;kvksadh[kkst_

(iv) lajpukdkfoLr`ro.kZu_

(v) izdk;kZRedO;oLFkkvksadkfoLr`ro.kZuA

eVZuosQvuqlkj]lkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kksaesafuEufyf[krckrksadkè;kuj[kukpkfg,A

(i) lkekftdlajpukesalgHkkfx;ksadhifjfLFkfr;ksadh[kkst_

(ii) O;ogkjosQfodYikRedrjhosQ_

(iii) izfrekuosQizfrn`f"Vdks.kdko.kZu_

(iv) izfrekuesalgHkkx&gsrqvfHkizsj.kk_

(v) O;ogkjdhlaxqf.kr(associated)vufHkKkrfu;ferrk,¡A

izdk;kZRed mikxedk iz;ksx dkEVs (Comte)] LisUlj (Spencer) tSls lekt'kkfL=k;ksa rFkkesyhukscLdh(Melinowski),oajSMfDyiQczkmu(Radcliffe Brown)tSlsekuo'kkfL=k;ksa}kjkfd;kx;kFkkAvesfjdhlekt'kkfL=k;ksaiklZUl(Parsons)rFkkeVZuusbli¼frdhfo'kn~O;k[;kdhgSrFkkblslajpukRedizdk;Zokni¼frdhlaKknhgS]D;ksafd;glkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQvè;;uesalkekftdlajpuk;klaLFkkvksadksegÙonsrhgSA

lajpukvksalsrkRi;ZO;oLFkkesaizpfyrizcaèkksalsgStksizdk;ks±dksfu"ikfnrdjrsgSatcfdizdk;ZfØ;kosQizfrekuksaosQifj.kkeksa&mís';ksa,oaizfØ;kvksalslacafèkgksrsgSaA

ijarqbli¼frosQoqQNnks"kgSaAlektosQizdk;kZRedLo:iijghlaiw.kZtksjnsukBhdughagSAizR;sdlkekftdlaLFkkdkmn~Hko]mldhmi;ksfxrkvkfnvius<axdhgksrhgSAblosQvfrfjDrlektxhfr'khygS]vr%;gfLFkji¼frvfèkdmi;ksxhughaghldrhA


• ,sfrgkfldi¼frdk,dnwljkLo:ieSDloscjdhjpukvksaesaifjyf{krgksrkgSAmUgksausfodkldh;kstuk,oapj.kksadhO;k[;kughadhijarqvkèkqfudiwathokn]ukSdj'kkgh,oausr`Rodkvè;;u,sfrgkfldlanHkZesafd;kAgkyosQo"kks±esalh-jkbVfeYl,oajseka,juusHkh,sfrgkfldi¼frosQvkèkkjijvkS|ksfxdlektksaosQifjorZudkvè;;ufd;kgSA

• ;|firqyukRedi¼frdkmn;fodklokfn;ksaosQlkFkghgqvkijarqbldkfoLr`ro.kZuloZizFkebekby nq[khZeusfn;kAmlosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kh;O;k[;kdkj.kkRedlacaèkksadh[kkstesafufgrgSAizÑfrfoKkuhblsiz;ksxksaosQ}kjkizkIrdjrsgSa]ijarqlekt'kkL=kesa;glaHkoughagSblfy;sblsnks;knkslsvfèkdlkekftdrF;ksadhrqyuklsizkIrfd;ktkldrkgSA

66 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV


• izdk;Zoknh i¼frdk fodkl fodkloknh i¼frdhvkykspuk osQ iQyLo:i gqvkA ;gfodklokfn;ksaosQblnkosdksekuusdksrS;kjughaFkkfdekuoleqnk;osQiwjslkekftdbfrgkldh,dghlkFkoSKkfudO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA

• Lo:ikRedi¼frHkhfodkloknh,oaloZKkuhmik;ksaosQfo#¼,dizfrfØ;kosQLo:imHkjhAblsteZulekt'kkL=khtktZflesyusfodflrfd;kvkSjdkiQhfnuksard;gteZui¼frghjgx;hAblosQvarxZrlkekftdlacaèkksa,oalaidks±osQLo:iksadkirkyxk;ktkrkgSA

• fo'kq¼vuqlaèkku('kksèk)O;kogkfjdmi;ksfxrkdksn`f"Vesaj[kdjughafd;ktkrkAfdlhleL;kosQdkj.kksadks<wa<fudkyukvkSjmldkgyizLrqrdjukHkhfo'kq¼'kksèkrksvarZxrughavkrkgSAfo'kq¼'kksèkrks^KkuosQfy,Kku*(Knowledge for Knowledge sake)osQy{;dksysdjvkxsc<+rkgSA


1- vUos"k.kdhoSKkfudvFkokizk;ksfxdi¼frdhO;k[;kdhft,Alekt'kkL=kesabli¼frdkiz;ksxfdllhekrdlaHkogS\

2- lekt'kkL=kh;i¼fr;ksadklaf{kIrfo'ys"k.kdhft,A

3- lekt'kkL=k}kjklkekftdrF;ksaosQvUos"k.k&gsrqiz;qDri¼fr;ksadko.kZudhft,A

4- oLVZgui¼frijfVIi.khfyf[k,AblosQiz;ksxesaD;kckèkk,¡gSa\

5- izfrowQyfuxeukRedi¼frdhO;k[;kdhft,A

6- ,sfrgkfld]rqyukRed,oavkn'kZizdkji¼frosQegÙodhO;k[;kdhft,A

7- izdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kdkD;kvFkZgS\blfo"k;ijeVZuosQfopkjksadko.kZudhft,A

2-20 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further readings)


• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h2003-nizSfDVlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth-vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA


• ¯x¯Ml],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhosl]osaQfcztA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 67

lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk

(Sociology and Social System)bdkbZ&3(Unit–3)

lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk(Sociology and Social System)

:ijs[kk3.1 mís';(Objectives)3.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)3.3 lekt(Society)3.4 leqnk;(Community)3.5 lfefr(Association)3.6 laLFkk(Institution)3.7 laxBu(Organisation)3.8 lkekftdlajpuk(Social Structure)3.9 lkekftdO;oLFkk%vFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Social System :Meaning and Definition)3.10 lkekftdLrjhdj.kdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and Definition of Social Stratification)3.11 lkekftdLrjhdj.kosQfl¼kUr(Theories of Social Stratification)3.12 èkeZ&ra=kdhvoèkkj.kk(Concept of Hierarchy)3.13 vlekurkrFkkLrjhdj.k(Inequality and Stratification)3.14 tkfrrFkkoxZ(Caste and Class)3.15 D;ktkfroxZesaifjo£rrgksjghgS\(Is Caste Changing into Class?)3.16 O;fDrrFkklektesaokLrfodlacaèk(The Relationship between Individual and Society)3.17 lektdhmRifÙk(The Origin of Society)3.18 lektosQizdkj(Types of Society)3.19 vkS|ksfxdlekt(Industrial Society)3.20 lektdkLo:irFkkrqyukRedvè;;u(Structure of Society and comparative study)3.21 ekuo&lektvkSji'kq&lektesaHksn(Difference between Human Society and Animal

Society)3.22 Hkk"kkrFkklekt(Language and Society)3.23 lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Social Mobility)3.24 lkekftdxfr'khyrk,oalkekftdifjorZu(Social Mobility and Social Change)3.25 lkjka'k(Summary)3.26 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)3.27 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)



• lekt]leqnzk;]lfefr,oalaxBudhO;k[;k]


68 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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• tkfr]oxZlektdhmRifÙk,oaizdkj]lkekftdxfr'khyrkbR;kfndhtkudkjhA


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• ^lekt'kkL=kdhfo"k;&oLrqekuoh;efLr"dksadhvar%fØ;kgSA*µ,yúVhúgkWcgkml

• ^lekt'kkL=kekuoh;var%fØ;kvksa,oavar%lacaèkksa]mudhn'kkvksa,oaifj.kkeksadkvè;;ugSA*µfxUlcxZ

• ^lekt'kkL=k og foKku gS tks lkekftdlewgksa] muosQvkarfjd:iksa vFkok laxBudhfofèk;ksa]muizfØ;kvksadk]tkslaxBuosQbu:iksa,oalewgksaosQeè;lacaèkksadksfLFkj;kifjo£rrdjrhgS]o.kZudjrkgSA*µtkulu],pú,eú

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• ^lekt'kkL=kogfoKkugStkslkekftdfØ;kdkvFkZiw.kZcksèkdjkusdkiz;RudjrkgSA*µeSDloscj

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uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 69


(Sociology and Social System)

• ^lekt'kkL=kekuo&lektosQlajpukRedLo:iksalslacafèkro.kZukRed,oa fof'k"VkRedvuq'kklugSA*µth-MadufepSy

• ^lekt'kkL=klkekftdlacaèkksa]muosQizdkjksa]fofHkUurkvksa]mudksizHkkfordjusokysrRoksa,oamulsizHkkforO;ogkjdkoSKkfudvè;;ugSA*µVh-,cSy

• ^lekt'kkL=klkekftdthoudhlajpuk,oamlosQdk;ks±dkfoKkugSA*µtkuMCY;w-cksusV

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• ^lekt'kkL=klkewfgdizfrfufèkRodkfoKkugSA*µnq[khZe

• ^lekt'kkL=klexz:ilslektdkØec¼o.kZuvkSjO;k[;kgSA*µfx¯MXl

• ^lekt'kkL=kfodklizfØ;kesadk;ZjrHkkSfrdrRoksaosQ}kjklekt]dhxfrfofèk;ksa]lajpuk]o`f¼,oamn~xedhO;k[;kdkiz;klgSA*µfx¯MXl

• ^lekt'kkL=kdk mís'; oSèk fu;eksa ,oa fujis{k Kku osQ HkaMkjdh [kkstdjuk gS rkfdlkekftd,oaekuoh;okLrfodrkdkfu;a=k.k,oafunsZ'kulaHkogkslosQA*µj~;wVj

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvoyksduls;gLi"VgkstkrkgSfdlekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkosQckjsesalekt'kkfL=k;ksausfofHkUun`f"Vdks.kviuk;sgSaA;sn`f"Vdks.kfuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) lekt'kkL=klektdkfoKkugSA

(ii) lekt'kkL=klkekftdlacaèkksadkfoKkugSA

(iii) lekt'kkL=klewgksaesaekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;ugSA

(iv) lekt'kkL=klkekftdfØ;kdkvè;;ugSA

(v) lekt'kkL=kekuoh;lacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;ugSA

(vi) lekt'kkL=klkekftdlewgksavFkoklkekftdO;oLFkk(social system)dkvè;;ugSA

bllHkhn`f"Vdks.kksaesa;gfopkjlkekU;:ilsfufgrgSfdlekt'kkL=kdklacaèkekuoh;lacaèkksalsgSAbldhfo"k;&oLrqO;fDrugha]vfirqlektgS];|fiO;fDrdkslektosQo.kZuesaHkqyk;kughatkldrkAO;fDrosQoyrHkheuq";curkgStcoglkekftdlacaèkksaesaizos'kdjrkgSAlkekftdthouosQfofHkUuLo:i;Fkkµjktuhfrd]vk£Fkdek=klkekftdlacaèkksadhvfHkO;fDrgSAvr,o];fngefdlhlkekftdizfØ;kosQvè;;udkslekt'kkL=kdhvè;;ulkexzhesalfEefyrdjrsgSa]rksosQoybldkj.kfdmudkvè;;ulkekftdlacaèkksaosQlanHkZesaghfd;ktkldrkgSAlkekftdvar£Ø;kvFkoklkekftdizfØ;kvksadkvkèkkjlkekftdlacaèkghgSAlkekftdlacaèkksaosQdkj.kghlkekftdvar£Ø;kgksrhgSAlkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrsle;lekt'kkL=khlektosQmn~Hko]bldhiz.kkfy;ksa,oalajpukvksa]lkekftdlaLFkkvksaosQfodkl,oamuosQdk;ks±]lkekftdlacaèkksaosQfu;a=kdjhfr&fjoktksa,oafu;eksa]euq";}kjkbfrgklosQnkSjkufu£erlewgksa,oaleqnk;ksa]bulewgksa;Fkkµifjokj]tkfr]ljdkj]vk£Fkdlewg]èkk£edlewg]vkfndkvU;ksU;kfJrrFkklkekftdifjorZudhla?kVudh[kkstdjusdkiz;RudjrkgSA

3-3 lekt (Society)

lkèkkj.k cksypkyesa ^lekt* 'kCn O;fDr;ksa osQ lkekftdlacaèkksadhvis{kk fdlh fof'k"Vvar%lewgosQlnL;ksarFkkO;fDr;ksaosQfy,iz;qDrgksrkgSAblhvkèkkjijge^gfjtulekt*'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAdHkh&dHkhbl'kCndkiz;ksx^laLFkkvksa*(institutions)osQvFkZesafd;ktkrkgSAtcge^vk;Zlekt*vFkok^czãlekt*'kCnksadkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAblizdkjiz;qDr^lekt*'kCn^vewÙkZ*dhvis{kk^ewÙkZ*]^ekudksa*(norms)dhvis{kk^fof'k"Vksa*(specifies)dkcksèkdjkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kesa^lekt*'kCndkvFkZO;fDr;ksaosQlewglsughagS]vfirqmuosQeè;mRiUuvar£Ø;k

70 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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dhtfVyiz.kkyhlsgSAeuq";ksadkegÙoosQoylkekftdlacaèkksaosQvfHkdj.kksa(agencies)osQ:iesaghgSAos¶oLrq,¡¸gSaA

lekt vewÙkZ gS] ;g ^oLrq dh vis{kk izfØ;k] lajpuk dh vis{kk xfr* gSA lekt dkegÙoiw.kZrRolacaèkksadhO;oLFkk]var£Ø;kosQekudksadkizfrekugSftlosQ}kjklektosQlnL;viukfuokZgdjrsgSaAoqQNys[kd^lekt*'kCnesaeuq";ksaosQosQoymUghalacaèkksadkslfEefyrdjrsgSatkslfefr;ksaesalaxfBrgSarFkkftudhfuf'prlajpukgSAblizdkj,slslacaèkksadkstksfuf'prlfefr;ksaesalaxfBrughagksrs]lektdhifjHkk"kkesalfEefyrughafd;ktkrkAijarqlektdh,slhO;k[;kviw.kZgS]D;ksafdvlaxfBroS;fDrdlacaèk]tkslaxBuksaosQfuekZ.kdkstUensrsgSa]osQvè;;udkslekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uesaHkqyk;kughatkldrkA

oqQNlekt'kkfL=k;ksadkfopkjgSfdlektdkvfLrRorHkhdk;egksrkgStcblosQlnL;,d&nwljsdksHkyhizdkjtkursgksa,oamuosQlfEefyrfgrvFkokmís';gksaAblizdkj;fnnksO;fDrjsyxkM+hesa;k=kkdjjgsgksa]rksmudk,dghfMCcsesalgvfLrRo],dghLFkkuij],dghle;esa],dghlkFkgksuklektdkfuekZ.kughadjrkAijarqT;ksaghos,d&nwljsdkstkutkrsgSa]muosQchp lekt*rRodkfuekZ.kgkstkrkgSAikjLifjdtkx:drk(reciprocal awareness)dh;gèkkj.kkfx¯MXl(Giddings)dhlekt&fo"k;difjHkk"kkesafufgrgSAmlosQvuqlkj]¶lektlekuekufldpsruk;qDrO;fDr;ksadklewggStksviuhlekuekufldrklsifjfprgSarFkkblesavkuUneglwldjrsgSavkSjblfy,lfEefyrmís';ksadhiw£rgsrqfeydjdkedjrsgSaA¸ijarqlektdhifjHkk"kkdks^ikjLifjdtkx:drk*osQrRolsck¡èknsukvlqfoèkktudgS]D;ksafdvizR;{k,oavopsrulacaèkksadkHkhlkekftdthouesavR;fèkdegÙogSA

lekt dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Some Definitions of Society)

1- ¶lektdk;Z&iz.kkfy;ksa,oajhfr;ksadh]vfèkdkj&lÙkk,oaikjLifjdlgk;rkdh]vusdlewgksa,oaJsf.k;ksadhrFkkekuo&O;ogkjosQfu;a=k.kksa,oaLora=krkvksadh,dO;oLFkkgSA¸µeSdkboj

2- ¶lektLo;a,dla?kgS],dlaxBugS]vkSipkfjdlacaèkksadk;ksxgSftlesalg;ksxhO;fDrijLij&laca¼gSaA¸µfx¯MXl

3- ¶lekt,slsO;fDr;ksadklaxzggStksoqQNlacaèkksavFkokO;ogkjdhfofèk;ksa}kjkvkilesac¡èksgq,gSavkSjmuO;fDr;ksalsfHkUugSatksblizdkjosQlacaèkksa}kjkvkilesac¡èksgq,ughagSvFkokftuosQO;ogkjmulsfHkUugSaA¸µfxUlcxZ

4- ¶lekt,slsO;fDr;ksadklewggStksdkiQhle;rdbdV~BsjgusosQdkj.klaxfBrgksx;sgSarFkktksLo;adksvU;ekuoh;bdkb;ksalsfHkUubdkbZle>rsgSaA¸µD;wcj

5- ¶lekteuq";ksaosQlewgdkukeugha]cfYd;geuq";ksaosQvar%lacaèkksadhtfVyO;oLFkkgSA¸µykfi;j

6- ¶lektdksmuekuoh;lacaèkksadhiw.kZtfVyrkosQ:iesaifjHkkf"krfd;ktkldrkgStkslkèkuvkSjlkè;osQlacaèk}kjkfØ;kdjuslsmRiUugksrsgSa]pkgsos;FkkFkZgksa;kizrhdkRedA¸µikjlUl

7- ¶lektizfØ;kvksa;kvkdkjksadhtfVyrkgSftuesalsizR;sdnwljksaosQlkFkvar%fØ;k}kjkthforgSvkSjfodflrgksjgkgS]laiw.kZvfLrRoblizdkj,dhÑrgSfd,dHkkxesatks?kVrkgS]og'ks"klHkhdksizHkkfordjrkgSA¸µowQys

8- ¶lektleqnk;osQHkhrjlaxfBrlfefr;ksa,oalaLFkkvksadhtfVyO;oLFkkgSA¸µth-Mh-,p-dksy

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 71



9- ¶lektesaosQoyO;fDr;ksadksijLijck¡èkusokysjktuhfrdlacaèkgh'kkfeyughagSa]vfirqekuoh;lacaèkksa,oalkewfgdxfrfofèk;ksadklaiw.kZ{ks=klfEefyrgSA¸µyhdkd

10- ¶lekteuq";ksa]fL=k;ksa,oacPpksadkLFkk;hvFkokvfofPNUulewggStksviuslkaLÑfrdLrjijiztkrh;fpjLFkk;hdj.k,oavuqj{k.kdhizfØ;kdksLora=k:ilspykusdhfLFkfresagSA¸µgkWfdUl

11- ¶lekt,dvewÙkZèkkj.kkgStks,dlewgosQlnL;ksaosQchpik,tkusokysvkilhlacaèkksadhlaiw.kZrkdkcksèkdjkrhgSA¸µj~;wVj

3-4 leqnk; (Community)

eSdkbojosQvuqlkj]¶leqnk;lkekftdthouosQml{ks=kdksdgrsgSaftlslkekftdlac¼rkvFkoklkeatL;dhoqQNek=kk}kjkigpkuktklosQA¸getkursgSafdO;fDrvosQykughajgldrkAogvU;O;fDr;ksaosQlkFkvusdrjhsdksalslac¼gksrkgStksO;fDrfeydjlewgdkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaAijarqge;gvk'kkughadjldrsfddksbZO;fDrlalkjosQlHkhlewgksadklnL;culdrkgSAog,dfuf'prHkw&{ks=kesamlosQfudVjgusokysO;fDr;ksaosQlkFkghlacaèkj[kldrkgSAoqQNle;rdfdlhfo'ks"kLFkkuijjgusokysyksxksaesalkekftdlekurk]lkekU;lkekftdfopkj]lkekU;izFkk,¡rFkk,d&nwljsosQizfrviusiudhHkkoukmRiUugksghtkrhgSAlkekU;thou,oalkekU;fof'k"V{ks=kdhHkkouklsleqnk;dktUegksrkgSA

leqnk; dh oqQN ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Some Definitions of Community)

(i) ¶leqnk;euq";ksadhogtula[;kgStkslhferHkkSxksfyd{ks=kesajgrhgksvkSj,dlkekU;ijLij&vkfJrthouO;rhrdjrhgksA¸µyqaMcxZ

(ii) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadkog{ks=kgStksblizdkjbdV~BsjgrsgksarFkklekurkdhHkkoukj[krsgksa fdosfdlhfof'k"VLokFkZosQlaHkkxhughagksrs]vfirqLokFkks±dhiw.kZrkosQlaHkkxhgksrsgSaA¸µekughe

(iii) ¶leqnk;,dlkekftdlewggS ftlesa ^ge&Hkkouk*dhoqQNek=kkgksrFkktks,dfuf'pr{ks=kesajgrsgksaA¸µcksxkMZl

(iv) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadk,dlewggStks,dlfUudVHkkSxksfyd{ks=kesajgrsgksa]ftldhxfrfofèk;ksa,oafgrksaosQlekuosaQnzgksarFkktksthouosQizeq[kdk;ks±esabdV~Bsfeydjdk;ZdjrsgksaA¸µvklcuZ ,oa U;wes;j

(v) ¶leqnk;fdlhlhfer{ks=kosQHkhrjlkekftdthoudkiw.kZlaxBugSA¸µvkxcuZ ,oa fuedkiQ

(vi) ¶leqnk;y?kqreizknsf'kdlewggStkslkekftdthouosQlHkhi{kksadkvk¯yxudjrkgSA¸µMsfol

(vii) ¶leqnk;lkekftdizkf.k;ksadk,dlewggStkslkekU;thouO;rhrdjrsgSaftuesavuUrizdkjosQ,oatfVylacaèklfEefyrgSatksmllkekU;thouosQdkj.kmRiUugksrsgSavFkoktksbldkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaA¸µfxUlcxZ

(viii) ¶leqnk;lsesjkvfHkizk;lkekftdthouosQLo:ilsgS],d,slkLo:iftlesavusdekuoizk.khlfEefyrgSatkslkekftdlacaèkksadhifjfLFkfr;ksaosQvarxZrjgrsgSa]tkslkekU;;|fifujarjifjorZu'khyjhfr;ksa]izFkkvksa,oaizpyuksa}kjkijLijlac¼gSarFkkoqQNlhekrdlkekU;lkekftdmís';ksa,oafgrksaosQizfrtkx:dgSaA¸µth-Mh-,p- dksy

72 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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(ix) ¶leqnk;Hkw{ks=kdh,dbdkbZgSftlesadbZtula[;kforfjrgksrhgSftldhewyHkwrlaLFkk,¡lekugksrhgSatksmuosQlkekU;thoudkslaHkocukrhgSaA¸

(x) ¶leqnk;,dLFkkuh;{ks=kgSftlijjgusokysyksxlekuHkk"kkdkiz;ksxdjrsgSa]leku:f<+;ksadkikyudjrsgSa]U;wukfèkdlekuHkkouk,¡j[krsgSarFkklekuizo`fÙk;ksaosQvuqlkjdk;ZdjrsgSaA¸µlnjySaM

(xi) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadk,dLFkkuh;laxzggSftuosQfgrfHkUurFkklkekU;]nksuksagSarFkktkslaxzglslsforgksaA¸µ,iQ-,y- yqEys

(xii) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadklaxzggStkslehiLFkNksVs{ks=kesafuokldjrsgSarFkklkekU;thouO;rhrdjrsgSaA¸µxzhu

(xiii) ¶leqnk;fdlhfuf'prHkw{ks=k]{ks=kdhlhekoqQNHkhgks]ijjgusokysO;fDr;ksadklewggStkslkekU;thouO;rhrdjrsgSaA¸µetwenkj] ,p-Vh-

leqnk;dhlaKkizkIrdjusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdfuokl&{ks=kvU;fuokl&{ks=kksalsoqQNlhekrdi`Fko~QgksrFkkml{ks=kosQlkekU;thoudhoqQNsdviuhfo'ks"krk,¡gksaAblfo"k;esaeq[;ckrj[kus;ksX;;ggSfdleqnk;dhvoèkkj.kkesalkekU;thouosQiQyLo:imRiUu,drkijizknsf'kdrRodhvis{kkvfèkdcyfn;ktkrkgSA;g,d,slklewggSftlesablosQlnL;ksaosQlaiw.kZthoudklekos'kgksldrkgSA

lekt vkSj leqnk; esa lekurk,¡ (Similarities of Society and Community)

lektvkSjleqnk;esafuEufyf[krlekurk,¡gSaµ

1- lektvkSjleqnk;nksuksaesaikjLifjdtkx:drkikbZtkrhgSA

2- lektvkSjleqnk;nksuksaghifjorZu'khygSaA

3- lektoleqnk;nksuksadkghyxHkxLor%fodklgksrkgSA

4- lektoleqnk;nksuksaesaghlkekftdlacaèkik;stkrsgSaA

5- lektoleqnk;nksuksaesaghtulewgik;stkrsgSaA

6- lektoleqnk;nksuksaeasfofHkUulewgik;stkrsgSaA

leqnk; vkSj lekt esa varj (Difference between Community and Society)

cká:ils;|finksuksaesadkiQhlekurk>ydrhgSrFkkfimuesavusdekSfydvarjHkhgSatksfuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i)lektcaèkuksadk,dtkygSAleqnk;osQfy,,dfuf'prHkw&Hkkxdkgksukvko';dgSA(ii)lektvewrZgS]leqnk;ew£rekugSA(iii)lektosQvarxZrgevusdleqnk;dksysldrsgSaAleqnk;osQvarxZr,slklaHkoughagSAleqnk;esaosQoy,dlektlaHkogSA(iv)izR;sdlektdksleqnk;ughadgktkldrkgSAizR;sdleqnk;dkslektdgktkldrkgSA(v)lektesa^gedhHkkouk*dkgksukvko';dughagSAleqnk;osQfy,^gedhHkkouk*dkgksukvko';dgSA(vi)lektdksfdlhfuf'prHkw&Hkkxdhvko';drkughagksrhAleqnk;osQfy,fuf'prHkw&Hkkxdkgksukt:jhgSA(vii)lektesalaxBuvkSjfo?kVunksuksaghik;stkldrsgSaAleqnk;esalaxBudkgksukvko';dgSA(viii)lektdkfuekZ.kigysgqvkgSAleqnk;dkfuekZ.kcknesagqvkgSA(ix)lektesaO;fDrviuklaiw.kZthouO;rhrdjrkgSAleqnk;esaO;fDrosQthoudk,dva'kO;rhrgksrkgSA(x)lektesavusdmís';ik;stkrsgSaAleqnk;dkfof'k"Vmís';gksrkgSA(xi)lektesaO;fDr;ksadkthoulkekU;HkhgksldrkgSvkSjfof'k"VHkhAleqnk;easlekU;r%O;fDr;ksadkthoulkekU;jgrkgSA

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D;k vkJe] cUnhx`g leqnk; gSa\ (Is Monastery, Prison a Community?)

D;kvkJe,oacanhx`gleqnk;gSa\;sleqnk;gSa;kugha]bldkfu'p;djusosQfy,gesabUgsaleqnk;osQvko';drRoksadhdlkSVhijdlukgksxkAleqnk;osQrhuvko';drRogSaµ,dfuf'prHkw&Hkkx]ekuolewg,oa^gedhHkkouk*AlkekU;thouHkhleqnk;dk,dvko';drRogSA,dvkJe;k,dcUnhx`gesaleqnk;osQ;svko';drRoik;stkrsgSaAcUnhx`g;kvkJedk,dfuf'prHkw&HkkxijcklgksrkgS]ekuolewggksrkgSvkSjoslkekU;thouHkhO;rhrdjrsgSaAmuosQvanj^gedhHkkouk*HkhikbZtkrhgSAblizdkjgemUgsaleqnk;ekuldrsgSaAoqQNyksxksadksblesavkifÙkgSAmudkdgukgSfdvkJe;kcUnhx`gesalkekU;thoulhfer,oaizfrcafèkrgS]blfy,mUgsaleqnk;ughadgukpkfg,Aij;gvkifÙkmfprughagS]D;ksafdizR;sdleqnk;esalkekU;thouleqnk;osQfu;eksaosQvuqlkjlhfergksrkgSAgevkJe,oacUnhx`gdksleqnk;ekusaxs\

D;k tkfr ,d leqnk; gS\ (Is Caste a Community?)

tkfresa^gedhHkkouk*rksvo';ik;htkrhgS]ijarqfuf'prHkw&HkkxvkSjlkekU;thouughaik;ktkrkAtkfrosQlnL;vusdHkkxksaesafc[kjsgq,jgrsgSaAlkekU;thouHkhughagksrkA,dcaxkyhczkã.kdkjgu&lgu,oajhfr&fjoktd'ehjhczkã.klsfcYoqQyfHkUugksrkgSA^gedhHkkouk*HkhmruhetcwrughagksrhA,diatkchczkã.kcaxkyhczkã.kdhvis{kkoS';osQizfrvfèkdviuRodhHkkoukizn£'krdjrkgSAvr%tkfrdksleqnk;dgukmfprugksxkA

3-5 lfefr (Association)

lfefrfdlhfo'ks"kiz;kstu;klhferiz;kstuksadhizkfIrgsrqlaxfBreuq";ksadklewggSAeSdkboj(Maciver)osQvuqlkj]¶lfefrfdlhfgr;koqQNfgrksadhlkewfgdizkfIrosQfy,fopkjiw.kZfu£erlaxBugSvkSjblosQlnL;blesalkekU;lgHkkxhgksrsgSaA¸fxUlcxZ(Ginsberg)osQvuqlkj]¶lhferlkekftdizkf.k;ksadklewggStksblrF;osQdkj.kijLij&lEc¼gSfdmUgksausfdlhfof'k"Vy{;;ky{;ksadhizkfIr&gsrq,dlaxBudkfeydjfuekZ.kfd;kgSA¸dksy(N.D.H. COle)dkdFkugS]¶lfefrlsesjkvfHkizk;gS]O;fDr;ksadk,dlewgtkslg;ksxhdk;zosQekè;elsfdlhlkekU;mís';dhizkfIresayxsgq,gSa,oarnFkZfeydjizfØ;kdhoqQNsdfofèk;ksarFkklkekU;dk;ZgsrqoqQNfu;eksa]pkgsvkjfEHkdizdkjosQghgksa]ijlgergSaA¸cksxkMZl(Bogardus)osQvuqlkj]¶lfefrlkekU;r;koqQNsdmís';ksadhizkfIrgsrqO;fDr;ksadkfeydjdk;ZdjukgSA¸lfefrdkfuekZ.kdjusosQfy,loZizFke]O;fDr;ksadklewggksukpkfg,Anwljs];sO;fDrlaxfBrgksuspkfg,]vFkkZr~lewgesaoqQNO;ogkj&lEcUèkhfu;egksaArhljs]mudkdksbZlkekU;mís';gksukpkfg,ftldhizkfrgsrqoslaxfBrgq,gSaA

lfefr;ksadkfuekZ.kvusdvkèkkjksaijfd;ktkldrkgS];FkkµvofèkosQvkèkkjijLFkk;hvFkokvLFkk;h]ck<+lgk;rklfefrvLFkk;hgSa]tcfdjkT;LFkk;hgS]lÙkkosQvkèkkjij]vFkkZr~laizHkq(tSlsjkT;)]v¼z&laizHkq(tSlsfo'ofo|ky;),oavlaizHkq(tSlsDyc)dk;ZosQvkèkkjij]vFkkZr~tSfod(tSlsifjokj)]O;kolkf;d(tSlsvè;kid&la?k;kVªsM;wfu;u)]euksjatd(tSlsVsfulDyc;klaxhrDyc)]ijksidkjh(tSlslsoklfefr)A

lfefrdhoqQNizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ 1- O;fDr;ksa dk lewg (Group of individuals)µlfefr,dewrZlaxBugSrFkkbldk

fuekZ.koqQNO;fDrfeydjdjrsgSaAO;fDrosQfcukfdlhHkhlfefrdhdYiukughadhtkldrhA

2- fuf'pr mís'; (Definite aim)µlfefrdkfuekZ.klnSo,d;kvusdmís';ksadhizkfIrosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAoqQNO;fDrviuslkekU;fgrksaosQvkèkkjijgh,dlfefrdkslaxfBrdjrsgSaAfcukmís';osQlfefrughagksldrhA

74 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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3- tkucw> dj LFkkiuk (Purposely established)µlfefrdkfuekZ.ktkucw>djfd;ktkrkgSAleqnk;dhHkk¡frbldhmRifÙkLor%ughagksrhAblsO;fDrviuhvko';drkvksa;kmís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,tkucw>&djcukrkgSAblizdkjlfefrvko';drkvksadhiw£rosQfy,tkucw>djfd;kx;klaxfBriz;klgSA

4- ,d fuf'pr laxBu (A definite organisation)µizR;sdlfefrdk,dfuf'prlaxBugSAlaxBuosQvHkkoesalfefrviusmís';ksadksiwjkdjusesaliQyughagksxhAlaxBulsghlgk;rk,oalg;ksxdhHkkoukfodflrgksrhgSA

5- lkekftd fu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr (Based on social rules)µizR;sdlfefrosQviusoqQNfu;e;kdkuwugksrsgSaftldhlgk;rklsblosQlnL;ksaosQO;ogkjdksfu;ferrFkkfunsZf'krfd;ktkrkgSA;sfu;e;kdkuwulekt}kjkLohÑrgksrsgSavFkkZr~lektosQdkuwuosQvarxZrghgksrsgSalektfojksèkhdk;ZosQfy,cuk;kx;klaxBulfefrughagksldrkAfu;efo#¼dk;ZdjusokysdkslfefrlsfudkyktkldrkgSA;sfu;efyf[krrFkkvfyf[krnksuksaizdkjosQgksldrsgSaA

6- ,sfPNd lnL;rk (Voluntary membership)µlfefrdhlnL;rk ,sfPNdgksrh gSvFkkZr~;gO;fDrdhbPNkijfuHkZjdjrhgSfdogfdlhlfefrdklnL;cus;kucusAO;fDrviuh#fp;kfgrosQvuqlkjghlfefrdhlnL;rkxzg.kdjrkgSrFkkviuhbPNkuqlkjghbldhlnL;rkNksM+HkhnsrkgSA

7- vLFkk;h izÑfr (Temporary nature)µlfefrdhizÑfrvLFkk;hgksrhgSAlfefrdkfuekZ.k,d;kvusdmís';ksadhizkfIrosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAmís';ksa;kvko';drkvksaosQiwjkgksrsghlfefrHkaxgkstkrhgSrFkkblosQlnL;bldhlnL;rkNksM+nsrsgSaAblhfy,bldhizÑfrvLFkk;hgksrhgSA

8- vkSipkfjd lacaèk (Formal relation)µlfefrosQlnL;ksaosQeè;ijLijvkSipkfjdlacaèkik;ktkrkgSAlfefrosQoqQNfu;erFkkdkuwugksrsgSaftuosQvarxZrO;fDrdksdk;ZdjukgksrkgSAbUghafu;eksaosQvarxZrO;fDr,dnwljslslacaèkLFkkfirdjrsgSarFkkosQoybrukghlacaèkj[krsgSaftrukvko';drkiw£rosQfy,vko';dgksrkgSA,dlkFk,dO;fDrvusdlfefr;ksadklnL;gksrkgSAblfy,HkhijLij?kfu"Brkdklacaèkughaj[kikrkA

9- lkè; u gksdj lkèku (Means and not an end)µlfefroqQNvko';drkvksa;kmís';ksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,laxfBrdhtkrhgSAvr%O;fDrlfefrosQekè;elsghviusmís';ksadksiwjkdjusdkiz;kldjrkgSAblhfy,gedgrsgSafdlfefroqQNmís';ksadhiw£rdklkèkuek=kgSA

10- uke ,oa izrhd (Name and symbol)µlewgdh,degÙoiw.kZfo'ks"krkbldkuke,oaizrhdgSAizR;sdlfefrdkviukdksbZudksbZukegksrkgSrFkkblosQoqQNizrhdkRedlaosQr;kfpÉHkhgksrsgSaAvyx&vyxukelsvyx&vyxfLFkfr;ksadkcksèkgksrkgSrFkkukelsghirkpyrkgSfdlfefrdklaxBufdlmís';dhiw£rosQfy,fd;kx;kgSAtSls]thouchekfuxedkizrhdtyrsgq,fpjkxosQnksuksavksjgkFkgSA

lfefr dk lekt'kkL=kh; egÙo (Sociological Importance of Association)

1- O;fDrRo dk fodklµlfefrosQ}kjkO;fDrRodkfodkllaHkogSAeuq";dkdÙkZO;gSfdoglektdhHkykbZosQfy,'kkjhfjd;kekufld:ilsmUufrdjsAblosQvkèkkjijghoglektdkfgrdkjhvaxculdrkgSAlfefr;ksaesaeuq";dkslg;ksx]lgkuqHkwfr]HkkbZpkjsdhHkkouk,savkfnegÙoiw.kZrRoizkIrgksrsgSaAlukruèkeZtSlhlfefr;k¡O;fDr;ksa

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dksèkk£edmUufrdjokusdkiz;kldjrhgSaAbllsO;fDrdkleqfpr:ilsfodkllaHkogksrkgSA

2- Je foHkktuµlfefrlektesaJe&foHkktuosQfl¼karksaijdk;ZdjrhgSAbldkj.kdk;ZosQfo'ks"kdhj.kdkizknqHkkZogksrkgSAvktvkèkqfud;qxesafo'ks"khdj.kdkizxfrosQfy,fo'ks"kegÙogSA

3- lkekftd laxBuµlfefrlkekftdlaxBudk,degÙoiw.kZvaxgksrhgSA;fnlfefrviusmís';dhiw£rdjrhjgrhgSrkslkekftdO;oLFkkcuhjgrhgSAftllslektdhizxfrfuèkkZfjry{;dhrjiQgksrhjgrhgSA

4- lfefr osQ dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa lg;ksxµlfefresalHkhlnL;,dmís';;kmís';ksadksysdjizos'kdjrsgSaAblhfy,lHkhlnL;lfefrosQdk;Zdksiwjkdjusesalg;ksxnsrsgSaA

5- mís';ksa dh izkfIrµlfefrdkfuekZ.klkekftdO;fDr;ksadhvko';drkvksa,oamís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAlfefrdklnL;cudjdksbZHkhO;fDrviusmís';ksadksizkIrdjldrkgSA

6- O;fDr;ksa esa vPNs xq.kksa dk fodklµlfefrdk fuekZ.k ln~Hkkouk ,oa lg;ksxdhHkkoukijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAvr%lektesaO;fDr;ksaosQfnyksaesavPNsxq.kksadkfodklgksrkgS]tkslektdhizxfrosQfy,vko';dgSA

lfefr osQ izdkj (Types of Association)

lfefr;k¡fuEuizdkjdhgksrhgSa%

1- vk£Fkdlfefr;k¡µetwnjla?k]O;kolkf;dlfefr;k¡

2- jktuSfrdlfefr;k¡µdk¡xzsl]turknyvkfn

3- èkk£edlfefr;k¡µczãlekt]jkeÑ".kfe'ku

4- 'kS{kf.kdlfefr;k¡µf'k{kke.My]lekt'kkL=kifj"kn~

5- euksjatukRedlfefr;k¡µDyc][ksyowQnifj"kn~

6- lkekU;dY;k.klfefr;k¡µvkfnoklhdY;k.k]gfjtulsodlekt

lfefr vkSj leqnk; (Association and Community)

lfefreuq";ksadkoglewggStksfdlh,dmís';;kmís';ksadhizkfIrgsrqlaxfBrfd;ktkrkgSAlfefrosQfy,Hkw&Hkkxvfuok;ZughagSAlfefresalg;ksxhHkkouki;kZIrgS]gedhHkkoukdhdksbZvko';drkughagSAburF;ksalsLi"VgSfdlfefr(association)]leqnk;(community)ughagSAlfefrleqnk;dk,dlaxBuek=kgStksfdlhmís';;kmís';ksadhiw£rgsrqleqnk;osQvarxZrLFkkfirdhtkrhgSAeSdkboj rFkk ist usLi"Vfy[kkgS]¶,dlfefr,dleqnk;ughagksrhgS]vfirqleqnk;osQvarxZr,dlaxBugksrhgSA¸

3-6 laLFkk (Institution)

^eSdkboj*osQvuqlkj]¶lkewfgdfØ;kdhfo'ks"krkcrkusokyhdk;Ziz.kkyhosQLFkkfirLo:i;kvoLFkkdkslaLFkkdgrsgSaA¸leuj(Sumner)osQvuqlkj]¶,dlaLFkk,dfopkjèkkjk(fopkj]er]fl¼kar;kLokFkZ),oa,dlajpuklsfeydjcurhgSA¸

oqMoMZ ,oa eSDloSy(Woodward and Maxwell)usfy[kkgS]¶laLFkktujhfr;ksa,oa:f<+;ksadklewggStksoqQNekuoh;fgrksa;kmís';ksadhiw£rgsrqosaQfnzrgkstkrhgSA¸xzhu(Green)osQ

76 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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fopkjkuqlkj]¶,dlaLFkkfdlhbdkbZesatujhfr;ksa,oa:f<+;ksa(vkSjizk;%dkuwuksa]ijarqvko';dugha)dk,slklaxBugksrkgSftlosQ}kjkvusdlkekftddk;ZlaiUugksrsgSaA¸

fxfyu ,oa fxfyu(Gillin and Gillin)osQvuqlkj]¶,dlkekftdlaLFkklkaLÑfrdizfreku(ftlesadk;Z]fopkj]n`f"Vdks.k,oalkaLÑfrdlkexzhlfEefyrgSA)dkizdk;kZRedvkdkjgSftlesaoqQNLFkkf;RogksrkgSrFkktkslkekftdvko';drkvksadhiw£rdjrkgSA¸fxUlcxZ(Ginsberg)osQvuqlkj]¶laLFkk,¡lkekftdizkf.k;ksaosQeè;fdlhckáoLrq;k,d&nwljsosQizfrlacaèkdhfuf'pr,oaiqf"VÑrfofèk;k¡vFkok:igSaA¸gkVZu,oagaV(Horton and Hunt)osQvuqlkj]¶laLFkklacaèkksadhlaxfBrO;oLFkkgSftlesaoqQNsdlkekU;fu;e,oaizfØ;k,¡lfUufgrgksrhgSarFkktkslektdhoqQNewyvko';drkvksadhiw£rdjrhgSaAetwenkj(Mazumdar)usbldhifjHkk"kkblizdkjdhgS]¶laLFkkO;ogkj;kvuqfØ;kdkoglkewfgd:igStks,dih<+hikjdjpqdkgS]tksdk;ZdjusosQfy,fuf'pr<axdhO;oLFkkdjrkgSrFkktkslewgosQlnL;ksadksizrhdksa]fofèk;ksa]laLdkjksa,oavfèkdkfj;ksa]ftuosQiklfu;eu&'kfDr*vFkkZr~n.Mdh'kfDrgksrhgS]osQekè;els,dlfefresabdV~Bkck¡èkrkgSA¸jkWl(Ross)osQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdlaLFkk,¡lkekU;bPNklsLFkkfir;kvfHkefr&izkIrlaxfBrekuo&lacaèkksadklewggSaA¸cksxkMZl(Bogardus)osQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdlaLFkklektdkog<k¡pkgksrhgStkseq[;:ilslqO;ofLFkrfofèk;ksa}kjkyksxksadhvko';drkdhiw£rosQfy,laxfBrdhtkrhgSA¸

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksadkfo'ys"k.kdjusijKkrgksrkgSfdlektizeq[kekuoh;vko';drkvksadhiw£rosQfy,oqQNfuf'prlkèkuksa;kdk;Ziz.kkfy;ksadksfuèkkZfjrdjrkgSftlslaLFkkdgrsgSAfxfyuvkSjfxfyuusviuhiqLrdesalaLFkkvksadhfuEufyf[krfo'ks"krkvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSµ

(i) lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkk dh bdkbZ (Unit in the cultural system)] (ii) vfèkd LFkkf;Ro(Greater permanence)](iii)fuf'prmís';;kmís';lewg(Well defined objective or objective)](iv)lkaLÑfrdmidj.k(Cultural Equipment)](v)izrhd(Symbol)](vi)ijaijk(Tradition)A

laLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡

buifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijlaLFkkdhlclsizeq[kfo'ks"krkvksadksfuEufyf[kr:ilsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgS%

1- fu;eksa dh O;oLFkkµlaLFkkdhlclsvkèkkjHkwrfo'ks"krkvFkokigpku;ghgSfdlaLFkkdkrkRi;ZdHkhO;fDr;ksaosQlaxBulsughagksrkcfYd;gvusdfu;eksavkSjdk;Zokfg;ksadh,dO;oLFkkgSA;sfu;evFkokdk;Zfofèk;k¡vusdfopkjksa]tujhfr;ksa]yksdkpkjksa]fyf[krfu;eksavFkokdkuwuksaosQ:iesans[kusdksfeyrhgSaAblhn`f"Vdks.klsfxfyudkdFkugSfd¶laLFkklkaLÑfrdO;oLFkkdh,degÙoiw.kZbdkbZgSA¸

2- vewrZ izÑfrµmi;qZDrfo'ks"krklsghLi"VgkstkrkgSfdlaLFkk,dewrZlaxBuughagSAlaLFkkdkfuekZ.kvusdfu;eksavkSjdk;Zfofèk;ksa}kjkgksrkgSAfu;eksarFkkdk;Zfofèk;ksaesagethouO;rhrdjrsgSaAysfdumUgsans[kughaldrsgSaAbldkj.klaLFkkdhizÑfrlnSovewrZgksrhgSA

3- lkewfgd LohÑfrµ;fnfu;eksadhfdlhO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.koqQNO;fDrviusfuthLFkkFkks±dksiwjkdjusosQfy,djysarksblO;oLFkkdkslaLFkkughadgktkldrkAfu;eksadhdksbZO;oLFkklaLFkkrHkhdgykrhgStcmlslaiw.kZlewgvFkokleqnk;dhLohÑfr(Sanction)izkIrgksAmnkgj.kosQfy,lafoèkku,dlaLFkkgSftlosQlHkhdkuwujkT;,oafofHkUulewgksa}kjkekU;gksrsgSaA

4- lqifjHkkf"kr mís';µizR;sdlaLFkkosQmís';iw.kZr;kLi"VvkSjO;kogkfjd:ilsmi;ksxhgksrsgSaAlHkhlaLFkkvksadkdk;Z,dfo'ks"klewgosQO;ogkjksaij fu;a=k.kj[kukrFkk

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ikjLifjdla?k"kks±dhlaHkkoukdksnwjdjukgksrkgSAlaLFkkosQ;smís';brusLFkk;hgksrsgSafdu;hihf<+;ksaosQtUeosQcknHkhbudhmi;ksfxrklnSocuhjgrhgSA

5- LFkkf;Roµleqnk;vkSjlfefrdhvis{kklaLFkkdghavfèkdLFkk;hgksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfddk;ZdkdksbZrjhdktccgqryacsle;rdmi;ksxhizekf.krgksrkjgrkgSrFkhoglaLFkkdk:iysikrkgSAblosQmijkarogO;ogkjlaLÑfrdkvaxcutkrkgSvkSjmlesafdlhHkhizdkjosQifjorZudksmfprughale>ktkrkA;ghdkj.kgSfd,dlektosQvk£FkdvkSjjktuhfrdthouesacgqr&lsifjorZugkstkusosQcknHkhlkekftdlaLFkkvksaosQ:iesadksbZifjorZucgqrdfBurklsghgksikrkgSA

6- izrhdµizR;sdlaLFkkdhfo'ks"krk,¡blosQvusdizrhdksa}kjkLi"VgkstkrhgSaAlaLFkkosQizrhdHkkSfrdHkhgksldrsgSavkSjvHkkSfrdHkhAmnkgj.kosQfy,fookg,dlaLFkkgSrFkkblesafufgrHkkoukvksadksvusdea=kksa]gou]osnh]dy'krFkkeaMitSlsizrhdksalsvfHkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA

7- lkewfgd ?kVukµ;|filaLFkkosQfuekZ.kdkfopkjlclsigys,dO;fDrosQeuesaghmRiUugksrkgS]ysfdutccgqrlsO;fDrmlfopkjvFkokdk;ZosQrjhosQdksmi;ksxhle>usyxrsgSarHkhmls,dlaLFkkdk:ifeytkrkgSAblizdkjlaLFkkosQfodklesalkewfgdiz;Ruksadklekos'kgksusosQdkj.klaLFkkdks,d^lkewfgd?kVuk*dgktkrkgSA

laLFkk osQ mnkgj.k

laLFkkdhizÑfrdksLi"VdjusosQfy,;fngeoqQNmnkgj.kksadhvksjlaosQrdjosQpysa]rksblèkkj.kk dks liQyrkiwoZd le>k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj fookg] ukSdjh osQ fu;e] lafoèkku]mÙkjkfèkdkjosQfu;e]ijh{kk&iz.kkyh]vkpkj&lafgrkvkfnosQmnkgj.kgSatcfdjktuhfrdny]nqdkuvFkokE;qfufliydkWjiksjs'kudksO;fDr;ksadklaxBugksusosQdkj.klaLFkkughadgktkldrkA;fnge^fookg*dhfo'ks"krkvksadksns[ksarksLi"Vdkstk;sxkfdfookgvusdfu;eksavkSjdk;Zfofèk;ksadh,dO;oLFkkgSftldkmi;ksxifjokjdhLFkkiukdjusosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAgeifjokjosQlnL;gksldrsgSaysfdufookgosQughaAblizdkjfookg,dlaLFkkgStcfdifjokj,dlfefrA

3-7 laxBu (Organisation)

^laxBu*'kCndkvFkZgS]^O;fDr;ksavFkokvaxksadhO;oLFkkA*blizdkj]ifjokj]ppZ]dkWyst]iSQDVjh]jktuhfrd&ny]ØhM+k&lewg]leqnk;]lkezkT;]la;qDr]jk"Vªla?klHkhlaxBuosQmnkgj.kgSAbulHkhesaO;fDr;ksa;kvaxksadh,dO;oLFkkgksrhgStkslaxBudkfuekZ.kdjrhgSAblO;oLFkkesaO;fDrvFkokvaxvar%lacafèkr,oavar£uHkjgksrsgSaAosfdlhmís';dhizkfIrosQfy,,dlefUor<axlsdk;ZdjrsgSaAlaxBuosQlnL;ksaosQ]mudhfLFkfr,oaHkwfedkosQvuqlkj]fuèkkZfjrdk;Z,oankf;RogksrsgSaA

laxBuvusdizdkjosQgksrsgSaAjkT;,djktuhfrdlaxBugS]D;ksafdbldklacaèkjktuhfrdekeyksalsgSAiSQDVjh,dvk£FkdlaxBugS]D;ksafd;gèkuosQmRiknu,oaforj.klslacafèkrgSAppZ,dèkk£edlaxBugSAcSadfoÙkh;laxBugSAdkWyst'kSf{kdlaxBugSAijarq;slHkhlaxBulkekftdlaxBu]vFkkZr~lektosQlaxBuHkhgSaAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kesa^lkekftdlaxBu*'kCndkO;kidvFkZesaiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSftlesalektdkdksbZHkhlaxBulfEefyrgksrkgSAlaxBulewglsfHkUugksrkgSAlewgdkrkRi;Zfdlhfof'k"Vmís';dhizkfIr&gsrqnks;knkslsvfèkdO;fDr;ksaosQcaèkulsgS]tcfdlaxBuvU;ksU;kfJrvaxksavFkoklewgksaosQchplefUorlkekftdlacaèkksadkifjpk;dgSA

78 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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3-8 lkekftd lajpuk (Social Structure)

lekt'kkL=kesalkekftdlajpuk,dewyvoèkkj.kkgSAyacsle;lslkekftdlajpukdhifjHkk"kknsusosQvusdiz;Rufd;sx;sgSa]ijarqvHkhrdbldhifjHkk"kkijdksbZlgefrughagSAgcZVZLisUljlektdhlajpukijizdk'kMkyusokykizFkefopkjdFkk]ijarqogHkhdksbZLi"VifjHkk"kkughansldkAnq[khZe(Durkheim)usHkhblsifjHkkf"krdjusdkvliQyiz;Rufd;kgSAlkekftdlajpukdhoqQNifjHkk"kk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) ¶LFkwytula[;k,oamlosQO;ogkj],d&nwljslslacafèkrHkwfedk,¡vnkdjusosQ:iesadÙkkZvksaosQchpizkI;lacaèkksadhO;oLFkkvFkokizfrekulsvewÙkhZdj.kosQ}kjkgelektdhlajpukijigq¡ptkrsgSaA¸µ,lú,iQúukMsy

(ii) ¶lkekftd lajpuk var%lacafèkr laLFkkvksa] ,tsfUl;ksa ,oa lkekftd izfrekuksa] lkFk ghlewgesaizR;sdlnL;}kjkizkIrfLFkfr;ksa,oaHkwfedkvksadhfo'ks"kO;oLFkkdksdgrsgSaA¸µVkydksVikjlUl

(iii) ¶lkekftdlajpukvar%fØ;k'khylkekftdrRoksadkrkuk&ckukgSftllsfopkjus,oai;Zos{k.k<axksadkfodklgqvkgSA¸µdkyZekughu

(iv) ¶lkekftdlajpukdklacaèklkekftdlaxBuosQizeq[k:i]vFkkZr~lewgksa]laLFkkvksa,oalfefr;ksaosQizdkjksarFkkbuosQLo:iksa]tkslektksadkfuekZ.kdjrsgSa]lsgSA¸µfxUlcxZ

(v) ¶lkekftdlajpukosQ?kVdekuo&izk.khgSa]Lo;alajpukO;fDr;ksadhO;oLFkkgSftuosQlaacaèklaLFkkRed:ilsikfjHkkf"kr,oafu;fergksrsgSaA¸µjSMfDyiQczkmu

(vi) ¶lewghdj.kosQfofHkUu<axbdV~BsgksdjlkekftdlajpukosQtfVyizfrekudhjpukdjrsgSaAlkekftdlajpukosQfo'ys"k.klslkekftdizkf.k;ksaosQfofHkUun`f"Vdks.kksa,oafgrksadhHkwfedkdkirkpyrkgSA¸µeSdkboj

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa osQvkèkkj ij;gdgktkldrk gS fdlkekftdlajpuk ,dvewrZ?kVuk&oLrqgSA;glektosQckáigyqvksadksfufnZ"VdjrhgSAbldhbdkb;k¡lewg]laLFkk,¡]lfefr;k¡rFkklaxBugksrhgSaAtSlkgesafofnrgS]lHkhO;fDrlektesanwljsO;fDr;ksaosQlkFkjgrsgSaAizR;sdlektesalaxBudk,dizfrekugksrkgSftldkfuekZ.keuq";ksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksalsmRiUulajpukvksadksfeykdjgksrkgSAtceuq";Lo;adks,d&nwljsosQlkFklacafèkrdjrsgSarksos,dlajpukRedvkdkjdkstUensrsgSaA;glajpukRedvkdkjlewg]lfefr;kdksbZlaxBugksldrkgSAlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kbUghalajpukRedvkdkjksalsgksrkgS]tksvar%lacafèkr<axlsO;ofLFkrdhtkrhgSa]rkafdlektlqlaxrjhfrlsdk;ZdjlosQAlektbulajpukRedbdkbZ;ksaosQekè;elsdk;ZdjrkgSAlaLFkk,¡]lfefr;k¡]lewg]laxBu]leqnk;lHkhlkekftdlajpukosQHkkxgSa]vFkkZr~midj.kgSaftuosQekè;els;gdk;ZdjrkgSA

lkekftdlajpukosQvFkZdkstSfodlajpukosQmnkgj.klsHkyhizdkjle>ktkldrkgSA,dtSfodlajpuk]ftls'kjhjdgrsgSa]fofHkUuvaxksa];FkkµgkFk]iSj]eqag]vk¡[k]dkuvkfnfdO;oLFkkgSAO;oLFkkosQbuvaxksadks,dfo'ks"k,oaØec¼<axlsO;ofLFkrfd;ktkrkgS]rkfd,dizfrekudkfuekZ.kgkslosQA'kjhjbuvaxksaosQ}kjktksvU;ksU;kfJr,oavar%lacafèkrgS]dk;ZdjrkgSA;|fitSfodlajpukosQvaxlHkheuq";ksaesalekugSa]rFkkfibutSfodlajpukvksadkvkdkjfHkUu&fHkUugSAoqQNeuq";yacsrksoqQNNksVs]oqQNeksVs]oqQNnqcys&irysgksrsgSaA,slhghoqQNfLFkfrgelkekftdlajpukesaHkhns[krsgSaAlHkhlkekftdlajpukvksaosQvaxlekugSa]vFkkZr~izR;sdlkekftdlajpukesaifjokj]èkeZ]jktuhfrdlaxBu]vk£FkdlaxBu]Hkwizns'kvkfngksrsgSa]ijarqlkekftdlajpukosQvkdkjmlhizdkjfHkUu&fHkUugSa]tSls'kjhjdkvkdkjgSA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 79



mnkgj.kr;k]lHkhlkekftdlajpukvksaesaifjokjdkvkdkjlekuughagSAoqQNlektksaesa,d&iRuhifjokjgSrksvU;esacgq&iRuhifjokjgSAblhizdkj]lkekftdlajpukvksaosQvaxlekugksrsgq,HkhmuosQfof'k"VvkdkjksaesafofHkUurkgksrhgSAvr,ofu"d"kZ:ilsdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdlajpukekuoh;lacaèk&lajpukvksadhizfrekfurO;oLFkkgSA;slajpuk;sagSaµ(i)ifjfLFkfrdh;lÙkk,¡](ii)ekuoh;lewg](iii)laLFkkuh;,tsafl;k¡](iv)laxBurFkk(v)lkewfgdrk,¡(Collectivities)A

lkekftd lajpuk dh fo'ks"krk (Characteristics of Social Structure)

1- lkekftd lajpuk lekt osQ cká Lo:i dk cksèk djkrh gSµlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUubdkb;ksalsgksrkgSA;sbdkb;k¡tc,dØec¼O;oLFkkesatqM+tkrhgSarks,d<kapsdkfuekZ.kgksrkgSAblesagebdkb;ksaosQdk;ks±dkslfEefyrughadjrsgSaAftlizdkjls'kjhjosQfofHkUuvax_tSlsgkFk]ik¡o]ukd]dku]vk¡[k]flj]isV]vkfn,dO;ofLFkrØeesaijLijtqM+rsgSarks'kjhj:ih<kapsdkfuekZ.kgksrkgS]ftlosQcká:idksLi"Vr%ns[kktkldrkgSAblhizdkjlslektdkfuekZ.kdjusokyhbdkb;k¡HkhØec¼:ilstqM+usij,dcká<kapsdkfuekZ.kdjrhgS]ftlslkekftdlajpukdgrsgSaAlkekftdlajpukdklacaèklkekftdbdkb;ksadhdk;Z&fofèklsughagSA

2- lkekftd lajpuk v[kaM O;oLFkk ugha gSµizR;sdlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUubdkb;ksalsgksrkgSA;sbdkb;k¡] O;fDr]lewg]laLFkk,¡]lfefr;k¡]vkfngSaAblizdkjizR;sdlajpukdbZ[kaMksalsfeydjcuhgksrhgSa]vr%ogv[kaMughagSAfiQjHkh;sbdkb;k¡tcijLij,dØeesatqM+tkrhgSarks,dcukoV;kizfrekudksizdVdjrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,],ddejsdkfuekZ.kb±V]pwuk]iRFkjf[kM+dhonjoktsvkfnlsfeydjgksrkgSAbUgsa,dfof'k"VØeesatksM+usijdejsdkizfreku;kLo:iizdVgksrkgSA

3- lkekftd lajpuk var%lacafèkr bdkb;ksa dk ,d O;ofLFkr Lo:i gSaµlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUubdkb;ksalsgksrkgS];sbdkb;k¡vLr&O;LrvkSjfc[kjhgqbZughagksrhoju~muesaijLijlacaèkik;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]?kM+hdkfuekZ.kdjusokyhlHkhbdkb;ksadksijLijtksM+usijgh?kM+hdhlajpukcurhgSA

4- lkekftd lajpuk dh bdkb;ksa esa ,d Øec¼rk ik;h tkrh gSµfdlhHkhlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kek=kbdkb;ksaosQ>qaM;k;ksxlsughagksrkoju~mUgsa,dfof'k"VØeesatksM+uslsgksrkgSAØeosQvHkkoesalajpukughaculdrhgSAtSlsb±V]pwusoiRFkjosQ<sjlsedkuughaculdrktcrdfdmUgsa,dØeesautksM+ktk,A

5- lkekftd lajpuk vis{kkÑr ,d LFkk;h voèkkj.kk gSµlkekftdlajpukvis{kkÑr,dLFkk;hvoèkkj.kkgSAblosQnksvFkZgSaµ(1)lkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kdjusokyhbdkb;k¡vis{kr;kLFkk;hgksrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,lektdkfuekZ.kdjusokysfofHkUulewg]lfefr;k¡,oalaLFkk,¡tSlsifjokj]èkeZ]vk£Fkdo'kS{kf.kdlaxBu,oafookg]vkfnlektesavis{kr;kLFkk;h:ilsik;stkrsgSaAbuesaNksVk&eksVkifjorZugksuslslaiw.kZlajpukizHkkforughagksrhA(2)lkekftdlajpukblvFkZesaHkhLFkk;hgksrhgSfdbldkfuekZ.kdjusokyhfofHkUubdkb;ksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksaesaHkhLFkkf;Roik;ktkrkgSAblizdkjlkekftdlajpukesaLFkkf;RonksvFkks±esaik;ktkrkgSµ,drksbdkb;k¡Lo;aLFkk;hgksrhgSarFkknwljs]bdkb;ksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksaesaHkhfLFkjrkik;htkrhgSA

6- lkekftd lajpuk vewrZ gksrh gSµeSdkbojvkSjikjlUllkekftdlajpukdks,dvewrZèkkj.kkekursgSaAmudkergSfdlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUulaLFkkvksa],tsafl;ksa]izfrekuksa]izfLFkfr;ksa,oaHkwfedkvksalsfeydjgksrkgSA;slHkhbdkb;k¡vewrZgSa]budkHkkSfrdoLrqdhHkkafrdksbZBkslvkdkj;k:iughagS]mUgsans[kk;kNqvkugha

80 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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tkldrkgSAvr%bulsfu£erlkekftdlajpukHkhvewrZgksrhgSAlektdkfuekZ.klkekftdlacaèkksalsgksrkgS];slacaèkvewrZgSa]vr%lkekftdlajpukHkhvewrZgksrhgS]¯drqjSMfDyiQczkmulkekftdlajpukdhbdkbZO;fDrdksekursgSa]ysfduvfèkdka'klekt'kkL=khlkekftdlajpukdhO;k[;k,dvewrZèkkj.kkosQ:iesaghdjrsgSaA

7- lkekftd lajpuk dk fuekZ.k vusd mi&lajpukvksa ls gksrk gSµizR;sdlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kmi&lajpukvksa(Sub-structures)lsfeydjgksrkgSAftlizdkjls'kjhj:ihlajpukdkfuekZ.kefLr"d]ikpuo'olulaLFkkuksavkfnlsgksrkgSftlesavusdvaxgksrsgSaAmlhizdkjlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kHkhfofHkUumi&lajpukvksa_tSls ifjokj] tkfr] oxZ] ppZ] f'k{k.k&laLFkk] èkk£ed&laLFkk] vk£Fkd&laLFkk] vkfn osQ}kjkgksrkgSftudhLo;adhviuh,dlajpukgksrhgSAblizdkjmi&lajpuk,¡feydjlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSaftudhizR;sddhviuhHkh,dlajpukgksrhgSA

8- lkekftd lajpuk LFkkuh; fo'ks"krkvksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSµizR;sdlektdh,dlajpukgksrhgSvkSjognwljslektlsfHkUugksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdizR;sdlkekftd lajpuk fdlh&u&fdlh lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkk ls izHkkfor gksrh gS] ogk¡ dhHkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh ml ij izHkko iM+rk gSA fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh laLÑfr]jktuhfrd n'kk ,oa HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa varj ik;k tkrk gS] vr% lkekftdlaLFkk,¡HkhbulsizHkkforgksusosQdkj.kfHkUu&fHkUuizdkjdhgksrhgSAjSMfDyiQ czkmuuslkekftdlajpukdhèkkj.kkesaLFkkuh;fo'ks"krkvksadksHkhmi;ksxh,oaegÙoiw.kZekukgSA

9- lkekftd lajpuk esa izR;sd bdkbZ dk ,d iwoZ&fuf'pr LFkku o in gksrk gSµlkekftdlajpukesaizR;sdbdkbZdkin,oaLFkkufuèkkZfjrgksrkgS]mlLFkkuijjgdjghoglkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSAvU;LFkkuijgksusijlajpukfcxM+tkrhgSAftlizdkjls'kjhjlajpukesagkFk]ik¡o]ukd]dku]vk¡[kdk,dLFkkur;gSvkSj;fngkFkdkLFkkuik¡o]ukddkLFkkudkuovk¡[kdkLFkkuthHkysysrks'kjhjlajpukfoÑrgkstk,xh]mlhizdkjlkekftdlajpukesajkT;]ppZ]ifjokj]fookg]èkeZ]U;k;&O;oLFkk]f'k{k.klaLFkkvkfnlHkhdkLFkkuiwoZ&fuèkkZfjrgS];fn;s,d&nwljsdkLFkkuxzg.kdjysarkslkekftdlajpukesafoÑfrvktk;sxhA

10- lkekftd lajpuk esa lkekftd izfØ;k,¡ Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSaµlkekftdlajpukosQ fuekZ.k esa lg;ksxh ,oavlg;ksxh izfØ;kvksa_ tSls lg;ksx]vuqowQyu] O;oLFkkiu],dhdj.k] lkRehdj.k] izfrLi¼kZ ,oa lg;ksx] vkfndh Hkwfedk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;slkekftdizfØ;k,¡ghlkekftdlajpukosQLo:idsr;djusesaegÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrhgSaAlkekftdizfØ;kvksadkcká:ilkekftdlajpukdksr;djrkgSA

11- lkekftd lajpuk esa fo?kVu osQ rRo Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaµlkekftdlajpukekuodhvusdvko';drkvksadhiw£rdjrhgS]¯drqdksbZHkhlkekftdlajpukviusvkiesaJs"BughagksrhvkSjughmlesaiw.kZlaxBuik;ktkrkgSAdbZckj;glektesafo?kVuHkhiSnkdjrhgSAeVZurFkknq[khZedkergSfddbZckjlkekftdlajpukLo;alektesafu;eghurk(anomie)iSnkdjrhgSAlkekftdlajpukesalaxBu,oafo?kVunksuksaghiSnkdjusokysrRoik;stkrsgSaA

3-9 lkekftd O;oLFkk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Social System : Meaning and Definition)

lkekftdO;oLFkkdhvoèkkj.kkHkhlkekftdlajpukdhHkk¡fr,degÙoiw.kZlekt'kkL=kh;voèkkj.kkgSAizR;sdlektvFkoklewgesaO;oLFkkgksrhgSAO;oLFkkosQvHkkoesasdksbZbdkbZdkeughadjldrhA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 81



O;oLFkk dk vFkZ (Meaning of System)

lkekftdO;oLFkkosQvFkZdksle>uslsiwoZ]gesa^O;oLFkk*'kCndkvFkZle>ysukpkfg,Aljy'kCnksaesa]O;oLFkk]lqO;ofLFkrbartkegSAge'kjhjO;oLFkkdkmnkgj.kysldrsgSaAekuo'kjhjosQfofHkUuvax];FkkµgkFk]iSj]dku]vk¡[k]ukd]eq¡g]ân;]euvkfngSaAbuvaxksadk'kjhjesafu;rLFkkugSrFkkbudks,dfo'ks"k<axlsO;ofLFkrfd;kx;kgSftls^vo;ohlajpuk*dgrsgSaAgeeuq";dhlajpuk,oaoqQÙksdhlajpukesaHksndjldrsgSa]D;ksafdlajpuk,dfof'k"VizfrekugSAftlosQvkèkkjij,dlajpukdknwljhlajpuklsHksnfd;ktkldrkgSAlajpukosQizR;sdvaxdkfo'ks"kdk;ZgksrkgSA

budk;ks±osQvkèkkjijos,d&nwljslsvar%lacafèkrgksrsgSarFkkvar%fØ;kdjrsgSaAbuvaxksaosQchpvar%fØ;k,oavarl±caèkosQ}kjklajpukvfèkdfØ;k'khygkstkrhgSAvo;ohlajpukosQigywdksvo;ohO;oLFkkdgrsgSaAblizdkj]^O;oLFkk*'kCnblhlajpukosQ?kVdvaxksaosQeè;izfrekfurlacaèkdksO;DrdjrkgStksizdk;kZRedlacaèkijvkèkkfjrgSrFkktksbuvaxksadksfØ;k'khycukdj,dbdkbZesack¡èkrkgSA

la{ksiesa]O;oLFkkdhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) O;oLFkk,dkRedvoèkkj.kkughagSAO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.kfofHkUuvaxksadksfeykdjgksrkgSA

(ii) buvaxksaosQlaxzgek=klsghO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.kughagkstkrkAbuvaxksadksØec¼<axlsO;ofLFkrfd;ktkukpkfg,AmuosQchpØec¼lacaèkgksukpkfg,A

(iii) buvaxksadhO;oLFkkls,dizfreku(pattern)dktUegksukpkfg,A,d?kM+hosQiqtk±sdksblizdkjO;ofLFkrfd;ktkukpkft,ftlls,dfof'k"VizfrekuvFkkZr~?kM+hdkfuekZ.kgkslosQA;gizfrekughgSftlosQvkèkkjijlkbfdyvkSj?kM+hesaHksnfd;ktkrkgS];|finksuksaesavaxksadhO;oLFkkgksrhgSA

(iv) O;oLFkkosQvaxksaesaizdk;kZRedlacaèkgksrkgSAizR;sdvaxdkfuf'prdk;ZgksrkgSAO;oLFkkdklacaèkizR;sdvaxlsgksrkgSrFkkizR;sdvaxO;oLFkklslacafèkrgksrkgSAmnkgj.kr;k]lkbfdyosQifg,dks?kweusosQfy,blspsu]izQhàhyvkfnlslacafèkrfd;ktkukpkfg,A

(v) vaxksadkckgqY;,drkdkstUensrkgSA;|fivaxfHkUu&fHkUudk;ZdjrsgSa]rFkkfiizdk;kZRed:ilsosblizdkjlacafèkrgksrsgSafd,dubZoLrqdkfuekZ.kgkstkrkgSAiQkmUVsuisuesa,dfuc]V~;wc]fDyivkSjckM+hgksrhgSAbuvaxksdksO;ofLFkr<axlslax`ghrfd;ktkrkgSftllsiQkmUVsuisucutkrkgSAO;oLFkkesavaxviuhmifLFkfrugha[kksrsAosthforjgrsgSarFkkviusfof'k"Vdk;ks±dksdjrsgSaA;gHkhè;kujgsfdfdlh,dvaxesanks"klkjhO;oLFkkdhfØ;kdksizHkkfordjldrkgSA

O;oLFkk osQ izdkj (Types of System)

O;oLFkkizeq[kr;knksizdkjdhgksrhgSaµ

(i) izkÑfrd(natural),oa(ii)ekuo&fu£er(man made)

izkÑfrdO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.kizÑfr}kjkfd;ktkrkgSA;geuq";dhbPNklsLora=kgksrhgSAblosQnksizdkjgksrsgSaµ(i)vizkf.kr(inorganic)rFkk(ii)vaxh;(organic)Avizkf.krdklacaèkvthforoLrqvksa];FkklkSjtxr~lsgksrkgSAvaxh;tSfodoLrqvksa];Fkkµekuo&'kjhjvFkokikSèkksalslacafèkrgSA

ekuo&fu£erO;oLFkkeuq";}kjkcuk;htkrhgSAblosQpkjizdkjgksldrsgSaµ(i);kaf=kdO;oLFkk (mechanical system)] (ii) O;fDrRo&O;oLFkk (personality system)] (iii) lkaLÑfrdO;oLFkk(cultural system)]rFkk(iv)lkekftdO;oLFkk(social system)

82 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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lkekftd O;oLFkk dh voèkkj.kk (Concept of Social System)

O;oLFkkdkvFkZle>ysusosQcknlkekftdO;oLFkkdhvoèkkj.kkdkslqxerklsle>ktkldrkgSAlkekftdO;oLFkklkekftdvar%&fØ;kvksadkO;ofLFkr,oaØec¼lqxBugSA;gvar%&fØ;k'khylacaèkksadklewggSAbldhifjHkk"kkdjrsgq,dgktkldrkgSfd¶O;fDr;ksadkckgqR;gStks,d&nwljsosQlkFklaHkkxhlkaLÑfrdizfrekuksa,oavFkks±osQvuqlkjvar%&fØ;kdjrsgSaA¸lkekftdO;oLFkkosQ?kVdvaxO;fDrgksrsgSaAizR;sdO;fDrdh,dHkwfedk(role)gksrhgSAogvar%&fØ;k'khylacaèkksaesaHkkxysrkgSA

nwljsO;fDr;ksaosQO;ogkjdksizHkkfordjrkgSrFkkmuosQO;ogkjlsizHkkforgksrkgSAlektesaO;fDr;ksa,oalewgksadkO;ogkjlkekftdlaLFkkvksa}kjkfu;fU=krgksrkgSAfofoèklewgLora=kvFkokfoyx<axlsdk;ZughadjrsAos,dlefUorlexzO;oLFkklslayXuvaxgksrsgSaAoslkekftdizfrekuksaosQvuqlkjdk;ZdjrsgSaAviusvar%lacaèkksa,oavar%fØ;kvksaosQvkèkkjijos,dizfrekudkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaftlslkekftdO;oLFkkdgktkrkgSA

lkekftdO;oLFkk,dlaxBugS]D;ksafdblesavaxksadkO;ofLFkr,oaØec¼lqxBugksrkgS]ijarq;gvar%&fØ;k,oavaxksaosQvar%lacaèkksaijcynsrkgStkslaxBudhvoèkkj.kkesaughaik;ktkrkAlkekftdO;oLFkkosQvarxZrvusdmi&O;oLFkk,¡gksrhgSa]tSlsjktuhfrdO;oLFkk]èkk£edO;oLFkk]'kS{kf.kdO;oLFkk]vk£FkdO;oLFkk]vkfnAbulHkhO;oLFkkvksaesaizR;sdvar%fØ;k'khyO;fDrdkdksbZudksbZdk;ZgksrkgSA

3-10 lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Social Stratification)

lkekftdLrjhdj.klektdksmPp,oafuEuoxks±esafoHkkftrdjusvkSjLrjfuekZ.kdjusdh,dO;oLFkkgSALrjhdj.k'kCnlekt'kkL=kesaHkw&xHkZ'kkL=k(Geology)lsfy;kx;kgSAHkw&xHkZ'kkL=kesafeV~VhopV~VkuksadksfofHkUuLrjksaesackaVktkrkgSAlektesaHkhmlhizdkjdhvusdlkekftdijrsaik;htkrhgSaAizR;sdlektviuhtula[;kdksvk;]O;olk;]laifÙk]tkfr]èkeZ]f'k{kk]iztkfr,oainksaosQvkèkkjijfuEu,oamPpJsf.k;ksaesafoHkkftrdjrkgSAizR;sdfoHkktu,dijrosQlekugSvkSjoslHkhijrsatcmPprk,oafuEurkosQØeesaj[khtkrhgSarkslkekftdLrjhdj.kosQukelstkuhtkrhgSaAfofHkUufo}kuksauslkekftdLrjhdj.kdksfuEuizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kgSµ

ftlcVZ osQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdLrjhdj.klektdkmuLFkk;hlewgksavFkokJsf.k;ksaesafoHkktugStksfdvkilesaJs"Brk,oavèkhurkosQlacaèkksa}kjklac¼gksrsgSaA¸

jse.M ewjs osQvuqlkj]¶Lrjhdj.kmPprj,oafuEurjlkekftdbdkbZ;ksaesalektdk{kSfrtfoHkktugSA¸

lnjyS.M ,oa oaqMcMZosQ'kCnksaesa]¶Lrjhdj.kosQoyvar%&fØ;kvFkokfoHksnhdj.kdhgh,dizfØ;kgS]ftlesaoqQNO;fDr;ksadksnwljsO;fDr;ksadhrqyukesamPpfLFkfrizkIrgksrhgSA¸

VkydkWV ikjlUl osQvuqlkj]¶fdlhlektO;oLFkkesaO;fDr;ksadkÅ¡psvkSjuhpsØe&foU;klesafoHkktughLrjhdj.kgSA¸

vkWxcuZ,oafuedkWiQosQvuqlkj]¶ogizfØ;kftlosQ}kjkO;fDr;ksa,oalewgksadksFkksM+s&cgqrLFkk;hifjfLFkfr;ksaosQmPprk,oafuEurkosQØeesaJs.khc¼fd;ktkrkgS]Lrjhdj.kosQukelstkuktkrkgSA¸

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkls;gLi"VgSfdlkekftdLrjhdj.k}kjklektfofHkUumPp,oafuEulewgksaesafoHkkftr,oaO;ofLFkrgksrkgSrFkk;slewg,d&nwljslsijLijtqM+sgksrsgSavkSjlkekftd,drkdkscuk,j[krsgq,lektesafLFkjrkdk;ej[krsgSaA

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 83



3-11 lkekftd Lrjhdj.k osQ fl¼kar (Theories of Social Stratification)

D;kdkj.kgSfdfo'oosQlHkhlektksaesaLrjhdj.kfo|ekugS]rFkkbldhizfØ;kD;kgS\,slsghiz'uksadkmÙkjnsusosQfy,lekt'kkfL=k;ksausfofHkUufl¼karksadkizfriknufd;kgSAmuesals;gk¡oqQNdkmYys[kdjsaxsA

(1) la?k"kZ dk fl¼kar (Conflict Theory)

blfl¼karosQizfrikndksaesadkyZekDlZvxz.kh;gSAmUgksauslkekftdLrjhdj.kdkslektesaik;stkusokysla?k"kZosQvkèkkjijLi"Vfd;kgSAblfl¼kardkmYys[kmUgksausviuhÑfr^oaQE;qfuLVeSfuisQLVks*(Communist Menifesto)esafd;kgSAosfy[krsgSa]¶vktrdtksHkhlektvfLrRoesavk,mudkbfrgkloxZ&la?k"kZdkbfrgklgSA¸bldkrkRi;ZgSfdizR;sd;qxesalkekftdoxZekStwnjgsgSavkSjmuesaijLijla?k"kZjgkgSAizkphule;esaLora=kvkSjnkl]oqQyhuovoqQyhu]lkearvkSjvèkZ&nkl]vR;kpkjhvkSjihfM+r]vkfnoxZjgsgSaAorZekuiw¡thoknhle;esacqtqZvk(iw¡thifr),oaloZgkjk(Jfed);snksoxZizeq[kgSatksijLijla?k"kZjrgSaAmPpoxZuslnSoghfuEuoxZdk'kks"k.kfd;kgSA

oxks±dktUemRiknuosQlkèkuksaijLokfeRovFkokvLokfeRoosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSAblvkèkkjijlektesanksizèkku,oafojksèkhoxks±dktUegksrkgSµ,dogftldkmRiknuosQlkèkuksaijLokfeRogksrkgSvkSjnwljkogtksbllsoafprgksrkgSAoxks±dkLo:imRiknuosQ<axijfuHkZjdjrkgSAmRiknudk<axHkhblhckrijfuHkZjgksrkgSfdoglektizkS|ksfxdhosQdkSulsLrjijgSA'kqEihVj dkergSfdekDlZdhizeq[k#fpoxks±osQfodklesaFkhAcksVkseksj dgrsgSafdekDlZlkekftdojktuhfrdifjorZuykusesaoxks±dhHkwfedkesa#fpj[krkFkkAorZekuvkS|kfxd,oaiw¡thoknhO;oLFkkesamRiknuosQlkèkuksaijLokfeRodhn`f"Vlsnksoxks±dkmn;gqvkgSµ,diw¡thifrdkcqtqZvkoxZvkSjnwljkJfedoxZ(loZgkjk)dkAiw¡thifrvfèkdkfèkdykHkdekusosQfy,Jfedksadksde&ls&densukpkgrsgSaAJfed&oxZbl'kks"k.kdkfojkssèkdjrkgS]¯drqiw¡thifrtksfdviuhvk£Fkd'kfDrosQvkèkkjijjktuhfrd'kfDrHkhèkkj.kdjrsgSa]JfedksaosQfojksèkdkFkksM+sle;osQfy,neudjnsrsgSa]¯drqm|ksxksadk,dLFkkuijosaQnzhdj.kgksus];krk;krosQlkèkuksadkfodklgksus]iw¡thifrvkSjJfedksaosQchpvk£Fkd,oalkekftdnwjhosQc<+us]vkfnosQdkj.kJfedoxZesa,drk,oapsrukdho`f¼gksrhgSA

os,dtqVgksdjiw¡thifr;ksalsla?k"kZdjrsgSavkSjvarr%liQyrkizkIrdjrsgSaAblizdkjekDlZvk£Fkddkj.kdksghoxZdkvkèkkjekurkgSA;|fiogblckrlsHkyh&HkkafrifjfprFkkfdlkekftdfoHksnhdj.klsbunksizèkkuoxks±osQvfrfjDrfojksèkhfgrksaokysdbZvU;lewgHkhmRiUugkstkrsgSa]¯drqmlusblrF;dhvuns[khdhAbldkdkj.k;gFkkfdogoxZ&foghulektosQvkn'kZ,oajktuhfrdizfrc¼rklscaèkkgqvkFkkAekDlZoxk±sosQtUeesavk£Fkddkj.kksadksghizeq[kvkSjvU;lHkhdkj.kksadksbllsizHkkforekursgSaAèkeZ]dyk]Kku]foKku]laLÑfr]n'kZu,oalkfgR;lHkhoqQNlektdhvFkZO;oLFkklsghizHkkforgksrsgSaAvk£Fkddkj.kghizeq[kgS]uhaogSftlijèkeZ]lH;rk]dyk,oalaLÑfrdhvèkks&lajpuk(Super-Structure)dk;egSAekDlZJfedksadksviusy{;dhiw£rosQfy,tkx:d,oa,dtqVgksusdkvkea=k.knsrkgSAogdgrkgSµ^nqfu;kosQetnwjksa,dgks]rqEgsarqEgkjhcsfM+;ksaosQflokoqQNugha[kksukgS*(Workers of the world unite, you have to loose nothing except your chains)AekDlZetnwjksadksèkeZlscpusosQfy,HkhdgrsgSaD;ksafdmuosQvuqlkjèkeZviQhegSftldkiz;ksxiwathifrviusfgrksadhj{kkosQfy,HkhdjrsgSaA;giw¡thifr;ksalsfdlhizdkjdkle>kSrkudjusdhckrdgrsgSaAekDlZJfedksadhfot;osQizfrdkiQhvk'kkoknhjgsgSaA

84 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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vkykspuk

ekDlZosQoxZ&la?k"kZosQfl¼kardhvusdvkykspuk,¡dhtkrhgSaµ(1)ekDlZusviusfl¼karesavk£Fkddkj.kksadksvko';drklsvfèkdegÙofn;kgSvkSjlkekftd]èkk£ed,oalkaLÑfrddkjdksadhvogsyukdhgSA(2)vktrddkbfrgkl;gcrkrkgSfdlHkhlektksaesaoxZjgsgSa]fiQjekDlZ}kjkoxZ&foghulektdkvkn'kZ,ddYiukek=kgS]O;ogkjesa,slklaHkoughagSA(3)ekDlZus;gHkhughacrk;kfdoxZ&foghulektesalkekftdLrjhdj.kdkD;kvkèkkjgksxkD;ksafdLrjhdj.k,dlkoZHkkSfedrF;gSA(4)ftulektksaesaoxZ&O;oLFkkgS]ogk¡oxZ&la?k"kZdkfl¼karykxwgksldrkgS]drqHkkjrtSlsns'kesatgk¡tkfr&izFkkfo|ekugS];giwjhrjgykxwughagksrkgSA(5)tkWuludgrsgSafdmRiknuosQnkSjkula?k"kZdhctk;lg;ksxvfèkdgksrkgSAfcuklg;ksxosQmRiknuBigkstkrkgSAvr%Jfedksaoiw¡thifr;ksaesalnSola?k"kZdhckrmfprizrhrughagskrhgSA(6)orZekule;esaljdkj,oaiw¡thifr;ksausJfedksaosQdY;k.kosQfy,vusddk;Zfd;sgSaAbllsmuesala?k"kZosQLFkkuijlg;ksxc<+kgSA(7)ekDlZdhdbZHkfo";okf.k;k¡xyrfl¼gqbZgSavkSjvktoxks±dkfodklmlizdkjlsughagksjgkgSftlizdkjdhmlusdYiukdhFkhA(8)ekDlZusoqQNjktuhfrdmís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,viusfl¼kardkizfriknufd;kFkkA;gvko';dughafdlektesaoxks±dkfuekZ.kmldhjktuhfrdizfrc¼rkosQvuqlkjghgksAmlosQfopkjksaesai{kikr,oavoSKkfudrkik;htkrhgSA

(2) izdk;Zoknh fl¼kar (Functional Theory)

lkekftdLrjhdj.kosQ izdk;Zoknh fl¼kardkizfriknu ¯dXlysMsfolrFkk foycVZewj usviusys[k ^le fizfUliyvkWiQ LVªSVhfiQosQ'ku* (Some Principles of Stratification)esa fd;kgSAmUgksausviukys[kblekU;rklsizkjaHkfd;kgSfddksbZHkhlektoxZ&foghuughagS_lHkhlektksaesalaLrj.kik;ktkrkgSAlHkhlektksaesaLrjhdj.kblfy,ik;ktkrkgsfdizR;sdlekt;geglwldjrkgSfdlkekftdlajpukesaO;fDr;ksadkdksbZudksbZLFkkufuf'prgksukpkfg,rFkkfofHkUuinksadksizkIrdjusdhmUgsaizsj.kknhtkuhpkfg,Ablizdkjlkekftdfo"kerklektesavpsru:iesafodflrgksrhgSAblosQ}kjklekt,slhO;oLFkkdjrkgS]fdlclsegÙoiw.kZinksaijlclsegÙoiw.kZO;fDrghigq¡psA

MsfcldgrsgSa]¶lektosQfofHkUuinksaosQfy,fofHkUu;ksX;rk,oacqf¼dhvko';drkiM+rhgSrFkkoqQNO;fDr;ksadkegÙovfèkdgksrkgSA¸tksinlkekftdn`f"VlsvfèkdegÙoiw.kZgksrsgSa],slsinksaosQfy,vfèkdiqjLdkjdhO;oLFkkdhtkrhgSAegÙoiw.kZdk;ks±dksdjusosQfy,fo'ks"kizfrHkk,oaizf'k{k.kdhvko';drkgksrhgSAoqQNizf'k{k.kdfBuvkSj[kphZysgksrsgSaAvr%mUgsalHkhO;fDrizkIrughadjldrsAblfy,buinksaosQfy,]lektvfèkdlqfoèkk,oaiqjLdkjdhO;oLFkkdjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]lektesaMkWDVj]bathfu;j]vkbZ-,-,l-]vkfnosQinegaxsvkSjvfèkdifjJeosQcknizkIrgksrsgSaµctk;,dvè;kid;kprqFkZJs.khdeZpkjhosQinosQAvr%buinksaosQfy,lekt}kjkvfèkdosru,oalqfoèkkvksadhO;oLFkkdhx;hgSAiz'umBrkgSfdfofHkUuinksadksèkkj.kdjus,oamuosQvuqlkjdk;Zdjusdhizsj.kknsusosQfy,lektyksxksadksD;kiqjLdkjnsrkgS]MsfoldgrkgSfdlektrhuizdkjosQiqjLdkjnsrkgS]izFkelektosoLrq,¡nsrkgStksO;fDr;ksaosQthou&èkkj.k,oavkjkeosQfy,vko';dgksrhgSa]vFkkZr~vk£FkdizksRlkguAf}rh;]lekteucgykorFkklkSan;ZrFkkcksèkkRedizÑfrdhoLrq,¡iznkudjrkgSAr`rh;]lektvkRelEeku,oavgadhrqf"VdjusokyhoLrq,¡iznkudjrkgSvFkkZr~izrhdkRedizksRlkgunsrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]ohjrkizn£'krdjusokyslSfudksadksîjeohjpØ*vkSjegkohjpØ*iznkufd;stkrsgSaAjk"Vªifr}kjknhtkusokyh^HkkjrjRu*]îne~foHkw"k.k*rFkkîn~eJh*]vkfnmikfèk;k¡lEekutudiqjLdkjgSaA

blizdkjtclektesaoqQNyksxksadksvfèkdvfèkdkj]iqjLdkj,oalqfoèkk,¡iznkudhtkrhgSavkSjoqQNdksderkslektesaLor%ghLrjhdj.kiSnkgkstkrkgSAiz'umBrkgSfdD;k;gfl¼karosQoyeqDrlektksa(Open societies)esaghgksrkgSAtgk¡O;fDr;ksX;rk,oaizf'k{k.kosQvkèkkjij

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 85



inksadksizkIrdjldrkgS;k;gmulektksaijHkhykxwgksrkgStgk¡intUe,oaikfjokfjdfLFkfrosQvkèkkjijizkIrgksrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]HkkjresavusdintkfrosQvkèkkjijizkIrgksrsgSaAMsfoldkergSfd;gfl¼karcan,oaeqDrnksuksaghlektksaijykxwgksrkgSD;ksafdLrjhdj.kesaO;fDr;ksadkughaoju~inksadksdk&foU;kl(Ranking)gksrkgSAHkkjresaHkhinksaosQegÙo,oadk;ks±dhizÑfrosQvuqlkjØe&foU;klik;ktkrkgSALi"VgSfdLrjhdj.k,dlkoZHkkSfedrF;gSA

vkykspuk

izdk;Zoknhfl¼kardhdbZlekt'kkfL=k;ksausvkykspukdhgSAcksVkseksjusbldhoqQNvkykspuk,¡fuEuizdkjdhgSaµ

(1) ;gckrlghughagSfdLrjhdj.k,dlkoZHkkSfed%rF;gSvkSjlHkhlektksaesainksadh,dlqfuf'prO;oLFkkgksrhgSA

(2) izdk;Zokfn;ksa}kjkiz;qDr^lokZfèkdegÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr;k¡*vkSj^lkoZfèkd;ksX;O;fDr;ksa*nksuksagh'kCnkofy;k¡Li"VughagSaAlektesalHkhin,oaO;fDrvius&viusLFkkuijegÙoiw.kZgSaD;ksafdlektdkslHkhizdkjosQdk;ks±dhvko';drkgksrhgSAD;kpekj]tqykgkvkSjgfjtudkdk;ZjktklsdeegÙoiw.kZgS\fiQj;gdgukHkhlghughagSfdegÙoiw.kZinksaij;ksX;O;fDrghigq¡prsgSaAdbZckjv;ksX;O;fDrHkh?kwl,oafliQkfj'kosQ}kjkegÙoiw.kZinksaijigq¡ptkrsgSaAdbZckj;gO;fDr;ksadh#fpijHkhfuHkZjdjrkgSfdosegÙoiw.kZizfLFkfr;k¡xzg.kdjsa;kughaA

(3) ;gfl¼karO;fDr;ksaosQinksadhvoèkkj.kkijvkèkkfjrgSufdlkekftdlewg,oaoxZijA

(4) ;g fl¼karlkekftdLrjhdj.kosQ fofHkUuizdkjksavkSj,dizdkjlsnwljsizdkjeasifjorZudhizfØ;kdkHkhfooj.kizLrqrughadjrk]osQoymUgsaLohdkjek=kdjrkgSA

(5) ;gfl¼karlkekftdLrjhdj.kvkSjjktuhfrla?k"kZosQchposQlacaèkksaijizdk'kughaMkyrkA

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(3) eSDl oscj dk fl¼kar (Theory of Max Weber)

eSDloscjHkhekDlZdhHkkafrLrjhdj.kmRiUudjusesaoxks±osQegÙodksLohdkjdjrsgSaAosoxZosQfuèkkZj.kesavk£FkddkjdksaosQegÙodksLohdkjdjrsgSaAlaifÙkijvfèkdkj]lkekftdvolj]thoulacaèkhlqfoèkkvksa,oaoxZ fuèkkZj.kosQ fy,egÙoiw.kZgSAtgk¡ekDlZosQoyvk£FkddkjdksadksghegÙoiw.kZekurkgS]ogk¡oscjvk£FkdosQlkFk&lkFklÙkk,oa'kfDrdksHkhegÙoiw.kZekursgSaAlaifÙkosQvkèkkjijnksoxZcursgSaµ,dlaifÙkosQvfèkdkjh,oanwljklaifÙkfoghuAblhizdkjlÙkk,oalEekuHkhlektesaLrjiSnkdjrsgSaAlaifÙkijvfèkdkjj[kusokysyksxksadklektesafof'k"VlEekugksrkgSrFkkoslÙkkizkIrdjusesaHkhl{kegksrsgSaAblizdkjlaifÙk]'kfDr,oalEekulektesaLrjhdj.kiSnkdjrsgSaA

(4) vU; fl¼kar (Other Theories)

lkekftdLrjhdj.klslacafèkroqQNvU;fl¼karksadkge;gk¡la{ksiesamYys[kdjsaxs%

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86 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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okjuj(Warner)usvesfjdulektesaoxZcuusosQvkèkkjksadkvè;;ufd;kvkSjdgkfdlEekuvkSjizfLFkfr&lewgoxZfuekZ.kesalgk;dgSaAmlusvesfjdulektesaN%oxks±dkmYys[kfd;ktkslektesaLrjhdj.kiSnkdjrsgSaAosgSaµ(1)mPpmPpreoxZ](2)fuEumPpreoxZ](3)mPpeè;eoxZ](4)fuEueè;eoxZ](5)mPpfuEuoxZ]rFkk(6)fuEureoxZA

lh-jkbVfeYl(C. Wright Mills)usLrjhdj.kosQfy,'kfDrdksegÙoiw.kZekukgSAvk£Fkdn`f"VlslaiUuO;fDrlsukosQmPpkfèkdkfj;ksalsviuslacaèkdk;edjysrsgSavkSjlektesavk£Fkd]jktuhfrd,oalkekftdn`f"VlsizHkko'kkyhcutkrsgSaAnwljhrjiQosyksxgksrsgSaftudkvk£Fkd]jktuhfrdolkekftdizHkkode;kux.;gksrkgSA;gfHkUurkghlektesaLrjhdj.kiSnkdjrhgSA

ikjlUl(Parsons)laifÙkdksO;fDrdhlkekftdizfLFkfrosQfuèkkZj.kesaegÙoiw.kZekursgSaAikjlUlizdk;ZoknhdhblckrdksLohdkjdjrsgSafdlektosQegÙoiw.kZinksadks;ksX;O;fDr;ksa}kjkghHkjktkrkgSAlektesadkSu&lkinegÙoiw.kZgksxk];glkekftdewY;ksa,oamís';ksaijfuHkZjdjrkgSAlarqyu,oa,drkesafo'okldjusokys]lektosQmís';la?k"kZesafo'okldjusokyslektlsfHkUugksrsgSaAblizdkjlkekftdewY;,oamís';Lrjhdj.kosQizeq[kvkèkkjgSaA

xksYMgSejrFkkf'kYl(Goldhamer and Shils)us'kfDrdkslkekftdLrjhdj.kdkvkèkkjekukgSAO;fDrdhfLFkfrmlsizkIr'kfDrdhek=kkosQvuqlkjÅ¡ph;kuhphgksldrhgSAizHkkodhek=kkvkSjizHkkforgksusokysyksxksadhla[;kosQ?kVus&c<+usosQlkFk&lkFkO;fDrdhfLFkfresaHkhmrkj&p<+kovkldrkgSA

3-12 èkeZ&ra=k dh voèkkj.kk (Concept of Hierarchy)

thouosQekSfydiz'uksaijHkkjrh;fpardvkfn&dkyesaghfopkjdjrsvkSjle;≤ij,slhO;oLFkkvksadksizLrkfordjrsjgsgSatksekuorkosQfodklesa;ksxnsrhgSa]euq";dksviukthouliQycukusesalgk;rkigq¡pkrhgSavkSjmlsviusdrZO;ksadkcksèkdjkrsgq,ikyudjusdhizsj.kknsrhgSaAHkkjrh;fo}kuksaosQfparu]euuvkSjthouosQfofHkUu{ks=kksaesaizkIrvuqHkoksadkizHkkoHkkjrh;lkekftdlaLFkkvksaijcgqrxgjkiM+rkgSAoqQNyksxksadhrks;gekU;rkgSfdlaLFkkvksaosQfodklosQi'pkr~mUgsaroZQ&laxrBgjkusdhn`f"VlserjpstkrsgSaAbufopkjksadksân;axedjgeHkkjrh;lkekftdlaLFkkvksadksvfèkdljyrklsle>ldrsgSaA

Hkkjrh;lektèkeZ&izk.klektdgykrkjgkgSvkSjèkeZdhizR;sd{ks=kesaegÙkkjghgSAèkeZ]O;fDr]ifjokj]lektvkSjlaiw.kZjk"VªosQthoudksvusd:iksaesaizHkkfordjrkjgkgSA;gk¡HkkSfrdlq[kizkfIrdksthoudkijey{;ughaekudjèkeZlap;dksizèkkurknhxbZgSAHkkjrh;lkekftdO;oLFkkewyr%èkeZijvkèkkfjrgSA;gk¡èkeZosQvkèkkjijthouosQleLrdk;ks±dhO;oLFkkdjusdkiz;klfd;kx;kgSAHkkjrh;lektesaO;fDrKku]HkfDrvFkokdeZosQ}kjkijes'ojosQLo:idksle>usdkiz;RudjrkjgkgSAoglr~]fpr~vkSjvkuUndhizkfIrdkiz;klrFkkthouosQijelR;dkstkuusdhdksf'k'kesayxkjgkAMkW- jkèkkÑ".kuusfy[kkgS]¶èkeZdhèkkj.kkosQvarxZr¯gnwmulcvuq"BkuksavkSjxfrfofèk;ksadksysvkrkgS]tksekuoh;thoudksx<+rhvkSjcuk;sj[krh

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 87



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Li"VgSfdèkeZ¯gnqvksaosQthoudkstUelsysdje`R;qrdvusd:iksaesaizHkkfordjrkjgkgSAVkYlVkW;usdgkgSµ¶gekjs;qxosQmn~HkVfo}kuksausr;djfn;kgSfdvcèkeZdhdksbZvko';drkugharFkk;gHkhfdfoKkuèkeZdkLFkkuysxkvFkokyspqdkgSA¯drqfiQjHkh;glR;vfeVgSfdèkeZosQfcukuigys]rFkkuvcdksbZeuq";]lektvkSjfoosdhiq#"kthforgS]ujgldrkgSA¸MkW- jkèkkdey eqdthZuscryk;kgS¶Hkkjrh;thoujpukdkfuekZ.kvkRek]izÑfrrFkkijekRekvkSjmuosQikjLifjdlacaèkksadhfoospukdjusokyslw{evkè;kfRedn'kZuosQvkèkkjijgqvkgSA¸blizdkjLi"VgSfdijaijkxrHkkjrh;lkekftdO;oLFkkèkeZijvkèkkfjrjghgSA

èkeZ,dvR;arO;kidvoèkkj.kkgSAèkeZmlekSfyd'kfDrosQ:iesatkuktkldrkgSAtksHkkSfrdvkSjvkè;kfRedO;oLFkkdkvkèkkj:igSvkSjtksmlO;oLFkkdkscuk;sj[kusosQfy,vko';dgSAfxfyuvkSjfxfyuusèkeZdksifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,fy[kkgS]¶,dlkekftdlewgesaO;kIrmulaosxkRedfo'oklksadkstksfdlhvykSfdd'kfDrlslacafèkrgSvkSjlkFkgh,slsfo'oklksalslacafèkrizdVO;ogkjksa]HkkSfrdoLrqvksa,oaizrhdksadksèkeZosQlekt'kkL=kh;{ks=kesalfEefyrekuktkldrkgSA¸^fjyhtu*'kCnosQvarxZrvykSfddfo'okl,oavfèk&izkÑfrd'kfDr;k¡vkrhgSa]ijarq¯gnwèkeZdklacaèkeq[;r%euq";osQdrZO;cksèklsgSA¯gnwèkeZ,dKkugStksvyx&vyxifjfLFkfr;ksaesaO;fDr;ksaosQfofHkUudrZO;ksadkscrykrkgS]mUgsadrZO;iFkijpyrsjgusdhizsj.kkiznkudjrkgS]ekuoksfprxq.kksadksmuesafodflrdjrkgSAosn]mifu"kn~]xhrk]Le`fr;k¡]iqjk.krFkkeuq";dkvar%&dj.k¯gnwèkeZosQewyÏksrgSaA;sxzaFkÍf"k;ksaosQvuqHkwriz;ksxksaosQifj.kkegSa]muosQfparuvkSjeuuosQToyUrmnkgj.kgSaAbuèkeZ&xzaFkksaosQekè;elsHkkjrh;lkekftdO;oLFkkdkLo:ifuèkkZfjrdjusdkiz;klfd;kx;kgSAbuxzaFkksaesaèkeZdhfoLr`rO;k[;kdhxbZgS]vusdvFkks±esaèkeZdkiz;ksxfd;kx;kgSAMkW- bUnznsousfy[kkgS]¶èkeZosQvarxZruSfrdfu;e]dkuwu]jhfr&fjokt]oSKkfudfu;ebR;kfncgqr&lhèkkj.kk;savktkrhgSaAehtusviuhiqLrd^èkeZ,aMlkslk;Vh*esaizkphulkfgR;esaizkIrèkeZ'kCnosQvusdvFkks±dkfoospufd;kgSAmUgksauscryk;kgSfdèkeZ'kCndkiz;ksxewrZvFkokvewrZnksuksa:iksaesagqvkgSA

euq";osQleLrvkfnevkSjlH;lektksaesa^èkeZ*laLÑfrdk,dvfHkUuvaxjgkgSAèkeZeuq";lektdhlkoZnsf'kdfo'ks"krkgSA¯drqizR;sdliktosQèkk£edfo'okldkLo:ivkSjvH;klcgqèkknwljslektosQèkeZlsfHkUugksrsgSaAlH;lalkjesaoqQN,slsèkeZvo';gSaftuosQvuq;k;h;ksadhla[;kdjksM+ksardigq¡pxbZgSvkSjtksdbZegk}hiksardiSQysgSaA

èkeZlaLÑfrlsizfrf"Br,slkO;ogkjgSftlesayksxfdlhvykSfdd'kfDr;kthoesafo'okldjrsgSavkSjlkeqnkf;doS;fDrdvkpj.kijmllokZsifjlÙkkdksizlUudjviusJs;l~dhdkeukdjrsgSaAèkekZpj.kesaekufldvkSj'kkjhfjdfØ;k,¡nksuksaghdklekos'kgksrkgSAekufldfØ;k,¡osxgjsm}sxvkSjHkkouk,¡gSatksvykSfddlÙkkesafo'oklosQlkFktqM+sjgrsgSaA'kkjhfjdfØ;k,¡osdk;Z;kO;ogkjgksrhgSaftulsmlvykSfdd'kfDrdksizlUufd;ktkrkgSA

vr,oèkeZosQLo:iesarhurRo'kkfeygSa%(1)vykSfddvFkokifo=k(izkÑfrdugha)'kfDr;kthoudhloZ'kfDreÙkkesafo'okl](2)blfo'oklosQlkFktqM+hgqbZm}sxiw.kZHkkouk,¡](3)fo'oklksavkSjHkkoukvksaosQifjikyuosQfy,izxVO;ogkjAèkeZosQburhuksaigyqvksaesa?kfu"Bvar%lacaèkgksrkgSA

88 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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3-13 vlekurk rFkk Lrjhdj.k (Inequality and Stratification)

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lekt'kkL=kh;fo'ys"k.kesagesa¶ekuoizÑfresavar£ufgrvlekurkvksalsviukè;kuvfLrRodhmudhifjfLFkfr;ksaesavar£ufgrvlekurkvksadhvksjystkukiM+rkgSA¸blckrlsbadkjughafd;ktkldrkgSfdtUeosQle;'kkjhfjdvkSjekufldnksuksafygktksalseuq";vlekuxq.kofo'ks"krk,¡j[krsgSaAijbulokyksadksysdj'kksèk&vuqlaèkkudjukthooSKkfudksadksljksdkjgSaufdlekt'kkfL=k;ksadkAlekt'kkL=khbuxq.kksadksekudjpyrsgSaAlp;ghgSfdosmulkekftdn'kkvksaijfopkjdjrsgSavkSjfofHkUuizdkjdhvlekurkvksadkstUensrsgSaAlkekftdfoHksnhdj.kvlekurkdk,slkgh,dizdkjgSAvr%gjtxgvkSjgjdkyesa¯yxosQvkèkkjijyksxksaesafoHksnhdj.kO;kIrjgkgSAiq#"kksavkSjukfj;ksadhvyx&vyxizfLFkfr;k¡vkSjHkwfedk,¡gSaAuosQoymuosQfØ;kdykifHkUu&fHkUugSacfYdbufØ;kdykiksadkewY;kaduHkhvyx&vyxrjglsgksrkgSAvk;qosQvkèkkjijHkhblhrjgdklkekftdfoHksnhdj.kfd;ktkrkgSAftufØ;kdykiksaosQizfriknudhvk'kk;qodksavkSjcqtqZxksalsdhtkrhgSmuosQvkèkkjijos,d&nwljslsfHkUugksrsgSaAlkekftde;kZnkvkSjizfr"Bk]tksmuosQO;fDrRoksalstqM+hgksrhgSosQvkèkkjijHkhmuesafHkUurkn`f"VxkspjgksrhgSAblhrjgukrsnkjhdkyksdizpfyrO;ogkj]tksfofHkUuukrsnkjh;koqQVqEchtuksaosQikjLifjdO;ogkjdksfu;af=krdjrkgS]foHksnhdj.kdkchtkjksi.kdjrkgSAbllanHkZesagepky&pyuvkSjvkpkj&fopkjosQ oqQN fu;eksa ij fopkjdj ldrs gSaA vr%vknj&Hkko trkus ls lacafèkr yksdkpkj lkekftdvlekurkosQikjaifjdizrhdgSaAblosQvuqlkj]fuEurjizfLFkfrokykO;fDrmPprjizfLFkfrokysO;fDrosQizfrvknjolEekutrkrkgSAlkekftdfoHksnhdj.kdkO;kid:ilsLohÑr,dvU;vkèkkjis'kk;kjkstxkjgSAblfygktlsyksxvfHk;arkvksa]MkWDVjksavkSjf'k{kdksa]vkfntSlslewgksaesafoHkDrgksrsgSaAjkstxkjijvkèkkfjr;sfoHkktulektosQ^yEcor~*(c£Vdy)foHkktuksadkstUensrsgSaA

lkekftdvlekurk;koS"kE;dhmi;qZDrèkkj.kkvksaosQvfrfjDrlkekftdvlekurkdh,dvkSjdksfVgksrhgStkslekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsvfèkdegÙoiw.kZgksrhgSA;sfHkUu&fHkUulkekftdrcdksaesalektdk^f{kfrth;*foHkktugSAblvkèkkjijizR;sdrcdklkekftdrkSjijmPprj;kfuEurjizfLFkfrdhigpkufy,gq,,ddekscs'kLFkk;hlkekftdoxZdkfuekZ.kdjrkgSAekSfjlfxUlcxZuslkekftdoxks±dks¶leqnk;osQ,slsva'kksavFkokO;fDr;ksaosQ,slsladyuksa¸osQgksrsgsvkSjvU;gs;rkrFkkJs"BrkosQLohÑr;kvuq'kfLrijvkèkkfjrekudksaosQdkj.klektosQvU;rcdksalsvyxgksrsgSaA¸ftllektesablrjgosQlkekftdoxks±dkvfLrRogksrkgSmlsLrjhÑrlektdgktkrkgSAeSdkbojvkSjistosQvuqlkjlkekftdLrjhdj.kdhrhufo'ks"krk,¡gSa%(1)izfLFkfrlewgksadklaLrj.k(2)Js"B&ghuLrjhdj.kdhigpku(3)oqQNgnrdlajpuk;k<kapsdkLFkkf;RoA

¶Hkw&foKkuksalslkn`';osQvkèkkjijfy;kx;kin^lkekftdLrjhdj.k*lkekU;rkSjij1940bZ-osQvkl&ikllsghlekt'kkL=kh;iz;ksxesavk;kA;|fi;gftuphtksadklaosQrnsrkgSosdkiQhyacsle;ls^lkekftdoxZ*'kh"kZdosQvarxZrppkZesavkrsjgsgSaijHkw&oSKkfudiz;ksxosQfoijhrLrjhdj.kdhvoèkkj.kkosQlekt'kkL=kh;iz;ksxosQvarxZrlkaosQfrd;kLi"VrkSjijmPprjvkSj

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3-14 tkfr rFkk oxZ (Caste and Class)

tkfrrFkkoxZlektesalaLrj.kosQizeq[kvkèkkjgSaAtkfrdkvkèkkjtUegSrksoxZdkvkèkkjèku]laifÙk]vk;]O;olk;]f'k{kk]thou&Lrj]lkekftd,oalkaLÑfrdi{k]vkfngSaAoxZdkfuèkkZj.kO;fDrdhlkekftdfLFkfrosQvkèkkjijfd;ktkrkgSA,dlekulkekftdfLFkfrokysO;fDr;ksaosQlewgdksoxZekuktkrkgSA,doxZesavkuk&tkuklaHkogS]tcfdtkfresa,slkvlaHkogS]O;fDrthoui;ZUr,dghtkfresacukjgrkgSAtkfr,oaoxZdhifjHkk"kkvksa,oafo'ks"krkvksadkmYys[kgeigysdjpqosQgSaA

tkfr vkSj oxZ esa varj (Distinction between Caste and Class)

(1) tkfr,dcanoxZgStcfdoxZesa[kqykiuik;ktkrkgSµpw¡fdtkfrdkvkèkkjtUegS]vr%mldhlnL;rkthoui;±rgksrhgSmlscnykughatkldrk]tcfdoxZdkvkèkkjf'k{kk]O;olk;]laifÙk]vkfngksusosQdkj.kblscnyktkldrkgSA,dO;fDrèkuv£trdjJfedoxZlsekfydoxZesarFkkf'k{kkxzg.kdjf'kf{krksaosQoxZesatkldrkgSAblhdkj.kdgktkldrkgSfdtkfr,dcanoxZgS]tcfdoxZesa[kqykiuik;ktkrkgSA

(2) tkfrdkvkèkkjtUegSoxZdkughaµtkfr&O;oLFkkosQvarxZr,dO;fDrmlhtkfrdklnL;gksrkgSftlesamlustUefy;kgSAoxZdkvkèkkjf'k{kk]laifÙk]is'kk,oaèkeZ]vkfngksusosQdkj.kbuesalsO;fDrftlsHkhizkIrdjysrkgS]mlhosQvkèkkjijmldhoxZlnL;rkdkfuèkkZj.kgksrkgSA

(3) tkfrdhlnL;rkiznÙkgSoxZdhv£trµ,dO;fDrtkfrdhlnL;rkiz;RudjusijHkhcnyughaldrkD;ksafdoglekt}kjktUeosQvkèkkjij,dghckjiznkudhtkrhgS]blfy,;gfLFkjHkhgS]tcfd,dO;fDrtkx:diz;Ruksa}kjkfdlhHkhoxZdhlnL;rkizkIrdjldrkgS]vr%oxZdhlnL;rkv£trgSA

(4) tkfresais'ks fuf'prgksrsgSa]oxZesaughaµtkfrO;oLFkkesaizR;sdtkfrdkO;olk;ijaijkxr,oaiwoZ&fuèkkZfjrgksrkgS]mlhdksviukdjtkfrosQlnL;viukthou;kiudjrsgSaAoxZdkdksbZfuf'pris'kkughagksrkA,doxZosQyksxviuh{kerk,oa;ksX;rkosQvuqlkjfofHkUuO;olk;ksaesayxsgksrsgSaAlHkhJfed,dghO;olk;ughadjrsvkSjulHkhiw¡thifr,dghèkaèksesaiw¡thyxkrsgSaA

90 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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(5) tkfresa[kku&ikuijizfrcaèkgS]oxZeasughaµizR;sdtkfrosQ[kku&ikulacaèkhfu;egksrsgSa]lnL;;gtkursgSafdosfdu&fdutkfr;ksaosQ;gk¡dPpkoiDdkHkkstu]ikuhrFkkgqDdk&chM+hxzg.kdjldrsgSavkSjfduosQ;gk¡ugha]tcfdoxZesablizdkjosQdBksjizfrcaèkughagksrsgSaA

(6) tkfroxZdhvis{kkvfèkdfLFkjgSµpw¡fdtkfrdhlnL;rktUeijvkèkkfjrgksrhgS]vkSj;gcnyhughatkrhgS]vr%tkfrO;oLFkk,dfLFkjlaxBugSAnwljhvksjoxZ&O;oLFkklektdhlkekftd,oajktuhfrdifjfLFkfr;ksaosQvuqlkjcnyrhjgrhgSAlkeUr]nkl]HkwLokeh]tksrnkj]iw¡thifr]Jfed]vkfnosQ:iesale;≤ijvusdoxZvfLrRoesavkrsjgsgSaA

(7) oxZdhvis{kktkfr;ksadklaLrj.kvfèkdfuf'pr,oaLi"Vµtkfr&O;oLFkkesa,dtkfrlsnwljhtkfrosQchplkekftdnwjhfuf'prgksrhgS]dkSu&lhtkfrfdllsÅ¡phofdllsuhphgS];gLi"VgS]¯drqoxZ&O;oLFkkesa,dlaLrj.kgksrsgq,HkhlaLrj.kosQfu;edBksjughagSa],doxZosQegÙodksnwljsdhvis{kkdeughadgktkldrkA

oxZ dh ekDlZoknh voèkkj.kk (Marxian Concept of Class)

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uksV

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oScfyu dk vodk'k&oxZ dk fl¼kar (Veblen’s Theory of leisure Class)

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92 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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3-15 D;k tkfr oxZ esa ifjo£rr gks jgh gS (Is Caste Changing into Class?)

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uksV

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3-16 O;fDr rFkk lekt esa okLrfod lacaèk (The Relationship between Individual and Society)

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94 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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rhljkmnkgj.k,dvcksèkvejhdhcPphvUuk(Anna)dkFkkftls7eghusdhvk;qls,ddejsesaj[kkx;kvkSjik¡po"kZcknmlsogk¡lsfudkykx;kAmlosQvklikltksyksxFks]muesamlsdksbZ#fpughaFkhA

bumnkgj.kksalsfl¼gksrkgSfdeuq";LoHkkor%lkekftdizk.khgSAeuq";tclektesajgrkgSvkSjviuslkfFk;ksaosQlkFklektdhxfrfofèk;ksaesaHkkxysrkgS]rHkhmldkfodklgksrkgSAlkekftdcaèkuksalseqDrgksdjtaxyksaesajgusokysrFkkiQy[kkdjviuhHkw[kfeVkusokysrifLo;ksadhdFkkvksadkdksbZ,sfrgkfldewY;ughagSA;gk¡rdfdlkalkfjdthoulsfojDrgksusokyslkèkqHkhouksaesavU;lkèkqvksaosQlkFkjgrsgSaAbulcckrksalsirkyxrkgSfdlektekuo&lajpukdhoqQNcM+hegÙoiw.kZvko';drkvksadksiw.kZdjrkgSAlektdksbZ,slhoLrqughagStksvpkudgheuq";osQlkFktksM+nhx;hgS];ktcnZLrheuq";ijyknnhx;hgSAoLrqr%euq";LoHkkolsghlkekftdgSA

2- vko';drk euq"; dks lkekftd cukrh gS (Necessity makes a man social)µ nwljhckr;ggSfdeuq";viuhvko';drkvksalsckè;gksdjlektesajgrkgSA;fnogviuslkfFk;ksadhlgk;rkuysrksmldhcgqr&lht:jrsaiw.kZghughagksldrhAizR;sdO;fDrL=kh&iq#"kosQchpLFkkfirlkekftdlacaèkdhmitgSAcPpkek¡&ckidhns[kHkkyesaiyrkgSvkSjmuosQlkFkjgdjghukxfjdrkdkigykikBi<+rkgSA;fnuotkrf'k'kqdkslektdklaj{k.krFkkmldhns[kHkkyufeysrksog,dfnuHkhthforughajgkldrkA,slsfdlh]f'k'kqdkizek.khÑrmnkgj.kughafeyrktksLo;athforjgkgks;kHksfM+;ksa]yaxwjksa;knwljsi'kqvksausmlsikykgksAekuof'k'kqbrukfujhggSfdmlslektdklaj{k.kvfuok;ZgSAgenwljksaosQlkFkjgdjrFkkmudhlgk;rklsghviusHkkstu]vkoklrFkkdiM+sdht:jrsaiwjhdjrsgSaAÅijfn,x,mnkgj.kksalsfl¼gksrkgSfdeuq";ksaosQlaioZQlsnwji'kqvksaosQchpiyscPpksadhvknrsai'kqvksadh&lhghgksrhgSaA'kkjhfjdrFkkekufldfodklosQfy,lektdkD;kegÙogS];gLi"VgSAdksbZHkhO;fDreuq";ughaculdrktcrdfdogvU;euq";ksaosQlkFkughajgrkAtaxyhtkuojksaosQHk;osQdkj.koqQNyksxnwljksadklg;ksxpkgrsgSa]fofue;;koLrq&fofue;osQekè;elsHkw[krFkkfoJkedht:jriwjhdjusosQfy,yksxksadksnwljksalslacaèkLFkkfirdjukiM+rkgSAoqQNlfEefyrmís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,]ftUgsavosQykO;fDrizkIrughadjldrk]feydjdkedjus;kJe&foHkktudhvko';drkiM+hAgjO;fDrdksviuhj{kkdht:jreglwlgksrhgSftlosQdkj.koglkekftdcurkgSAvr%osQoyLoHkkoosQdkj.kghugha]cfYdviuht:jrksaosQdkj.kHkheuq";dkslektesajgukiM+rkgSA

3- lekt O;fDrRo dk fodkl djrk gS (Society determines personality)µvafreckr;ggSfdeuq";viusekufldrFkkckSf¼dfodklosQfy,lektesajgrkgSAlektgekjhlaLÑfrdkslqjf{krj[krkgSvkSjmlsvxyhih<+hrdigq¡pkrkgSAlektO;fDr;ksaosQ:iesagekjhlqIr'kfDr;ksadksfodflrrFkkmUgsae;kZfnrdjrkgSvkSjgekjsn`f"Vdks.k]fo'oklrFkkvkn'kks±dksleqfpr:iesa<kyrkgSAtSlkfdÅijfn,x,mnkgj.kksalsizdVgSfdlektesajgsfcukeuq";dkefLr"do;LdrkizkIrdjusosQcknHkhcPpstSlkghjgrkgSAlkaLÑfrdfojklrlsgekjsO;fDrRoosQfodklesa

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 95



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;gfuf'prgSfdeuq";,dlkekftdizk.khgSAeuq";osQ:iesathouO;rhrdjusosQfy,lektvR;arvko';dgSA,d;koqQNfo'ks"kt:jrksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,;kviuhizo`fÙk;ksaosQdkj.keuq";lektesaughajgrk]cfYdokLroesalektesajgsfcukmlosQO;fDrRodkfodklghughagksldrkA;|fiO;fDrviuslektdhmitgS]rFkkfidbZckjmlosQvkSjmlosQlektosQ fdUgha igyqvksa esa xaHkhj fojksèk mRiUugks ldrk gSA ekuo blizdkjdk O;fDrRoizkIrdjldrkgStksmldhifjfLFkfr;ksalsesyus[kkrkgksA;gO;fDrtks;q¼esalsukdkuk;dcuusdheuksdkeukdksthouesaiw.kZdjusdkvoljizkIrughadjikrk]ogviuslektesafcxM+kjgrkgS]ogfujk'kgkstkrkgSAlkekftdO;oLFkkesaßklosQdkj.kHkhO;fDrvkSjlektesafojksèkgksldrkgSAjktuhfrdLora=krkesa ikyk&ikslkgqvk O;fDrnklizFkkdksd"Vnk;dvkSjneudkjhle>sxkAogetnwjhosQvèkhudk;Zdjsxk]ijarq;gmlscqjkyxsxkvkSjoglektfojksèkhgkstk,xktksfojksèkfdlhHkhle;vkdfLedvkSjvHkwriwoZ(unprecedented)osQ:iesaiwQVldrkgSA

mi;qZDrppkZosQvkèkkjijge;gfu"d"kZfudkyldrsgSafdO;fDrrFkklektvU;ksU;kfJrgSaAeuq";rFkklektosQchpdklacaèk,di{kh;ughagSAnksuksagh,dnwljsosQfodklosQfy,vfuok;ZgSaAurkseuq";vkSjlektosQchpesaoglacaèkgStks,ddks"kdk'kjhjlsgksrkgSvkSjughlekteuq";dhoqQNvko';drkvksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,,dlkèkuek=kgSA

lektviuslnL;ksadhtkslsokdjrkgS]mlosQvkxsmldkLo;adksbZewY;ughagS_vkSj]O;fDrlektosQfcukviukfodklughadjldrkgSAurkslektO;fDrRoosQfodklesackèkdgSvkSjughO;fDr;ksaosQfcukmldhfLFkfrgksldrhgSA^D;kO;fDrlektlsiwoZorhZgS;klektO;fDrls*µbliz'uosQlacaèkesalaiw.kZokn&fookn,slsghfujFkZdgStSlsfd^eqxhZigys;kvaMk*osQckjsesaArF;;ggSfdlHkhekuofdlhufdlhizdkjlektesamRiUugq,gSavkSjmllsizsj.kkikrsgSaAokLroesanksuksa,d&nwljsosQiwjdgSaA

O;fDrrFkklektosQlacaèkdhO;k[;kdjrsgq,eSdkbojdkdgukgS fd¶viuhlHkhijaijkvksa]laLFkkvksarFkklTtkvksaosQgksrsgq,Hkhlekt]lkekftdthoudh,degkuifjorZu'khyO;oLFkkgStksO;fDrdhekufldrFkk'kkjhfjdvko';drkvksalsiSnkgksrhgSA;gogO;oLFkkgSftlesaeuq";ksadktUegksrkgSrFkkmldhlhekvksaosQHkhrjmudkfodklgksrkgSvkSjogHkkohih<+hgsrqthouosQfy,vko';dckrsaNksM+tkrkgSAgesa,slsfdlhHkhn`f"Vdks.kdksvLohdkjdjnsukpkfg,tksO;fDr;klektosQlacaèkksadksosQoy,dvFkoknwljhn`f"Vlsns[krkgSA¸

3-17 lekt dh mRifÙk (The Origin of Society)

lektdhmRifÙkdhO;k[;kgsrqfofHkUufl¼karizLrqrfd;sx;sgSaAnSohmRifÙkdkfl¼kar(Divine Origin Theory)lektdksbZ'ojdhÑfrekurkgSAftlizdkjbZ'ojuslalkjdhvU;tM+vkSjpsruoLrq,¡mRiUudh]mlhizdkjmluslektdkHkhfuekZ.kfd;kAblfl¼karusèkhjs&èkhjslksygohavkSjl=kgoha'krkCnhrdnSohvfèkdjksaosQfl¼kardk:ixzg.kdjfy;kA'kfDrfl¼kar(Force Theory)lektdksloksZPp'kkjhfjd'kfDrdkifj.kkele>rkgSAblfl¼karosQvuqlkj]lektdhmRifÙk'kfDr'kkyh}kjkfucZydhvèkhurkesafufgrgSAvkfnedkyesvlkèkkj.k'kfDr'kkyhO;fDrviuslkfFk;ksadksvkrafdrdjrFkkmuosQÅijviuhlÙkkLFkkfirdjusesaliQygksx;kAblizdkj]'kkjhfjdcyosQvkèkjijO;fDr;ksadksbdV~BkjgusosQfy,ckè;fd;kx;kAfir`lÙkkRed,oaekr`lÙkkRedfl¼karlektdksifjokjdko`gr~:icrykrsgSaAljgsujhesu(Sir Henry Maine)usfir`lÙkkRedfl¼kardhifjHkk"kkblizdkjdhgS]¶;glektdhmRifÙkvyx&vyxifjokjksaesaekurkgStksT;s"Bre~iq#"kO;fDrdhlÙkk,oamlosQvkj{k.kosQvèkhuijLijbdV~BsFksA¸mldkfopkjgSfdlektifjokjdkfodflr:igSAekr`lÙkkRedfl¼kardhèkkj.kkgSfdvkfnedky

96 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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lkekftd lafonk dk fl¼kar (Social Contract Theory)

mDrfl¼krksaosQvfrfjDrlafonkdkfl¼kar(Contract Theory)HkhgSftlosQvuqlkjlekt,dlafonk(le>kSrk)gStks fdeuq";ksaosQoqQNmís';ksadhiw£ÙkosQ fy,cuk;kx;kgSAgkWCl(Hobbes)dkdgukgSfdizkÑfrdvoLFkk(state of nature)esaeuq";viusewyr%LokFkhZLoHkkoosQdkj.klnSoghviusiM+ksfl;ksalsyM+rk&>xM+rkjgrkFkkAmlosQ'kCnksaesa]euq";dkthou,dkare;]fujhg]nq%[kh]i'kqor~rFkkvYiFkkAizR;sdO;fDrnwljsO;fDrdk'k=kqFkkAnq"ifj.kkeksalscpusosQfy,euq";lsviusdkslektesalaxfBrfd;k]rkfdogvU;euq";ksaosQlkFk'kkfUriwoZdjglosQAlafonkfl¼kardksekuusokys,dvU;fo}ku~]ykWd(Locke)dkdgukgSfdizkÑfrdvoLFkkesaeuq";ksaesa;q¼ughagksrsFksAog'kkfUr]ln~Hkkouk]ikjLifjdlgk;rkrFkklqj{kkdhvoLFkkFkhAizkÑfrdvoLFkkesaosQoy,dghnks"kFkkfdmlle;dkuwurFkkU;k;dhdksbZlkekU;iz.kkyhughaFkhAbldehdksnwjdjusosQfy,vkSjviuhLora=krkdkiz;ksxdjusdhbPNklsizsfjrgksdjeuq";us,dle>kSrkfd;kftlosQ}kjkleqnk;dksoqQNvfèkdkjlkSaifn;sx;sA

ts- ts :lks(J. J. Rousseau)usviuhiqLrd^dkaVªsDVlks'ky*(Contract Social 1762)esafy[kkfd¶izkÑfrdvoLFkkesaeuq";ksaesalekuvkRefuHkZjrkrFkklarqf"VFkhAosvkuUnrFkklknxhdkthouO;rhrdjrsFksAijarqeuq";ksadhla[;kc<+usrFkkmuesa>xM+sc<+tkusosQfdj.k,dlH;lektdhLFkkiukdhvko';drkeglwlgqbZAvr%euq";ksaus,dle>kSrkfd;kftlosQ}kjkgjO;fDrnwljksaosQlkFk,drkesac¡èkdjHkhigysdhghHkk¡frLora=kgSA¸,MefLeFk(Adam Smith)osQvuqlkj]¶lektikLifjdvFkZ&izcaèkosQfodkl&gsrqfu£er,dÑf=kemik;gSA¸

fofHkUu fl¼karksa dh laf{kIr vkykspuk (Brief Criticism of the Various Theories)

lektdhmRifÙk&fo"k;dmi;qZDrfl¼karksalsLi"VirkughayxrkfdlektdktUeoSQlsgqvkAbuesalslHkhfl¼karksadhdM+hvkykspukdhxbZgSAgebufl¼karksadhvkykspukdkC;ksjsokjo.kZuudjosQbuosQlacaèkesadghx;heq[;&eq[;ckrksadksysaxsAbZ'ojuslektdkfuekZ.kughafd;kgS]lekteuq";dhlkekftdizo`fÙkdkifj.kkegSAlektosQfodklesa'kfDrfuLlansg,degÙoiw.kZrÙojghgS]ijarqblsgh,dek=kdkj.kughaekuktkldrkAlektosQtUeesaftrukgkFk'kfDrdkgS]mrukgh,sfPNdHkkoukdkHkhgSAekrìzèkkurFkkfirìzèkkuifjokjlkoZHkkSfedughaekustkldrsAyhdkWdosQ'kCnksaesa¶vkfneokfl;ksaesaifjokj;klewgdkdksbZ,dLo:iughaFkkAdghaekrìzèkkuifjokjFks]rksdghafirìzèkkuifjokjFksµ;ghmlle;dhO;oLFkkFkhAgksldrkgSfdcknesamuesalsfdlh,diz.kkyhusnwljsdkslekIrdjfn;kgksA¸blckrdksvcfcYoqQyghughaekuktkrkfdlekt,dÑf=kefuekZ.kgSAlkekftdlafonkfl¼karesa;gekukx;kgSfdeuq";dktUelektlsigysgqvkFkkAijarq;gèkkj.kkxyrgS]D;ksafdlkekftdrkdktUeeuq";osQlkFkghgqvkAtceuq";usnwljseuq";ksaosQlkFktUefy;k]rkslekt,dokLrfodrkosQ:iesafo|kekuFkkAeuq";lektosQvanjgheuq";gSlektosQckgjughaAlektèkhjs&èkhjsfodflrgksdjcukA;gfdlh,dfnuvpkudughaiSnkgksx;kAmi;qZDrfl¼karlsHkysghblckrdkirkyxsfdfdlizdkjfofHkUulektvfLrRoesavk;s]ijarqbuls;girkughayxrkfdlektdhmRifÙkoSQlsgqbZA

fodkloknh fl¼kar (Evolutionary Theory)

fodkloknhfl¼karlektdhmRifÙkosQckjsesalkekU;r%BhdO;k[;kizLrqrdjrkgSAblfl¼karosQvuqlkj]lektdkfuekZ.kughagqvkgS]cfYd;gfodkldkiQygSAlektØfedfodkldkifj.kkegSAlektvlaxfBrlslaxfBrvkSjviw.kZlsiw.kZdhvksjfujarjfodkldjrktkrkgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 97



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vr%Li"VgSfdlektdktUefdlhle>kSrs;kfo'ks"kmicaèkosQdkj.kughagqvkAbldktUeLor%gqvkvkSjbldkØe'k%fodklgksrkx;kAvkèkqfudtfVyLo:irdigq¡puslsigys;gfodklosQdbZpj.kksalsxqtjpqdkgSAdkEVsosQvuqlkj]¶lektbupj.kksalsxqtjpqdkgSµèkk£ed(theological)]rkfRod(metaphysical)vkSjldkjkRed(posititve)AmlosQfopkjkuqlkj]la?kdhvko';drkosQifj.kkeLo:ilektdktUegqvkAeuq";ksa }kjkvuqHkodhx;h;gvko';drkfuf'prfu;eksaosQvuqlkjfodflrgqbZAfo|ekulektfodklosQfofHkUupj.kksaijgSAmlosQvuqlkj]izxfrvfuok;ZgS];|fi;gèkhjs&èkhjs]èkheh&èkhehvkSjvlhegksrhgSAgcZVZLisUljusHkhlkekftdfodklosQfl¼kardkiks"k.kfd;kgSAmlosQvuqlkjlektfodklosQmulHkhfl¼karksaosQvèkhugSftuosQvèkhulcpjvkSjvpjinkFkZgSaAmlosQfy,HkhfodkldkvFkZizxfrFkkAekuo&lekttaxyhvoLFkklslH;voLFkkdksizkIrdjpqdkgSAmluslkekftdfodklosQekxZesaiqjkru]vkfne(primitive)]lSfud(Militant)vkSjvkS|kfxd(industrial)voLFkkvksa;kpj.kksadkscryk;kA

cgqrlslekt'kkfL=k;ksausdkEVsvkSjLisalj}kjkfodkldksizxfrdgstkusdkfojksèkfd;kgSA;gdgukdfBugSfdizxfrD;kgS\ifjorZuosQoyns[kktkldrkgS]ijarqifjorZudkvFkZvko';d:ilsizxfrghughagksldrkA

3-18 lekt osQ izdkj (Types of Society)

ftlxzgijeuq";jgrkgSmlijyksxlkekftdlacaèkksadktkycukdjjgrsgaSA

1- tutkrh; lekt (Tribal Society)

tutkrh;lektvkfnelektdhfo'ks"krkgStksekuobfrgklosQvkjafHkd;qxesaorZekuFkh];|fivizQhdk],f'k;k,oa;wjksiosQfiNM+sns'kksaesablsvcHkhns[kktkldrkgSAbllektdhlajpuk,oaizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEuizdkjgSaµ

(i) vk£Fkd lajpuk (Economic Structure)µtutkrh;lektesayksxizkÑfrdi;kZoj.kosQfudVlaioZQesajgrsgSatksmldhvk£FkdfØ;kvksadksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSAmudhizeq[kvk£FkdfØ;kf'kdkj,oaHkkstubdV~BkdjukgksrkgSAoqQNtutkrh;lektizeq[kr;kf'kdkjijghthoufuokZgdjrhgSaAosQoyoqQNsddanewyksadksviusHkkstuosQiwjdosQ:iesabdV~BkdjusosQvfrfjDrosuosQoyHkkstuvfirqvkJ;]oL=kksa,oamidj.kksagsrqHkhi'kqvksaijvkfJrgksrsgSaA

vr,o]mudhizeq[kizkS|ksfxdhesa f'kdkj&dkS'ky,oai'kqvksadh[kk|&Hkkstu]vkJ;,oaoL=kksarFkkvko';dmidj.kksaesa:ikUrfjrdjusdhizfofèk;k¡lfEefyrgSaAoqQNtutkrh;lektizeq[kr;kf'kdkjdhvis{kkHkkstubdV~BkdjusijvfèkdfuHkZjgksrsgSaAdanewy]taxyhvUu,oaiQymudkHkkstugksrsgSaAo`{kksadhNky,oaikSèkksaosQjs'kksa

98 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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(ii) lkekftd thou (Social Life)µtutkrh;lektesathouljy,oalesfdrgksrkgSA;gvk£Fkd]èkk£ed]'kSf{kd,oaeuksjatukRedJsf.k;ksaesafoHksnhÑrughagksrkftlosQvarxZrvkèkqfudlektesaizR;sdO;fDrvusdfof'k"VHkwfedk;safuHkkrkgSAlkekftdvar£Ø;kizkFkfedlewgdhgksrhgSA O;oLFkkdhns[kHkkyyksdjhfr;ksa,oayksdkpkjksaijvfèkdfuHkZjdjrhgS]tutkrh;usrkvksaosQlÙkkijdeAlewgfuUnkvFkokxaHkhjekeyksaesafuokZlunaMosQlkekU;:igSaAcPpsdklkekthdj.kifjokj,oanSfudlacaèkksaesagksrkgSAizR;sdtutkfrdksO;ogkjosQekudksadkKkugksrkgSrFkktutkrh;usrkvksadknkf;RogksrkgSfdog;gns[ksafdcPpsLohÑrekudksaosQvuqlkjO;ogkjdjrsgSaAtutkrh;lektdkvkdkjy?kqgksrkgSA,oa;glejlgksrkgSAtutkrh;yksxèkk£edgksrsgSarFkkVksVeokn]tknw,oaoLrq&iwtkesafo'okldjrsgSaAfu"d"kZ:iesa]tutkrh;lekt]vkS|ksfxdlekttkstfVy]fo"ke]vlesfdr,oafoHksnhÑrgksrkgS]fdrqyukesaljy]lejl]lesfdr,oavfoHksnhÑrgksrkgSA

2- Ñ"kd lekt (Agrarian Society)

vk£FkdfØ;kosQfofHkUuLo:iksaosQvkèkkjijlektksadksÑ"kd,oavkS|ksxhÑresaoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSAÑ"kdlektesaizeq[kvk£FkdfØ;kÑf"kgksrhgStcfdvkS|ksfxdlektesaiSQDVjhmRiknuvk£FkdfØ;kdkizeq[k:igksrkgSAvktHkhfo'otula[;kdknks&frgkbZlsrhu&pkSFkkbZHkkxÑ"kdlektksaesajgrkgSA

vkfneO;fDrifjokj,oajDrcaèkuksaosQvkèkkjijfu£erNksVs&NksVsfxjksgksa(bounds)esajgrsFksAmudhvFkZO;oLFkkesavfèkdka'kr;k f'kdkj]HkkstudksbdV~Bkdjuk]eRL;ikyulfEefyrFksAuoik"kk.kØkafruslektosQbfrgkleasegÙoiw.kZifjorZufd;sftldklemnkgj.kvkS|ksfxdØkafresaghns[kktkldrkgSAuoik"kk.k;qxyxHkx13]000o"kZiwoZfudVorhZiwoZ,oauhy?kkVhesavkjaHkgqvkArhuvFkokpkjgtkjo"kZiwoZ;gosaQnzh;,oaif'peh;wjksiesaizlkfjrgqvkAbl;qxosQnkSjkuyksxksausik"kk.kfu£ermidj.kksadksikfy'kdjuk,oamuesarh[ksdkVusokysfdukjscukukvkjaHkfd;krFkkorZucukus,oaxw¡Fkusdhdykvksadkvfo"dkjfd;kAijarq;glkoZfèkdegRoiw.kZifjorZuughaFkkAikSèkksa,oai'kqvksaosQikyuusÑ"kdlektdhuhaoj[khA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 99



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Ñ"kd lekt dh lajpuk ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡

(i) O;olkf;d ljapuk (occupational structure)µÑ"kd lekt eq[;r;k ikSèkksa ,oai'kqvksaosQikyulslac¼gSAikSèkksaosQikyudkvFkZgSÑf"krFkki'kqikyudkvFkZgSi'kqvksadkj[kj[kkoAcgqèkkÑf"k,oai'kqvksa;Fkkxk;]cdjh,oaHksM+tSlsikyrwi'kqvksaosQiz;ksxfefJrdk;ZgksrsgSaAijarqÑf"k,oai'kq&ikyuosQvfrfjDrÑ"kdlektesayksxksaosQvU;vk£FkdfØ;k,¡HkhgksrhgSaAblizdkjbllektesaf'kYihrFkkcqudj]oqQEgkj]yksgkj]NksVsnqdkunkj]lsok&deZpkjhtSls]liQkbZdeZpkjh]pkSdhnkj]?kjsywukSdj,oarqPNO;olk;djusokysvU;O;fDrHkhgksrsgSaA

(ii) Ñ"kd lektksa esa Hkw&LokfeRo dk :i (Forms of land ownerlipism agrarian societies)µlkekU;r;kbllektesaHkw&Lokeh]i;Zos{khÑ"kd]dk'r,oaiQlyHkkxhnkjgksrsgSaAHkw&Lokeh]HkwfeosQLokehgksrsgSaijarqLo;adk'rughadjrsAosHkwfedhiQlyHkkxsnkjhosQfy;snsnsrsgSaAi;Zos{khÑ"kdoggksrsgSatksviuhHkwfedksJfedksalsdk'rdjokrsgSaAdk'rdkjLo;aviuhHkwfedhdk'rdjrkgSAiQlyHkkxhnkjosO;fDrgksrsgSatksnwljksadhHkwfeijdk'rdjosQiQlydkHkkxizkIrdjrsgSaAf'kYihmRiknuosQlkèkuksadkLokehgksrkgS,oaviusJelsmRiknudjrkgSAO;kikjhoLrqvksadky?kqek=kkesaØ;&foØ;djrsgSaA;gHkhè;kujgsfdf'kYih,oaO;kikjhHkhÑ"kdlektesadHkh&dHkh HkwfeosQ Lokehgksrs gSaA ftlsos Lo;aJfedksa }kjkdk'rdjrsgSavFkokHkkxsnkjhosQvkèkkjijdk'rgsrqnsnsrsgSaA

(iii) xzkeh.k leqnk; O;oLFkk (village community system)µÑ"kd lekt esa xzkeh.kleqnk;iz.kkyhdhlaLFkkik;htkrhgSAÑ"kdvFkZO;oLFkkosQdkj.kvkoklgsrqedkuksadhvko';drkvuqHkodhx;hAlqj{kk,oalg;ksxgsrq,dnwljsosQ,oaHkwfeosQfudVjguslsÑ"kdxzkeksadktUegqvkAxzke]Ñ"kdksadkosQoyvkoklh;LFkkughughagSvfirqblslkekftdlesdudÙkkZHkhdgktkldrkgSA;glkekftdthoudkosaQfnz;LFkkugksrkgS,oaO;fDrxzkeesaviukiw.kZthouthrsgSaAyksxksaosQthou&izfrekufLFkjgksrsgSaAmudhvknrsa]vfHko`fÙk;k¡,oamuosQfopkjvkS|ksfxdlektesaoklhO;fDr;ksalsfHkUugksrsgSaA

(iv) U;wure Je foHkktu (Minimal division of labour)µÑ"kd lekt dh vU;lajpukRedfo'ks"krkU;wureJefoHkktulsgSAfyax,oavk;qijvkèkkfjrewyfoHkktuosQvfrfjDrfo'ks"khÑrHkwfedk,¡cgqrdegksrhgSaAosQoy,dghO;olk;izeq[kgksrkgSvFkkZr~ikSèkksa,oai'kqvksadkikyuAlHkhO;fDr;ksaosQfy,i;kZoj.k]HkkSfrd,oalkekftdlekugksrkgSAÑ"kdlektlejlgksrkgSAtgk¡yksxksadh,dghizdkjdhvk£FkdfØ;kgksrhgSAdk;ZdkfoHkktu,oamifoHkktuughagksrkAlkekftd,oavk£FkdlaxBuksadkckgqY;ughagksrkdksbZJfedla?kvFkokO;olkf;dlfefr;k¡ughagksrsAxzkeh.kO;fDrviuh'kkjhfjdlajpuk,oaLkkaLÑfrdizfrekuesalekugksrsgSaA

(v) ifjokj dh Hkwfedk (Role of family)µÑ"kdlektdh ,d fo'ks"krk ifjokjdhHkwfedkgStksuosQoyiztuu,oackyiks"k.kbdkbZosQ:iesavfirqvk£FkdbdkbZosQ:iesaHkhdk;ZdjrkgSAvusdlektksaesaO;fDrughavfirqlaiw.kZifjokjlewgosQ:iesaHkwfedkstksrrkgS,oaliQydhdVkbZdjrkgSrFkkvU;vko';dÑf"klacaèkhdk;Zfey&tqydjdjrkgSAÑ"kdifjokjfir`lÙkkRedgksrkgSAifjokjdhizfLFkfrO;fDrdhizfLFkfrdksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSAfookg]èkeZ]euksjatu,oaO;olk;osQckjsesafuèkkZfjr

100 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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(vi) ,drk dh Hkkouk (Sense of unity)µÑ"kdlektosQlnL;ksaesavar%lewgdhHkkoukgksrhgS]D;ksafdmudklaiw.kZthou,d,slslektesatksHkkSfrd]vk£Fkd,oalkekftd:ilslejlgS]lslekosf'krgksrkgSAvr%oslaiw.kZckálalkjdksckálewgle>rsgSaAmuesal'kDr^ge*HkkoukgksrhgSAgkjosQvkSjeku&lEekuosQukeijxzkeoklhviusthoudkcfynkudjusdksrRijjgrsgSaAO;fDr;ksaosQeè;lacaèkoS;fDrdizdkjosQgksrsgSaAxzkeh.kjhfrfjoktksa,oaewY;ksadkmYya?kudjusokysO;fDrdksdBksjnaMfn;ktkrkgSA

(vii) vukSipkfjd lkekftd fu;a=k.k (Infound social control)µÑ"kdlektesansgkrksadhizèkkurkgksrhgSAxzkeh.kleqnk;esaikjaifjdO;kogkfjdfu;eksadkeq[;LFkkugksrkgSAizR;sdO;fDr,dnwljsdksigpkurkgSAxzkeh.kleqnk;osQyksx,dnwljsdhlgk;rkdjrsgSarFkk,dnwljsosQlq[k,oanq[kesaHkkxysrsgSaAvijkèkdhek=kkdegksrhgSAnaMvukSipkfjdizdkjdkµfuank]viQokg,oacfg"dkjgksrkgSAyksxksadkO;ogkjyksdjhfr;ksa}kjk'kkflrgksrkgSA

(viii) lknxh ,oa ,d:irk (Simplicity and uniformity)µÑ"kdlektesayksxksaosQthouesalknxh,oa,d:irkgksrhgSAÑ"kd]izkÑfrd'kfDr;ksaosQizfrHk;HkhrgksrkgSD;ksafdmldhÑf"k]izÑfrdhn;kijfuHkZjgksrhgSAogizkÑfrd'kfDr;ksadhiwtkdjrkgSAÑ"kdlektèkk£edlektgksrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrÑ"kdksadhthou'kSyhljygksrhgSAmudkHkkstu]muosQoL=k,oaedkulknsgksrsgSaAosvkS|ksfxdlH;rkosQnks"kksalsnwjjgrsgSaAmudkO;ogkjLoHkkfodgksrkgSmlesaÑf=kerkughagksrhAos'kkafriw.kZthouO;rhrdjrsgSAekufldnckodegksrsgSaAmUgsaân;vk?kkrtSlsjksxughagksrsAoslR;oknh]ifjJeh,oalRdkj'khygksrsgSaAmuosQfy;sHkwfedAlclsewY;okuèkjksgjgSA

fu"d"kZeas;gHkhmYys[kdjukmi;qDrgksxkfdgekjsle;esaÑ"kdlektvkS|ksfxdlektdhfo'ks"krkvksalsvfèkdlsvfèkdrjizHkkforgksjgkgSAÑ"kdvciQkyrwoLrqvksadkmRiknudjrsgSa]ftUgsaoseaMhesafoØ;djrsgSa]vkS|ksfxd;qxdheqnzkO;oLFkkdkmi;ksxdjrsgSarFkkdjHkqxrku,oaernkuosQekè;elsns'kdhjktuhfrdO;oLFkkesaHkkxysrsgSaA;kaf=kdÑf"kosQvkxeuls,oaykHkijn`f"VosQafnzrgkstkuslsÑ"kdlektosQlkekftdlaxBuijvfrizHkkoiM+kgSAHkkjrh;lekttksÑ"kdlektgSvkS|ksxhdj.kosQizHkkokèkhuifjorZuosQnkSjlsxqtjjgkgSAuxjhdj.kdkizHkkoc<+rktkjgkgS]xzkeokfl;ksadhthou'kSyhcnyjghgS],oamuosQfopkjksaesaifjorZugksjgkgSA

3-19 vkS|ksfxd lekt (Industrial Society)

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uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 101



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vkS|ksfxd lekt dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Industrial Society)

(i) vkèkqfud ifjokj dh mRifÙk (Emergence of Modern family)µikjaifjd iSr`difjokjosQLFkkuijvkèkqfudifjokjdktUevkS|ksfxdlektdhizFkefo'ks"krkgSAvkS|ksfxdlektdkifjokjlaLFkkugksdj,dlgHkkfxrkgSAL=khvciq#"kdhnklhughagSvfirqthouesalekuvfèkdkjlfgrmldhlafxuhgSAvcosQoyiq#"kgh?kjlsckgjdk;Zijughatkrsvfirqefgyk,¡Hkhdk;kZy;ksa,oam+|ksxksaesadk;ZdjrhgSaAifjokjmRiknubdkbZujgdjmiHkksDrkbdkbZcux;kgSAvkèkqfudifjokjvcogdk;ZughadjrktksikjaifjdifjokjesagksrsFksA;gk¡rdfdcPpksaosQikyu&iks"k.kdkdk;ZHkhckã,tsfUl;ksauslaHkkyfy;kgSAcPpksadktUeifjokjesaugksdjvLirkyesagksrkgSAvkSjmldhizkjafHkdf'k{kk¯dMjxkVsZuLowQyesagksrhgSAvkS|ksfxdlektesaO;fDr;ksadkn`f"Vdks.kO;fDroknhgksx;kgSAblizdkj]vkS|ksfxdlektesaifjokjdhlajpuk,oamlosQdk;ZÑ"kdlektlsfurkarfHkUugSaA

(ii) vk£Fkd laLFkk,¡ (Economic Institutions)vkS|ksfxdlekt,oaiwoZ&vkS|ksfxdlektosQeè;lokZfèkdegÙoiw.kZvarjvk£FkdlaLFkkvksadhlajpukesans[kktkldrkgSAvkS|ksfxdlektdhmRiknu]forj.k,oafofue;iz.kkyhiw.kZr;kfHkUuizdkjdhgSA?kjkuksaosQLFkkuijvciSQfDVª;k¡gSatgk¡dk;Zdksvusdy?kqva'kksaesafoHkDrfd;ktkrkgSAcM+s&cM+sm|ksxksadhLFkkiukgksx;hgSAfuxeksadhLFkkiukdhx;hgSALokfeRo,oafu;a=k.kesafoHksnfd;ktkrkgSAcM+s&cM+sm|ksx;FkkVkVk,oafcM+ykosQ,dO;fDr}kjkughavfirqyk[kksa'ks;jgksYMjksaosQeè;mudkLokfeRofc[kjkgqvkgStksbuosQizcaèkdksosruHkksxhizcaèkdksaosQfu;a=k.kesansnsrsgSaAoLrqr%vkS|ksxhÑrlektesaLokfeRodh lkewfgdrk gksrh gSA iw¡thokn vkS|ksfxd lektdh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA bl izdkjO;fDrxrlaifÙk]JefoHkktu]ykHk]izfr;ksfxrk]Je]osru,oalk[kvkS|ksxhÑrlektdhfo'ks"krk,¡gSaAJfedla?kksadho`f¼HkhvkS|ksfxdlektdhegÙoiw.kZfo'ks"krkgSA

(iii) O;kolkf;d milaLÑfr;k¡ (Occupational sub-culture)µtkSl Åij o£.kr fd;kx;kgS]vkS|ksfxdlektesaJefoHkktudhvfrgksrhgSAfdlhdkj[kkusesalkèkkj.klslkèkkj.koLrq;FkkµtwrksadkmRiknudjusgsrqgtkjksaO;fDrfof'k"Vdk;ZdjrsgSaAblhizdkj]izcaèkdk;ZHkhfoHkkftrgksrkgS],ddPpsekyosQØ;dks]vU;e'khujhdhns[kHkkydks]rhljkmRiknuizfØ;kdks]vU;foØ;dksrFkknwljsys[kksadksns[krkgSA,slsJefoHkktuls]lekt'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkj]lac¼O;olkf;dfof'k"Vrkvksadhvyx&vyxiz.kkfy;k¡tks,d&nwljslsfHkUugksrhgSa]inks'kks"kukRed<axlstUeysrhgSaAizR;sdiz.kkyhfof'k"VekudksadhLFkkiukdjrhgSaftlslacafèkrO;olk;osQlHkhd£edvuqlj.kdjrsgSaA;gO;olkf;dmilaLÑfr;k¡lnL;ksadksnwljksalsvyxdjnsrhgSaAblizdkj]fpfdRldksa,oaulks±osQewY;ksadksbathfu;jksa,oapkydksa}kjkvuqikyuughafd;ktkrkAodhyksaosQO;olkf;dewY;izkè;kidosQewY;ksalsfHkUugksrsgSaAblizdkj]vkS|ksfxdlekttksfofHkUuO;olk;fof'k"VrkvksalsfpfÉrgksrkgS]O;olkf;d


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(iv) [kafMr Hkwfedk,¡ (Segmentalized Roles) vkS|ksfxd lektksa esa yksxksa dh Hkwfedk,¡[kafMrgksrhgSaAO;fDr]èkk£ed]xq#]firk]jktuhfrdnydklnL;]fØosQVVhedklnL;gksldrkgSijarqbuesalsfdlhdhvU;osQlkFkghlacaèkughagksrktkstutkrh;lektesatutkrh;O;fDrdkgksrkgSA,slslektesaO;fDrdksosQoymlosQoa'kdkirkyxkukgksrkgSftlosQvkèkkjijmlosQO;olk;]mlosQlacaèk,oamldh'kSf{kdizkfIrdkiwoZdFkufd;ktkldrkgSA

(v) voS;fDrd lacaèk (Impersonality of Relationship) vkS|ksfxd lekt oS;fDrdlacaèkksadhvis{kk fuoSZ;fDrdrklacaèkksadks fpfÉrdjrkgSA O;kolkf;dfof'k"Vhdj.kvkS|ksfxdthoudhfuoZS;fDrdrkdksc<+krkgSAlfefr;ksadksxkS.kLo:i]O;olk;ksadhcgqyrk]izdk;ks±dkfof'k"Vhdj.k,oaizfr;ksfxrkLusgdksdedjnsrhgS,oaO;fDr;ksaesalaiw.kZlektosQizfrrknkReh;rkdhHkkoukdksfodflrgksuslsjksdrhgSAdk;ZLFkku]fuoklLFkkulsnwjgksusosQdkj.kfirkcPpksadhn`f"Vlsyacsle;rdvks>yjgrsgSaAvusdcPpksadksKkrghughagksrkfdmuosQfirkD;kO;olk;djrsgSaAosQoycPpsghugha]vusdifRu;ksadksHkhviusifrosQO;olk;dhiw.kZfHkKrkughagksrhaAiRuhdks;grksKkrgksrkgSfdmldkifrOkL=km|ksxesadk;ZdjrkgSijarqogblm|ksxesamRiknud{k]HkaMkj]izca/dk;kZy;]tu&laioZQfoHkkxvFkokfdlvU;foHkkxesadk;ZdjrkgS]mldksKkrughagksrkA,slhifjfLFkfr;ksaesaifjokjckyddks;qok}kjikjdjosQo;LdO;olkf;dHkwfedkesaizos'kfnykusesavleFkZjgrkgSA

(vi) izfLFkfr ls lafonk (Status to contract)vkS|ksfxdlektdh,dizeq[kfo'ks"krkogizo`fÙkgSftlslekt'kkL=khizfLFkfrlslafonkdhvksjizLFkkudgrsgSaAeè;;qxhulektesa]oqQyhuoqQyhuosQ:iesatUeysrkFkkD;ksafdmlosQnknkoqQyhuFks]vr,omlsHkhoqQyhucuusdkvf/dkjFkkAnklmlosQizfrfu"Bkj[krsFksD;ksafdognklifjokjesatUeysrsFksAlaiw.kZlektiznrizfLFkfrijlajfprFkkvkS|ksfxdlektusbllajpukdks[kafMrdjfn;kgSAvkS|ksfxdlektesavf/dka'kO;fDrfo'kkydk;laxBuksaosQfy;slafonkosQvk/kjijdk;ZdjrsgSaAizfLFkfrO;oLFkkdkLFkkulafonkO;oLFkkusysfy;kgSAbllektesavcosrulafonk]lkekftdlqj{kklafonk]csjkstxkjhcheklafonkvkfngksrsgSaAikjLifjdnkf;RoO;k[;kosQLFkkuijvkS|ksfxdlektesalafonkO;oLFkkik;htkrhgSA

(vii) lkekftd xfr'khyrk (Social Mobility)D;ksafdvkS|ksfxdlektizfLFkfrosQLFkkuijlafonkijO;ofLFkrgS]vr,oblesalkekftdxfr'khyrkik;htkrhgSAvkS|ksfxdlektdkO;fDrviuhmiyfC/osQvk/kjijlkekftdLrjhdj.kesamPplsmPplkekftdinikldrkgSAizfLFkfrosQfu/kZjdrÙoosQ:iesatkfrdkegÙodegksx;kgSA

(viii) efgykvksa dh fLFkfr (Position of women) o`Q"kd lekt esa efgykvksa osQ fy;svis{kko`Qrdevk£FkdO;olk;miyC/gksrsgSaAosvf/dle;?kjsywdk;ks±esaO;LrjgrhgSa,oaiQlycksusrFkkdkVusosQle;iq#"kksadhlgk;rkdjrhgSaAvkS|ksfxdlektesaefgykvksaosQfy,vusdekxZ[kqysgksrsgaSAvkS|ksfxdj.k,oafof'k"Vhdj.kusefgykvksadksdkj[kkuksaesaLFkkunsfn;kgSAosvc?kjdhpkjnhokjhlsckgjfudydjfoLr`rlalkjesaizos'kdjx;hgSaftldkj.kmudhvfHk#fp;ksaesaegkuifjorZuvk;kgSAeqfDrvfHk;ku(Lib Movement)vkS|ksfxdlektdhnsugSA

uksV




(ix) fopyu ,oa vizfrekurk (Deviance and anomic)vkS|ksfxdlekt,dtulektgSftlesafofHkUumilaLo`Qfr;k¡fo|ekugSaAblosQlnL;izfr;ksfxrkdhvfrosQdkj.kvR;f/dnckoksa,oamy>uksaosQv/hudk;ZdjrsgSaAdkj[kkusajkrfnupyrsgSaAO;fDrvusdxfrfof/;ksa esalayXugSa ,oa Hkkjh xfrlsdk;Zdjrs gSaA os fofHkUu,tsfUl;ksa}kjk fu/kZfjr O;ogkjosQtfVy,oa fo"ke fu;eksa ls f?kjs gq;s gSaA muosQ O;ogkj ijvusdizdkjosQizfrca/gSaAiwathoknh]'kks"k.k]oxZ&la?k"kZ]laLo`QfrfoyEcuk]fuoSZ;fDrdlaca/]O;fDrokndhiz/kurk,oa;kaf=kdthou&vkS|ksfxdlektosQrRo]ekufld,oaHkkoukRedvlarqyudkstUensrsgSaAlektosQlnL;ksaesafofHkUuizdkjdhekufldfoo`Qfr;k¡mRiUugkstkrhgSaAvkS|ksfxdlektesa]vkRegR;kdh]u'khyhoLrqvksaosQlsoudhnjo`f¼ijgSA

fu"d"kZ :i esa] vkS|ksfxdlekt us laLFkkxr lajpuk ,oa ewY;ksa eas Hkkjh ifjorZu fd;s gSaAvesfjdulektvkS|ksfxdlektgStgk¡yksxvR;f/df'kf{kr]oSKkfudrkSjijizf'kf{kr]vk£Fkd:ilsle`¼ijarqvfrO;fDroknhgksrsgSaAD;ksa,slslektesaekuolaca/vf/dlesfdr,oaLFkk;hgksaxs\mÙkjfuf'prughagSArnfivf/dlsvf/do`Q"kdlektvkS|hxhdj.kosQ;qxesaizos'kdjjgsgSa,oaHkfo";esavkS|ksxho`Qrlektksadhla[;kvis{kko`Qrvf/dgksxhA

3-20 lekt dk Lo:i rFkk rqyukRed vè;;u (Structure of Society and Comparative Study)

lektosQLo:idkiz'uO;fDrvkSjlektosQlaca/osQiz'ulscgqrlacaf/rgSAcgqrizkphudkyesavjLrqusdgkFkkfdeuq";LoHkkolsghlkekftdizk.khgSvkSjtkseuq";lektesaughajgrk]og;krksbZ'ojgS;ktaxyhi'kqgSAeuq";dkslkekftdizk.khdgusosQlkFkghgekjslkeus;giz'umRiUugksrkgSfdeuq";fdln`f"Vlslkekftdizk.khgS\gelektijfdlizdkjfuHkZjgSa\nwljs'kCnksaesa]euq";rFkklkekftdO;oLFkkosQchpfdlizdkjosQlaca/gSa\

nks fl¼kar (Two theories)

O;fDrrFkklektosQlaca/ksaosQckjsesaeq[;r%nksfl¼kargSaftudkvusdfo}kuksausleFkZufd;kgSA,dfl¼karlkekftdlafonk(Social Contract)dkgSvkSjnwljklko;ohfodkl(Organic Theory)dkfl¼kargSAlkekftdlafonkosQfl¼kardko.kZufd;ktkpqdkgSA;gk¡osQoybrukcrkusdhvko';drkgSfdlkekftdlafonkosQfl¼karesa;gckrfufgrgSfdizko`QfrdvoLFkkesaeuq";lektesajgrkFkk]D;ksafd;fnoglektesaujgkgksrrksmlosQeuesafopkjrFkkHkkouk,¡mRiUugksrhaftuosQifj.kkeLo:imluslkekftdle>kSrkfd;kA

lekt dk lko;oh fl¼kar (The organic theory of society)

;gfl¼karHkhvjLrqrFkkIysVksaosQtekusdkgSAIysVksauslekt;kjkT;dhrqyuk,dc`gr~euq";lsdhAmluseuq";dhrhufo'ks"krkvksaµcqf¼erk]lkglrFkkbPNkosQvk/kjijlektdksrhuHkkxksa&'kkld];ks¼krFkkdkjhxjksaesack¡VkAvjLrqusjkT;dhrqyuk,d'kjhjlsdhvkSjcrk;kfdeuq";lektdkvfHkUuvaxgSAgkyesaCya'kkphrFkkgcZVZLisUlj(Bluntschi and Herbert Spencer)usO;fDrosQ'kjhjrFkklektosQ<k¡psesalw{erelekurk<w¡<fudkyhgSAcy'kyhusrksjkT;esaHkhySafxdfo'ks"krkcrkbZgSAmldkdgukgSfdjkT;dkLo:iiq¯yxgSvkSjppZdkLo:iL=kh¯yxgSALisUljdkdgukgSfd¶jkT;osQfodklrFkkiruijoghfu;eykxwgksrsgSatkseuq";osQfodklrFkkiruijykxwgksrsgSajkT;dhHkhfd'kksjkoLFkk];qokoLFkkrFkke`R;qgksrhgSaAeuq";dhghHkk¡frjkT;osQHkhlgk;dvo;ogksrsgSaA¸


uksV


etnwj][ksrhdjusokysO;fDr][kkuksarFkkdkj[kkuksaesadkedjusokysO;fDrlektosQiks"kd(alimentary)vaxgSaAFkksdO;kikjh][kqnjknqdkunkj]cSadj]jsyosrFkklVhulspyusokystgktksaesadkedjusokysO;fDrlektesamlhrjggSa]tSlseuq";osQ'kjhjesajDrokfguhufydk,¡gSaAMkDVjksa]odhyksa]bathfu;jksa]'kkldksa]iqjksfgrksavkfndklektesaoghegÙogStkseuq";osQ'kjhjesaefLr"drFkkukM+h&laLFkkudkgksrkgSA¸^eqjs*(Murray)usO;fDrrFkklektesaLisUlj}kjkcrk;sx;svkèkkjijoqQNlekurk,¡blizdkjizdVdhgSaµ

1- nksuksaNksVs&NksVs,ddksalsvkjaHkgksdjc<+rsgSaA

2- T;ksa&T;ksamudkfodklgksrktkrkgS]R;ksa&R;ksamudhvkjafHkdlkis{kljyrkosQLFkkuijmuesavf/dkf/dtfVyrkiSnkgksrhtkrhgSA

3- T;ksa&T;ksa muesa vf/dkf/d fHkUurk c<+rh tkrh gS] R;ksa&R;ksa muosQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esvfèkdkf/d ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk c<+rh tkrh gSA izR;sddk thou rFkk lkekU; fØ;klaiw.kZthouijfuHkZjgkstkrhgSA

4- laiw.kZdkthoumuosQfofHkUuvaxksaosQthoulsfcYoqQyvyxgkstkrkgSA

mi;qZDrlekurkvksaosQvk/kjijLisUljus;gfu"d"kZ fudkykfdjkT;,dthogSµ,dlkekftdthoAO;fDrlektosQvaxgSavkSj'kjhjosQdks"kksadhHkk¡frdk;ZdjrsgSaftuosQdk;ZrFkkthoudkmís';laiw.kZ'kjhjdkfgrdjukgksrkgSAftlizdkjvaxksadks'kjhjlsi`Fko~Qdjnsusijmuesathouughajgtkrk]mlhizdkjO;fDrdkslektlsvyxdjusijmlesathouughajgtkrkAO;fDrlektosQvanjghjgrsgSaA

vkykspuk (Criticism)

fuf'prghlektrFkkthouesegÙoiw.kZlekurk,¡gSa]ijarqlkFkghnksuksaesaegÙoiw.kZHksn;kvarjHkhgSaAgcZVZLisUljusLo;abuHksnksadhvksjè;kufn;kFkkvkSjbUghaosQvk/kjijmlusjkT;osQO;fDroknhfl¼kar(individualistic theory)dhjpukdhAlektrFkkO;fDrosQvo;oesamlusfuEufyf[krvarjizdVfd;sA

1- lektdkdksbZ,slkfof'k"V:iughagSAftldhfdlhO;fDrosQ'kjhjlsrqyukdhtk;sA

2- lektosQvaxviuh&viuhtxgksaijmlrjgfLFkjughagS]tSlseuq";osQ'kjhjosQvaxA

3- lektdhbdkbZvyx&vyxO;fDrgksrsgSavkSjO;fDrosQ'kjhjosQdks"kksadhHkk¡fros'kjhjlsla;qDrughagksrsA

4- lektesadksbZ^lkekU;&Kku&osaQnz*(Common sensorium) ughagksrk]cks/rFkkKkudkdksbZosaQnzh;vo;oughagksrk]tSlkfdeuq";osQ'kjhjesagksrkgSA

blosQvfrfjDrlektrFkkeuq";osQ'kjhjesavkSjHkhdbZvarjgSaA;gdFkuBhdughagSfdlektdktUeHkhoSlsghgqvkgS]tSlseuq";dkgksrkgSAgetkursgSafdeuq";dktUercgksrkgStciq#"kdk,ddks"kL=khosQ,ddks"kesafeyrkgS]ijarqlektosQlaca/esa;gckrpfjrkFkZughagksrhAlektesO;fDr;ksadkla;ksxblizdkjughagksrkftlizdkjL=khosQ'kjhjesanksdks"kksadkla;ksxgksrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrughlektmlrjgejrkgSftlrjgO;fDrejrkgSAlprks;ggSfdlko;ofl¼karlektijosQoy,d:idosQ:iesaykxwgksrkgS]okLrfod:iesaughaAlekturksthogSvkSjuthogksldrkgSA;g,dthodhHkk¡frgSA;gekufldiz.kkyhgS]'kkjhfjdiz.kkyhughaAlektdkdksbZ'kjhjughagksrk];g,dekufldlajpukvkSjlfEefyriz;kstuksaosQfy,ekufldlaxBugSA

uksV




lewg&eu fl¼kar (Group mind theory)

lewg&eufl¼kar;kvkn'kZoknhfl¼kar(idealist theory)dklko;ofl¼karlscM+k?kfu"Blaca/gSAIysVks]ghxy]ckslkaosQ(Bosanquet)]vkVksfxosZQ(Otto Gierke)vkSjeSDMwxytSlsfo}kuksausblfl¼kardkizfriknufd;kgSAIysVksuslektdks,d^c`gr~eu*(a mind write large)ekukgSvkSjcqf¼erk]lkglrFkkbPNkosQvk/kjijmluslektdksrhuHkkxksa&'kkld];ks¼krFkkdkjhxjesack¡VkgSAijarqlektrFkkeuq";osQeudh;grqyuk,d:idosQvfrfjDroqQNHkhughagSA

ghxy (Hegel)µvkn'kZoknh teZu fo}ku ghxy dk fopkj gS fd lekt ,d ^iw.kZ eu*(absolute mind)gSA;g,sfrgkfldfo'o&izfozQ;k]lkoZHkkSfedvkRek;kiw.kZfopkjdkizrhdgSAjkT;tksifjokjrFkkflfoylektosQiwoZorhZrRoksadkslatks;sgq,fo|ekugS]euosQ}a}kRedfodkldkvafrepj.kgSvkSji`FohijmldkpjefodklgSAjkT;dhbPNk^iw.kZeu*dhiw.kZvfHkO;fDrgSAO;fDrtcrdjkT;dklnL;gS]rHkhrdmldkokLrfodvfLrRogSAjkT;osQfcukO;fDr,ddYiuk;kHkkoek=kgS_lektdhlnL;rklsghmlsegÙo]ekU;rk]uSfrdinvkfnizkIrgSaAjkT;euq";dhvis{kk,dmPprjlkè;gS]D;ksafd;gLo;aO;fDrgStksviusvkdfLedrFkkLoYik;qfo'ks"krkvksalsjfgrvkSjviuhlkoZHkkSfedrkls;qDrgksrkgqvkrVLFkrkrFkkfpjarjrkdks/kj.kfd;sgq,gSA

ckslkaosQ (Bosanquet)µghxyosQcknVh-,p-xzhu],iQ-,p-czSMysvkSjch-ckslkaosQusblerdkleFkZufd;kAckslkaosQosQdFkkukuqlkj¶jkT;lHkhukxfjdksaosQeudkfeyk&tqyklkjgSA¸fdlhfuf'prjkT;&{ks=krFkkfdlhizHkqlÙkkosQv/hujgusokysyk[kksaiq#"kksaofL=k;ksakdsghjkT;ughadgktkldrk]cfYdjkT;,dlewg&eugSafdlhlfEefyriz;kstuksaosQfy,la;qDrgkstkusijeuksadklewg&eucutkrkgSA;|filewg&eudkvfLrRoO;fDr;ksaosQeulsi`Fkdughagksldrk]ijarqfiQjHkh;g,d;FkkFkZgSAlewg&euO;fDr;ksaosQeuksalsJs"BgSA;gekufldthoudk,dJs"Brj:igSvkSjvaroZLrqrFkkizdkjesaO;fDr&eulsmPprjgksrsgq,Hkhmldksviusesalekfo"Vj[krkgSA

eSDMwxy (Mc Dougall)µlewg&euosQfopkjdheSDMwxyusiqf"VdhA1920esizdkf'krviuhiqLrd^fnxzqiekb.M*(The Group Mind)esamlusfy[kk]¶lekt,d;ksx(O;fDr;ksadk)gS_mldki`Fko~QO;fDrRogSvkSj,dlPphbdkbZgStksfdcgqrvf/dlhekrdviusvaxksadhxfrfof/dk<axrFkkmldkLo:ifu/kZfjrdjrhgSA;g,diw.kZthogSAlektdkekufldthougksrkgStksfdmlosQvarxZrLora=kbdkb;ksaosQ:iesajgusokysekufldthoudk;ksxek=kughagS_vkSjtgk¡rdbdkb;ksadksvyx&vyxekuktkldrkgS]muosQiw.kZKkulsgeiw.kZthouosQLo:iosQlaca/esaml<axlsfu"d"kZughafudkyldrs]tSlkfdLisUljosQmnkgj.kksaesadgkx;kgSA¸¶vr%lkekftd;ksxdk,dlkewfgdekufldthougksrkgStksfdmldhbdkb;ksaosQekufldthoudk;ksxek=kughagksrkgSA;gdgktkldrkgSfdlektesaosQoylkewfgdthoughughagksrk]cfYdlkewfgdeu;koqQNyksxksaosQdFkukuqlkj^lkewfgdvkRek*HkhgksrhgSA¸eSDMwxyusvkxsfy[kkgS]¶leqnk;dhvkRekdkLo:irFkkxBugjizdkjlsmrukghiw.kZekufld;kHkkSfrdgSftrukfdO;fDrosQeudk<k¡pkrFkkxBugksrkgSA¸blizdkjeSDMwxyrFkkckslkaosQosQfopkjyxHkx,d&lsghgSaAnksuksadkdgukgSfdlektosQoyviuslnL;ksaosQoqQNxq.kksa;ky{k.kksadksizdVdjusokyk,dlewgek=kughagS]cfYdLo;a,deurFkk,d;FkkFkZgSA

vkykspuk (Criticism)

gkWcgkml(Hobhouse)]ykWLdhrFkkeSdkbojtSlsfo}kuksauslewg&eufl¼kardhdVqvkykspukdhgSA;svkykspdblckrdksrksekursgSafdlektlacaf/rO;fDr;ksadkosQoylewgek=kughagS]ijarqos;gughaekursfdlektdkviuki`Fko~QeurFkkmldhviuhi`Fko~QbPNkgStksfdlektosQlnL;ksaosQeurFkkmudhviuhi`Fko~QbPNklsfcYoqQyfHkUuovyxgSA


uksV


eSdkbojdkdgukgSfd¶;fngefdlhlewg&eudhppkZdjrsgSa]rksbllaca/esagekjsikldksbZrF;;kizek.kughagksrs]vr%gesa;gdYiukdjusdkdksbZvf/dkjughagS fdog,dgh<axlseglwldjusokys;klkspusokys]leku<axlsizfrfozQ;kdjusokysvkSj,d&tSlk;klfEefyrfgrksalsizHkkforgksusokyslektosQlnL;ksaosQeulsoqQNfHkUuphtgSaA¸lewg&eudhdYiukdksosQoy,d:idosQ:iesaghiz;ksxfd;ktkldrkgS]okLrfodn`f"VlsdnkfiughaAHkkoukrFkkfozQ;kosQosaQnzrksO;fDrghgSAlektesaO;fDrmuijLifjdlaca/ksaesac¡/sgksrsgSaftudkfuekZ.kosLo;adjrsgSaAtcgedgrsgSafdgekjkeufdlhiz;kstuesalekfo"Vgksx;kgS]rks;g:idosQekè;elsdgusdk<axghgSftldkvFkZ;ggSfdgemliz;kstudhiw£rosQfy,feydjlg;ksxdjjgsgSaAeSDMwxyusekufldiz.kkyhvkSjeudks,dghekukgS]oglghughagSAlewg&eu]lekt&eu]dkWyst&euHkhgksldrsgSa]ijarq;gHkhgksldrkgSfdmudkdksbZekuflddk;ZugksA¶eudkeulslaca/gksldrkgS]ijarq,deunwljseudkLFkkuughaysldrkA¸fofHkUuO;fDr;ksaosQekuflddk;ks±dkleUo;rFkk,dhdj.kfdlhvosQysO;fDrosQekuflddk;ks±dkleUo;dHkhHkhughagksrkA

blfy,lektesaeudhLFkkiukdjukvkSjmlsO;fDrosQeuosQlekuekuuklkekftdizk.khosQO;fDrRoosQlkFkU;k;ughagSA

euq";&lekt cuke i'kq&lekt (Human Vs. Animal Society)

lekteuq";rdghlhferughagS(Society not confined to man)µlektdh/kj.kkrFkkmlosQLo:idko.kZumQijfd;ktkpqdkgSAtSlkfdmi;qZDrppkZlsLi"Vgksx;kgksxk]lektmulkekftdlaca/ksadkukegSftlosQekè;elsgjO;fDrvU;O;fDr;ksalslacaf/rgSAijarqlektosQoyeuq";ksadkghughagksrkAoLrqr%dbZizdkjosQi'kq&lektHkhgSaAosQoyeuq";gh,slkughagStkslektesajgukpkgrkgSvkSjftlesaLokHkkfodlkekftdizo`fÙkgS]cfYdi'kqHkhviuhvko';drkdksiw.kZdjusosQfy,lektesajgukpkgrsgSaA

i'kqvksa osQ fy, lekt dh vko';drk (Need of Society for Animals)

dkeo`fÙk (Sexual instinct)µeuq";ksadhHkk¡fri'kqvksadkslektcukusosQ fy,izsfjrdjusokyhviuhtkfrdkspykrsjgusdhmudhlgto`fÙkgSAi'kqvksaesadkeo`fÙkHkhleku:ilsgksrhgSAdkeo`fÙkrFkkiztUu&dkeukdkslarq"VdjusosQfy,i'kqvksadkslaHkksxdjukgksrkgSA

'kkjhfjd vko';drk,¡ (Physical Needs)µnwljs]i'kqvksadkslqj{kk]vkjkerFkkikyu&iks"k.kosQfy,Hkhlkekftdvko';drkiM+rhgSAi'kq&cPpsosQiSnkgksrsghmlslektdhvko';drkiM+rhgSAeuq";osQcPpsdhHkk¡fri'kqdkcPpkHkhj{kkrFkkikyu&iks"k.kosQfy,viusek¡&ckiijfuHkZjjgrkgSA;fnek¡&ckicPpsosQfy,lq[kdjvkokldkizca/udjsarkscPpklnhZ]xehZ;kcjlkrosQdkj.kejtk,xkA;fnosmlosQfy,Hkkstuuyk;sarksog¯tnkughajgldrkAvr%ftlizdkjuotkrekuo&f'k'kqosQfy,ek¡&ckiHkksturFkkvkokldhO;oLFkkdjrsgSa]mlhizdkji'kq&cPpsosQthoudkslqjf{krj[kusosQfy,mlosQek¡&ckimlosQfy,HkksturFkkvkokldhO;oLFkkdjrsgSaA

i'kqvksa dk laLo`Qfr ls dksbZ eryc ugha (Culture irrelevant to animal)µeuq";osQoyHkksturFkklqj{kkosQfy,ghugha]cfYdf'k{kk]lkt&lekt]fopkjksarFkkvkdka{kkvksaosQfy,lektijHkhfuHkZjgSAblesala'k;ughafdgekjscgqrlsdk;Zi'kqvksaosQlekugSaAgei'kqvksaosQlekuHkkstuizkIrdjus]rS;kjdjusvkSj[kkusesale;O;rhrdjrsgSaAijarqmuosQlekugksrsgq,HkhgemulsfHkUugSaA;gdgktkldrkgSfdeuq";,slki'kqgSftlosQiklefLr"dgSvkSjcksyusdh;ksX;rkgSAi'kqrksi'kqghgSvkSjlaLo`QfrlsmlsdksbZerycughagksrk]vr%buiz;kstuksaosQfy,mlslektdhvko';drkughaiM+rhAeuq";dksghogcqf¼izkIrgSftllslaLo`QfrrFkkHkk"kkdho`f¼gksrhgSAlaLo`QfrosQoyeuq";dhlEifÙkgSaeuq";osQlHkhvuqiexq.kblhdkj.kgSavkSjblosQfcuk

uksV




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3-21 ekuo&lekt vkSj i'kq&lekt eas Hksn (Difference between Human Society and Animal Society)

ekuolekt,oai'kqlektosQeè;HksndksnksJsf.k;ksa(1)tSfodh;(biological),oalkekftdlkaLo`Qfrd(Socio-cultural)esaoxhZo`Qrfd;ktkldrkgSA

tSfodh; Hksn (Biological Differences)

;|fii'kqlektosQlnL;ksa,oaekuolektosQlnL;ksaesavusdtSfodh;lekurk,¡gSarnfibunksuksaosQeè;vusdvarjHkhgaSµ

(i) 'kkjhfjd lajpuk (Physical structure)µekuolektosQlnL;ksadh'kkjhfjdlajpukyxHkxlekugksrhgSijarqi'kqlektosQlnL;ksadh'kkjhfjdlajpukesavusdvarjik;stkrsgSaAgkFkhdh'kkjhfjdjpuk'ksjdh'kkjhfjdjpuklsi;kZIrfHkUugSA,dghizdkjosQi'kqvksaeasHkhvarjik;stkrsgSamnkgj.kr;k]ioZrh;xk;eSnkuh{ks=kdhxk;lsfHkUugksrhgSaAi'kqLo;adks'khrvFkokxzh"eÍrqlslqjf{krj[kusosQfy,o`Qf=kelk/uksadkiz;ksxughadjrstSlkfdeuq";ksadksvko';drkgksrhgSA

(ii) ekufld ;ksX;rk (Mental Capacity)µLi"VgSfdeuq";dkefLr"di'kqdhvis{kkvf/dfodflrgSA;|fii'kqlaqnj?kkslyksadkfuekZ.kdjrsgSa,oavusdvk'p;ZtudfozQ;kdjrsgSrnfi;gizekf.krfd;kx;kgSfdlclsprqji'kqdkefLr"dHkheuq";osQefLr"ddh?kukRed;ksX;rkdk,d&frgkbZgksrkgSA

(iii) lh/k [kM+s gksus dh ;ksX;rkµ(Capacity to stand straight)i'kqlekt,oaekuolektosQeè;vU;tSfodh;varj;ggSfdeuq";viusiSjksaijlh/k[kM+kgksldrkgS,oaviusgkFkksadksLora=krkiwoZdiz;ksxdjldrkgSnwljhvksj]i'qkurkseuq";dhHkk¡fr[kM+sgksldrsgSa,oaughviusgkFkksadkiz;ksxdjldrsgSaA

(iv) Lej.k'kfDr (Memory)µLej.k'kfDrHkhbunksuksalektksaosQeè;varjdk,d¯cnqgSAeuq";viuhHkwrdkyhu=kqfV;ksadks;knj[kldrkgSrFkkmUgsalq/kjldrkgSAogikjLifjdfopkjfoe'kZ}kjktfVyreleL;kvksadklek/ku[kkstldrkgSAnwljhvksj]i'kqvksaesa;g;ksX;rkughagksrhftldkj.kmudklektlajpukRedn`f"VlsekuolektlsvfrfHkUugksrkgSA

lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd varj (Socio-cultural difference)

lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrdn`f"VlsekuolektfuEufyf[krckrksaesai'kqlektlsfHkUugSµ

(i) ekuo&lekt lH; vkSj lqlaLo`Qr izkf.k;ksa dk lekt gS (Human society is a society of civilized and cultural beings)µvr%Li"VgSfdoqQNiz;kstuksaosQfy;si'kqHkhlektcukdjjgrsgS_ijarqLrjrFkkizdkjnksuksan`f"V;ksalseuq";&lekti'kq&lektlsfHkUugksrkgSAeuq";&lektlH;rFkklqlaLo`QrO;fDr;ksadklektgksrkgSaAogeuq";ksadh'kkjhfjdghugha]cfYdlkaLo`Qfrdvko';drkvksadhHkhiw£rdjrkgSAoglektmPpLrjdkgksrkgSftlesayksxns'kosQdkuwuosQvuqlkj,d&nwljsosQlkFkO;ogkjdjrsgSavkSjlektosQlnL;gksusosQukrsmlesatkslkekftdpsrukgksrhgS]mlosQizfriw.kZr%tkx:dgksrsgSaA


uksV


blosQ foijhr i'kq&lekttaxyhthoksadklektgksrk gS ftldklH;rkvkSjlaLo`QfrlsdksbZlaca/ughagksrkAi'kqvksadhvko';drk,¡cgqrFkksM+hvkSjizk;%'kkjhfjdgksrhgSaftudhiw£rogijaijk&izkIr;a=k&jpukvksalsdjysrkgS]tcfdekuo&lektdhvko';drkvksadhiw£rlkaLo`Qfrdlapj.k(cultural transmission)gksrhgSA

(ii) lkekftd cks/ (Social awarness)µi'kqlektesajgrsgSa]ijarqmUgsablckrdkè;kuughagksrkAlkekftdpsrukrksmlesacgqrghdegskrhgSAmlesaoLrqvksaosQchprk£ddlaca/ksadksle>usdh;ksX;rkughagksrhvkSjekufldla'ys"k.kosQekè;elsoLrqvksaosQfofHkUuozQeksalslkeatL;(osQoylaHkksxugha)iSnkdjusdh'kfDrmuesaughagksrhAgk¡];gdgktkldrkgSfde/qefD[k;k¡'kgnbdV~BkdjusosQfy,lkrdksusokys?kjksadkNÙkkcukrhgSavkSji{khvius?kksalyscukus]laxhr]f'kdkfj;ksalsviusdkscpkusesacM+hprqjkbZdkifjp;nsrsgSa]fiQjHkh;gckrdksbZughadgsxkfde/qefD[k;k¡]i{khrFkki'kqeuq";dhvis{kkvf/dcqf¼ekugSaAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdi'kqvksadkdkedjusdk<axv¼Z;kaf=kdrFkkf?klk&fiVkgksrkgS]tcfdeuq";ekewyhdkedksHkhdkiQhle>&cw>djrFkkfoosdlsdjrkgSA

(iii) O;oLFkk dh fof/ (<ax) (Mode of organization)µi'kqvksa dh O;oLFkk osQ <axfuf'prvkSjdBksjgksrsgSa]tcfdekuoosQyphysvkSjvuqowQyuh;(adaptable)gksrsgSaAeuq";e/qefD[k;ksavkSjphafV;ksaosQlekubdV~BkjgusosQfy,izo`ÙkughagSAogO;oLFkkosQtfaVy<axksadkfodkldjusesaleFkZgSvkSjvko';drkvksaesaifjorZuosQlkFkmUgsacnyldrkgSA

(iv) izrhdkRed lapkj dh vuqifLFkfr (Absence of symbolic communication)µi'kqlektmuthoksadklektgSftlesacqf¼]roZQ]laLo`QfrughagksrhvkSjtksgtkjksao"kZO;rhrgksusosQcknHkhmlhLrjijjgrsgSaA;go`fÙkijvk/kfjrlektizrhdkRedlapkjesavleFkZgksusosQdkj.ki'kqviuhlaLo`Qfrdksvxyhih<+hrdigq¡pkusesaleFkZughagksrsAi'kqvksadhizR;sdih<+hdksoghKkuvkSjizo`fÙk;k¡viusdk;ks±lslh[kuhiM+rhgSaAtcrdosfdlhoLrqdksokLrfod:iesans[kughaysrs]mUgsamlosQckjsesaoqQNughafl[kyk;ktkldrkgSAostcrdlk¡idksns[kuysa]mUgsale>k;kughatkldrkfdlk¡iHk;kudgksrkgSAmUgsansorkvksa]vkRekvksavkSjHkwr&izsrksadhlR;rk]ns'k&HkfDr,oadrZO;osQckjsesale>k;kughatkldrkAoqQN'kks/drkZvksausi'kqvksadkscksyukfl[kykusdkvliQyiz;Rufd;kgSAi'kqviusnk¡rksadksczq'kdjuk]Fkwduk]pEepls[kkuk]fcLrjijlksukrFkkekuoh;fozQ;k,¡lh[kldrkgS]ijarqogcksyukughalh[kldrkAi'kqvksa osQ ikl ^Hkk"kk* ugha gksrhAlaLo`QfrdhvuqifLFkfrmUgsa ekuo&lekt]tks^tho&lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd*(bio-socio-cultural)lewggksrkgS]lsi`FkddjnsrhgSA^tho&lkekftd*(bio-social)O;oLFkkosQ:iesarksekuo&lekt,oai'kq&lektdhlkekU;fo'ks"krkvksadksizdVdjrkgS]ijarqi'kq&lektesalkekU;fo'ks"krkvksadhvfHkO;fDrrFkkmuesaifjorZuizeq[k:ils'kjhj&fozQ;kRedvk/kjijgksrsgSa]tcfdekuo&lekt esa lkaLo`Qfrd vk/kj ij gksrs gSaA ekuo&lekt O;oLFkk osQ vk/kj ijxq.kkRed:iesai'kq&lektlsfHkUugksrsgSaA

Mk£ourFkkmlosQvuq;kf;;ksaus;gfl¼djusdkiz;Rufd;kgSfdeuq";rFkkmPpi'kqvksadhekufld'kfDr;ksaesadksbZcqfu;knhvarjughagksrkAdbZekeyksaesaijh{k.kdjusosQcknMk£ou(Darwin)us;gfu"d"kZfudkykfd¶euq";rFkkmPpi'kqvksadhcqf¼esaegku~varjvo';gS]ijarq;gvarjosQoyek=kkdkgS]izdkjdkughaA¸ijarqek=kkdkvarjdkykarjesaizdkjdkvarjcutkrkgSAvcks/cPpsrFkki'kqosQvpsrucPpsesaoSlsrksdksbZvarjughagksrk]ijarqtgk¡i'kqdkcPpkvf/dlsvf/doqQNle>nkjculdrkgS]ogk¡euq";dkcPpkusiksfy;u;kU;wVuculdrk

uksV




gSAMk£ourFkkmuosQvuq;kf;;ksaosQfopkjksadk[kaMudjrsgq,vkj-,-foYlu(R.A. Wilson)usfy[kkgSfd;sys[kdviusvè;;uesavf/degÙoiw.kZckrdks]vFkkZr~¶euq";dhosaQnzh;;klaiw.kZ,dhdjf.kdekufld'kfDr¸(the total or central unifying mental faculty of man)dksHkwytkrsgSatks¶i'kqdhosaQnzh;,dhdjf.kdekufld'kfDrlsfu'p;ghmPpgSA¸i'kq^lPphHkk"kktSlhdksbZoLrq*dHkhHkhfodflrughadjik;sgSaAi'kqvksadhHkk"kklnSoghvYio£/rjghgSAosQoyeuq";ghHkk"kkdkvk'p;Ztudfodkldjik;kgSA;fni'kq;gdkedjysrsrksosHkheuq";cux,gksrsAvr%rF;;ggSfddksbZHkhi'kqlaf/dHkk"kkcksyusokyseuq";osQLrjrdfodklughadjik;kgSAvusd'kks/drkZvksausi'kqvksadkscksyukfl[kkusosQiz;Rufd,]ijarqO;FkZghA,dmnkgj.kesaoqQNi'kqvksausnk¡rksaijczq'kdjuk]pEeposQlkFk[kkuk]fcLrjijlksukrFkkvU;dbZekuoh;fozQ;k,¡lh[kyha]ijarqoscksyukulh[klosQAnwljsmnkgj.kesa,douekuq"kdhtckudjuh(spatula)lsckj&ckjihNseksM+hx;hrkfdogdBksjèofu^n*;k^d*cksylosQ]ijarqmli'kqdhle>esughavk;kfdbllcdkD;kerycgSAbuvUos"kdksaus;gfu"d"kZfudkykfdHkk"kkosQokLrfodvFkZesai'kqvksaesaHkk"kkosQiw.kZrkdkdHkhiz;RuughadjrkAlekt'kkL=kesagekjklaca/euq";ksaosQlektlsgSA

3-22 Hkk"kk rFkk lekt (Language and Society)

mi;qZDro.kZuls;gLi"VgSfdeuq";LoHkkor%lkekftdizk.khgSAmlosQLoHkkodk;gewyy{k.kgSfdNksVs;kcM+siz;kstuksadhizkfIr&gsrqogviuslkfFk;ksaosQlkFklaxfBrgkstkrkgSAviuslkfFk;ksadhckrle>usosQfy,vkSjmUgsaviuhckrle>kusosQfy,euq";ksausHkk"kkcukusdkiz;Rufd;kftlosQfcukosikjLifjdfopkjkasdkvknku&iznkuughadjldrsFksAlapkj(Communication)dhbPNkHkk"kkosQfuekZ.kdkeq[;dkj.kFkhA¶vko';drkvkfo"dkjdhtuuhgS¸;gdgkorHkk"kkosQbfrgklijiwjhrjgykxwgksrhgSAnSfudthoudhvko';drkvksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,Hkk"kkdkloZizFkeiz;ksxfd;kx;kApkYlZfofud(Charles Winick)usHkk"kkdhifjHkk"kkblizdkjdhgS]¶Hkk"kkLosPNoko~QfpÉksadhogO;oLFkkgSftldkiz;ksxlkekftdlewgosQlnL;;kok.kh&leqnk;fopkjksavkSjHkkoukvksadksizdVdjusosQfy,djrsgSaftllsosvar%fozQ;k,oalg;ksxosQ;ksX;gkstkrsgSaA¸;gekSf[kdvfHkO;fDrdkekè;egSA

Hkk"kk dk tUe (The Origin of Language)

Hkk"kk ,d laLFkk gS (Language is an Institution)µHkk"kkfdlh,ddkjddhugha]cfYdvusddkjdksadhmitgSAoLrqr%;g,dlkekftdl`tugS]ekuoh;vkfo"dkjgSµlaiw.kZleqnk;dk,dlgtvkfo"dkjgSAtSlk fdizks- fg~oVuh (Prof. Whitney)usdgkgS fd¶;gfyf[krdkuwuksaosQlaxzg&tSlhgh,dlaLFkkgSvkSjfodklksUeq[klektdhvko';drkvksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,bldktUegqvkgSA¸gekjsHkk"kk'kkL=kh;gcrkusdhvoLFkkesaughagSafdekuoosQbfrgklesadcHkk"kkosQy{k.kizdVgq,vkSjblosQfodklosQfofHkUuLrjksaijfdrukle;yxkAijarqblckrlslHkhlgergSafdHkk"kkosQfodkldkdkecgqr/hjs&/hjsgqvkAfg~oVuhdkdFkugSfd¶Hkk"kkdkfuekZ.klkekftdthourFkklaLo`QfrosQfodkldhosQoy,dvkdfLed?kVukek=kgSA;gle>ukmrukghxyrgSfdfdlh,dle;ijeuq";viusHkfOk";osQiz;ksxrFkkvkusokyhih<+hosQiz;ksxosQfy,Hkk"kkdkfuekZ.kdjjgsFks]ftrukfd;glkspukfdlhle;ijeuq";,slh/kj.kk,¡rFkkfu"d"kZlaxzfgrdjjgsgSatksHkfo";esavkxsvkusokyhih<+hesavfHkO;fDrik;saxsAgjdkyesaoghgqvkftldht:jreglwlgqbZ]mllsvf/doqQNughaA---Hkk"kkdkl`tu,dfujarjpyusokyhizfozQ;kgSA;gmlHkk"kkdkcksyusokysleqnk;dhifjfLFkfr;ksarFkkvknrksaosQvuqlkjxfrrFkkfdLeesafHkUu&fHkUugksrhgS]ijarq;gizfozQ;kdHkhHkhlekIrughagksrhA;gckrorZekudhvis{kklsHkhiw.kZr%lR;ughafn[kkbZiM+hA¸


uksV


blizdkjHkk"kkfdlh,dO;fDr;kdkydhmitughagS]cfYd;g,dlaLFkkgSftlosQl`tuesalSdM+ksaihf<+;ksarFkkvla[;O;fDr;ksausviuk;ksxnkufd;kgSA

vfHkO;fDr osQ rhu ekè;e (Three Instrumentalities of Expression)

fopkj&vfHkO;fDr osQ ijaijkxr ekè;e laosQr] gko&Hkko rFkk cksyh (gestures, grimace and tone) µlaosQrdkvFkZgS'kjhjosQfofHkUuvaxksa]fo'ks"kr;klfozQ;vaxksa]tSlsHkqtkrFkkgkFkksadhfLFkfresaifjorZudjukAgko&HkkodkvFkZgSvko`Qfr;kpsgjsosQHkkoesaifjorZuykukvkSjcksyhdkvFkZgSlqukbZiM+usokyhvkoktiSnkdjukAbUgsavfHkO;fDrdkuSl£xdlk/uekuktkrkgSAvfHkO;fDrdhizFkevoLFkkesaburhuksalk/uksadklkFk&lkFkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkFkkvkSj,slkdksbZHkhle;ughatk;ktc;srhuksalk/uO;ogkjesauyk;stkrsjgsgksaAvktHkhbudkiz;ksxgksrkgSA;gtkuukcM+keuksjatdgksxkfdfdufopkjksadksizdVdjusosQfy,dkSu&lslaosQr;kgko&Hkkodkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkFkkAbulaosQrksadhO;k[;kdjuk;gk¡laxrughagSAtsElusnf{k.kvesfjdkosQHkkjrh;ksa}kjk'kCnksaosQLFkkuijdkeesayk;stkusokys104laosQrksadhlwphnhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]v¡/sjsdklaosQrgkFkksadksiSQykdjmUgsa>qykusls]vknehdklaosQrm¡Qxyhdkslhs/smQijidM+usls]nkSM+usdklaosQrigyscktqvksadksnksgjkdjfiQjoqQgfu;ksadksvkxsvkSjihNs?kqekuslsfd;ktkrkFkkAvfHkO;fDrosQbuekè;eksaesalsvkokt;kcksyhlapkjdkeq[;lk/ucuhA

'kkjhfjdvkSjckSf¼dn`f"VlsorZekuvoLFkkesavkusosQcknfdrusle;rdeuq";laosQrksalsviusfopkjizdVdjusdkdkeysrkjgk];g,d,slkiz'ugSftldkmÙkjvuqekulsHkhughafn;ktkldrkA;gcrkikukvlaHkogSfd;slaf{kIrrFkkvkdkjghulaosQrfdlizdkjorZekuok.khdhfofo/rkrFkklaiw.kZrkizkIrdjldkAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdblifjorZudhlkjhizfozQ;kHkwr&dkyosQva/dkjesafufgrgS'kk;ncksyuklh[kusesaeuq";dksmruhghdfBukbZmBkuhiM+hgksxhftruhfdvktdy,dcPpsdksviuhekr`Hkk"kklh[kusesamBkuhiM+rhgSAvarjosQoybrukghgSfdvkfneeuq";olLdFkkftlusviusfy,Lo;aHkk"kkdkifjJeiwoZdfodklfd;k]tcfdvktcPpsdksigyslscuh&cukbZHkk"kkdksosQoylh[kukiM+rkgSA

Hkk"kk dk egÙo (Importance of Language)

Hkk"kklaLo`Qfrdk,dvfuok;Zvaxgsabluseuq";ksadkstaxyhvoLFkklslaLo`QfrosQmPpLrjijigq¡pk;kA;fnHkk"kkugksrh]rkseuq";taxyhghjgrkAeuq";rFkki'kqesa,deq[;varj;ggSfdeuq";Hkk"kktkurkgSA;|fii'kqvksaesaHkhviuhckrizdVdjusdh,d'kfDrgS]ijarqbudh'kfDreuq";dh'kfDrlsfuEudksfVdhghughagS]cfYdeuq";dh'kfDrlscgqrfHkUuHkhgSAHkk"kkeuq";dhckSf¼dizfrHkkdk,dizdVrFkkewyy{k.kgSAeuq";rFkklektosQfy,Hkk"kkdkvR;f/degÙogSaoS;fDrdn`f"VlsHkk"kkeuq";ksaesaosQoylapkjdklk/u;k<axghughagS]cfYd;gmuosQO;fDrRodhvfHkO;fDrdh,dfof/HkhgSAlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsHkk"kkeuq";ksadks'kS'kokoLFkklsghizHkkfordjrhgSAcPpkHkk"kk}kjkghlalkjdhvf/doLrqvksadkstkuikrkgSA;gmlosQO;fDrRodk,degÙoiw.kZfo'ks"k.k;kxq.kgSAlektosQfy,bldkegÙofuEuizdkjlsgSµ

1- lkekftd laioZQ esa lqfo/k (Easy social contact)µblosQ}kjklkekftdlaioZQvklkugkstkrkgSAgetkursgSa fdlektlkekftdlaca/ksadkrkuk&ckukgSftlosQdkj.kO;fDr;ksaesalkekftdlaioZQdkfodklgksrkgSAHkk"kkosQ}kjklaioZQvklkuhlsLFkkfirfd;stkldrsgSa]D;ksafdbldhlgk;rklseuq";vklkuhlsfopkjksadkvknku&iznkudjldrsgSaAbZ-,p-LVVZcSaV(E. H. Sturtevant)osQvuqlkj]¶Hkk"kkLosPNoko~QfpÉksadhO;oLFkkgSftlosQ}kjklkekftdlewgosQlnL;lg;ksx,oavar%fozQ;kdjrsgSaA¸

2- laLo`Qfr dk okgd (Culture-carrier)µHkk"kklaLo`QfrosQizlkjesack/d;klgk;dfl¼gksrhgSAdHkh&dHkhfdlhfopkj;kvo/kj.kkdkvuqokndjukdfBugksrkgS]

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3- fopkjksa dk lgt izs"kd (Easy conveyance of ideas)µrhljs] fofHkUu izdkj dhoLrqvksaosQckjseasfopkjksaosQlaizs"k.k&gsrqHkk"kk,d'kfDr'kkyhekè;eiznkudjrhgSaAtcHkk"kkdkfodklughagqvkFkk]mlle;fopkjksadkslaosQrksa;kvkokt}kjkizdVfd;ktkrkFkkAbulaosQrksarFkkvkoktksadkvFkZle>ikukdfBugksrkFkk]oqQNlaosQrrkscgqrtfVygksrsFks]tSls^euq";dgusosQfy,eqV~BhcandjosQrtZuhlsisVdhukfHklsuhpsdhvksjrdvf/dkf/dyachjs[kk[khapdjlaosQrfd;ktkrkFkkAijarqHkk"kkdkvkfo"dkjgkstkusosQcknvcvusdfopkjksarFkkHkkoukvksadkscM+hvklkuhrFkkljy<axlsO;Drfd;ktkldrkgSAtksHkk"kk^ck<+vkbZvkSjedkudkscckZndjx;h*osQfopkjksadks'kCnksa}kjkizdvdjldrhgS]ogmlHkk"kklsdghamPprFkkljygStksblfopkjdksfHkUu&fHkUuizdkjdhph[kksa&fpYykgVksalsizdVdjrhFkhA

vr,olektesaHkk"kkdkegÙoLi"VgSAbluseuq";dksHkísi'kqdhvoLFkklsmBkdjlghvFkZesaeuq";cuk;kgSAHkk"kkusgekjsfopkj&izs"k.kdksljycuk;kgS]lkekftdlaidks±dksvklkucuk;kgS]gekjhlaLo`Qfrdkslajf{krj[kkgSrFkkblsHkkohihf<+;ksardigq¡pk;kgSAoLrqr%Hkk"kkeuq";dhcgqewY;fuf/gSftlusmlstaxyhi'kqdhvoLFkklsmBkdj^l`f"VdkLokeh*cukfn;kgSA

lkoZHkkSe Hkk"kk dh vko';drk (Need for a Universal Language)

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3-23 lkekftd xfr'khyrk (Social Mobility)

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lkekftd xfr'khyrk osQ izdkj

eqDr rFkk izo`Ùk izfrn'kZ(Open and Closed Models)

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can xfr'khyrk (Closed Mobility)µblizdkjdhxfr'khyrkcUnLrjhdj.kokyslektO;oLFkkesans[kusdksfeyrhgSA,slslektksaesaO;fDrosQin,oaLrjlewgdkfuèkkZj.ktUe;kvkuqoaf'kdrkosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSftlsogviusthoudkyesaughacnyldrkgSAvr%,dlewgdksR;kxdjnwljslewgdhlnL;rkxzg.kdkdjusiz'ughughamBrkgSAcanLrjhdj.kokyhJs"BO;oLFkkdkmnkgj.kHkkjrdhtkfr&izFkkgSAblosQvarxZrO;fDrdhtkfrdkfuèkkZj.ktUeosQle;lsghgkstkrkgSAO;fDrvkthoumlhtkfrdklnL;cukjgrkgSftlesamldktUegqvkgSAtkfr;k¡cnyuklaHkoughagSAizR;sdtkfrdhlektesafLFkfr]vfèkdkj]nkf;Ro,oadk;Zfuf'prgksrsgSaA

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var% vkSj varihZ<+h; xfr'khyrk (Intra and Inter Generational Mobilily)µ

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[kqyslektesaxfr'khyrkosQlnSovoljjgrsgSatcfdcUnlektesaizfLFkfr;FkkorjgrhgSAcUnlektksaesaO;fDrdhmUufrvkSjxfr'khyrkdhlaHkkoukfof'k"VizdkjosQekin.Mksa(Par-ticularistic Criteria)ijfuHkZjdjrhgSAmlesafirk?kjkuk]HkkbZ&HkrhtksadhfLFkfrvkfnegÙoiw.kZdkjdgSaA[kqyslektesaO;fDrosQiz;klghegÙoiw.kZgSaAmuesaizfLFkfrdkslqèkkjusosQvoljjgrsgSaD;ksafd;glkoZHkkSfedekunaMksa(Universalistic Criteria)osQ}kjkinksaosQforj.kosQi{kesagSAV~;wfeu(Tumin)usxfr'khyrkdksle>usosQfy,N%dkjdksaijtksjfn;kgS]tksfuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- xfr'khyrkle;osQvk;keesale>uhpkfg,AifjorZu,dih<+hvkSjnwljhihf<+dhizfrfLFkfr;ksaesans[kktkldrkgSAblsvUr%ih<+hxfr'khyrkdgrsgSaAblhizdkjghihf<+esaifjorZuvkldrkgS]mlsvUr%ih<+hxfr'khyrkdgsaxsA

2- nwljkdkjd;ggksldrkgSfdxfr'khyrkesale;dhfdruhek=kkyxhA

3- xfr'khyrkfdllaLFkkesavFkokfdllanHkZesavkbZgSA;gk¡f'k{kkesaxfr'khyrk]O;olk;esaxfr'khyrk]lÙkkoHkkSfrdlkèkuksaesaifjorZulsrkRi;ZgSA

4- xfr'khyrkesapkSFkhegÙoiw.kZckrizfLFkfrdksxzg.kdjusdkrjhdkgSAtSls O;fDrizfLFkfrdkstUeosQvkèkkjijikrkgS;kv£trxq.kksaosQvkèkkjijA

5- ik¡pohackrxfr'khyrkdhbdkbZ(unit)gSAxfr'khyrkdhbdkbZO;fDr]laLFkk]lewg]ifjokj]LrjvFkoklewpklektgkstkrkgSA

6- vafreckr;ggS fdxfr'khyrkukiusosQoLrqijdoO;fDrijdnksuksaekinaMksadklg;ksxt:jhgSA

fo"ke vkSj leLrjh; xfr'khyrk (Vertical and Horizontal Mobility)

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1- fo"k;Lrjh;lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Horizontal social mobility)

2- leLrjh;lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Vertical social mobility)

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fo"keLrjh;lkekftdxfr'khyrkoggSftlesafd,dO;fDr;klkkeftdoLrqdkLFkkukarj.k,dlkekftdLrjlsvU;mPp;kfuEulkekftdLrjdksgksrkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ];fn,dO;fDrdk


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3-24 lkekftd xfr'khyrk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu (Social Mobility and Social Change)

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1- O;kidrk osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZulkekftdxfr'khyrkdhrqyukesavfèkdO;kidvkSjfoLr`rgSAlkekftdxfr'khyrkesaO;fDr;klewgdhizfLFkfr;kinesagksusokysifjorZudksghlfEefyrdjrsgSatcfdlkekftdifjorZuesalkekftd<k¡ps,oaizdk;ZesagksusokysifjorZuksadksA

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2- lacaèk osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZupw¡fd,dO;kidvoèkkj.kkgS]vr%lkekftdxfr'khyrkmldk,dvaxgSAbuosQlacaèkksadksgelaiw.kZrkrFkkvaxosQ:iesaizdVdjldrsgSaA

3- lkewfgdrk osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZudklacaèkfdlhlewg]lekt;klektosQcgqrcM+sifjorZulsgSufdfdlhO;fDrosQO;fDrxrlacaèkksa;kO;ogkjksaesaifjorZulsAlkekftdxfr'khyrkesarqyukRed:ilsO;fDrijvfèkdtksjfn;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]laiw.kZtkfr&O;oLFkkNksM+djnwljkO;olk;xzg.kdjuklkekftdxfr'khyrkgSA

4- dk;Z&dkj.k osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZulkekftdxfr'khyrkdkslaHkocukrkgSAblizdkjlkekftdifjorZulkekftdxfr'khyrkdkdkj.kgSvkSjlkekftdxfr'khyrklkekftdifjorZudkifj.kkegSAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]Lora=krkosQi'pkr~ljdkj}kjkfuEutkfr;ksadhlkekftdn'kkdksmUurdjusosQfy,vusdiz;klfd,x,gSaftllstkfr&O;oLFkkesaifjorZuvk,vkSjfuEutkfr;ksadksmPpinoizfLFkfr;k¡izkIrdjusosQvoljfeysA¯drqdbZckjlkekftdxfr'khyrkHkhlkekftdifjorZudhxfrdksrhozdjnsrhgSA

5- xfr osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZudhrqyukesalkekftdxfr'khyrkdhxfrèkhehgkssssrhgS]izeq[k:ilstkfr&O;oLFkkokyslektksaesa,slkvfèkdgksrkgSD;ksafdogk¡xfr'khyrkdkfojksèkfd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fndksbZO;fDrviuhtkfrR;kxdjmPptkfrdhlnL;rkdksxzg.kdjukpkgrkgSrksyksxmldkfojksèkdjrsgSaA


• lekt'kkL=k esa ^lekt* 'kCndkvFkZ O;fDr;ksa osQ lewgls ugha gS]vfirq muosQ eè;mRiUuvarfØ;kdhtfVyiz.kkyhls gSA euq";ksadkegÙoosQoylkekftdlacaèkksa osQvfHkdj.kksa(agencies)osQ:iesaghgSAosoLrq,¡gSaA

• ¶lektdk;Z&iz.kkfy;ksa,oajhfr;ksadh]vfèkdkj&lÙkk,oaikjLifjdlgk;rkdh]vusdlewgksa ,oaJsf.k;ksadh rFkkekuo&O;ogkjosQ fu;a=k.kksa ,oa Lora=krkvksadh,d O;oLFkkgSA¸µeSdkboj

• eSdkbojosQvuqlkj]¶leqnk;lkekftdthouosQml{ks=kdksdgrsgSa ftlslkekftdlac¼rkvFkoklkeatL;dhoqQNek=kk}kjkigpkuktklosQA¸

• lfefrfdlhfo'ks"kiz;kstu;klhferiz;kstuksadhizkfIrgsrqlaxfBreuq";ksadklewggSAfxUlcxZ(Ginsberg)osQvuqlkj]¶lehfrlkekftdizkf.k;ksadklewggStksblrF;osQdkj.kijLij&lac¼gSfdmUgksausfdlhfof'k"Vy{;;ky{;ksadhizkfIr&gsrq,dlaxBUkdkfeydjfuekZ.kfd;kgSA¸

• ^laxBu*'kCndkvFkZgS]^O;fDr;ksavFkokvaxksadhO;oLFkkA*blizdkj]ifjokj]ppZ]dkWyst]iSQDVjh]jktuhfrdny]ØhM+k&lewg]leqnk;]lkezkT;]la;qDr]jk"Vªla?klHkhlaxBuosQmnkgj.kgSaA

• lkekftdLrjhdj.klektdksmPp,oafuEuoxks±esafoHkkftrdjusvkSjLrjfuekZ.kdjusdh,dO;oLFkkgSALrjhdj.k'kCnlekt'kkL=kesaHkw&xHkZ'kkL=k(Geology)lsfy;kx;kgSAHkw&xHkZ'kkL=kesafeV~VhopV~VkuksadksfofHkUuLrjksaesack¡VktkrkgSAlektesaHkhmlhizdkjdhvusdlkekftdijrsaik;htkrhgSaA


uksV



1- ¶lektlkekftdlacaèkksadkrkuk&ckukgSA¸O;k[;kdhft,A

2- ekuo&lektdhizeq[kfo'ks"krkvksadko.kZudhft,A

3- ¶ekuolkekftdizk.khgSA¸euq";,oalektosQchplacaèkdko.kZudhft,A

4- ekuo&lektrFkki'kq&lektesaD;kvarjgS\ekuo&lektesaHkk"kkosQegÙodksLi"Vdhft,A

5- laLÑfrosQfy,Hkk"kkosQegÙodhO;k[;kdhft,A

6- lektdkD;kvFkZgS\bldhifjHkk"kk,¡nhft,A

7- vkS|ksfxdlektdkD;kvFkZgS\o.kZudhft,A

8- lkekftdxfr'khyrkdhifjHkk"kkvkSjizdkjcrkb;sA

3-27 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

• ckWVkseksj]Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth% , xkbM Vw izkWCyEl ,aM fyVjspj-tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA

• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h-2003-n izSfDVl vkWiQ lksf'k;ksykWth-vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA

• ctZj] ihVj ,y- 1963- buohVs'ku Vw lksf'k;ksykWth% , áwefufLVd ilZisfDVo- isaxqbu]gkjeaMLoFkZA


uksV


lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of

Sociology)bdkbZ&4

(Unit–4)

lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl(Origin and Development of Sociology)

:ijs[kk4.1 mís';(Objectives)4.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)4.3 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙk(Origin of Sociology)4.4 lekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology)4.5 Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology in India)4.6 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkosQfl¼kar(Theories of the Origin of Sociology)4.7 /eZvkSjlekt(Religion and Society)4.8 /k£edvYila[;dksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Religious Minorities)4.9 /eZfujis{krk(Secularisation)4.10 /eZfujis{krkosQdkj.k(Causes of Secularisation)4.11 /k£ed:f<+okn(Religious Fundamentalism)4.12 /k£ed:f<+okn&,doSf'odleL;[email protected](Religious Fundamentalism – A Global Problem)4.13 /k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~HkoosQdkj.k(Origin Causes of Religious Fundamentalism)4.14 lkjka'k(Summary)4.15 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)4.16 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)



• lekt'kkL=kosQfodkldh,sfrgkfldi`"BHkwfedko.kZu]

• /eZvkSjlektdhfoospuk,oa

• /eZfujis{krk,oa/k£ed:f<+okndhtkudkjhA


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4-3 lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk (Origin of Sociology)

lu~1838esavkWxLrdkWEVsusmi;qZDrizLrkforfoKkudks^lksf'k;ksykWth*ukefn;kA;gySfVuosQ^lks';l*rFkkxzhdosQ^yksxl*'kCnlsfeydjcukgSftldkvFkZgksrkgSµlektdkfoKku;k'kkL=kAblsgh¯gnhesalekt'kkL=kdgkx;kA

mUuhloha'krkCnhesalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesavkWxLrdkWEVs]dkyZekDlZrFkkgcZVZLisUljdk;ksxnkuegÙoiw.kZgSAblle;lekt'kkL=khlektosQoSKkfudfo'ys"k.kosQizfrtkx:dFksAblfn'kkesadkWEVsus^oSKkfudn'kZudkfl¼kar*izfrikfnrfd;kAekDlZusblhle;^oSKkfudlektokn*ukedfl¼karizfrikfnrfd;kAblle;lekt'kkL=kij,dvksjrksHkkSfrdfoKkuksadk,oanwljhvksjizk.kh&foKkuksadkizHkkoiM+kAblhle;lkekftdmn~fodkl]mUufr,oaizxfrosQfl¼karksarFkklksikuksadkirkyxkusdkiz;Rufd;kx;kArhufopkjdksaµdkWEVs]ekDlZrFkkLisUljuslkekftdmn~fodklijizdk'kMkykAdkyekDlZusvkfnelkE;oknosQLrjls'kq:djosQlkE;oknrddhlkekftdfLFkfrdkfo'ys"k.k^bfrgkldhHkkSfrdO;k[;k*osQfl¼karosQvk/kjijfd;kALisUljusckrk;kfdizk.kh&txrosQlekughlektdkHkhmn~fodklgqvkgSA

mUuhloha'krkCnhosQvfUreo"kks±esateZulekt'kkL=khVkWuht]tktZflesy,oaizsaQplekt'kkL=khbekbynq[khZeuslekt'kkL=kh;fl¼karksaosQizfriknuesa;ksxfn;kAVkWuhtuslektdklewnk;ksa,oalfefr;ksaosQ:iesaoxhZdj.kizLrqrfd;kAflesyus^Lo:ikRedlekt'kkL=k*osQfodklesa;ksxnkufn;kftlosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kdhizeq[kfo"k;&oLrqlekftdvar%fozQ;kosQLo:idkvè;;ugSA

teZulekt'kkL=kheSDloscjdkHkhlekt'kkL=kh;fl¼karksaosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxnkujgkgSAchloha'kRkkCnhosQizkjaHkesavesfjdkosQoqQNfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=kosQvè;;u&vè;kiudkdk;ZizkjaHkgkspqdkFkkAblle;;gkaFkkLVZuoscyu]iszaQdokZMrFkkbZ-,-jkWlizfl¼lekt'kkL=khgq,AbVyhesafoYizsQMksiSjsVksus^vfHktkroxZosQifjHkze.kdkfl¼kar*izfrikfnrfd;kA

4-4 lekt'kkL=k dk fodkl (Development of Sociology)

vcge;gkalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhfofHkUuvoLFkkvksaijfopkjdjsaxsA

1- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh izFke voLFkk (First Stage of Development of Sociology)

lk/kj.kr;k;gekuktkrkgSfdlektosQfodkldhizkjafHkdvoLFkk;wjksils'kq:gqbZ]ijarqoqQNHkkjrh;fopkjdksadhekU;rkgS fdlekftdthoulslacaf/rvusdegÙoiw.kZckrsaosnksa]mifu"knksa]iqjk.kksa]egkdkO;ksa,oaLe`fr;ksa]vkfnlsfeyrhgSaA;gkaizpfyro.kkZJeO;oLFkkblckrdkLi"Vizek.kgSfdHkkjrh;¯prdksauslektvkSjthoudh,dO;kidO;oLFkkdkfodklik'pkR;fo}kuksaosQblfn'kkesa¯pruosQcgqrigysghdjfy;kFkkA

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uksV



Sociology)

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2- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh f}rh; voLFkk (Second Stage of Development of Sociology)

NBh'krkCnhlspkSngoha'krkCnhrddkdkylekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhf}rh;voLFkkekuhtkrhgSAbldkyesaHkhdkiQhyacsle;rdlkekftdleL;kvksadksle>usosQfy,/eZvkSjn'kZudklgkjkfy;ktkrkjgk]ysfdursjgoha'krkCnhesalkekftdleL;kvksadksrk£dd<axlsle>usdkiz;Rufd;kx;kA/hjs&/hjslkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;u esa roZQdk egÙo c<rk x;kA Fkkel ,D;wul (1227&1274) rFkk nkars(1265&1321)dhjpukvksals;gckrHkyh&Hkk¡frLi"VgSA

3- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh r`rh; voLFkk (Third Stage of Development of Sociology)

blvoLFkkdkizkjaHkianzgoha'krkCnhlsekukx;kgSAbldkyesalekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfof/dkiz;ksxizkjaHkgqvkAek.VsLD;wusviuhiqLrd^nhfLifjVvkiQykWt*esalektdkHkkSxksfydi;kZoj.kosQizHkkodksLi"Vdjusdkiz;Rufd;kAfodksukedfo}kuus^nhU;wlkbUl*esalkekftd'kfDr;ksadhmís';iw.kZO;k[;kizLrqrdhAekYFklustula[;k&fl¼karvkSjtukf/D;lslacaf/rleL;kvksaijizdk'kMkykA,MefLeFkusvk£Fkdeuq";ksadkfopkjfn;kAdUMksjlsVuslkekftdifjoZrudkfl¼karizfrikfnrfd;kAtsElgs¯jxVuusbfrgkldhvk£FkdO;oLFkklslacaf/rfl¼karizLrqrfd;kAbulHkhvkSjvusdvU;fo}kuksadk;|filekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;kxsnkugS]ijarqbuosQvè;;uksaesa,d:irkvkSjfo'ks"khdj.kdkvHkkogSAdbZfo}kulkekftd?kVukvksadksvk£Fkd?kVukvksalsi`Fko~QdjosQmudkvè;;uughadjik,A

4- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh prqFkZ voLFkk (Fourth Stage of Development of Sociology)

lekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhblprqFkZvoLFkkdkizkjaHkvkWxLrdkWEVs(1798&1875)osQle;lsekuktkrkgSA;ghlekt'kkL=kosQoSKkfudfodkldhokLrfodvoLFkkgSAizQkalhlhfo}kuvkWxLrdkWEVsosQxq#ls.VlkbeuHkkSfrdfoKkuksaosQlekulektdks,d,slkfoKkucukukpkgrsFks ftlesalkekftd?kVukvksadkO;ofLFkr,oaozQec¼vè;;ufd;ktklosQblmís';dhiw£rosQfy,vkWxLrdkWEVsusviusxq#osQbUghafopkjksadksewÙkZ:insusdkiz;Rufd;kAviuslektlslacaf/rvè;;udks^lkekftd HkkSfrdh*(Social Physics)osQukelsiqdkjkAlu~1838esavkiusblukedkscnydjbls^lekt'kkL=k*(Sociology)ukefn;kA;ghdkj.kgS fdvkidkslekt'kkL=kdktUenkrk;kfirk(Father of Sociology)dgktkrkgSA

lekt'kkL=k:ihfo'kkyHkoudkvk/kjvkWxLrdkWEVsdk¯parughgSAvkiusghloZizFkelkekftdn'kZuvkSjlekt'kkL=kesavarjLi"Vfd;kAvkiusghlekt'kkL=kh;iz.kkyhdkfodklfd;kAvkiusLi"Vr%crk;kgSfdizko`Qfrd?kVukvksaosQlekulkekftd?kVukvksadkHkhoS"kf;drjhosQlsizR;{kfof/dhlgk;rklsvè;;ufd;ktkldrkgSAlu~1849esatkuLVqvVZfeyusbaXyS.Mdkslekt'kkL=k'kCnlsifjfprdjk;kAcknesizfl¼fczfV'klekt'kkL=khgjcVZLisUljuslekt'kkL=kosQfodklesalfozQ;;ksxfn;kAvkiusghviuhjpuk^fluFksfVdfiQykWliQh*osQ,dHkkx^¯izlhiYlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth*esadkWEVsosQfopkjksadksewrZ:insusdkiz;Rufd;kAvkiusviusizfl¼^lko;ohfl¼kar*esalektdhrqyukekuo'kjhjlsdhgSAloZizFke vejhdk osQ ;sy fo'o fo|ky; esa lekt'kkL=k osQ vè;;u&vè;kiu dk dk;Z izkjaHk gqvkA


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lekt'kkL=kdksvU;lkekftd foKkuksa ls i`Fko~Q ,d Lora=k ,oa oS"kf;d foKkucukusdkJs;izQkalhlhfo}kubekbynq[khZe(1858&1918)dksgSAvkiuslekt'kkL=kdkslkewfgdizfrfu/kuksa(Collective Representations)dkfodKkuekukgSA,MoqMuscrk;kgSfd;|fidkWEVsusizQkalesalekt'kkL=kdhuhaoMkyh]ysfdublsoS"kf;dfoKkucukusokyhfopkj/kjkdktudnq[khZedksghekuktkldrkgSAvkiusghlekt'kkL=kdksvU;lkekftdfoKkuksatSlseuksfoKku]n'kZu'kkL=kvkSjbfrgkllsLora=kfd;kAizfl¼teZulekt'kkL=kheSDl cscj(1864&1920)uslekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudk:insusdkiwjk&iwjkiz;Rufd;kAbVyhosQlekt'kkL=khfoYizsQMksiSjsVks(1848&1923)dklekt'kkL=kosQO;ofLFkrfoKkuosQ:iesafodklesadkiQh;ksxnkugaSA

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4-5 Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk fodkl (Development of Sociology in India)

Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldksrhu;qxksaesackaVktkldrkgS%

1- izkphu Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk fodklµizkphuHkkjr;xzUFkksa&osn]mifu"kn~]jkek;.k]egkHkkjr]xhrkLe`fr;ksavkfnesalkekftdfpUrudkO;ofLFkr:ins[kusdksfeyrkgSAbuxzUFkksaosQlw{evoyksdulsKkrgksrkgSfd;gk¡mlle;lkekftdO;oLFkkdkiQhmUurizdkjdhFkhvkSjthouosQvko';dewY;ksaijxgufpUruizkjEHkgkspqdkFkkAlkFkghmlle;lkekftdO;oLFkkdkscuk,j[kusokysvko';drRoksaijHkhxaHkhjrklsfopkjpyjgkFkkAmldkyosQxzaFkksaosQvè;;ulsirkpyrkgSfdmlle;o.kkZJeO;oLFkkO;fDrvkSjlektosQthoudksfdlizdkjlapkfyrdjjghFkhA;gO;oLFkkO;fDrvkSjlektosQchtlqanjleUo;dk,dmÙkemnkgj.kgSAèkeZ]vFkZ]dkevkSjeks{kpkjiq#"kkFkZthouosQpkjizeq[kmís';Fks]ftUgsizdkjdjusosQfy,O;fDriz;Ru'khyjgrkFkkvkSjviusO;fDrRodkfodkldjrsgq,lekftdthoudksmUurcukusesa;ksxnsrkFkkAmlle;O;fDrdksbrukegÙoughafn;kx;kfdoglektijgkohgkstk,vkSjlkFkghlektdksHkhbruk'kfDr'kkyhughaekufy;kx;k

uksV



Sociology)

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dkSfVY;(pk.kD;)osQvFkZ'kkL=k]'kqØkpk;ZosQuhfr'kkL=k]euqdheuqLe`fr]eqxydkyesafy[khx;hvkbZu&,&vdcjhvkfnxzUFkksalsirkpyrkgSfdmlle;lkekftdO;oLFkkoSQlhFkh]fdlizdkjosQjhfr&fjokt]lkekftdizFkk,¡]ijEijk,¡vkSjvkpj.klEcUèkhvkn'kZ&fu;eizpfyrFksAblxzUFkksaosQvè;;ulsmlle;dhlekt&O;oLFkkdksle>usvkSjmlesale;≤ijgksusokysifjorZuksadkstkuusesalgk;rkfeyrhgSAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa]euqLe`fresalekftdKkuHkjkiM+kgSAblesao.kZ]tkfr]fookg]ifjokj]jkT;]èkeZvkfnijxEHkhjrklsfopkjfd;kx;kAblxzaFkuslektdksHkkohLo:idks fuèkkZfjrdjusesadkiQh;ksx fn;kAizkphuxzaFkksadklekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vlsvè;;udjusdh fn'kkesaizks- fou;oqQekjljdkj]izks-c`tsUnzukFk]MkWHkxokunkl,oaizks-osQoyeksrokuhusegÙoiw.kZ;ksxfn;kAorZekuesavko';drkblckrdhgSfdizkphuHkkjrh;fopkjksaijlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsfpUruvkSjeuufd;ktk,A;gk¡gesabrukvo';è;kuesaj[kukgSfdmlle;dhlekt&O;oLFkk,oalkekftdfpUruijèkeZdkdkiQhizHkkoFkkAmi;qZDrfooj.klsLi"VgSfdoSfnedkylsghHkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhijEijkizkjEHkgkspqdhFkh];|fieè;dkyesa;gk¡lekftdO;oLFkkvksaosQvè;;uijè;kufn;kx;kA

2- Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk vkSipkfjd izfrLFkkiu ;qxµHkkjresa]lekt'kkL=k,duohufoKkugSA;|fimUuhloha'krkCnhosQmÙkjk¼Zesa;wjksiesalekt'kkL=kdk,dO;ofLFkrfo"k;osQ:iesafodklizkjEHkgkspqdkFkk]ijUrqHkkjresachloha'krkCnhosQigysrd,slkdksbZ foKkuughaFkktkslektdklEiw.kZrkesavè;;udjsAif'peosQns'kksaesalekt'kkL=kdkfodklrsthlsgksrktkjgkFkkA,slhn'kkesaHkkjrh;ksadkè;kuHkhHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdks,dfo"k;osQ:iesafodflrdjusdhvksjx;kAifj.kkeLo:i;gk¡lekt'kkL=kosQvè;;u&vè;kiudkdk;ZizkjEHkgqvkAlu~1914ls1947rddkdkyHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkvkSipkfjdizfrLFkkiu;qxdgktkldrkgSA

;gk¡ loZizFke lu~ 1914 esa cEcbZ fo'ofo|ky; esa Lukrd Lrj ij lekt'kkL=k dkvè;;u&dk;ZizkjEHkgqvkA;ghalu~1919esafczfV'klekt'kkL=khizks-iSfVªdxsfMldhvè;{krkesalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxdhLFkkiukgqbZvkSjlekt'kkL=kdhLukrdksÙkjd{kk,¡'kq:dhx;haAlu~1917esadydÙkkfo'ofo|ky;esaizks-c`tsUnzukFk'khyosQiz;RuksalsvFkZ'kkL=kfo"k;osQlkFklekt'kkL=kdkvè;;u&dk;Zpkywfd;kx;kAMkW-jkèkkdkyeqdthZ]fou;oqQekj]MkW-Mh-,u-etqenkjrFkkizks-fueZyoqQekjcksltSlsizfrHkk'kkyhfo}kuMkW-c`tsUnzukFk'khyosQghfo|kFkhZFksftUgksausvkxspydjlekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxfn;kAlu~1921esay[kuÅfo'ofo|ky;esavFkZ'kkL=kfoHkkxosQvUrxZrlekt'kkL=kdksekU;rkvo';nhx;h]ijUrqblfo"k;dkvè;;uvFkZ'kkL=k fo"k;osQvUrxZrgh fd;ktkusyxkA;gk¡ns'kosQizeq[k fo}kuMkW- jkèkkdeyeqdthZdkslekt'kkL=kdkfoHkkxkè;{kfu;qDrfd;kx;kAlu~1924esaizks-iSfVªdxsfMlosQcknmUghaosQf'k";vkSjns'k&fons'kesatkus&ekuslekt'kkL=khMkW-th-,l-?kqfj;sdkscEcbZfo'ofo|ky;esalekt'kkL=kosQfoHkkxkè;{kdkinlq'kksfHkrdjusdkvoljfeykAizks-jkèkkdeyeqdthZvkSjMkW-th-,l-?kqfj;sdkHkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesaegÙoiw.kZ;ksxnkujgkgSAeSlwjfo'ofo|ky;esalu~1923esaLukrdd{kkvksaesablfo"k;dks


uksV


i<+k;ktkusyxkAblo"kZvkUèkzfo'ofo|ky;esaHkhlekt'kkL=kdks,dfo"k;osQ:iesaekU;rkiznkudhx;hAlu~1930esaiwukfo'ofo|ky;esalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxizkjEHkgqvkvkSjJherhbjkorhdkosZusfoHkkxkè;{kdkinlaHkkykAèkhjs&èkhjsns'kosQoqQNvU;fo'ofo|ky;ksaesaHkhlekt'kkL=kdksch-,-rFkk,e-,-osQikB~;ØeesalfEefyrdjfy;kx;kAlu~1947osQiwoZrdns'kesalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhxfrdkiQhèkhehjghijUrqbldkyesa;gk¡lekt'kkL=kdhuhaovo';iM+pqdhFkhAbrukvo';gSfdLorU=krk&izkfIrosQiwoZrddghalekt'kkL=kvFkZ'kkL=kosQlkFkrksdghaekuo'kkL=k;kn'kZu'kkL=kosQlkFktqM+kjgkvkSj,dLorU=kfo"k;osQ:iesaekU;rkizkIrughadjldkA

3- LorU=k Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk O;kid izlkj ;qxµlu~1947esaLoU=krkizkfIrosQcknls;g;qxizkjEHkgksrkgAbl;qxesalekt'kkL=kdksns'kosQfofHkUufo'ofo|ky;ksaesa,dO;ofLFkrLorU=kfo"k;osQ:iesaekU;rkizkIrgqbZrFkkblosQvè;;u&vè;kiudhvksjyksxksadkè;kux;kAorZekuesans'kesavkèkslsvfèkdfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxdhLFkkiukgkspqdhgSAorZekuesaeqacbZ]dksydkrk]y[kuÅ]eSlwj]iwuk]cM+kSnk]xqtjkr] iVuk] Hkkxyiqj] xksj[kiqj] fnYyh]tcyiqj] iatkc] ukxiqj] jktLFkku]tksèkiqj]mn;iqj]vtesj]bUnkSj]thokth]Hkksiky]jk;iqj]jkaph]dk'khfo|kihB]oqQekÅa]#gsy[k.M]cqUnsy[k.M]dk'khfgUnwfo'ofo|ky;]jfo'kadj]esjB]vyhx<+eqfLyefo'ofo|ky;]psUubZ]dkuiqjvkfnfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxksadhLFkkiukgkspqdhgSAbuosQvfrfjDrns'kosQvusdjktdh;,oavjktdh;egkfo|ky;ksaesaHkhch-,-vkSj,e-,-Lrjijlekt'kkL=kdkvè;kiudk;ZpyjgkgSAorZekuesablfo"k;dhyksdfiz;rk,oami;ksfxrkrsthosQlkFkc<+rhtkjghgSAvcrksvusdfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=klslEcfUèkr'kksèk&dk;ZHkhpyjgsgSaAlkFkghlekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhn`f"VlsoqQN'kksèklaLFkkuHkhLFkkfirfd,x,gSaA

Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh izo`fÙk;k¡ (Trends of Development of Sociology in India)

1- ik'pkR; lekt'kkL=kh; ijEijk ls izHkkfor (Influenced by Western Sociological Thinking)µbl fopkjèkkjkosQekuusokys fo}kuksadkdgukgS fdHkkjresaif'pehlekt'kkL=khfl¼kUrksa,oavè;;ui¼fr;ksadksdkeesaysrsgq,ghlekt'kkL=kdkfodklfd;ktkldrkgSA

Hkkjresa ik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh; fpUruls izHkkfor gksdjtkfr] oxZ] fookg] ifjokj]ukrsnkjhvkSjèkeZlslEcfUèkrvusdvuqHkokRedvè;;u(Empirical Studies)fd;sx;sgSaA,slsvè;;udrkZvksaesaMkW-gV~Vu]fjtys]MkW-?kqfj;s]etwenkj,oadkifM;kosQuke fo'ks"kr%mYys[kuh;gSaA bu fo}kuksausmi;qZDrijxguvè;;udjlekt'kkL=kosQfodklesaviowZ;ksxfn;kAMkW- gV~VuvkSjetwenkjusHkkjrh;tkfr&O;oLFkkdhlw{efoospukizLrqrdhgSAMkW-?kqfj;susfofHkUulekt'kkL=kh;fo"k;ksaijfy[kkgSftuesatkfr]oxZ]O;olk;]ifjokj]èkeZvkfneq[;gSaAvkiusvusdiqLrosaQHkhfy[khgSaftuesa(i) Caste Class and Occupation; (ii) Culture and Society; (iii) Cities and Civiliza-tion izeq[kgSaAvkiosQiz;Ruksalslu~1952esa Indian Sociological Society dhLFk-kiukgqbZftlus^lksf'k;ksykWftdycqysfVu*(Sociological Bulletin)dkizdk'kufd;kAvkighblif=kdkosQizFkelEikndjgsgSaAMkW-osQ-,e-dkifM;kusfookg]ifjokjvkSjukrsnkjhijviusvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijcgqroqQNfy[kkgSAvkiusdbZys[kksaosQvfrfjDrnksegÙoiw.kZiqLrosaQfy[khgSa%(i) Marriage and Family India, rFkk(ii) Hindu

uksV



Sociology)

KinshipAMkW-etwenkjusfcgkj]eè;izns'k]mÙkjizns'krFkkcaxkyosQtutkrh;{ks=kksaesaegRoiw.kZvuqlUèkkudk;Zfd;kgSAtkfr&O;oLFkkvkSjxzkeh.kHkkjrosQosQlEcUèkesaHkhvkiusdkiQhoqQNfy[kkgSAvkidhiqLrdksaesafuEufyf[kriqLroasQizeq[kgSa%(i) Races and Cultures of India; (ii) An Introduction to Social Anthropology; (iii) A Tribe in Transition rFkk(iv) Caste and Communication in an Indian VillageA

blfopkjèkkjklslEcfUèkrvU;fo}kuksaesaosyksxvkrsgSaftUgksausèkk£edfo'oklksarFkkuSfrdfopkjksaosQrqyukRedvè;;uijtksfn;kgSAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa]MkW-,e-,u-Jhfuoklusnf{k.kosQoqQxZizns'kesaoqQxZyksxksadkbln`f"Vlsvè;;ufd;kvkSjviuhizfl¼iqLrd‘Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India’ fy[khAvU;lekt'kkfL=k;ksausblizdkjosQvè;;uksaesadksbZfo'ks"k#fpughafn[kk;h_;|fiHkkjresa,slsvè;;uksadhdkiQhegÙkkdhdkiQhegÙkk,oami;ksfxrkgSAvkiusHkkjresatkfrosQlUnHkZesagksusokysifjorZuksadksle>kusgsrqlaLÑrhdj.k(Sankritization) ukedvoèkkj.kkizLrqrdhAvkidhmi;qDriqLrdosQvykokvU;izeq[kiqLrosaQfuEufyf[krgSaA(i) Marriage and Familiy in Mysore; (ii) Caste in Modern India and other Es-says; (iii) Social Change in Modern India, (iv) Indian VillagesA

;gk¡vusdfo}kuksaus xzkeh.kvè;;u*(Village Studies) Hkhfd;sgSaA;svè;;uvesfjekdhlket'kkL=kh;ijEijklsdkiQhizHkkforgSaAHkkjresaMkW-,l-lh-nqcs]MkW-etwenkj]MkW-,-vkj-nslkbZvkfnizeq[klekt'kkfL=k;ksausxzkeh.klektosQvè;;uesafo'ks"k#fpfn[kk;hgSAMkW-nqcsdhfuEufyf[kriqLrosaQdkiQhyksdfiz;gSa%(i) An Indian Village (ii) India’s Changing Villages rFkk(iii) The KamarAizFkenksiqLrdksaesa'kksèkdk;ks±osQvkèkkjijxzkeh.kleqnk;ksaijcgqroqQNfy[kkx;kvkSjlkFkghogk¡pyjgsfodkldk;ks±dhèkhehxfrosQdkj.kksadkfo'ys"k.kfd;kx;kgSAMkW- etwenkjusviuhiqLrd‘Rural Profile’ esaxzkeh.klektdklekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vlsfp=k.kfd;kgSAMkW- ,- vkj- nslkbZusHkkjrh;xzkeh.klektijdkiQhoqQNlkexzhmiyCèkdjk;hgSAvkidhiqLrosaQ(i) Rural Sociology in India rFkk(ii) Rural India in Transition dkiQhyksdfiz;gSaA

lekt'kkL=kdhblijEijklslEcfUèkr,oavU;izo`fÙklkekftdvkSjvk£FkddkjdksaosQ,d&nwljsijiM+usokysizHkkoksaosQvè;;ulslEcfUèkrgSaAblizo`fÙkdks^lkekftdvFkZ'kkL=k*osQukelstkuktkrkgSAblizo`fÙkosQfodklesaMkW-jkèkkdeyeqdthZvkSjizks-Mh-ih-eqdthZdkfo'ks"k;ksxnkugSAMkW-jkèkkdeyeqdthZus vFkZ'kkL=kdklaLFkkRedfl¼kUr*(Institutional Theory of Economics) izfrikfnrfd;kAblesavkiuscrk;kgSfdlkekftdewY;vkSjijEijk,¡vk£FkdthoudksdkiQhek=kkesaizHkkfordjrhgSaAMkW- Mh- ih- eqdthZusvFkZ'kkL=klslEcfUèkrizkphuKkudksbfrgkl,oalekt'kkL=klstksM+usdhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZdk;Zfd;kA;|fi;snksuksafo}kuizeq[kr%vFkZ'kkL=khFks]ijUrqbUgksausviusekSfydfpUruvkSjlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.kosQdkj.klekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxfn;kA

Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kh;fpUruijif'pedkdkiQhizHkkogksusosQdkj.k;gk¡lekt'kkL=kdk LorU=k :i ls fodkl ugha gks ldkA ;gk¡ lekt'kkL=k esa vkRe&fuHkZjrk (Self-Sufficiency)dkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSAMkW-,l-lh-nqcsdhekU;rkgS fdHkkjrh;lekt'kkL=kh;fpUruvkSjys[kuesamifuos'kokndkLi"VizHkkovcHkhns[kusdksfeyrkgSA;gk¡osQcqf¼thohvcHkhik'pkR;ns'kksaosQlekt'kkfL=k;ksalslekt'kkL=kh;fpUrudhn`f"Vlsizsj.kkizkIrdjrsgSa]ijUrqorZekuesafo'okliwoZd;gdgktkldrkgSfdvclekt'kkL=kmifuos'koknosQizHkkolsNqVdkjkizkIrdjrkvkSjLorU=k:ilsfodflrgksrktkjgkgSA


uksV


2- ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; fpUru ls izHkkfor (Influenced by Traditional Indian Thinking)µ Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkldh f}rh; izo`fÙk osQ lerFkZdksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkjrh;lekt'kkL=kh;fpUrudhèkkjkdkvkèkkjik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrughagksdjHkkjrh;ijEijkxrfl¼kUrgksuspkfg,AHkkjrh;lektvkSjlaLÑfresaoqQN,slhfo'ks"krk,¡gSaftUgsaik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksadkvUèkkuqdj.kdjosQBhdlsughale>ktkldrkA,slhfLFkfresaHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodklijEijkxrHkkjrh;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksaosQvkèkkjijghfd;ktkukpkfg,A,slkdjusijghgeHkkjrh;lektdkslghifjizs{;esale>losaQxsAblizo`fÙkosQleFkZdksaesaJhvkuUnoqQekjLokeh]MkW-Hkxokunkl]izks-,-osQ-lju]MkW-uxsUnz]ueZns'ojizlkuvkfngSaAJhvkuUnoqQekjLokeh,oaMkW-HkxokunklusHkkjrh;laLÑfrdkdkiQhxgurkosQlkFkvè;;ufd;kgSAblfo}kuksadhekU;rkgSfdif'pelsfy,x,fl¼karksa,oavoèkkj.kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgeHkkjrdksBhdlsughale>ik;saxsAHkkjrh;lektvkSjik'pkR;lektksaosQlkekftdewY;]thou&n'kZu,oalaLÑfresaoqQN,slsekSfydvUrjgSafdik'pkR;fl¼kUr;gk¡yksxksadksHkkjrh;lektdksokLrfod:iesale>usesaennughansik,axsAbunksuksafo}kuksaosQvuqlkjijEijkxrHkkjrh;fopkjksadkvè;;urk£ddn`f"Vlsfd;ktkukpkfg,Aizks-ljuusHkkjrh;lektdhlajpukosQvè;;uosQfy,lkekftdewY;ksadksHkyh&Hkk¡frle>usij”kksjfn;kgSAizks-ueZns'ojizlknustkfr&O;oLFkkosQvè;;uosQvkèkkjijHkkjrh;lektvkSjlEiw.kZthou&O;oLFkkdksle>kusdkiz;Rufd;kgSAbulHkhfo}kuksadhekU;rkgSfdHkkjrh;lekt]lkekftdlaLFkk,¡vkSjlaLÑfrbrusO;kid,oatfVygSafdbuosQvè;;ulsgelEiw.kZHkkjrh;lekt&O;oLFkkdksBhdlsle>ldrsgSaA

vktvfèkdrjlekt'kkL=kh;gekuusdksrS;kjughagSa fdosQoyijEijkxrHkkjrh;fl¼kUrksaosQvkèkkjijghHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodklfd;ktkukpkfg,AvktdyyksxckSf¼dleUo;esafo'okldjrsgSaAik'pkR;ns'kksaesalekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesatksoqQNdk;ZgqvkgS]mlHkkjrh;ifjizs{;esafopkjfd;ktkukpkfg,A;gk¡n`f"Vdks.k;gughagksukpkfg,fdtksoqQNijEijkxrHkkjrh;fpUru;kfl¼kUrgSa]mUgsagesaNksM+ukghgSrFkktksoqQNik'pkR;gS]mlsxzg.kdjukghgSAHkkjrdhlekt&O;oLFkkdksBhdlsle>usvkSj;gk¡lekt'kkL=kosQ,dfoKkuosQ:iesafodklesauosQoyijEijkxrHkkjrh;fl¼kUrksadkcfYdtgk¡vko';dvkSjykHkyk;dgks]ik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksa,oavoèkkj.kkvksadkHkhlgkjkfy;ktkukpkfg,A

3- ik'pkR; ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=kh; ijEijkvksa osQ lefUor fpUru ls izHkkfor (Influenced by Synthetical Thinking of Western and Indian Sociological Traditions)µ blizo`fÙkosQleFkZdksaesaMkW-jkèkkdeyeqdthZ]izks-Mh-ih-eqdthZ]MkW-th-,l-?kqfj;s,oaMkW-vkj-,u-lDlsukosQuke fo'ks"kr%mYys[kuh;gSaA bu fo}kuksauslekt'kkL=kosQ fodkldhn`f"VlsijEijkxr,oavkèkqfudfopkjksaosQleUo;ij”kksj fn;kgSAMkW- jkèkkdey eqdthZuscrk;kgSfdlekt'kkL=kh;fopkjksadksHkyh&Hkk¡frle>usosQfy,,sfrgkfldn`f"Vdks.kviuk;ktkukpkfg,AvkidhekU;rkgSfdlektosQlkekU;fl¼kUrdksle>usgsrqlektdhlaLrj.kkRediz.kkyh(Hierarchial System) vkSjlkFkghmllektesaekStwnvykSfddfo'oklksaosQlEcUèkesatkudkjhizkIrdjukvko';dgSA ik'pkR; lkekt'kkL=kh; ijEijkvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vkius Hkkjr esa ifjfLFkrh;lekt'kkL=k (Ecological Sociology) osQ fodkldhdkiQhdksf'k'kdhAvkidh,dizeq[knsu^izokflrkdkfl¼kUr*gSAvkiusviusfopkjksadkizfriknuviuhfuEufyf[krizeq[kiqLrdksaesafo'ks"kr%fd;kgS%(i) Dynomics of Morals, (ii) Social Ecology; (iii) Social Structure of ValuesA

uksV



Sociology)

MkW-Mh-ih-eqdthZusHkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxfn;kgSAvkidkn`<+fo'oklgSfdHkkjrh;lektdkviukLo;adkdksbZfpUrugS]Lo;adhoqQNekU;rk,¡gSaftudkvè;;ufd;ktkukpkfg,AvkiHkkjrh;lektdksle>usosQfy,Hkkjrh;lekt'kkfL=k;ksaosQfy,izeq[kdrZO;gksukpkfg,AvkidhekU;rkgSfdHkkjresavuqlUèkkudk;ZosQoyif'pelsvk;kfrrfl¼kUrksa]voèkkj.kkvksa,oavè;;u&i¼fr;ksaosQvkèkkjijughafd;ktkukpkfg,A;gk¡vuqlaèkkuosQfy,Hkkjrh;ijaijkvksa]izFkkvksa]laLdkjksa]tujhfr;ksavkfndksBhdlsle>ktkukpkfg,A;gk¡Hkkjrh;laLÑfrijle;≤ijvU;laLÑfr;ksadkvkSjfo'ks"kr%if'pehlaLÑfr;ksadkizHkkoHkhiM+kvkSjblosQifj.kkeLo:ilaLÑrhdj.k,oalkekftdifjorZudhizfØ;kHkhizkjEHkgqbZAlaLÑfrosQblleUo;dksle>usosQfy,,sfrgkfldi¼frdklgkjkfy;ktkukpkfg,Avkidkn`<+fo'okljgkgSfdHkkjresaik'pkR;vkSjHkkjrh;ijEijkvksaosQlefUorfpUruosQvkèkkjijghlekt'kkL=kdkmi;ksxh<axlsfodklgksldrkgSAvkiusviusfopkjizeq[kr%fuEufyf[kriqLrdksaesaO;Drfd;sgSa%(i) Basic Concepts in Sociology; (ii) Modern Indian Culture (iii) Diversities; (iv) Personality and Social ScienceA

MkW-th-,l-?kqfj;sdhekU;rkgSfdosQoyif'pehosQvUèkkuqdj.kosQvkèkkjijHkkjrh;lektvkSjlaLÑfrdksughale>ktkldrkAblosQfy,ik'pkR;vkSjHkkjrh;ijEijkvksaosQlefUorfpUrudhvko';drkgSAif'peesalekt'kkL=kdktksoqQNfodklgqvkgS]tksoqQNfl¼kUr,oavoèkkj.kk,¡fodflrgqbZgSa]tksi¼fr;k¡viuk;hx;hgSa]mUgsaHkkjrh;ifjfLFkfr;ksa,oalekt&O;oLFkkdhfo'ks"krkvksadksè;kuesaj[ksfcukmlh:iesaviukuk fdlhHkhn`f"Vls fgrdjughagksxkAvr%muesavko';drkuqlkjla'kksèkudjosQHkkjrh;ijEijkvksadksè;kuesaj[kdjlefUorfpUruosQvkèkkjijghHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodklfd;ktkukpkfg,Avkidhizeq[kjpukvksadkmYys[kigysfd;ktkpqdkgSAMkW-vkj-,u-lDlsukHkhmi;qDrizo`fÙkosQghleFkZdgSaAvkidhekU;rkgSfdijEijkxrHkkjrh;fl¼kUrksadksle>usosQfy,,sfrgkfldn`f"Vdks.kdksviuk;ktkukpkfg,Avkiuscrk;kgSfdiq#"kkFkZfl¼kUr&èkeZ]dkevkSjeks{kO;fDrosQlHkhizdkjosQlekftdlEcUèkksadkvkèkkjgSvkSjlekt'kkL=kesablosQvè;;uijfo'ks"ktksjfn;ktkukpkfg,AvkiosQvuqlkjizkphuHkkjrh;fopkjksaijxEHkhjrklsfopkjfd;ktkukpkfg,A

Hkkjresalekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh vU; izo`fÙk ekDlZoknh fpUru ls izHkkforgSaAizks-Mh-ih-eqdthZblhizo`fÙklsizHkkforjgsgSa];|fivkiuslkaLÑfrdijEijkvksaosQvè;;uosQvkèkkjijlekt&O;oLFkkdksle>usijtksjfn;kgSA

Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesami;qDrfo}kuksaosQvfrfjDrMkW-ih-,u-izHkq]izks-lfPpnkuUn]MkW-;ksxs'kvVy]MkW-;ksxsUnz¯lg]izks-,y-ih-fo|kFkhZ]izks-jktkjke'kkL=kh]izks-,e-,l-,-jko]izks-okbZch-nkeys]MkW-JherhbjkorhdkosZ]MkW-Vh-osQ-,u-;wfUuukFk]MkW-c`tjktpkSgku]izks-,l-ih-ukxsUnzvkfnfo}kuksadk;ksxnkuHkhdkiQhegÙoiw.kZgSA

gesa;gdgusesadksbZladkspughagSfdLorU=krk&izkfIrosQcknlsvcrdHkkjresalekt'kkL=kh;fpUrudhdksbZLi"Vfn'kkughacuik;hgSA;gk¡vU;ns'kksalsvk;kfrrlekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksadksHkkjrh;lekt&O;oLFkkdhfof'k"Vfo'ks"krkvksadksè;kuesaj[ksfcuk]viuk;stkusdhizcyizo`fÙkjghgSAHkkjrh;lekt]laLÑfrvkSjlkekftd¯pruijlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsdefopkjgqvkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfd;gk¡lekt'kkL=kdhfdlhfuf'priq"VijaijkdkfodklvHkhrdughagksik;k];|fiblosQy{k.kvcvo';fn[kkbZnsusyxsgSaA


uksV


4-6 lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk osQ fl¼kar (Theories of the Origin of Sociology)

vk/qfud (The Modern)µlksygoha'krkCnhesajkT;rFkklektdkvarjLi"Vfd;kx;kAys[kdksausthoudhleL;kvksadksvf/d;FkkFkZLrjijle>kAbuesalclsizfl¼gkCl(Hob-bes)vkSjeSfd;kosyh(Machiavelli)FksAeSfd;kosyhdhiqLrd^nh¯izl*(The Prince)jkT;rFkkjkT;&eeZKrkdk,d;FkkrF;vè;;ugSvkSjmlesaeq[;r%jkT;dksliQyrkiwoZdpykusosQfl¼karksadko.kZugSAbufl¼karksadksmlus,sfrgkfldvk¡dM+ksaosQvk/kjijfu£erfd;kFkkAljFkkelewj(Sir Thomas More)bl;qxosQvU;izfl¼ys[kdFksftUgksuslu~1515esaizdkf'krviuh ;wVksfi;k*(Utopia)esa],dvkn'kZlkekftdO;oLFkkdkfp=k.kvkSjnSfudthoudhlkekftdleL;kvksadko.kZufd;kgSAokLrfodthouoSQlkgksukpkfg,]blckrdkscrkusosQfy,ewjusftl'kSyhesavkn'kZthoudkfp=k.kfd;kgS]ml'kSyhdkvuqdj.kvU;ys[kdksausHkhviuhiqLrdksaesafd;k]tSlsFkkWeloSQEisosyk (Thomas Campavclla)usviuhiqLrd^flVhvkiQnhlu* (City of the Sun)]ljiSzaQfllcsdu(Francis Bacon)usviuhiqLrd U;w,Vykf.Vl*(New Atlantis)vkSjtsElgsfjXVu(James Harrington)usviuhiqLrd^nhdkWeuoSYFkvkiQus'kUl*(The Commonwealth of Nations)esaA

lkekftd?kVukoLrqdhoSKkfud[kkstdhn'kkesaviuhegÙoiw.kZnsuosQfy,bVyhosQys[kdfodks(Vico)vkSjizQkalhlhys[kdekaVsLD;w fo'ks"kmYys[kuh;gSaA fodksusviuhiqLrd^fnU;wtlkbUl*(The New Science)esadgkgSfdlektoqQNfuf'prdkuwuksa;kfu;eksaosQv/hugksrkgSAbudkuwuksadks;FkkrF;fujh{k.k}kjkghle>ktkldrkgSAekaVsLD;wusviuhfo[;kriqLrd^fnfLifjVvkWiQykt*(The Spirit of Laws)esablckrdkfo'ys"k.kfd;kgSfdckárRo]fo'ks"kr;ktyok;q]ekuo&lektosQthoudksfdlizdkjizHkkfordjrsgSaAekUVsLD;wosQvuqlkj]¶dkuwujk"Vªh;pfj=kdkizrhdgSvkSjmulsftlHkkoukdkirkyxrkgS]mldhO;k[;kmulkekftdrFkkHkkSxksfydvoLFkkvksadksè;kuesaj[kdjdhtkuhpkfg,ftuesayksxjgjgsgksaA¸tyok;qlkekftdthoudkeq[;fu.kkZ;dgSAekUVsLD;wosQfu"d"kZdYiukRednk'kZfudksadhvis{kkoqQNvPNsFks]ijarqmldknks"k;gFkkfdmluslkekftdthoulslacaf/rlexzlR;rkdks,dghvk/kjijle>kusdkiz;Rufd;kAvjLrwosQleku;gHkhblh:f<+oknhifj.kkeijigq¡pkfd^tksgS*]ogvo';^jgukpkfg,*A

vkxLV dkEVs (Auguste Comte)µrRi'pkr~vkxLVdkEVsdk;qxvk;kAmlslekt'kkL=kdktUenkrkdgukBhdghgS]D;ksafdmlus,d,slsfoKkudhLFkkiukdkiz;Rufd;kftlosQvarxZrlexzekuo&thouoekuoh;xfrfof/;k¡lfEefyrFkhaAogvk/qfud;qxdkigykfopkjdFkkftlusLi"V'kCnksaesablrF;dksizfrikfnrfd;kfdlkekftdthoudhfn'kk,¡,drkosQlw=kesac¡/hgqbZgSavkSj;gHkhcrk;kfd;g,drkfodklksUeq[kgSAmlosQvuqlkjµekuolkekftdfodkldhrhuvoLFkkvksa/k£ed]HkkSfrdvkSjoSKkfudosQ}kjkvkxsc<+rktkrkgSA;gk¡rdizko`Qfrd?kVuk&oLrqosQ¯prudkiz'ugS]ekuovcoSKkfudvoLFkkdksizkIrdjpqdkgS]ijarqmldklekt&laca/h¯pruvHkhrdvkf/HkkSfrdvoLFkkesaghgSAlkSHkkX;lsvkf/HkkSfrdvoLFkkyxHkxiw.kZgkspqdhgSvkSjekuorkoSKkfudvoLFkkdhngyhtijgSAgk¡]dkEVsi;kZIrvk'kkoknhFkkA

tho oSKkfud (The Biologists)µMk£oudhiqLrd^vksfjftuvkWiQLis'kht*(Origin of spe-cies)osQizdkf'krgksusosQmijkarlekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhfn'kkesai;kZIrvè;;ufd;kx;kAMk£oudkfl¼kargSfd cfy"B%vfrthfor%*(survival of the fittest)AblhosQvk/kjijthouosQlaiw.kZ:ifodflrgq,gSaAvk/qfud;qxosQlokZf/dizfrHkk'kkyhvaxzstfo}ku~gjcVZLisUlj(Herbert Spencer)us^cfy"B%vfrthfor%*rFkkizko`Qfrdp;ufl¼karksadkslekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesaiz;qDrfd;kA;gdgktkldrkgSfdmldhlekt'kkL=klaca/hjpukvksauslekt'kkL=kdks,dLora=kfo"k;dkLFkkuiznkufd;kALisUljusrekefoKkuksadks,dizk:iesalefUordjusvkSj,dewyfu;e]ftlosQ}kjkizko`QfrdvkSjlkekftdlaca/ksadhO;k[;kgkslosQ]dks[kkstusdkiz;Rufd;kAmlosQizeq[kfl¼karksa

uksV



Sociology)

esals,dfl¼kar;ggSfdthoksaosQlekughlkekftd?kVuk&oLrqHkhljy]le:ilstfVyrFkkfo"ke:idhvksj/hjs&/hjsfodflrgksrhgSAvkfneekuomlosQfy,lk/kj.kekuo&izdkjFkkftllslH;ekuofodflrgqvkAmldhnwljhegÙoiw.kZnsurFkkdfFkrtSfodfl¼kar(organic analogy)gSftlesamluslektdhlekurkekuoh;'kjhjlsfn[kykbZgSA,slhnsuksaosQdkj.kLisUljlket'kkL=kdhthofoKku&fopkj/kjkesavfxzeLFkkuj[krkgSAmluslektdhizko`Qfrd?kVuk&oLrqosQ:iesaO;k[;kdjosQlkekftdrF;ksaosQoSKkfudfo'ys"k.kosQfy,HkwfedkrS;kjdjnha

euksoSKkfud (The Psychologists)µgjcVZ LisUlj osQvuq;kf;;ksadhla[;k cgqr FkhvkSjthofodkl&laca/hmudkfl¼kar19oha'krkCnhosQvarrdizpfyrjgk]ijarq20oha'krkCnhosQizkjaHkesalkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQlaca/esamldhtSfodO;k[;kosQLFkkuijeuksoSKkfudO;k[;kdhLFkkiukgqbZA;gfn[kkusosQiz;Rufd;sx;sfdlektdkfodklfdlizdkjekuo&euosQfodklijfuHkZjgSAbaXySaMesaxzkgeoSysl(Graham Wallace)]eSDMwxy(Mc-Dougal)vkSjgkWcgkml(Hobhouse)usvkSjvejhdkesaokMZ(Ward)]fx¯MXl(Giddings)]owQys(Cooley)]ehM(Meed)vkSjMhoh(Dewey)useuksoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.klslkekftdfodkldhO;k[;kvius&vius<axrFkkvius&vius{ks=kksaesadhA

nq[khZe (Durkheim)µ,dizQkalhlhys[kd(1858&1917)lektdhokLrfodrkijcynsusokykizFkevk/qfudys[kdFkkAmluslkekftdokLrfodrkvksaijcyfn;krFkklekt'kkL=kdkseuksfoKkulsvyxi`"BHkwfeiznkudhAmlosQvuqlkj]lkekftdrF;ckágksrsgSatkslkekU;foKkudkfo"k;gksldrsgSaD;ksafdmUgsaJsf.k;ksaesaO;ofLFkrfd;ktkldrkgSAmlusJefoHkktudh,dlkekftdlaLFkk&,d,slhlexzrkftlesavusdO;fDrlkekftdleUo;rkizkIrdjrsgSa]dkvè;;ufd;kAmlusvizfrekurk^anomic*dhvo/kj.kkizLrqrdhtks

(i) m|ksxksaosQizca/ddkJelsvyxko

(ii) O;fDrxrizko`QfrdizfrHkkosQizfrvlEeku,oa

(iii) izdk;kZRedxfrfof/;ksaosQvuqfprleUo;dkifj.kkegSA

nq[khZedk;gfopkjFkkfdikjaifjd/eZoSKkfudvUos"k.kdhHkkoukdksiw.kZdjusesavleFkZjgkgS,oabllsfdlhlkekU;mís';dhiw£rughagqbZgSAmlus^peZ*osQuSfrdizkf/dkjdksvLoho`Qrfd;kAmlosQvuqlkj]¶nSoh;rkosQoylkekftdefgekUohdj.k,oaizrhdkRedvo/kj.kkgSA¸mlus;gHkhdgk]¶gesabZ'oj,oalektesals,ddksNk¡VukgksxkA¸

mldheq[;o`QfÙk;k¡gSa%‘Dc La Division his Travail Social’ and ‘has formes Elementa-ries de La view Religievse’.

teZu lekt'kkL=kh (German Sociologist)

teZulekt'kkfL=k;ksaµokuohts(Von Vrise)]Vksuh(Tonnies)]ohjdkar(Vier Kandt)]flesy(simmel),oaeSDloScj(Max Waber)usHkhlekt'kkL=kosQfodklesaviwoZ;ksxnkufn;kgSA

eSDloScj (Max Waber)osQ egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkulkekftd fØ;kdk fl¼kar] izkf/dkjdhvoèkkj.kk] ukSdj'kkghdhvo/kj.kk rFkkvkn'kZ izdkjdhvo/kj.kk gSA eSDl oScj osQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=klkekftdfozQ;kdko`gnfoKkugSAmluslkekftdfozQ;kdksblosQvfHkfoU;kldhfof/osQvuqlkjpkjJsf.k;ksaesafoHkDrfd;k]vFkkZr~

(i) vlac¼O;fDrxrmís';ksaosQrk£ddvfHkfoU;klosQ:iesa]

(ii) fujaoqQ'kewY;osQrk£ddvfHkfoU;klosQ:iesa]

(iii) LusgkRedvfHkfoU;klosQ:iesa,oa

(iv) ijaijkosQ:iesaA


uksV


eSDl oScj osQ vuqlkj] jkT; izkf/dkj dk loZizeq[k :i gS ftls fuf'pr izns'k osQ vanj'kkjhfjdcyosQoS/iz;ksxdk,dkf/dkjizkIrgSAmlusizkf/dkjosQrhuizdkjcryk;sgSa%ikjaifjd]rk£dd&dkuwuh,oadfj'ekoknhA

^ukSdj'kkgh*osQviusvè;;uesa];|fieSdloScjblosQykHkksalsifjfprgSa]rnfiogblosQHkfo";osQckjsesavk'oLrughagSaAmlsvk'kadkFkhfdHkfo";esaukSdj'kkghosQikligq¡pnqyZHkgkstk;sxhA

vkn'kZizdkjdk]eSDloScjosQvuqlkj]iw.kZrklsdksbZlaca/ughagS,oaugh;gewY;fu.kZ;ksalslac¼gSA;gfo'kq¼roZQ;qDrfof/gSftlosQvarxZr&fo"k;oLrqdksblosQvkarfjdroZQdksmtkxjdjosQvFkokbldkfuekZ.kdjosQcqf¼xzkácuk;ktkrkgSAvkn'kZizdkjdkdk;ZgSµ¶vkuqHkfodokLrfodrkosQlkFkrqyuk ftllsbldhlekurkvksavFkokvlekurkvksadks Li"Vfd;ktklosQAblosQlokZf/dLi"Vvo/kj.kkvksadko.kZufd;ktklosQ,oadkj.kkRed:ilsbldhO;k[;kdhtklosQA¸

dkyZ ekDlZ (Karl Marx, 1818-1883)dkuosQoyekuoh fopkj/kjkvfirqlkekftdlajpukijHkhxguizHkkogqvkgSAmlosQizeq[kfopkjksadkizfriknumldho`Qfr;ksa;Fkk‘Communist Manifesto’,oa‘Das Capital’esafd;kx;kgSAmlosQizeq[klekt'kkL=kh;;ksxnkugSaA

(i) ,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdokn

(ii) futhlaifÙkdkfl¼kar,oa

(iii) jkT;foghulektA

(i) ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn (Historical Materialism)µeksVsrkSjijekDlZdkfopkjgS]¶lHkhlkekftd]jktuhfrd,oackSf¼dlaca/ksa]rFkk/k£ed,oafof/O;oLFkkvksa]lHkhlS¼kafrdfopkjksaftudkbfrgklosQckjsesamn~HkogqvkgS]thoudhHkkSfrdvoLFkkvksadkifj.kkegSaA¸nwljs 'kcnksaesa]lektdhlajpukmRiknd'kfDr;ksadhvk/kjf'kykij[kM+hdhx;hgSAlektdksle>usgsrq]gesablesaizpfyrmRiknu,oa foHkktudhiz.kkyhdksle>ukgksxkA,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdoknosQ fl¼karkuqlkj¶lHkhlkekftdifjorZuksa,oajktuhfrdozQkafr;ksaosQvar%dkj.k]euq";osQefLr"d]lukrula?k,oaU;k;dh[kkstesamldhvar£n`"Vesau[kkstdj]mRiknu,oafofue;dhfof/esavk;sifjorZuksaesa[kkststkuspkfg;s]mudhryk'kn'kZuesaughavfirqlacaf/r;qxosQvFkZ'kkL=kesadhtkuhpkfg;sA¸,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdoknosQfl¼kar}kjkekDlZuslkekftdifjorZuosQdkj.kksaesavk£FkdrRodksvk/kfjdHkwfedkiznkudhgSA

(ii) futh laifÙk dk fl¼kar (Theory of Private Property)µfuthlaifÙkiw¡thokndkvk/kjgStksbls'kks"k.kdkjhcukrhgSAekDlZosQvuqlkj]futhlaifÙkfofPNUuO;fDr]fofPNUuthou,oafoeq[keuq";lsizkIrdhtkrhgSAJfedviusdk;ZlsfofPNUugkstkrkgSAmlosQfy;sdk;ZosQoythou&;kiuosQlk/ugSa,oaogLo;a,doLrqgSAfoyxkoiw¡thoknhlektesaxaHkhj:ilsO;kIrgSAeuq";Lo;als],dnwljsls,oaizo`Qfrlsfoyxgksx;kgSAfoyxkodksnwjdjusgsrqfuthlaifÙkdhO;oLFkkdkslekIrdjukgksxkA

(iii) oxZ la?k"kZ (Class Struggle)µdkyZekDlZosQvuqlkj]¶vcrdvofLFkrlektdkbfrgkloxZla?k"kZdkbfrgklgSA¸ekDlZdkdFkugSfdizR;sd;qxdklektnksJsf.k;ksaesafoHkDrgkstkrkgSµ'kks"k.k,oa'kksf"krftuesalnSola?k"kZpyrkjgrkgSD;ksafdmuosQfgrksaesaVdjkogSAJfedksa,oaekfydksaosQeè;orZekuoxZ&la?k"kZvUrr%loZgkjkdhfot;dkstUensxkAblfot;osQiQyLo:i]oxZHksnHkkolektlsnwjgkstk;saxs,oamuosQlekIrgkstkusijoxZ&la?k"kZHkhnwjgkstk;sxkrFkkoxZghulektdktUegksxkA

uksV



Sociology)

(iv) jkT;foghu lekt (Strikless Society)µdkyZekDlZosQvuqlkj]¶jkT;vUrr%lekIrgkstk;sxkijarq,slkgksuslsiwoZloZgkjkoxZosQvYidkyhuvf/uk;dra=kdk;qxvk;sxkAloZgkjkjkT;iw¡thoknlektosQLFkkuijjkT;foghulektdkekxZiz'kLrdjsxkAjkT;dhcyosQvfHkdj.k:iesavko';drkughajgsxhD;ksafdlkE;oknhlektesayksxfdlhfoo'krk,oav/huLFkrkosQcxSjlkekftdthouosQizkjafHkdfu;eksadkLo;esoikyudjusosQvH;Lrgkstk;saxsAekuotkfrmlle;vko';drkosQlkezkT;lsfudydjLora=krkosQlkezkT;esaizos'kdjsxhA¸

VkydkWV iklZUl (Talcott Parsons)

VkydkWViklZUlosQnksizeq[k;ksxnkugSaµ

(i) fozQ;k,oablosQ?kVd],oa

(ii) lajpukRed&izdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kA

ikjlUldhiqLrd‘The Structure of Social Action’ (1937)]dks¶vesfjdulekt'kkL=kosQfodklesalkekU;:ilsrFkklekt'kkL=kh;fl¼karoknesafo'ks"kr;k,oafoHkktdjs[kkle>ktkrkgS;g,dizeq[ko`QfrFkhD;ksafdblus,du;hfn'kkµizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kdhfn'kkvkjaHkdhA¸mldhvU;iqLrosaQ‘Social System’esafofHkUuifjfLFkfr;ksaosQle:ilaLFkkxrewY;ksa,oaekudksarFkkfofHkUuo`QrlkekftdHkwfedkvksaosQegÙoijcyfn;kx;kgSA

1- fozQ;k&ifjf/ (Action - Frame)µVkydkWVikjlUlosQvuqlkj]fozQ;kosQpkjrRogSa]

(i)dÙkkZ]pkgsogO;fDrvFkoklewggks]

(ii)y{;(end)]

(iii)fLFkfr(situation)]

(iv)lk/u(Means)A

vr,o]fdlhdk;ZosQfu/kZj.kesarhuO;oLFkk,¡

(i)O;fDr&O;oLFkk(personality system),

(ii)lkekftdO;oLFkk(social system), ,oa

(iii)lkaLo`QfrdO;oLFkk(cultural system)HkwfedkvnkdjrhgSaA

burhuesalslkaLo`QfrdO;oLFkktksewY;ksa]ekudksa,oaizrhdksalsfu£ergksrhgS]lokZf/degÙoiw.kZgSA;grhuksaO;oLFkk,¡ijLijifjorZu'khyugksdj]Lok;Ùk'kklhgSa]¯drqos,d&nwljsdksvarHksZnudjrhgSarFkk,dnwljsosQfy;sijeko';dgSaAblizdkj]osokLrfodrkosQi`Fko~Qijarqlac¼Lo:igSaA

viusdk;Z fl¼karls]ikjlUlus foykse;qXeksa(pattern-variable)dhvo/kj.kkdkfodklfd;kAmlosQvuqlkjik¡pewyHkwrfoykse&;qXevFkokizfreku;qXegksrsgSaµ

(i)vuqHkkokRedrkrFkkvuqHkkokRedrVLFkrk(Affectivity and Affective Neutrality)(r`fIr&vuq'kklunqfo/k)

(ii)Lo&vfHkeq[khdj.k&lewg vfHkeq[khdj.k (Self orientation-collectivity orienta-tion)O;fDrxrcukelewgfgrnqfo/kA

(iii)lkoZHkkSfrd ,dkns'kh (Universalism Particulousis) ewY; vk/kfjr O;ogkjksa osQfofHkUuizdkjksaosQeè;p;uA

(iv)vkjksi.k&miyfC/ (Ariacption Achievement)lkekftdfo"k;oLrqizdkjksaosQeè;p;uA

(v)fof'k"V&foLr`rvaxzsthfo"k;esa#fp{ks=k,oabldhifjHkk"kkA


uksV


2- lajpukRed&izdk;Zokn fo'ys"k.k (The Structural - Functional Analysis)µ ikjlUl us lkekftd ?kVuk oLrq osQ vè;;u esa lajpukRed & izdk;Zokn dh fof/dksiz;qDr fd;kgSAlajpukRed&izdk;Zokn fo'ys"k.kizdk;ks± ,oalajpukvksadhnksvoèkkj.kkvksaijfVdkgqvkgSAlfUufgrewyiz'ugSa

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(iii)fduifjfLFkfr;ksaosQv/huA

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(i)izfrekulaHkj.krFkkrukoizca/(Pattern maintenance and tension main apper-ent)]

(ii)y{;izfr(goal attainment),

(iii)vuqowQyu(Adaptation),oa

(iv),dhdj.k(Intogration)A

4-7 /eZ vkSj lekt (Religion and Society)

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uksV



Sociology)

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uksV


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uksV



Sociology)

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3- /eZvkSjlkekftd&vk£Fkdfo'ks"kkf/dkjA

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4-8 /k£ed vYila[;dksa dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Religious Minorities)

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3- ;geq[;:ilsuxjosaQnzh;leqnk;gSaA


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uksV



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4-9 /eZ fujis{krk (Secularisation)

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uksV


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4-10 /eZfujis{krk osQ dkj.k (Causes of Secularisation)

/eZ&fujis{krkosQdkj.kksaesafuEufyf[kregÙoiw.kZgSaµ

(i) vk/qfud f'k{kk (Modern education)% Hkkjr esa /eZ&fujis{krk dk lokZf/degÙoiw.kZdkj.kik'pkR;f'k{kkgSftlusik'pkR;laLo`Qfrdklw=kikrfd;k,oaHkkrh;laLo`QfrosQizHkkodksdedjfn;kAdgktkldrkgSfdHkkjresa/eZ&fujis{krkdhizfozQ;kblns'kesavaxzstksaosQvkxeulsizkjaHkgqbZAvk/qfudf'k{kkusekuohleL;kvksaosQizfroSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kdksizksRlkfgrfd;kAf'kf{kroxZusvusdijaijkxrfo'oklksa,oa fozQ;kvksaosQ fy,oSKkfudO;k[;kvksadh[kkstdjusdkiz;Ru fd;kAlgf'k{kk&iz.kkyhuslektesafL=k;ksadhHkwfedkosQckjseasvusdfo'oklksadkslekIrdjfn;kAfookg]O;olk;,oavU;ekuohfozQ;kvksaosQizfr/eZ&fujis{kn`f"Vdks.kviuk;kx;kA

(ii) ;krk;kr ,oa lapkj osQ lk/uksa dk fodkl (Development of the means of trans-port and communication)%;krk;kr,oalapkjosQlk/uksaesaifjorZuksaus'kkjhfjdxfr'khyrkdksc<+kfn;kgSAns'kosQfofHkUuHkkxksaesajgusokysO;fDr;ksaosQvar£eJ.klsvf/dka'kHkzkafr;k¡nwjgksx;ha,oamnkjfopkjksadkfodklgqvkAtkfr&iz.kkyhdks/Ddkyxk,oavLi`';rk&laca/hfopkjksaesaHkhifjorZuvk;kA;krk;krosQlk/uksadho`f¼usxzkeh.kleqnk;osQ/eZ&fujis{krkesadkiQhlgk;rkdhgSA

(iii) lkekftd ,oa /k£ed lq/kj vkanksyu (Social and religious reform movement)% Hkkjrh;usrkvksa];Fkk jktk jkeeksgu jk;]ljlS;nvgen[kk¡]osQ'kopanlsu] Lokeh

uksV



Sociology)

n;kuan]nsosUnzukFkVSxksj,oaegkRekxka/h}kjkpyk,fofHkUulkekftd,oa/k£edlqèkkjvkanksyuksausHkhHkkjresa/eZ&fujis{krkdhizfozQ;kdksxfriznkudhA

(iv) uxjhdj.k (Urbanization)%/eZfujis{krkxzkeh.kthoudhvis{kkuxjh;thouesavf/dizeq[kgSAedkuksadhdeh];krk;kr,oalapkjosQlk/uksadhcgqyrk]vk£FkdleL;kvksa]'kksHkkpkj]f'k{kk]uxjh;lkekftd,oajktuhfrdlajpuk]ik'pkR;laLo`Qfrdkuxjh;thouijizHkko]O;fDroknµbulHkhrRoksausuxjh;n`f"Vdks.kdks/eZ&fujis{kcukfn;kA

(v) fo/ku (Legislation)% vaxzst 'kkldksa us vusd vf/fu;e] ;Fkkµfo/ok iqu£ookgdkuwu&1856] tkfr v;ksX;rk,¡ mUewyu vf/fuf;e&1850] fo'ks"k fookg dkuwu&1872ikfjrfd,ftUgksausHkkjrh;yksxksaosQ:f<+xrfopkjksaijizgkjfd;kAvk/qfudle;esa¯gnw fookgdkuwu1955] ¯gnwmÙkjkf/dkjdkuwu&1956] ¯gnw fo/okiqu£ookgdkuwu]1956_ikyu&iks"k.kdkuwu,oanÙkd&xzg.kdkuwuusfookg,oaifjokjdh¯gnwlaLFkkvksaosQèkeZ&fujis{krkesa;ksxfn;kgSA

(vi) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku (Indian constitution)% Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku us /eZ&fujis{krk dhizfozQ;kdksnzqrcuk;kgSAla'kksf/rizLrkoukesaHkkjrdks/eZ&fujis{k?kksf"krfd;kx;kgSAlHkhukxfjdksadkstkfr]¯yxvFkoklaiznk;osQHksnHkkoosQfcuklekuvf/dkjksadkfo'oklfnyk;kx;kgSAlkoZtfudoqQ,¡,oafouksn&LFkkulHkhtkfr;ksaosQfy,leku:ils[kqysgSaAukxfjdksadksdksbZHkhO;olk;djusdhNwVgSAvLi`';rkdksvijk/?kksf"krfd;kx;kgSA/eZdhLora=krklslacaf/r/kjk,¡27&30Hkkjrdks/eZ&fujis{kjkT;cukrhgSAHkkjrh;lafo/kuusHkkjrh;thoudh/eZ&fujis{krkesaegÙoiw.kZ;ksxnkufn;kgSA

(vii) ik'pkR; laLo`Qfr (Western culture)%ik'pkR;laLo`QfrosQizHkkousHkkjrh;thoudks/eZ&fujis{kcuk;kgSAik'pkR;laLo`QfrHkkSfrdokn]O;fDrokn]fo"k;klfDr]v/eZokn,oaLoPNanrkijcynsrhgSAblusHkkjresayksxksaosQikfjokfjdlaca/ksa,oan`f"Vdks.kdksizHkkforfd;kgSAosQoy/eZghvcfookg]f'k{kk]¯yx,oaikfjokfjdthouvFkokvk£Fkd xfrfof/;ksa ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dk fu/kZj.k ugha djrkA ik'pkR; laLo`Qfr osQizHkkok/huHkkjrh;laLo`Qfrusu,fopkjksadksvkRelkr~djfy;kgSAlkaLo`Qfrdxfrfof/;ksadh/k£edO;k[;kdkLFkku/eZ&fujis{kO;k[;kusysfy;kgSA/eZ&fujis{krkosQizHkkodkslkfgR;,oadykosQ{ks=kksaesaHkhns[kktkldrkgSftuosQfo"k;vc/eZ&fujis{k]oSKkfud]roZQ;qDr,oaiztkra=kh;fopkjksadhvfHkO;fDrdjrsgSaAHkkjr,d/eZ&fujis{kns'kgS]vr,ons'k}kjkizpkjosQlHkhlk/u/eZ&fujis{krkdkizpkjdjrsgSaA

4-11 /k£ed :f<+okn (Religious Fundamentalism)

:f<+okn(Fundamentalism)dkvFkZ¯dghewyfo'oklksaesavkLFkkrFkkfdUghaewyfl¼karksadkvuqlj.k,oamuosQizfrdBksjizfrc¼rkgSA:f<+okndkLo:i/k£ed,oaxSj/k£ednksuksagksldrkgS]mln`f"VlsiQklhoknvFkoklkE;oknosQ:iesaloZlÙkkokngh:f<+oknosQLo:idgstkldrsgSaA

/k£ed:f<+oknfdlh/eZosQO;fDrml/eZosQewyfl¼karksaesafo'okl]vkLFkk;kizfrc¼rkdkog:igStks/ekZU/rkdhlhekvksadksNwysrhgSAtcfdlhèkeZfo'ks"kosQerkoyafc;ksa}kjklkjhnqfu;kdksviusgh/eZosQlaca/esans[kktkrkgSvkSjviusijaijkxr/eZdksvafrelR;osQ:iesaLFkkfirdjusdkiz;klfd;ktkrkgSrks;g/k£ed:f<+okndgykrkgSA


uksV


/k£ed:f<+oknvius/eZosQmQijlHkhthou'kSyhdksHkz"Vthou'kSyhekursgSavkSjbldks'kq¼djusdkiz;kldjrsgSatSlsekSykukekSnq<h(Hkkjresatek;rsbLykehosQlaLFkkid)usorZekuthoui¼frdksvKkuhdhlaKknhvkSjblsHkz"Vcrk;k_fHk.Mjkokysusifrrfl[kksadkmYys[kfd;ktksviuhnk<+hcukrsgSa]viusckydVkrsgSavkSjijaijkxrfl[ki¼frdkikyuughadjrsgSaAblhlanHkZesageviQxkfuLrkuosQrkfyckfu;ksavkSjikfdLrkuesaykyefLtnosQekSyfo;ksaosQfozQ;k&dykiksadhppkZdjldrsgSaftUgksausijaijkxreqfLyethoui¼frdksbLykeosQvuq:iekukvkSjvkèkqfudthoui¼frdkfojks/fd;kA,d/k£edO;fDrgksukrFkk,d/k£ed:f<+oknhgksuk,dlekuughagS]D;ksafd/eZ:f<+oknughagksrk]/k£ed:f<+okn/eZdkfoyksegS]/eZdk'kks"kdgStkslkekU;fgrksadksR;kxdjO;fDrxrfgrksadhiw£rgsrq/eZdhHkz"Vekè;eosQ:ieasiz;ksxdjrkgSA(tsElokuZj]ooZQeSu‘Fundamentalism, Revivalism and voilance in South Asia’—Book)

mijksDrfo'ys"k.kosQvk/kjij/k£ed:f<+oknosQfuEuy{k.kksadhppkZdhtkrhgSµ

1- ,d/k£ed:f<+oknhvius/eZ@laiznk;vFkokbulstqM+sfo'oklO;oLFkkdksvfuok;Z];Fks"VrFkkiw.kZr%izekf.krekurkgSA

2- :f<+oknhdHkhle>kSrkoknhughagksrsgSacfYdviusfo'oklesa/ekZU/,oaLo:iesavkozQkedgksrsgSaA

3- /k£ed:f<+oknosQfl¼karmYya?kuh;]vk{kfjd]fujaoqQ'krFkkckè;dkjhgksrkgSA;gosQoyvf/jksi.kdhtckule>rkgSvkSjviuserdkslghekursgq,lelrlektdksmlerdksekuusijcynsrkgSA

4- /k£ed:f<+okndkLo;adkergksrkgSogHkys/eZesagks;k]ugksijarq:f<+oknhviuserdksroZQ}kjk;k/eZdhiquO;kZ[;k}kjk/eZlEerfl¼djnsrsgSa]tSlstsgknA(LVhoczwlFundamentalism Book)

5- /k£ed:f<+oknfoKku,oafoosdoknnksuksadksvLohdkjdjrkgSA

6- /k£ed:f<+oknhviusO;ogkjesamxzrkdksizn£'krdjrsgSaA

4-12 /k£ed :f<+okn&,d oSf'od leL;k@blosQ ifj.kke (Religious Fundamentalism – A Global Problem)

;|fi/k£ed:f<+okndh'kq#vkr1979esabZjkuesavk;krqYyk[kqeSuhosQusr`RoesaeqfLye:f<+okfn;ksa }kjk eksgEen jtk 'kkg osQ r[rk iyVdh ?kVuk dks rFkk vesfjdk esa ladh.kZrkoknh:f<+okfn;ksa}kjkpyk;sx;suo/k£edvkanksyuosQ:iesagksx;hFkhrFkkfigkyosQo"kks±esaèkk£ed:f<+okn ,d izeq[k ?kVuk osQ :i esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;k gSA gky osQ o"kks± esa viQxkfuLrku esarkfyckuhfozQ;k&dykiksa]ikfdLrkuesaykyefLtnlstqM+seqfLye:f<+okfn;ksaosQfozQ;k&dykiksarFkkHkkjresa¯gnw:f<+okn,oaeqfLye:f<+oknlslacaf/rfozQ;k&dykiksaesabldks,dToyarledkyhuleL;kosQ:iesaizLrqrfd;kgSftllsvk/qfudukxfjdlektosQle{kdbZleL;k;sa@pqukSfr;k¡mRiUugqbZgSa]tSlsµ

1- /k£ed#f<+oknusledkyhufo'oesa/k£ediquZmRFkkudhizo`fÙkdksrhoz fd;kgSftlls/eZfujis{khdj.kdhizfozQ;kckf/rgqbZgSvkSjvk/qfudlektosQfuekZ.kdkiz;kldetksjgqvkgSA(Anthony Giddens)

2- blusfo'oesadeksos'klHkhns'kksaesalkaiznkf;druko,oala?k"kZesao`f¼dkslaHkocuk;kgSvkSjoSf'odLrjij^leL;kvksaosQeè;la?k"kZ*(Hutington)dhlaHkkoukdhiq"Vfd;kgSA

uksV



Sociology)

3- HkkjresafgUnweqfLyela?k"kZ_eè;iwoZesabLyke]tqMkbTe]vkSjif'pehfozQf'p;uosQchpla?k"kZ]ikfdLrkuesaf'k;k,oalqUuhosQchpla?k"kZ;kfiQjHkkjrosQiatkcesafl[k,oaMsjklPpklkSnkosQchpla?k"kZblrF;dksifjyf{krdjrsgSaA

4- fo'oosQyxHkxlHkhns'kksaesa/k£ed:f<+oknusfoosdlEer,oaoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kdkfojks/djosQ/eZfujis{khdj.kdhizfozQ;kosQle{kpqukSrhizLrqrdhgSA

5- pw¡fd/k£ed:f<+oknfoosdlEer,oaoSKkfudn`f"Vdkfojks/h,oaijaijkmUeq[kgksrkgSbln`f"Vlsblusnqfu;kosQyxHkxlHkhns'kksaesauohurk,oaifjorZudkfojks/djosQlkekftd]vk£Fkdfodkl,oavk/qfudhdj.kdhizfozQ;kdksckf/rfd;kgSAviQxkfuLrku]bZjkdvkfnosQfodkldksvo#¼djusesa/k£ed:f<okn,eizeq[kdkjdfl¼gqvkgSA

6- /k£ed:f<+okndk,dizeq[kifj.kke/k£edvkradokngSftlusledkyhufo'oosQlHkhns'kksadks=kLrdjj[kkgSA

Li"V gS fd/k£ed:f<+oknledkyhuoSf'odlektosQ fy,leL;kRed,oavk/qfudukxfjdlektosQy,fuekZ.kdkfojks/hjgkgSijarqvxjihVjcs;jdksekusarks;gijks{k:ils/k£edleqnk;esavkarfjd,drkvkSj/eZosQvk/kjijjk"VªoknosQfodklesaHkhlgk;djgkgSAbZjkd]btjk;y]tkikuvkfnns'kksaesamldksLi"V:ilsns[kktkldrkgSA

4-13 /k£ed :f<+okn osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k (Origin Causes of Religious Fundamentalism)

oSf'odLrjij/k£ed:f<+okndh?kVukosQmn~HkoosQfy,dbZdkj.kmÙkjnk;hgSa]tSlsµ

1- rhozlkekftdifjorZulsmRiUumFky&iqFkyvkSjigpkuladV/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hkodk,dizeq[kdkj.kjgkgSD;ksafd;guosQoyigpkuladVdklek/kuizLrqrdjrkgScfYd,dvPNsiwoZorhZ;qxosQokilhdkoknkHkhdjrkgSA(Anthony gid-dens)

2- /eZvk/kfjru`tkfrosaQnzh;rkdhHkkouk,oe~bldhizfrfozQ;kHkh/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hkoesaizeq[kjgkgSAbLykeesafl;k&lqUuhla?k"kZvkSjHkkjresa¯gnw&eqfLyela?k"kZosQihNs;g,dizeq[kdkjdjgkgSA

3- :f<+oknhO;fDrdklaxBu}kjkblfn'kkesafd;sx;siz;klksadksHkhO;kidLrjijèkk£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hko,oaizlkjosQfy,mÙkjnk;hBgjk;ktkldrkgSAbLykfed:f<+oknosQizlkjesavkslkekfcuyknsudkiz;klbldkizeq[kmnkgj.kgSA

4- fofHkUuO;fDr;ksa;kjktuhfrdnyksa}kjklÙkkesacusjgus;klÙkkdhizkfIrgsrqerksadksykecandjus,oatuleFkZudksizkIrdjusdhfn'kkesa/k£edHkkoukdkiz;ksxHkhèkk£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hkodk,dizeq[kdkjdjgkgSg¯VxVudhekusrksbjkdesalíkegqlSu}kjkvesfjdhmifuos'koknosQfo#¼tuleFkZuizkIrdjusgsrq/k£edHkkoukvksadkiz;ksxbldkcsgrjmnkgj.kizLrqrdjrkgSA

5- ihVjcsejustkiku]bZjkd]btjk;ytSlsns'kksaesajk"VªoknosQfodklesafd;sx;s/eZosQiz;ksxdksHkh/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~HkoosQfy,,dizeq[kdkjdosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;kgSA

6- fofHkUulewgksa}kjkjktuhfrd,oavk£Fkd'kfDrdksizkIrdjusgsrq/eZdks,dlaxBfud'kfDrosQvk/kjosQ:iesafd;kx;kiz;ksxHkh/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hko,oafodklgsrqmÙkjnk;hjgkgSA


uksV


7- vxjcks£MykMosQfopkjksaosQlanHkZesans[ksarks{ks=kh;Lrjij]lkewfgdLrjij],oaO;fDrxrLrjijfo|ekulkekftdvk£Fkdfo"kerk]xjhch]csjkstxkjh]vf'k{kktSlhlkekftdleL;kvksausHkh/k£ed:f<+okndksizksRlkfgrdjusesaegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkvnkdhgSA

ewY;kaduµLi"VgS/k£ed:f<+oknoSf'odLrjij,dizeq[kledkyhuleL;kosQ:iesamHkjkgSftlusekuolektosQfy,dbZudkjkRedifj.kkeksaosQlkFk&lkFkoqQN,dlkdkjkRedifj.kkeksadksHkhmRiUufd;kgSA;g?kVukdbZla;qDrdkjdksadkifj.kkegSvkSjmudkjdksadksnwjdjrsgq,,dvk/qfud/eZfujis{k,oafodflrlektdhLFkkiukgsrqdbZiz;klHkhfd;stkjgsgSaAt:jrgSbuiz;klksadksvkSjlqn`<+djusdh]rHkhge,dvkn'kZ]le`¼,oe~vk/qfudoSf'odlektosQy{;dksizkIrdjldrsgSavkSjfofo/rkesa,drkdhifjdYiukdkslkdkjdjldrsgSavkSjblosQfy,oqQNlq>koksaijveyfd;ktkldrkgS]tSlsµ

1- rk£dd,oaoSKkfudn`f"Vdkvf/dkf/dizlkjfd;ktk,rFkktxr,oathouosQlHkh{ks=kksalslacaf/rleL;kvksaosQlek/kugsrqoSKkfud,oark£ddrjhdksaijcyfn;ktk,A

2- /eZfujis{krkdksl'kDrfopkj/kjkRedLrjijtuvkanksyudk:ifn;ktk,vkSjèkeZosQlkFklkeatL;LFkkfirdjrsgq,/eZfujis{krkosQi{kesatupsruk,oatuerdkfuekZ.kfd;ktk,A

3- lHkh/eks±dksvf/dkf/drk£dd,oaO;kogkfjdcuk;ktk,(/eZdk/eZfujis{khdj.k)vesfjdkesaefgykvksadksiknjhcuusdkvf/dkjnsuk]HkkjresavU;tkfr;ksadksiqtkjhcuusdkvf/dkjnsuk;kgkyghesaMumbaiesaeqfLyePersonal Law Board}kjkefgykvksadksrykddkvf/dkjnsukblfn'kkesaljkguh;iz;klgSA

4- fofHkUu/eks±osQchpfo|ekufofHkUurkosQctk;lekurkosQi{kksadksmtkxjdjosQfofHkUu/k£edleqnk;ksadks,dnwljsosQlkFktksM+ktk,vkSjmuosQchplkaLo`Qfrdvar%fozQ;kdksizksRlkfgrfd;ktk,AAnthony Giddens;kPetter BayerosQfopkjksaosQlanHkZesans[kktk,rksoSf'odj.kdhizfozQ;kus‘Universalisation’osQ:iesablfn'kkesaljkguh;iz;kldjjghgSfiQjHkhblosQdbZvk;ke,slsgSftlijfopkj,oaiz;klvko';dgSA

5- fofHkUu/k£edleqnk;ksaesafo|ekufo"kerkvkSjfo'oLrjijfo|eku{ks=kh;fo"kerkdksnwjfd;ktk,(cks£MykM)lkFkghgkf'k;sijosQyksxksadklkekftdvk£FkdfodkldjosQbUgsaeq[;/kjkesa'kkfeyfd;ktk,A

6- /ekZU/O;fDr;ksa]laxBuksa,oajktuhfrdnyksadhvlkekftdxfrfof/;ksadksgrksRlkfgrfd;ktk,A

7- lapkjlk/uksa,oaLo;alsohlaxBuksadksblfn;kesamÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZHkwfedkosQfuoZgugsrqizksRlkfgrfd;ktk,A


• lu~1838esavkWxLrdkWEVsusmi;qZDrizLrkforfoKkudks lksf'k;ksykWth*ukefn;kA;gySfVuosQ^lks';l*rFkkxzhdosQ^yksxl*'kCnlsfeydjcukgSftldkvFkZgksrkgSµlektdkfoKku;k'kkL=kAblsgh¯gnhesalekt'kkL=kdgkx;kA

• NBh'krkCnhlspkSngoha'krkCnhrddkdkelekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhf}rh;voLFkkekuhtkrhgSAbldkyesaHkhdkiQhyacsle;rdlkekftdleL;kvksadksle>usosQfy,èkeZvkSjn'kZudklgkjkfy;ktkrkjgk]ysfdursjgoha'krkCnhesalkekftdleL;kvksadksrk£dd<axlsle>usdkiz;Rufd;kx;kA

uksV



Sociology)

• lekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhprqFkZvoLFkkdkizkjaHkvkWxLrdkWEVs(1798&1875)osQle;lsekuktkrkgSA;ghlekt'kkL=kosQoSKkfudfodkldhokLrfodvoLFkkgSAizQkalhlhfo}kuvkWxLrdkWEVsosQxq#ls.VlkbeuHkkSfrdfoKkuksaosQlekulektdks,d,slkfoKkucukukpkgrsFksftlesalkekftd?kVukvksadkO;ofLFkr,oaozQec¼vè;;urFkkfo'ys"k.kfd;ktklosQA

• teZulekt'kkfL=k;ksaµokuohts(Von Vrise)]Vksuh(Tonnies)]ohjdkar(Vier Kant)]flesy(simmel),oaeSDloScj(Max Waber)usHkhlekt'kkL=kosQfodkleasviwoZ;ksxnkufn;kgSA

• ,e-,u-Jhfuoklus/eZdhHkwfedkdhtk¡pO;fDr;ksavkSjlewgksaosQchp,dca/udkjh'kfDrosQ:iesadhgSA,e-,u-Jhfuokl/k£edO;ogkjdkslkekftdthoudkvaxekursgSaAmUgksausfuEuckrksadkftozQfd;kgS_1-xzkeh.kvkSjvU;LFkkuh;LrjksaijfofHkUutkfr;ksavkSj/k£edlewgksalslaca/]2-ns'kosQvk£Fkdfodklesa/eZdhvkeHkwfedk]vkSj3-/eZvkSjlkekftd&vk£Fkdfo'ks"kkf/dkjA


1- lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙk,oablosQfodkldko.kZudhft,A

2- lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkosQfl¼karcrkb,A

3- /k£edvYila[;dksadhleL;k,¡crkb,A

4- /eZ&fujis{krkdkD;kvFkZgS\blosQegÙoiw.kZdkj.kksadkmYys[kdhft,A

5- /k£ed:f<+okndkD;kvFkZgS\blsoQy{k.kksadko.kZudhft,A


• ckWVkseksj] Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth %,xkbMVw izkWCyEl,aM fyVjspj-tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA

• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h-2003-nizSfDVlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth]vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA


• ¯x¯MXl],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhosl]osaQfcztA


uksV


bdkbZ&5(Unit–5)

lekthdj.k(Socialization)

:ijs[kk5.1 mís';(Objectives)5.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)5.3 lekthdj.kdkvFkZ(Meaning of Socialization)5.4 lekthdj.kdhizfØ;k(Process of Socialization)5.5 lekthdj.kosQvfHkdj.k(Agencies of Socialization)5.6 lekthdj.kosQrÙo(Elements of Socialization)5.7 lekthdj.kosQegÙo(Role of Socialization)5.8 izkS<+ksadklekthdj.k(Socialization of Adults)5.9 oS;Drhdj.k(Individualisation)5.10 oS;Drhdj.kosQi{k(Aspects of Individualization)5.11 efgyk,¡,oalekt(Women and Society)5.12 dU;kèku,oangst&izFkk(Bride-wealth and Dowry System)5.13 efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkosQdkj.k,oamik;(Causes and Measures of Violence Against

Women)5.14 ¯gnwefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Hindu Women)5.15 eqfLyeefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Muslim Women)5.16 efgykvksadhleL;kvkasosQlekèkkugsrqiz;Ru(Efforts to Solve Problems of Women)5.17 ljdkj}kjkfd,x,iz;Ru(Efforts Made by the Government)5.18 lkjka'k(Summary)5.19 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)5.20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)



• lekthdj.kdhizfØ;kdko.kZu]

• oS;fDrdj.kosQi{kdhO;k[;k,oa

• efgyk,¡,oalektosQlacaèkksadhtkudkjhA


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5-3 lekthdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Socialization)

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lekthdj.kdk^ifjiDork*(maturation)lsHkhvarjfn[kyk;ktkldrkgSAifjiDorkewy:ilsfodkldhHkkSfrd,oajklk;fudizfozQ;kvksa]ftuijeuq";dkvis{kko`Qrdefu;a=k.kgksrkgS]lslacaf/rgSA;gtho(organism)osQfodflrgksus,oa/hjs&/hjsifjo£rrgksusdhizfozQ;kgSAlekthdj.klh[kusdhizfozQ;kgSftlosQ}kjkeuq";vknrksa,oaizfrekfurO;ogkjdkslh[krkgSA;gmurekelkekftdizfozQ;kvksa,oanckoksadksfu£n"VdjrkgSftuosQ}kjklewg;kleqnk;osQvkn'kZfu;eksa,oaekudksadksO;fDr&lnL;ksaosQO;ogkjksa,oafo'oklksaesacSBkfn;ktkrkgSA

5-4 lekthdj.k dh izfozQ;k (Process of Socialization)

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3- izQk;M dk fl¼kar (Freud’s Theory)µowQys rFkk ehMosQ fl¼karksa esa ^vkRe* ,oa^lekt*osQchpewY;&laxfrdhdYiukdhx;hgSAowQysosQvuqlkj] O;fDrrFkklektvyx&vyx ?kVuk&oLrq,¡ ugha gSa] ijarq osQoy ,dgh oLrq osQ lkewfgd,oaforj.kkRedigywgSaAizQk;M]euksfo'ys"k.kdkfirk]vkRerFkklektdhblvo/kj.kklslgerughagSAmlosQvuqlkj]vkRe,oalektle:iughagSaAmluslekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdhO;k[;k^bM*(Id)]^vge~*(Ego)]rFkkîjkge~*(super-ego)]tkseudhrhuO;oLFkk,¡gSa]dhvo/kj.kkvksaosQekè;elsdhgSaA^bM*O;fDrdhewyizsj.kkvksalslacaf/rgSAgekjhlHkhbPNk,¡^bM*}kjkizsfjrgksrhgSA^vge~*okLrfodrkgS]vFkkZr~lektusO;fDrdhbPNk&iw£rosQfy,D;kfu;evkfncukj[ksgSaµbldkKkugesa^vge~*nsrkgSAîjkge~*O;fDrdhogpsrukvFkokvarjkRekgStksfu'p;djrhgSfdO;fDrdksveqddk;Zdjukpkfg,vFkokughaA^bM*rFkk^vge~*esacgq/kla?k"kZjgrkgSA^bM*dkslkekU;r;knck;ktkrkgS]ijarqdHkh&dHkh;gîjkge~*dk[kqykfojks/djosQiwQViM+rkgSAdHkh&dHkhbldhvfHkO;fDrNn~eos"kesagksrhgSAmnkgj.kr;k]tcfirkviusozQks/dksnwjdjusosQfy,cPpsdksihVrkgSA,slhvoLFkkesa^vge~*dhrqyukviusdk;ZosQvk/kjdkKkuughagksrkAizQk;Mus bM*dhrqyuk?kksM+srFkk vge~*dhrqyuk?kqM+lokjlsdhgSAmldkdFkugSfd^vge~*dkdk;Z?kqM+lokjtSlkgS]vFkkZr~?kksM+s]tks^bM*gSa]dkekxZn'kZudjukAijarqdHkh&dHkh?kqM+lokjdhHkk¡fr^vge~*?kksM+svFkkZr~^bM*dksviuhbPNkuqlkjekxZn£'krdjusesavliQygkstkrkgSftllsmlsfoo'kr;k^bM*dksmlhfn'kkvFkokekewyhfHkUufn'kkdhvksjtkusnsukiM+rkgSftlvksjogtkusosQn`<+izfrKgSA¸^bM*,oa^vge~*osQla?k"kZesaeuksfof{kIrdktUegksrkgSAizQk;Mdkfu"d"kZgSfd^bM*]^vge~*,oe~îjkge~*osQvar%}a}dhizfozQ;kesaghO;fDrdklekthdj.kgksrkgSA

5-5 lekthdj.k osQ vfHkdj.k (Agencies of Socialization)

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lekthdj.kdhizeq[k,”ksfUl;k¡laf{kIr:iesafuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) ifjokj (Family)µifjokjizkFkfedvkSjlclsegÙoiw.kZlaLFkkgStkscPpsosQlekthdj.kosQfy,lokZf/dmÙkjnk;hgSAekrk&firkdkcPpsosQlkFkuosQoy?kfu"Blaca/gksrkgS]vfirqosnwljksadhvis{kkvf/dmlosQfudVHkhgksrsgSaAcPpk]ekrk&firklsviuhHkk"kk,oacksyhlh[krkgSAmlslkekftduSfrdrkfl[kkbZtkrhgSAoglÙkk/kjheuq";ksaosQizfrvknj&Hkkouklh[krkgSAifjokjesaogvusdukxfjdxq.kksadksHkhlh[krkgSAifjokjdksBhdghukxfjdxq.kksadhikB'kkykdgkx;kgSAcPpklg;ksx]lgdkfjrk]lfg".kqrk]vkRe&cfynku]LusgvkfnosQizFkeikBifjokjesaghlh[krkgSAikfjokfjdokrkoj.kcPpsosQfodkldksizHkkfordjrkgSAeuksoSKkfudksaus;gfl¼djfn[kk;kgSfdO;fDrtksoqQNgS]ogifjokjosQdkj.kgSAcqjsifjokjesacPpkcqjhvknrsalh[krkgStcfdvPNsifjokjesaogvPNhckrsalh[krkgSAcky&vijk/dk,ddkj.kcqjkikfjokfjdokrkoj.kgksrkgSAthou&lkFkhdkp;udjrsle;ekrk&firkyM+osQ&yM+dhosQifjokjosQbfrgkldkstkuusdkiz;kldjrsgSa]rkfdmllsmUgsavPNh;kcqjhckrksadkirkyxlosQAekrk&firkrFkkcPpsosQchplaca/ckè;rkdklaca/gSaekrk&firkvk;qesacM+sgksusosQdkj.kmlsvkKkikyudkvkns'knsusdkvf/dkjj[krsgSaA;fncPpkmuosQvkns'kdkikyuughadjrkrksmlsn.Mfn;ktkrkgSAekrk&firkesalsekrkdkLFkkulekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kesafirklsiwoZvkrkgSAifjokjthou&i;ZUrO;fDrRodksizHkkfordjrkjgrkgSAlektesaifjokjosQegÙoosQmQijdkiQhlkfgR;izkIrgSA

(ii) f'k{k.k&laLFkk,¡ (Educational institutions)µlekthdj.kdkvxykvfHkdj.kLowQygSALowQyesacPpkf'k{kkizkIrdjrkgStksmlosQ fopkjksa,oan`f"Vdks.kksadksizHkkfordjrhgSAvPNhf'k{kkdksvPNkukxfjdcukldrhgS]tcfdcqjhf'k{kkmlsvijk/hcukldrhgSAf'k{kkdklekthdj.kesaegÙoiw.kZLFkkugSAf'k{kkdhlqfu;ksftriz.kkyhlektho`QrO;fDr;ksadkstUensldrhgSA

(iii) ozQhM+k&lkFkh vFkok fe=k (Playmates and friends)µozQhM+k&lkFkh ,oa fe=k Hkhlekthdj.kosQizeq[kvfHkdj.kgSaAcPpsrFkkmlosQozQhM+k&lkFkhosQchplekurkdklaca/gksrkgSA;glg;ksx,oaikjLifjdln~Hkkoukijvk/kfjrgSAmudhvk;qyxHkxlekugksrhgSAcPpkviuslkfFk;ksa,oafe=kksalsoglcoqQNxzg.kdjrkgStksogekrk&firklsxzg.kughadjldrkAmulsoglgdkjhuSfrdrkrFkklaLo`QfrdhoqQNvukSipkfjdckrsa;FkkiSQ'ku]luosaQ]dkerqf"VosQ<ax,oafuf"k¼Kkulh[krkgSAblizdkjdkKkulkekftdn`f"Vdks.klsvko';dgSAmnkgj.kr;kySafxdKkugekjslektesafookglsiwoZfuf"k¼ekuktkrkgSA;fnKkuiw.kZr;kcandjfn;ktk,rksySafxdthouosQvusddk;ZfookgosQckniwjsdjukdfBugkstk;sxkAcPpkblKkudksviuslkfFk;ksa,oafe=kksalsizkIrdjrkgSA

(iv) ppZ (Church)µppZlsrkRi;Z/k£edlaLFkkvksalsgSAizkjafHkdlektesa/eZus,drkosQca/udkegÙoiw.kZdk;Zfd;kFkkA;|fivk/qfudlektesa/eZdkegÙodegksx;kgS]rFkkfi;ggekjsfo'oklksa,oathouosQ<axksadksizHkkfordjrkgSAizR;sdifjokjesaoqQNuoqQN/k£edfozQ;k,¡fdlhufdlhvoljijgksrhgSaAcPpkviusekrk&firkdkseafnjtkrsrFkk/k£edlaLdkjdjrsns[krkgSAog/k£edizopuksadkslqurkgStksmlosQthoudhfn'kkdksfu/kZfjrrFkkmlosQfopkjksadksizHkkfordjldrsgSaA


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(v) jkT; (State)µjkT;,dlÙkk;qDr,tsUlhgSA;gyksxksaosQfy,dkuwuksadkfuekZ.kdjrhgSrFkkmulsvisf{krvkpj.kosQfu;eksadksfu/kZfjrdjrhgSAyksxksadksbudkuwuksadkvo';esoikyudjukiM+rkgSA;fnmudkvkpj.kjkT;osQdkuwuksaosQvuq:iughagksrkrksmUgsan.Mfn;ktkrkgSAblizdkj]jkT;HkhgekjsO;ogkjdks<kyrkgSA

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5-6 lekthdj.k osQ rÙo (Elements of Socialization)

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O;fDrdhlekthdj.k&izfozQ;kesarhurRodk;ZdjrsgSaA;sgSaµ

1- O;fDrdh'kkjhfjd,oaeuksoSKkfudcikSrh]

2- i;kZoj.kftlesamldktUegqvkgSrFkk

3- laLo`QfrftlesaogburÙoksadhfozQ;k&izfrfozQ;kosQdkj.kjgrkgSA

fozQ;k&izfrfozQ;kdhizfozQ;kcM+htfVygksrhgStksO;fDrosQfuekZ.krFkklektesamldhfLFkfrdksdkiQhgnrdfu/kZfjrdjrhgSAvkb,]blizfozQ;kdklw{evè;;udjsaA

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i;kZoj.kijlewgdkizHkkoiM+rkgS]D;ksafdizR;sdlewgdhviuhfof'k"VlaLo`QfrgksrhgSAeuq";lewgesajgrkgS]vr%mlsviuslewgosQjhfr&fjoktksa]fo'oklksarFkkvkn'kks±dkikyudjukiM+rkgSAlkekftdizo`Qfrdkfodkllewgesa,oamlosQekè;elsgksrkgSAMCywú vkbZú Fkkel(W.I. Thomas)usifjfLFkfrdhifjHkk"kk(definition of the situation)'kCnkoyhdhjpukdhftllsmldkvfHkizk;FkkfdcPpkftlfLFkfresaLo;adksikrkgS]mlfLFkfrdkfu/kZj.kmlosQfy,iwoZghgkspqdkgksrkgSrFkkmlsftufu;eksaosQvuqlkjvkpj.kdjukgS]mldkfu/kZj.kHkhmllewgosQ}kjkftlesamldktUegksrkgS]fd;ktkrkgSAcPpsdkslewg}kjkfu/kZfjrfu;eksaosQizfrowQyviuhbPNkvksadhiw£rdjusdhcgqrdeNwVgksrhgSAmldhbPNkvksa,oafozQ;kvksaesack/kiM+uhvkjaHkgkstkrhgSvkSj/hjs&/hjsikfjokfjdifjHkk"kkvksa]LowQyosQozQhM+k&lkfFk;ksa]iBu]vkSipkfjdf'k{k.k,oaLoho`QfrrFkkvLoho`QrosQvukSipkfjdfpÉksa}kjko;Ldrkdhvksjc<+rsgq,lnL;lektdhfu;ekoyhdkslh[kysrsgSaAblizdkj]lewgosQizHkkoHkhekuo&O;fDrRoosQfodkldksfu/kZfjrdjrsgSaAvr%mi;qZDrrhurÙoksadhvar%fozQ;kvksaosQiQyLo:iekuo&izk.khlkekftdizk.khcurkgSA

lekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdhO;k[;kdjrsle;oqQNlekt'kkfL=k;ksauspkSFksrRoµO;fDrosQvuqHkodkHkho.kZufd;kgSAdHkh&dHkh;gns[kkx;kgSfdmi;qDrokrkoj.kosQgksrsgq,Hkheuq";viuhekufld,oa'kkjhfjd{kerkvksadkiw.kZykHkughamBkikrk]D;ksafdviusfuthvuqHkoosQdkj.kogmlokrkoj.klsvyxjgrkgSA;fnfdlhcPpsdksi<+usosQfy,ckè;fd;ktk;]rksogi<+kbZdks'kkjhfjdn.MosQlkFklac¼le>usyxrkgSvkSjHkxksM+kcutkrkgSAT;ksa&T;ksaeuq";esaifjiDorkc<+rhtkrhgS]og,dosQcknnwljsdBksjvuqHkoizkIrdjrktkrkgSAdHkh&dHkhmldhcgqfiz;oLrqHkhmllsfNutkrhgSftldkj.kognwljksaosQdY;k.kesavf/d#fpysusyxrkgSAdHkh&dHkhnq%[kHkheuq";dklekthdj.kdjnsrkgSA

5-7 lekthdj.k osQ egÙo (Role of Socialization)

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btkcsyklk<+sNgo"kZdhvk;qesafeyhFkhAvUukosQlekuogHkh,dvoS/larkuFkhvkSjblhdkj.k,dkaresaj[khx;hFkhAtcogfeyhrksmlsfdlhHkhizdkjosQlaca/ksadkKkuughaFkkAfdlhHkhuokxUrqdosQizfrmldkO;ogkjtaxyhtkuojtSlkFkkAtcmlosQizf'k{k.kdh,dO;ofLFkrvkSj{kerkiw.kZ;kstukcukbZx;hrksizkjaHkesarksogdk;Zfujk'kktudyxk]ysfdu/hjs&/hjsvk'kktudiQyfeyusyxsAlk<+svkBo"kZdhvk;qrdog,dlkekU;Lrjijigq¡pxbZA

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5-8 izkS<+ksa dk lekthdj.k (Socialization of Adults)

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5-9 oS;Drhdj.k (Individualization)

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5-10 oS;Drhdj.k osQ i{k (Aspects of Individualization)

ekughe (Mannheim)usoS;Drhdj.kdkspkjizeq[kLo:iksaesafoHksfnrfd;kgSA;sgSaµ

1- nwljsyksxksalsfofHkUu<axlslh[kusdhizfozQ;klsoS;Drhdj.k]

2- vkRelaca/hfozQ;kvksaosQu;s:iksaosQLrjijoS;Drhdj.k]

3- oLrqvksaosQekè;elsoS;Drhdj.k]

4- vkRe&xaHkhjrkosQ:iesaoS;Drhdj.kµftldkvfHkizk;gSvkRe&laca/hvuqHkoksadksxzg.kdjukrFkkoS;Drhdj.kdh'kfDr;ksadkviusHkhrj,oabnZ&fxnZmUu;udjukA;slcizfozQ;k,¡furkarfHkUu?kVuk,¡gSaA

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fojfDr;k,dkUroklhcuusdhHkkoukO;fDrdksvar[kksZthvkSjvareqZ[khcukldrhgSAcM+suxjksaesatgk¡eS=khokrkoj.kdkvHkkogS]foeq[krk,oavLr&O;LrrkgSrFkktgk¡leqnk;dkviuslnL;ksaijdksbZfo'ks"kizHkkoughagS]ogk¡fojfDrdhHkkoukvf/dfof'k"VgSA,slhifjfLFkfr;ksaesaO;fDrosQvanjvosQysiu;kvkaf'kdvyxkodhHkkoukmRiUugkstkrhgSAbllsO;fDrvar[kksZthcutkrkgStksoS;Drhdj.kdkgh,d:igSA

5-11 efgyk,¡ ,oa lekt (Women and Society)

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ufUnrk xka/h,oaufUnrk 'kkgusblsLi"Vdjrsgq,fy[kkgS]¶efgykosQizfr¯glkosQvarxZrcykRdkj]ngstgR;k,¡]iRuhdks;kruk,¡nsus];kSfudgrksRlkgurFkklapkjekè;eesaL=khdksxyr<axlslekfgrfd;ktkldrkgSA¸

efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkosQoxhZdj.kesa¯glkdksrhuHkkxksaesafoHkDrfd;kx;kgS%

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2- ?kjsyw ¯glk_tSlsngstlaca/he`R;q]iRuhdksihVuk]ySafxdnqO;Zogkj]vkfnA

3- lkekftd ¯glk_tSlsiRuh,oaiq=k&o/wdkseknkHkzw.kdhgR;kosQfy,ckè;djuk]efgykvksalsNsM+&NkM+_]fo/okdkslrhgksusosQfy,ckè;djuk]ngstosQfy,raxdjuk,oaL=khdkslaifÙkesafgLlkunsuk]vkfnA

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efgykvksaosQizfrgksusokysoqQNizeq[kvkijkf/do`QR;fuEuizdkjgSa%

cykRdkj (Rape)

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cykRdkj ls lacaf/r lkekU; rF; bl izdkj gSa%

1- vf/dka'kr%cykRdkjxjhcefgykvksaosQlkFkgq,A

2- dkedkthefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjmuosQvkWfiQlosQckWl}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA

3- iSQDVªhesadkedjusokyhJfedefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjmuosQekfydksa}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA

4- vLirkyesaejhtksaosQizfrcykRdkjvLirkyosQdeZpkfj;ksa}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA

5- tsyesaefgykoSQfn;ksaosQlkFkcykRdkjtsydeZpkfj;ksa}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA

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7- ikxy]xwaxh]cgjh]viax,oafHk[kkfjuefgykvksaosQlkFkHkhcykRdkjfd,tkrsgSaA

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lkekftd vè;;udrkZvksa us cykRdkj laca/h vè;;u djus ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd%

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3- ;glkspukHkh=kqfViw.kZgSfdftuefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjgksrkgS]osmldkvkuanysrhgSaA

4- ;gfopkjlghughagSfdvf/dka'kcykRdkjhekufld:ilsijs'kkuO;fDrgksrsgSaA

5- ;gdgukHkhlghughagSfdvf/dka'kcykRdkjLor%gksrsgSavkSjmudhvfxze;kstukughacuk;htkrhA

6- ;gdgukHkhmfprughagSfdcykRdkjdklaca/iq#"kesavR;f/ddkemÙkstukdhHkkoukrFkkmPprk,oa'kfDrdhHkkouklsgSA

7- eSFkqudhrhozbPNk,oacykRdkjesadksbZ?kfu"Blaca/ughagSA

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vesfjdk esa ,d L=kh laxBu us cykRdkj ls cpus osQ fy, oqQN mik; lq>k, gSaA os gSa%

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2- ;fnvkivosQysjgjgsagksarks,slkizdVdjsafd;gka,dlsvf/dO;fDrjgrsgSa];gcgkukdjsafd?kjesaiq#"kHkhgSaAtcdksbZnjoktk[kV[kVk,rksvkitksjlsdgsafdnjoktk[kksyjghgwarqedejsesaghjgksA

3- njoktsijiwjkukefy[kusosQLFkkuijviukNksVkukefy[ksa_tSlslarks"koqQekjhvxzokyosQLFkkuij,l-osQ-vxzokyfy[ksaA

4- vtuchlsnwjjgsarFkkvtuchosQvkusijnjoktku[kksysaA


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5- futZuedkuksaesavosQysujgsaA

6- jkf=kesaxfy;ksa,oafo'ofo|ky;ksaesavosQysu?kwesaA

7- viusiklgfFk;kj]ykbVj]dkaVs&Nqjh,oalhVh(Whistle)j[ksaAlewgesa?kwesavosQysughaA

8- ;fnvkidkjpykrhgSarksdkjosQnjoktsfcukrkykyxk,uNksM+sarFkkdkjesacSBuslsiwoZihNsdhlhVdhtkapdjysaA

9- vkozQe.k gksus ij cykRdkj&cykRdkj (Rape-Rape) u fpYyk,a oju~ dgsa xksyhpykvks&xksyhpykvks(Fire-Fire)A

Hkxk ys tkuk o vigj.k djuk (Abduction and Kidnapping)

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MkW-vkgwtk}kjkvigj.kvkSjHkxkystkuslaca/hfd,x,,dvè;;ulsKkrgksrkgSfd

(i) fookfgrdhvis{kkvfookfgryM+fd;ksadksvf/dHkxk;ktkrkgSA

(ii) Hkxkusokyk,oaHkkxusokyhnksuksagh,dnwljslsifjfprgksrsgSaA

(iii) bunksuksadklaioZQmuosQ?kjksavFkokiM+kslosQdkj.kgksrkgSA

(iv) vf/dka'kr%Hkxkystkusesa,dghO;fDrdkgkFkgksrkgSA

(v) Hkxkystkusdkizeq[kmís';eSFkqu,oafookggksrkgSA

(vi) 1@10ekeyksaesavk£Fkdmís';lsHkh,slkfd;ktkrkgSA

(vii) HkxkystkusosQfy,ekrk&firkosQfu;a=k.kdkvHkko]ifjokjesaLusgiw.kZlaca/ksadkvHkko]vkfnizeq[kdkj.kgSaA

(viii) yxHkx80»ekeyksaesaHkxkystkusosQcknyM+dhijySafxdvkozQe.kgksrkgSA

gR;k (Murder)

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1- MkW-vkgwtk}kjkgR;klaca/hfd,x,vè;;uesa;gik;kx;kfdgR;kdjusokys,oagR;kosQf'kdkj,dghifjokjosQgksrsgSaaA(yxHkx94»)A

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ngst gR;k,a (Dowry Deaths)

Hkkjresangst,dxaHkhjleL;kcuhgqbZgSAngstosQvHkkoeasHkkjresagtkjksafL=k;ksadksizfro"kZtyk;ktkrkgS]mUgsalkl&llqj]nsoj&tsB]ifr,oallqjkyi{kokyksaosQ}kjkdbZizdkjdh;kruk,¡nhtkrhgSaAmUgsaHkw[kkj[kktkrkgS]viusihgjokyksalsiSlkeaxkusosQfy,raxfd;ktkrkgSvkSj;gkardfdvkRegR;kdjus,oa?kjNksM+djpystkusrdosQfy,etcwjfd;ktkrkgSftllsfdifrnwljh'kknhdjngsttqVklosQA

;|fi1961esaHkkjrljdkjus^ngstfujks/dvf/fu;e*(Dowry Prohibition Act)cukfn;kvkSjblvf/fu;eosQvarxZrngstysukonsuknksuksaghvijk/ekusx;sgSa]¯drqokLrfodfLFkfr;ggSfdngstlektesaoSaQljdhrjgc<+rktkjgkgSvkSjngstlaca/heqdneksadhla[;kux.;gSAns'kesaizfro"kZyxHkxikapgtkjgR;k,angstosQdkj.kgksrhgSaAHkkjresaizfrfnu33rFkkizfro"kZ5]000gR;k,¡ngstlslacaf/rgksrhgSaApw¡fdvf/dka'kngstlaca/hgR;k,¡yM+dhdhllqjkyesaghgksrhgSa]vr%llqjkyokysgR;klaca/hizek.kfeVknsrsgSavkSjmlsvkRegR;k;kgknlsdk:insnsrsgSaAlk{;osQvHkkoesavijk/hvdljcptkrsgSaA

lkekU;r%;gns[kkx;kgSfd

(i) ngstlaca/hgR;k,oamRihM+uosQekeysfuEu,oamPpoxZdhrqyukesaeè;eoxZesavf/dgksrsgSaA

(ii) ngstesamRihfM+r70»efgyk,a21ls24o"kZosQvk;qlewgesalsgksrhgSaA

(iii) ngstdhleL;kfuEutkfr;ksadhrqyukesamPptkfr;ksaesavf/dik;htkrhgSaA

(iv) gR;klsiwoZo/wdksdbZ;kruk,¡nhtkrhgSa,oaviekfurfd;ktkrkgSA

(v) ifjokjdhjpukuoo/wdkstykusesaegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkrhgSA

(vi) L=khdhf'k{kkosQLrj,oangstgR;kesadksbZdk;Z&dkj.kdklaca/ughaik;ktkrkgSA

lkspk;gx;kFkkfdf'k{kkosQizlkjosQlkFk&lkFkngstlslacaf/rcqjkb;ksadkvargksxk]¯drqgqvkblosQfcYoqQyfoijhrvkSjizfro"kZngstlaca/hgR;k,¡,oamRihM+udh?kVuk,¡c<+rhghtkjghgSatksiwjslektosQfy,'keZdhckrgSA

iRuh dks ihVuk % x`g ¯glk (Domestic Violence)

HkkjresaiRuhosQ:iesaukjhdhizfr"BkjghgSvkSjmls;gk¡x`g&y{ehdhlaKklslacksfèkrfd;kx;kgSAiRuhdksiq#"kdhv¼k±fxuh]lgèkeZpkfj.kh]èkeZiRuhHkhdgktkrkgS];gk¡iRuhosQvHkkoesaifr}kjkfd,x,èkk£eddk;ks±dksfu"iQyekukx;kgS]fdUrq;grLohjdk,digywgSAiRuhosQlkFknqO;Zogkjdjus,oamlsekjus&ihVusdh?kVuk,¡HkhdbZckjlquusesavkrhgSaAfookgosQcknifrls;gvis{kkdhtkrhgSfdogviuhiRuhdkHkj.k&iks"k.kdjsxk]mlsizsedjsxkvkSjlaj{k.kiznkudjsxkAHkkjresaifrosQfy,^HkrkZ*'kCndkiz;ksxfd;kx;kgSftldkvFkZgSHkj.k&iks"k.kdjusokykAlkekU;r%;gekuktkrkgSfd?kjukjhosQfy,lqj{kk,oaizlUurkdhn`f"V


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19ohalnhosQvUrrdbaXySaMesa,slkdksbZdkuwuughaFkktksiq#"kdksviuhiRuhosQlkFkxkyh&xykStdjus]pksVigq¡pkus;kgR;kdjuslsjksosQ]fdUrqvktrksogk¡ukjhdksvfèkddkuwuhlqj{kkizkIrgSAdkuwuhn`f"VlsvktukjhpkgsvPNhfLFkfresaD;ksaugks]fdUrqfiQjHkhfL=k;k¡?kjesamuosQizfrdhx;h¯glkosQfo#¼iqfylesaf'kdk;rughadjrhavkSjdkuwuoU;k;ky;dh'kj.kughysrhgSaAblckjsesaiqfyldkn`f"Vdks.kHkhvlg;ksxhghgksrkgS]ogbls?kjsywekeyk]ifr&iRuhdkfuthekeykekudjdksbZdk;ZokghughadjrsAtcdHkh,slhfLFkfresaiqfyllsennekaxhtkrhgSrksogosQoy>xM+sdks'kkUrdjusrdghgLr{ksidjrhgS]iq#"kijnckoMkyus;kmlijvkjksiyxkusesamldhdksbZ#fpughagksrhgSA

ukjhdh;getcwjhgSfdmlosQlkFk¯glkdkO;ogkjgksusijHkhogvk£Fkdolkekftddkj.kksa]cPpksaosQizfrviusnkf;Roksa,oalkekftdfuUnklscpus]vkfndkj.kksalslcoqQN'kkUrHkkolslgudjrhjgrhgSA;gblsghviukHkkX;ekurhgS]iwoZtUeosQdeks±dkiQyekurhgSAlektosQyksxHkhblslfg".kqgksusdkghmins'knsrsjgrsgSaAmlsdgktkrkgSµ^ifrosQ?kjesaMksyhesacSBdjvk;hFkh]vcrks;gk¡lsrqEgkjhvFkhZghmBsxhA*vkSjogcspkjhtgjosQ?kawVihdjftUnkyk'kdhrjg?kjesacuhjgrhgSA

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foèkokvksa osQ izfr ¯glk (Violence Against Widows)

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os';ko`fÙk (Prostitution)

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ukjh gR;k rFkk Hkzw.k gR;k (Femicide and Foeticide)

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NsM+NkM+ (Reasing)

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lekthdj.k(Socialization)5-12 dU;kèku ,oa ngst&izFkk (Bride-wealth and Dowry System)

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dHkh&dHkhoj&ewY;,oangstesavarjfd;ktkrkgSAngstyM+dhosQekrk&firkLusgo'knsrsgSa];giwoZ&fuèkkZfjrughagksrkvkSjdU;k&i{kosQlkeF;ZijfuHkZjgksrkgS]tcfdoj&ewY;ojosQO;fDrxrxq.k]f'k{kk]O;olk;]oqQyhurkrFkkifjokjdhfLFkfr]vkfnosQvkèkkjijoj&i{kdhvksjlsekaxktkrkgSvkSjfookglsiwoZghr;djfy;ktkrkgSAorZekuesangst,oaojewY;esafo'ks"kiQoZQughale>ktkrkgS]D;ksafdvktdyvfèkdka'kr%ngstdkizpyuoj&oèkwosQ:iesa;kfookgdh'krZosQ'kq:esaghgSA

ngstdkizpyuizkphudkylsghjgkgSAczãfookgesafirkoL=k,oavkHkw"k.kksalslqlfTtrdU;kdkfookg;ksX;ojosQlkFkdjrkFkkAjkek;.k,oaegkHkkjrdkyesaHkhngstdkizpyuFkkAlhrk,oanzkSinhvkfndksngstesavkHkw"k.k]?kksM+s]ghjs&tokgjkr,oavusdcgqewY;oLrq,¡nsusdkmYys[kfd;kgSAmlle;ngstdU;kosQizfrLusgosQdkj.kLosPNklsghfn;ktkrkFkkAngstdkizpyujktiwrdkyesarsjgoha,oapkSngohalnhlsizkjEHkgqvkvkSjoqQyhuifjokjviuhlkekftdfLFkfrosQvuqlkjngstdhekaxdjusyxsAcknesavU;yksxksaesaHkhbldkizpyugqvkAmPpf'k{kkizkIr]èkuh]vPNsO;olk;;kukSdjhesayxsgq,,oamPpoqQyosQojdksizkIrdjusosQfy,orZekuesayM+dhosQfirkdksvPNk&[kklkngstnsukgksrkgSAf'k{kk,oalkekftdpsrukdho`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkngstdkizpyu?kVusdhctk;c<+kfn;kx;kgSvkSjblusohHkRl:ixzg.kdjfy;kgSA

Hkkjro"kZblizFkkosQfy,fo'oHkjesacnukegSA;gk¡tUelsghyM+dhdksijk;kèkudgktkrkgSmlosQikyu&iks"k.kijyM+dksalsdeè;kufn;ktkrkgSAekrk&firkdU;kdksijk;kèkule>djmlosQlkFkmis{kkiw.kZO;ogkjdjrsgSaAyM+dhdksviuslkFkngstughaystkusijllqjkyesarkuslquusiM+rsgSa_lkFkghngstosQdkj.kyM+fd;ksadkstykdjekjHkhfn;ktkrkgSA

ngst osQ dkj.k (Causes of Dowry)

1- thou&lkFkh pquus dk lhfer {ks=kµtcdU;kdkfookgviusgho.kZ]tkfr;kmitkfresadjukgksrkgSrksfookgdknk;jkcgqrlhfergkstkrkgSvkSj;ksX;ojosQfy,ngstnsukvko';dgkstkrkgSA

2- cky&fookgµcky&fookgosQdkj.koj,oaoèkwdkpqukomuosQekrk&firk}kjkfd;ktkrkgSvkSjosviusykHkosQfy,ngstdhekaxdjrsgSaA

3- fookg dh vfuok;Zrkµ¯gnqvksaesadU;kdkfookgvfuok;Zekukx;kgSAbldkykHkmBkdjoji{kosQyksxvfèkdkfèkdngstdhekaxdjrsgSaA


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4- oqQyhu fookgµoqQyhufookgosQdkj.kÅ¡psoqQyksaosQyM+dksadhekaxc<+tkrhgSvkSjmUgsaizkIrdjusosQfy,dU;ki{kdksngstnsukgksrkgSA

5- f'k{kk ,oa lkekftd izfr"BkµorZekule;esaf'k{kk,oaO;fDrxrizfr"BkdkvfèkdegRogksusosQdkj.kizR;sdO;fDrviuhdU;kdkfookgf'kf{kr,oaizfrf"BryM+osQosQlkFkdjukpkgrkgSftlosQfy,mlsdkiQhngstnsukgksrkgSD;ksafd,slsyM+oQksadhlektesadehik;htkrhgSA

6- èku dk egÙoµorZekuesaèkudkegÙoc<+x;kgSvkSjblosQ}kjkO;fDrdhlkekftdizfr"BkfuèkkZfjrgksrhgSAftlO;fDrdksvfèkdngstizkIrgksrkgS]mldhizfr"BkHkhc<+tkrhgSA;ghugha]cfYdvfèkdngstnsusokysO;fDrdhHkhlkekftdizfr"Bkc<+tkrhgSA

7- egaxh f'k{kkµorZekuesamPpf'k{kkizkIrdjusosQfy,dkiQhèku[kpZdjukiM+rkgSftlstqVkusosQfy,oji{kosQyksxngstdhekaxdjrsgSaAf'k{kkosQfy,]fy;sx;sÍ.kdkHkqxrkuHkhdbZckjngst}kjkfd;ktkrkgSA

8- izn'kZu ,oa >wBh izfr"Bkµviuhizfr"Bk,oa'kkudkizn'kZudjusosQfy,Hkhyksxvfèkdkfèkdngstysrs,oansrsgSaA

9- xfr'khyrk eas o`f¼µorZekule;esa;krk;krosQlkèkuksadhmUufr,oafodklgqvkgS]uxjhdj.k,oavkS|ksxhdj.kc<+kgS]ifj.kkeLo:i,dtkfr,oamitkfrdhxfr'khyrkesao`f¼gqbZgSvkSjmuosQlnL;nwj&nwjrdiSQyx;sgSaAbldkj.kviuhghtkfr;kmitkfresaoj<w¡<+ukdfBugksx;kgSAiQyLo:ingst&izFkkdksc<+kokfeykgSA

10- lkekftd izFkkµngstdkizpyulektesa,dlkekftdizFkkosQ:iesaghik;ktkrkgSAtksO;fDrviuhdU;kosQfy,ngstnsrkgSogviusiq=kosQfy,HkhngstizkIrdjukpkgrkgSA

11- nq"pØ (Vicious circle)µngst,dnq"pØgSftuyksxksausviuhyM+fd;ksaosQfy,ngstfn;kgSosHkhvoljvkusijviusyM+dksaosQfy,ngstizkIrdjukpkgrsgSaAblhizdkjlsyM+osQosQfy,ngstizkIrdjosQosviuhyM+fd;ksaosQfookgosQfy,nsusosQfy,mlslqjf{krj[kukpkgrsgSaA

ngst&izFkk osQ nq"ifj.kke (Evil Eeffects of Dowry System)

ngst&izFkkosQifj.kkeLo:ilektesavusdleL;k,¡mRiUugqbZgSa]buesalsizeq[kfuEuizdkjgSaµ

1- ckfydk oèkµngstdhvfèkdekaxgksusosQdkj.kdbZO;fDrdU;kdksiSnkgksrsghekjMkyrsgSaAbldkizpyujktLFkkuesafo'ks"k:ilsjgkgS]fdUrqorZekuesa;gizFkkizk;%lekIrgkspqdhgSA

2- ikfjokfjd fo?kVuµdengstnsusijdU;kdksllqjkyesavusdizdkjosQd"Vfn;stkrsgSaAnksuksaifjokjksaesaruko,oala?k"kZiSnkgksrsgSavkSjifr&iRuhdklq[khoSokfgdthoumtM+tkrkgSA

3- gR;k ,oa vkRegR;kµftuyM+fd;ksadksvfèkdngstughafn;ktkrkmudksllqjkyesavfèkdlEekuughagksrk]mUgsadbZizdkjlsraxfd;ktkrkgSAblfLFkfrlseqfDrikusosQfy,ckè;gksdjoqQNyM+fd;k¡vkRegR;krddjysrhgSaAngstosQvHkkoesadU;kdknsjrdfookgugksusijmlslkekftdfuUnkdkik=kcuukiM+rkgS],slhfLFkfresaHkhdHkh&dHkhyM+dhvkRegR;kdjysrhgSAtcngstdhek=kkvkdka{kkvksaosQvuq:iughagksrhgSrkscgwdkstykfn;ktkrkgS;kmldhgR;kdjnhtkrhgSAlu~1987

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esa2]912]lu~1990esa4]148vkSj1991esa5]157ekeysngstgR;kosQntZfd;sx;sAifrvkSjllqjkyokyksa}kjkozwQjrkosQ1983esa1]160vkSj1991esa15]949ekeysntZfd;sx;sAngstgR;kosQlokZfèkdekeysmÙkjizns'k]egkjk"Vª]if'pecaxky,oaeè;izns'kesantZfd;sx;sA

4- Í.kxzLrrkµngstnsusosQfy,dU;kosQfirkdks#i;kmèkkjysukiM+rkgS;kviuhtehu,oatsojkr]edkuvkfndksfxjohaj[kukiM+rkgS;kcspukiM+rkgSifj.kkeLo:iifjokjÍ.kkxzLrgkstkrkgSAC;ktdhÅ¡phnjosQdkj.kmèkkjfy;kgqvk#i;kpqdkukdfBugkstkrkgSAvfèkddU;k,¡gksusijrksvk£Fkdn'kkvkSjHkhfcxM+tkrhgSA

5- fuEu thou LrjµdU;kosQfy,ngsttqVkusosQfy,ifjokjdksviuhvko';drkvksaesadVkSrhdjuhiM+rhgSAcprdjusosQpDdjesaifjokjdkthou&LrjfxjtkrkgSA

6- cgqiRuh fookgµngstizkIrdjusosQfy,,dO;fDrdbZfookgdjrkgSbllscgqiRuhRodkizpyuc<+rkgSA

7- csesy fookgµngstosQvHkkoesadU;kdk fookgvf'kf{kr]o`¼]oqQ:i]viax,oav;ksX;O;fDrosQlkFkHkhdjukiM+rkgSA,slhfLFkfresadU;kdksthouHkjd"VmBkukiM+rkgSA

8- fookg dh lekfIrµngstosQvHkkoesadbZyksxviusoSokfgdlacaèkdU;ki{klslekIrdjnsrsgSaAdbZckjrksngstosQvHkkoesarksj.k}kjlsckjkrokilykSVtkrhgSvkSjoqQNyM+fd;ksadksoqaQvkjhghjgukiM+rkgSA

9- vuSfrdrkµngstosQvHkkoesadbZyM+fd;ksadknsjrdfookgughagksikrkgSvkSjosviuh;kSubPNkvksadhiw£rvuSfrdrjhdksalsdjrhgSabllsHkz"Vkpkjc<+rkgSA

10- vijkèk dks izksRlkguµngsttqVkusosQfy,dbZvijkèkHkhfd;stkrsgSa]fj'or]pksjh],oaxcuosQ}kjkèku,d=kfd;ktkrkgS]vkRegR;k,oaHkz"Vkpkjesao`f¼gksrhgSA

11- ekufld chekfj;k¡µngst,d=kdjus,oa;ksX;ojdhryk'kesaekrk&firkfpfUrrjgrsgSaAekrk&firk,oayM+fd;ksaesafpUrkosQdkj.kdbZekufldchekfj;k¡iSnkgkstkrhgSaA

12- fL=k;ksa dh fuEu fLFkfrµngstosQdkj.kfL=k;ksadhlkekftdfLFkfrfxjtkrhgS]mudktUevi'koqQuekuktkrkgSvkSjmUgsaHkkohfoifÙkdklwpdle>ktkrkgSA

ngst&izFkk osQ ykHk (Merits of Dowry)

oqQNyksxngstosQi{kesafuEukafdrroZQnsrsgSaµ

1- ngstosQdkj.koqQ:idU;kvksadkHkhfookggkstkrkgSA

2- ngstutqVkusdhfLFkfresadU;kvksadknsjrdfookgugksuslscky&fookglekIrgkstkrsgSaA

3- ngstosQvHkkoesansjrdfookgugksusijekrk&firkyM+fd;ksadksf'k{kkfnykrsjgrsgSa]bllsL=kh&f'k{kkesao`f¼gksrhgSA

ngst&izFkk dks lekIr djus gsrq lq>ko (Suggestions to end of Dowry System)

MkW- vYVsdj usfy[kkgSfdfgUnwlektosQfy,;gmfprle;gSfdngstdhnwf"krizFkkdksftlusvusdvcksèkdU;kvksadksvkRegR;kosQfy,izsfjrfd;kgS]lekIrdjnsAblslekIrdjusgsrqfuEukafdrlq>kofn;stkldrsgSaµ

1- L=kh&f'k{kkµL=kh&f'k{kkdkvfèkdkfèkd izlkj fd;k tk, rkfd os i<+&fy[kdj Lo;adekus yxsaA ,slk gksus ij mudh iq#"kksa ij vk£Fkd fuHkZjrk lekIr gksxh rFkk blosQifj.kkeLo:ifookgdhvfuok;ZrkHkhujgsxhA


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2- thou&lkFkh osQ pquko dh LorU=krkµyM+osQoyM+fd;ksadksviukthou&lkFkhLo;apquusdhLorU=krkizkIrgksusijviusvkingstizFkklekIrgkstk;sxhA

3- izse&fookgµizse&fookgdhLohÑfrgksusijHkhngstdhleL;klekIrgkstk;sxhA

4- vUrtkZrh; fookgµvUrtkZrh;fookgdhNwVgksusijfookgdknk;jkfoLr`rgksxkAifj.kkeLo:ingst&izFkklekIrgkslosQxhA

5- yM+dksa dks LokoyEch cuk;k tk,µtcyM+osQi<+&fy[kdjLo;avtZudjusyxsaxsrks;ksX;ojdkvHkkonwjgkstk;sxk]muosQfy,izfr;ksfxrkdegkstk;sxhiQyLo:ingstHkh?kVtk;sxkA

6- LoLFk tuerµngstfojksèkhtuerrS;kjfd;ktk,Ayksxksaesatkx`friSnkdhtk,ftllsfdosngstdkfojksèkdjsaAblosQfy,vfèkdkfèkdizpkj,oaizlkjosQlkèkuksadkmi;ksxfd;ktk,Alekt&lqèkkjdksa,oa;qodksa}kjkblvksjviusfo'ks"kiz;Rufd,tkuspkfg,A

7- ngst fojksèkh dkuwuµngstizFkkdhlekfIrosQ fy,dBksjdkuwuksadk fuekZ.k fd;ktk,,oangstekaxusokyksadksdM+h&ls&dM+hltknhtk,AorZekuesa^ngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e]1961*ykxwgS]ijarq;gvfèkfu;eviuhdbZdfe;ksaosQdkj.kngst&izFkkdksdedjusesavliQyjgkgSAorZekuesablvfèkfu;edksla'kksfèkrdjblsdBksjcukfn;kx;kgSrFkknksO;fDr;ksadksvfèkdltknsusdhO;oLFkkdhx;hgSA

8- ;qok vkUnksyuµngst&izFkkdkslekIrdjusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfd;qodLo;atkx:dgksdjbldkfojksèkdjsaAblosQfy,n`<+fu'p;dkgksukvfuok;ZgSA

ngst fujksèkd vfèkfu;e] 1961 (Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961)

¯gnwlektesangstdhHkh"k.kleL;kdksgydjusosQfy,Hkkjrh;lalnesaebZ1961esa^ngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e*ikfjrfd;kx;kAbldhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡blizdkjgSaµ

(1)blvfèkfu;eesangstdksblizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kx;kgS%¶fookgosQigys;kcknesfookgdh,d'krZosQ:iesa],di{k;kO;fDr}kjknwljsi{kdksizR;{k;kvizR;{k:ilsnhx;hdksbZHkhlEifÙk;kewY;okuoLrq^ngst*dgyk;sxhA¸(2)fookgosQvoljijnhtkusokyhHksaV;kmigkjdks^ngst*ughaekuktk;sxkA(3)ngstysusonsusokysrFkkbldk;ZesaenndjusokysO;fDrdksN%ekgdhtsyvkSjikatgtkj#i;srddkn.Mfn;ktkldrkgSA(4)ngstysusonsuslacaèkhfd;kx;kdksbZHkhle>kSrkxSj&dkuwuhgksxkA(5)fookgesaHksaVnhx;hoLrqvksaijdU;kdkvfèkdkjgksxkA(6)èkkjk7osQvuqlkjngstlacaèkhvijkèkdhlquokbZizFkeJs.khdkeftLVªsVghdjldrkgSvkSj,slhf'kdk;rfyf[kr:iesa,do"kZosQvanjghdhtkuhpkfg,A

bllanHkZesa,dckrmYys[kuh;gSfdngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;eesamM+hlk]fcgkj]if'pecaxky]gfj;k.kk]iatkc]fgekpyizns'kvkSjmÙkjizns'kljdkjksausla'kksèkudjblsdBksjcukfn;kgSAmÙkjizns'kus1976esablvfèkfu;eesala'kksèkufd;kftlosQvuqlkjfookgosQle;dksbZHkhi{k5gtkj#i;ksalsvfèkd[kpZughadjsxkftlesafookgosQmigkjHkhlfEefyrgSaAvcfcukfdlhf'kdk;rosQHkhiqfylvkSjizFkeJs.khdkeftLVªsV,slsekeysdhfjiksVZrFkktkapdjldrsgSaA1984,oa1986esangstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e]1961esala'kksèkudjblsvkSjdBksjcuk;kx;kAngstosQfo#¼vijkèkvclaKs;(Cognizable),xSj&”kekurhgSrFkkvfHk;qDrdksgh;gizek.knsukgskrkgSfdogfunkZs"kgSAngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e1961osQlanHkZesa,dckrmYys[kuh;gSfdngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;eesamM+hlk]fcgkj]mÙkjizns'k]if'pecaxky]iatkc]gfj;k.kk]fgekpyizns'kdhljdkjksausla'kksèkufd;kgSA

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5-13 efgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk osQ dkj.k ,oa mik; (Causes and Measures of Violence Against Women)

¯glkdhf'kdkjdkSuvFkok¯glkdhf'kdkjefgykvksadhfo'ks"krk,¡(Who are the Victims of Violence or Characteristics of Victims of Violence)

ftuefgykvksaosQlkFkvijkèkfd;ktkrkgSvFkokftuosQfo#¼¯glkdhtkrhgS]osgSa%

1- tksxjhc]vlgk;,oavolknxzLr(depressed)gksrhgSa]tksLo;aviuhutjksaesafxjpqdhgksrhgSarFkkmuosQizfrfd,x,vijkèk,oa¯glkosQdkj.kosHkkokRed:ilsfo?kfVrgkspqdhgksrhgSaA

2- tksfo?kfVrifjokjksaesajgrhgSarFkkftuijifjokjosQlnL;ksadknckocukjgrkgSftllsmuesavusdizdkjdhoaqQBk,¡ik;htkrhgSaA

3- ftuesaekufld,oalkekftdifjiDorkdkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSA

4- ftuosQifr;kllqjkyi{kosQyksxfoÑrO;fDrRoosQgksrsgSaA

5- ftuosQifr'kjkch,oau'kscktgksrsgSaA

efgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk osQ vijkèkdrkZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Perpetrators of Violence Against Women)

efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkdjusokysvijkèkdrkZvksadhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡tksfofHkUuvè;;uksa}kjkKkrgqbZgSa]osfuEukafdrgSa%

1- osyksxtkscpiuesa¯glkosQf'kdkjgq,gSa]cM+sgksusijefgykvksaosQfo#¼vijkèkdjrsgSaA

2- tksyksx'kjkcvfèkdihrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkvfèkddjrsgSaA

3- tksyksxviusikfjokfjdthouesarukoiw.kZfLFkfr;ksadklkeukdjrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkvfèkddjrsgSaA

4- tksyksx'kDdh]izHkqrkpkgusokys,oaekfydkukiuokyhizÑfrosQgksrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯gldO;ogkjdjrsgSaA

5- ftuyksxksaesaO;fDrRolacaèkhnks"kgksrsgSavkSjtkseuksjksxhgksrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯glkiw.kZO;ogkjdjrsgSaA

6- tks O;fDr volknxzLr (depressed) gksrs gSa] ftuesa ghu&Hkkouk gksrh gS vkSj ftuesavkRe&lEekudkvHkkogksrkgSosHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯glkRedO;ogkjdjrsgSaA

7- ftuyksxksaosQiklizfrHkk]lkèku,oan{krkdkvHkkogksrkgSoksHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯gldO;ogkjdjrsgSaA

efgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk osQ dkj.k (Causes of Violence Against Women)

ge;gk¡mudkj.kksadkmYys[kdjsaxstksefgykvksaosQizfr¯glkdksizsfjrdjrsgSa%

1- iq#"k izèkkurk (Male Domination)µHkkjresaghughaoju~fo'oosQyxHkxlHkhlektksaesaiq#"kksadhizèkkurkik;htkrhgSAog'kfDrdkizrhdekuktkrkgSAiq#"kviuhJs"Brk]'kfDr,oaiq#"kRodksLFkkfir,oalkfcrdjusosQfy,ukjhijvR;kpkjdjrkgSA

2- fL=k;ksa dh iq#"kksa ij vk£Fkd fuHkZjrk (Economic dependency of Women on Men)µ HkkjresafL=k;ksadhiq#"kksaijvk£FkdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSAifrghiRuhdkHkj.k&iks"k.kdjrkgSA,slhfLFkfresamlsifrosQvR;kpkjlgudjusiM+rsgSaA;fnmlsifr?kjlsfudkynsrkgSrksogcslgkjkgkstk,xh,oathou;kiudhdfBukbZHkhlkeusvk,xhA


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3- vf'k{kk (Illiterarcy)µHkkjresafL=k;ksaesalk{kjrkdkizfr'kr2001dhtux.kukosQvuqlkj53-6gSrFkkiq#"kksaesa75-2gSAf'k{kkosQvHkkoosQdkj.kefgyk,¡viusvfèkdkjksaosQizfrtkx:dughagSarFkkos;gHkhughatkurhfdmuosQfgrksadhj{kkosQfy,dkSu&dkSulsdkuwucusgq,gSarFkkmuijvR;kpkjgksusijmUgsafdulaxBUkksadhennysuhpkfg,Avf'k{kkmUgsa?kjdhpgkjnhokjhrdghoSQndjosQj[knsrhgSavkSjogvR;kpkjlgusosQfy,etcwjgkstkrhgSaA

4- efgykvksa osQ izfr fo}s"k (Hostility towards Women)µdbZiq#"kksaesaefgykvksaosQizfrfo}s"kdhHkkoukHkjhgksrhgSftlsosmuosQizfrvR;kpkjdjosQ'kkardjrsgSaAftuyksxksadksviusHkwrdkyesafdlhL=khusraxfd;kgks;kftldkizsevliQygksx;kgks]ohlEiw.kZukjhtxrosQizfrcnysdhHkkouklsizsfjrgksdjdk;ZdjrkgSAmlosQeuesafL=k;ksaosQizfr?k`.kk,oabZ";kZbruhxgjkbZlscSBtkrhgSfdmlosQthoudkmís';ghukjhmRihM+ugkstkrkgSvkSjogukjhdksviekfurdjusesaghlq[kdhvuqHkwfrdjrkgSA

5- lkekftd oqQizFkk,¡ (Evil Social Traditions)µHkkjr esa vusd oqQizFkk,¡ izpfyr gSaftuesacky&fookg]ijnk&izFkk]ngstizFkkfoèkokiqu£ookgdkvHkko]vkfnizeq[kgSaAbuoqQizFkkvksadkf'kdkjefgykvksadksghgksukiM+rkgSvkSjmulslacafèkrvR;kpkjHkhefgykvksadksgh>syusiM+rsgSaA

6- ikfjokfjd ruko (Family Tensions)µikfjokfjdrukoHkhefgykvksaosQizfrvR;pkjosQfy,mÙkjnk;hgSAtcifr&iRuhosQLoHkkoesalkeatL;ughagksrkgSAfopkjksaesavarjgksrkgSrcHkhiq#"kviusdksiRuhijFkksiusdkiz;RudjrkgS]mlsviusvuqowQycuusosQfy,ckè;djrkgSvkSjvuqowQyucuus,oafojksèkdjusdhfLFkfresaifr}kjkiRuhijtqYe<k,tkrsgSaA

7- ihfM+r }kjk HkM+dkuk (Provocation by Victim)µdbZckjihfM+rfL=k;ksadkO;ogkj,slkgksrkgStksifrdksvR;kpkjdjusosQfy,izsfjrdjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fndksbZL=khviusifrdhnwljksaosQlkeuscqjkbZdjrhgS]og,slsyksxksalsckrphrdjrhgSftUgsamldkifrilUnughadjrkgS]ifrosQifjokjokyksaosQizfrnqO;ZogkjdjrhgS]?kjdhvksjè;kuughansrhgS]fdlhijk,enZlsvuSfrdlEcaèkj[krhgS]lkl&llqjdhvkKkdkikyuughadjrhgS]ifrosQekeysesavuko';dgLr{ksidjrhgS;kmlij'kddjrhgS]mlsrkusnsrh;kviekfurdjrhgSrks,slhfLFkfresaifrHkM+dtkrkgSvkSjiRuhosQizfrekj&ihV]xkyh&xykSt,oanqO;ZogkjdjrkgSAdbZckj;gHkhns[kktkrkgSfdftuefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjgqvk]os,slhHkko&Hkafxek,¡,oaeqnzk,¡izdVdjjghFkhafdiq#"kcykRdkjosQfy,mÙksftrgksx;kAgR;kosQekeyksaesaHkh;gik;kx;kfdefgykuscglosQnkSjku,slhfLFkfriSnkdjnhfdiq#"kgR;kosQfy,m}sfyrgksx;kAvè;;uksals;gHkhizdVgqvkgSfdHkxkystkusosQekeyksaesaHkhyM+fd;ksaus,slkdjusosQfy,viuhlgefrnhFkh]fdUrqidM+stkusijiqfyl,oaekrk&firkosQnckoesavkdjmUgksausiq#"kijtcjuHkxkystkusdkvkjksiyxkfn;kA

8- u'kk (Intoxication)µ;siq#"ktks'kjkcihrsgSa;kvU;izdkjdku'kkdjrsgSa]u'ksosQnkSjkuHkhiRuhosQizfrvR;kpkjdjrsgSaAcykRdkjosQdbZekeyksaesa;gi;kx;kfdcykRdkjhu'ksesaèkqÙkFkkAifr'kjkcihdjtc?kjvkrkgSvkSjiRuhlsdgklquhgkstkrhgSrcHkhogiRuhdksxkyhnsus;kihVusdkdk;ZdjrkgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdu'ksdhgkyresaO;fDrdksvius}kjkfd,x,dk;ks±osQifj.kkeksadhtkudkjhughagksrhgSftlosQfy,oggks'kesavkusiji'pkrkidjrkgSA,slkHkhns[kkx;kgSfddbZckjO;fDrvijkèkdjusosQfy,lkgltqVkusosQfy,Hkh'kjkcdklsoudjrkgSA

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9- vijkèkh osQ izfr fuf"Ø;rk (Passiveness towards Criminal)µdbZckjvijkèkdhf'kdkjefgyk,¡viusizfrfd,x,vijkèkdkscnkZ'rdjrhjgrhgSavkSjosiqfyl;kU;k;ky;dh'kj.kesatkus;kvU;yksxksalsennysusdkiz;RuughadjrhgSaA,slhfLFkfresavijkèkhdksfujUrjvijkèkdjusdhizsj.kkfeyrhjgrhgSvkSjog,slkdjrkpyktkrkgSA

10- ifjfLFkfro'k izsj.kk (Situational Urge)µdbZckjifjfLFkfr;k¡gh,slhgkstkrhgSafdO;fDrvijkèkdjcSBrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]vUèksjhjkf=kesadksbZL=khvosQysohjkuLFkkulsxqtjjghgksrksogk¡mifLFkrO;fDrcykRdkjosQfy,izsfjrgkstkrkgSA[ksr][kku;kiSQDVªhesaL=khosQvosQysgksusijHkhekfydmlosQlkFkNsM+NkM+;kvoSèklacaèkdkiz;RudjldrkgSA

efgykvksa osQ izfr ¯glk dks jksdus osQ mik; % lq>ko (Measures to Check Violence Against Women : Suggestions)

efgykvksaosQizfrfd,tkusokyh¯glkdksjksdusosQfy,gefuEukafdrmik;viukldrsgSa%

1- vkJ; dh O;oLFkk (Arragement for Shelter)µljdkj osQ Lo;alsoh laxBuksa dks,slhefgykvksaosQfy,vkokldhO;oLFkkdjuhpkfg,tksifrvkSjllqjkyokyksaosQvR;kpkjlsraxvkdj?kjNksM+ukpkgrhgSaAftuefgykvksadkvigj.kfd;kx;kgS;kftUgsaHkxkdjystk;kx;kgSostcidM+yhtkrhgSarksmuosQfy,rFkkftUgsaekjusdhèkefd;k¡nhtkjghgSa;kftuosQizfrizfrfnu¯glkgksjghgS],slhefgykvksaosQfy,lqjf{kr]LFkk;h;kvLFkk;hvkJ;tqVkukpkfg,A

2- jkstxkj dh O;oLFkk (Arrangement for Employment)µfL=k;ksa}kjkmuosQizfrdhtkusokyh¯glkdkscnkZ'rdjusdk,ddkj.kvk£FkdgSAosviusoviuscPpksaosQHkj.k&iks"k.kosQfy,ifr,oallqjkyi{kosQyksxksaijfuHkZjgksrhgSaA;fn,slhefgykvksaosQfy,jkstxkj,oaukSdjhdhO;oLFkkdhtk,]mUgsaNksVk&eksVkO;olk;djusosQfy,Í.kdhlqfoèkkmiyCèkdjk;htk,vkSjijke'kZdhlqfoèkkiznkudjk;htk,rksosviusizfrdhx;h¯glkdkslguughadjasxhvkSjvkRefuHkZjcuusdkiz;kldjsaxhA

3- f'k{kk dh lqfoèkk iznku dh tk, (Provide Educational Facilities)µL=kh ijvR;kpkjdk,ddkj.kfL=k;ksadkvf'kf{krgksukHkhgSAblsjksdusosQfy,Hkhf'k{kkdkizlkjfd;ktk,]tksi<+kbZNksM+pqdhgSavkSjvkxsi<+ukpkgrhgSa]muosQfy,fu%'kqYdf'k{kk,oaO;kolkf;d,oavU;izdkjosQizf'k{k.kdhO;oLFkkdhtk,AbllsmuesavkRefo'oklc<+sxk]osviusvfèkdkjksaosQizfrtkx:dgksaxhvkSjviusizfrfd,tkusokysvR;kpkjksadkfojksèkdjlosaQxhA

4- n.M dh O;oLFkk (Punishment)µtksyksxviuhifRu;ksadksijs'kkudjrsgSa]mudhlkekftdfuUnkdhtk,vkSjmUgsalkoZtfud:ilsnf.Mrfd;ktk,]ftllsfdvU;yksxksadksHkhlcdfeysvkSjos,slkdjusosQfy,izsfjrugksaA

5- efgyk U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Women Courts)µefgykvksaosQizfrfd,x,vijkèkksa,oa¯glkdhlquok;hosQfy,i`Fko~QlsefgykU;k;ky;ksadhLFkkiukdhtk,ftlesavuqHkohefgykU;k;èkh'kgksaAbllslkekU;U;k;ky;ksaesatkusdkefgykvksaesatksHk;gksrkgSoglekIrgksxkvkSjosviuhckrdksbuU;k;ky;ksaesalkiQ&lkiQdgik,axhA,slsU;k;ky;ksadhlquokbZ,oadk;ZokghlkoZtfud:ilsugksAmuesaosQoyU;k;kèkh'k]ifjoknh,oaihfM+refgykdhenndjusokysyksxksa,oavkjksfi;ksadksghvkusdhbtktrgksA


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6- dkuwuh lgk;rk ,oa ijke'kZ (Legal Aid and Consultancy)µihfM+refgykvksadksdkuwuhlgk;rkiznkudjus,oamuosQfooknksadksfuiVkusosQfy,Lo;alsohlaxBuksadksvkxsvkukgksxkvkSjoseqÝresa,slhihfM+refgykvksadhenndjsa,oamUgsamfprlykgnsdjmudkekxZn'kZudjsarkfdosiqu%lq[khthouO;rhrdjlosaQA

7- efgyk laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k (Formation of Women Organizations)µihfM+refgykvksadksvR;kpkjksalseqfDrfnykus]mUgsadkuwuh,oavk£Fkdennnsus]mUgsauSfrdlEcynsus,oamuesavkRefo'okltxkusosQfy,vfèkdkfèkdefgyklaxBuksadhLFkkiukdhtk,A,slslaxBuihfM+refgykosQifr]lkl&llqj,oallqjkyi{kokyksalsckrphrdj]muijlkekftdouSfrdnckoMkydjleL;kdklekèkkudjusdkizR;RudjsAO;fDrxrLrjosQLFkkuij;fnefgykvksa}kjklkewfgd:ilsiz;Rufd,tk,axsrksosvfèkddkjxjgksaxsA

8- oSpkfjd ifjorZu (Change in Attitude)µefgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk ,oa vijkèkksadks jksdusosQ fy,yM+fd;ksa osQekrk&firkosQ fopkjksa esa HkhifjorZuykukgksxkAosyM+fd;ksaesacpiulsghblizdkjdklekthdj.kdjrsgSaftlesamUgsaifrijes'ojdhèkkj.kkfl[kk;htkrhgS]mUgasdgktkrkgSifrosQ?kjMksyhtkrhgSvkSjvFkhZHkhoghalsmBrhgS]L=khdkslfg".kqgksukpkfg,]vkfnA,slslaLdkjksaosQdkj.kghL=khlcoqQNcnkZ'rdjrhjgrhgSvkSjizfrjksèkughadjrhAosviuhiqf=k;ksadksfookfgr,oafoèkokftUgsamuosQifrihVrsgSa;kllqjkyokysnqO;ZogkjdjrsgSa]dksmudhbPNkosQfo#¼llqjkyesajgusdksetcwjD;ksadjrsgSa]osmudksvius?kjD;ksaughacqykysrs]lkekftddyadosQMjlsosviuhiq=khdkscfydkcdjkD;ksacukrsgSa\

nwljhvksjefgykvksadksHkhfuf"Ø;:ilsvR;kpkjughalgukpkfg,]osviusneu,oa'kks"k.kosQizfrtkx:dgksa]mudkfojksèkdjsa]U;k;ky;]dkuwu,oaviusifjtuksalsennek¡xsaAmuosQ}kjkvR;kpkjlgusdkizHkkomuosQcPpksaijHkhiM+rkgSvkSjosHkhHkh#gkstkrsgSa]muosQO;fDrRodkfodklughagksikrkAvr%loZizFkerksLo;aefgykvksadksghmBukgksxk]tkxukgksxk]fojksèkizdVdjukgksxkrHkhosladVdhfLFkfr;ksalseqDrgksik,axhA

5-14 fgUnw efgykvksa dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Hindu Women)

fgUnwfL=k;ksadhizeq[kleL;k,¡fuEuizdkjgSaµ

1- ikfjokfjd leL;k,¡µfgUnwlektiq#"k&izèkkugSAHkkjresaijEijkRed:ilsfir`lÙkkRedla;qDrifjokjO;oLFkkik;htkrhgSftlesaifjokjosQiq#"klnL;ksadksrksvusdvfèkdkj,oalqfoèkk,¡izkIrgSa]fdUrqefgykvksadksmulsoafprfd;kx;kgSAla;qDrifjokjO;oLFkkesaefgykvksadhcM+hnqnZ'kkgksrhgSAosnklhdhrjgthouO;rhrdjrhgSaAmudkthou[kkukcukus]cPpksadkstUensus]mudhns[k&js[kdjus,oaifjokjosQlnL;ksadhlsokesaghO;rhrgkstkrkgSAefgykdkseuksjatudklkèkule>ktkrkgSAmlslkl&uunosQmykgus]xkfy;ksa,oaizrkM+ukdkf'kdkjcuukiM+rkgS]f'k{kk,oackgjhlalkjlsmldkdksbZukrkughajgikrkgSAoglkoZtfudthoulsvufHkKcuhjgrhgSvkSjmlosQO;fDrRodkleqfprfodklughagksikrkgSA

2- oSokfgd leL;k,¡µifjokjdhHkk¡frghHkkjrh;efgykvksadhoSokfgdleL;k,¡HkhxaHkhjgSaAfookglslacafèkrmudhizeq[kleL;k,¡fuEuizdkjgSaµ

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5- LokLF; lacaèkh leL;k,¡µHkkjresaLokLF;dkfuEuLrjik;ktkrkgSAblosQdbZdkj.kgSa]tSlsxjhch]csdkjh]LokLF;osQfu;eksaosQizfrvKkurk]fpfdRlklqfoèkkvksadkvHkko,oaO;kidchekfj;k¡Apw¡fdHkkjrh;lektiq#"k&izèkkugS]vr%iq#"kksaosQLokLF;dhvis{kkfL=k;ksaosQLokLF;dhrjiQleqfprè;kuughafn;ktkrkgSAblhdkj.k;gk¡¯yxvuqikresaiq#"kksadhvfèkdrk]fL=k;ksaesae`R;q&njdhvfèkdrk,oathouvofèkdegSA;|fiL=kh&iq#"knksuksadhvkSlrvk;qesao`f¼gqbZgSfiQjHkhiq#"kksadhrqyukesafL=k;ksadhthouvofèklnSoghdejghgSAvleku¯yxvuqikr]fL=k;ksadhvkSlrvk;qesadeh,oae`R;q&njdhvfèkdrkosQ fy,cky&fookg]izlo&dkyesa fL=k;ksadhe`R;q]fL=k;ksadhvk£FkdijkfJrrk]yM+fd;ksadhvis{kkyM+dksadksvfèkdegÙonsuk]oqQiks"k.k,oaLokLF;lsokvksadkvHkko]vkfnmÙkjnk;hgSaAvfèkdka'kr%efgykvksaesa;kSulacaèkhjksxHkhns[kusdksfeyrsgSaA

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8- lkekftd leL;k,¡µikfjokfjd,oaoSokfgdleL;k,¡lkekftdleL;k,¡ghgSaftudkmYys[kgeiwoZesadjpqosQgSaAbuosQvfrfjDrfL=k;ksadh,dleL;kL=kh&iq#"kksadhHkwfedkesafoHksndjusdhgSA;|fiHkkjrh;lafoèkkuesaL=kh&iq#"kksaosQchpvfèkdkjksadhlekurkijtksjfn;kx;kgSfiQjHkhoqQN{ks=ktSls]lsuk]vkfnesamudhlsok,¡ughayhtkrhaAfL=k;ksadksizeq[k:ils?kjlslacafèkrekukx;kgSvkSjmUgsax`gdk;Zdhns[kHkkydkdk;ZdjukgksrkgSAiRuh,oaekadhHkwfedk,¡ghmudhizeq[kHkwfedk,¡ekuhx;hgSaAfL=k;k¡pkgs[ksrksaesa]dkj[kkuksaesa]Hkou&fuekZ.k,oa[knkuksaesadkedjsavkSjpkgslisQniks'kukSdfj;k¡djsamulsmlhizdkjx`gdk;ks±osQfuokZgdhvk'kkdhtkrhgSftlizdkj,dx`gLFkhrdlhferL=khlsdhtkrhgSAckálalkjesamudhHkwfedkdksiq#"kksadhHkwfedkdhrjgLohdkjughafd;kx;kgSAleqnk;osQfy,fu.kZ;ysus]jktuhfrd'kfDrdkiz;ksxdjus]xkao,oatkfr&iapk;resaHkkxysus]vkfndk;ks±dksiq#"kksardghlhferfd;kx;kgSA?kjosQckgjiq#"kpkgs'kkjhfjdJedkdk;Zdjsa]¯drqoghdk;Z?kjesadjukmlosQfy,viekutudekuktkrkgSvkSjL=khlsghmlsdjusdhvis{kkdhtkrhgSA[kkukcukukodiM+slhuk]vkfndk;Ziq#"kO;olk;osQ:iesarksviukldrkgS]¯drq?kjesa;sdk;ZfL=k;ksaijNksM+fn,tkrsgSaAifjokjesavkSjmlosQckgjosQdk;ks±esafu.kZ;ysusesaHkhfL=k;ksadhvis{kkiq#"kghegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkrsgSaA

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uksV



5-15 eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Muslim Women)

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eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku gsrq iz;Ru

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5-16 efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku gsrq iz;Ru (Efforts to Solve Problems of Women)

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5- vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.kµvkS|ksxhdj.kosQdkj.kefgykvksadhiq#"kksaijvk£FkdfuHkZjrkdegqbZ]osLo;adkj[kkuksaesadkedjusyxha]bllsmuesavkRe&fo'okltkxk]vkRefuHkZjrkiSnkgqbZvkSjiq#"kksadhnklrko fuHkZjrklekIrgqbZAuxjksaesa O;fDrxrLorU=krkik;htkrhgS]bldkj.kogk¡izse&fookg]vUrtkZrh;fookgrFkkfoèkok&iqu£ookgdkscqjkughaekuktkrkAuxjksaesaefgykvksadksf'k{kkosQ{ks=kesavfèkdvoljizkIrgksrsgSaAosogk¡jktuhfrdthouesaHkhHkkxysrhgSaAblizdkjvkS|ksxhdj.k,oauxjhdj.kusefgykvksadhfLFkfrdksifjo£rrdjusesaegÙoiw.kZ;ksxfn;kgSA

6- la;qDr ifjokjksa dk fo?kVuµijEijkxrHkkjrh;lektesala;qDrifjokjksadhcgqyrkFkhAla;qDrifjokjesaefgykvksadksiq#"kksaosQvèkhujgukgksrkFkkrFkk?kjdhpkjnhokjhghmudkdk;Z&{ks=kgskrkFkkAfdUrqtcuohuifjfLFkfr;ksaosQdkj.kla;qDrifjokjVwVusyxsvkSjmuosQLFkkuij,dkdhifjokjcuusyxsrksefgykvksadhLorU=krk]lEeku,oaxfr'khyrkesao`f¼gqbZA

7- vk£Fkd dfBukb;k¡µvkèkqfudle;esaegaxkbZosQdkj.keè;eoxZosQifjokjksadksdbZvk£FkddfBukb;ksadklkeukdjukiM+jgkgSAvPNkHkkstu]vPNkedkuvkSjlqfoèkk,¡izkIrdjusosQfy,os;gpkgrsgSafdefgyk,¡Hkhèkuv£trdjsaAvr%mUgsai<+k&fy[kkdjukSdjh,oaO;olk;osQfy,rS;kjfd;ktkrkgSAbllsmudhlkekftd]vk£Fkd]'kS{kf.kd,oaikfjokfjdfLFkfresalqèkkjgqvkA

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5-17 ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s iz;Ru (Efforts Made by the Government)

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2- efgykvksadhlkekftdvkSjvk£FkdfLFkfresalqèkkjdjusdhn`f"Vls1979esa^lekuosruvfèkfu;e*ikfjrfd;kx;kAblosQ}kjkiq#"kksavkSjefgykvksaosQfy,lekuosrudhO;oLFkkdhx;hA

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4- 1955esafgUnwfookgvfèkfu;eikfjrdjfL=k;ksadksHkhfookg&foPNsnlacaèkhlqfoèkkiznkudhx;hA

5- 1961,oa1976esaekr`RofgrykHkvfèkfu;ecuk,x,A

6- 15ls45o"kZdhvk;qlewgdhefgykvksaosQfy,1975&76lsghizdk;kZRedlk{kjrkdkdk;ZØepyjgkgSftlesaefgykvksadksLoPNrk,oaLokLF;]HkksturFkkiks"kdrRoksa]x`gizcUèkrFkkf'k'kqns[k&js[k]f'k{kkrFkkO;olk;osQlanHkZesavukSipkfjdf'k{kkiznkudhtkrhgSA

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8- xzkeh.kefgykvksaosQdY;k.kosQfy,xkaoksaesaefgyke.Mycuk,x,gSaA

9- 1975esalkjsfo'oesavUrjkZ"Vªh;efgyko"kZeuk;kx;kAHkkjresaHkhblo"kZefgykvksaosQfy,vusdlkekftd&vk£FkddY;k.kosQdnemBk,x,A8ekpZ]1992lsizR;sdo"kZ8ekpZdksvUrjkZ"Vªh;efgykfnoleuk;ktkrkgSA

10- efgykvksadksmÙkejkstxkjlsok,¡miyCèkdjkusdhn`f"Vlslu~1986&87esaêfgykfodklfuxe*(WDC)LFkkfirfd,x,A

11- foKkiuksaesaefgykvksaosQHkísvkSjHkksaM+sizn'kZuksaijjksdyxkusosQfy,êfgykvksadkv'yhyfp=k.k(fuokj.k)vfèkfu;e]1986cuk;kx;kftlesanks"khO;fDr;ksadksnksgtkj#i,,oankso"kZrddkdkjkokldkn.Mnsusdkizkoèkkufd;kx;kA

12- xjhcvkSjt:jreUnefgykvksardÍ.kdhlqfoèkkigq¡pkusosQfy,]êfgykvksaosQfy,jk"Vªh;Í.kdks"k*dhLFkkiukdhxbZgSA

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15- ?kjsyw ¯glk ls efgykvksa dh j{kk djus lacaèkh dkuwu ^?kjsyw ¯glk efgyk laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 2005*26vDVwcj]2006lsykxwgksx;kgSAbllsiRuhvFkokefgyklafxuhdhmlosQifrvFkokiq#"klkFkhosQfdlhizdkjdkvR;kpkjvFkok¯glklscpkofd;ktklosQxkA

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17- tuuh lqj{kk ;kstukµfuèkZurk js[kk ls uhps thou;kiu djus okyh efgykvksa gsrq12vizSy]2005lsizkjaHkbl;kstukus^jk"Vªh; izlwfr ykHk ;kstuk*dkLFkkufy;kgSrFkk;g^jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LOkkLF; fe'ku*dk?kVdgSAbl;kstukdkmís';xHkZorhefgykvksa dks LokLF; osQUnz esa iathdj.k osQ ckn ls f'k'kq tUe rdlHkhvko';dfpfdRlklqfoèkk,¡miyCèkdjkrsgq,cPpsosQtUeij,deq'rudnlgk;rkHkhmiyCèkdjkukgSA

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19- jk"Vªh;efgykuhfrµ20ekpZ]2001dksikfjrjk"Vªh;efgykuhfrdkmís';efgykvksadhvfèkdkfjrk]izxfrvkSjfodklykukrFkkefgykvksaosQf[kykiQlHkhrjgosQHksnHkkodks[kRedjukvkSjthourFkkdk;ZdykiksaosQlHkh{ks=kksaesamudhlfØ;Hkkxhnkjhlqfuf'prdjukgSA

20- jk"Vªh;efgykvk;ksxµ1992esaLFkkfirefgykvk;ksxtks,dlkafoèkkfudfudk;gS]efgykvksaosQvfèkdkjksavkSjfgrksadhlqj{kkdjrkgSA

21- Lo;afl¼k;kstukµbfUnjkefgyk;kstukrFkkefgykle`f¼;kstukosQLFkkuijlapkfyr;kstukdkmís';Lo;algk;rklewgksaosQxBu}kjkefgykvksadksLojkstxkjosQekè;elsvk£FkdLokoyEcuiznkudjukgSA

22- efgykdEiksusUVIykuµbldk;ZØedkmís';;glqfuf'prdjukgSfdefgykvksalslacafèkrlHkh{ks=kksaesaefgykvksaosQfy,]30izfr'krlsdeiQUM@ctVfuèkkZfjrufd,tk,¡A

23- LokoyEcudk;ZØeµo"kZ 1982&83 ls izkjEHk bldk;ZØedk mís'; efgykvksa dksijEijkxrvkSjxSj&ijEijkxrèkUèkksadkizf'k{k.kvkSjdkS'kymiyCèkdjkdjmUgsafVdkÅvkèkkjijjkstxkjvFkokLojkstxkjizkIrdjusesalgk;rkdjukgSA

24- jkstxkjrFkkizf'k{k.kosQfy,lgk;rknsusdkdk;ZØe(LVsi)µo"kZ1986&87lsefgykvksagsrqizkjEHkbldk;ZØedkmís';iEijkxr{ks=kksaesaefgykvksaosQdkS'kyesalqèkkjdjkdjjkstxkjmiyCèkdjkukgSA

25- ekSykukvktknjk"Vªh;Nk=ko`fr;kstukµ1vxLr]2003lsizkjaHkbl;kstukdkmís';vYila[;dleqnk;dhxjhcizfrHkk'kkyhyM+fd;ksadksfo'ks"kNk=ko`fÙkiznkudjmPpf'k{kkosQfy,izksRlkfgrdjukgSA

26- Lo'kfDrµfo'ocSadrFkkvUrjkZ"Vªh;Ñf"kfodkldks"klslg;ksxizkIrbl;kstukdkmís';thoudhxq.koÙkkesalqèkkjykusosQfy,lalkèkuksardefgykvksadhigq¡pc<+kukvkSjblosQfy,vkyL;dkR;kx]le;cpkusosQrjhosQviukuk]LokLF;]lk{kjrkrFkkfo'oklesavfHko`f¼rFkkgqujdkfodkldjosQ]vk;c<+kdjvkSjvkenuhijviukfu;U=k.kc<+kukgSA


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27- LokèkkjµdfBuifjfLFkfr;ksaesaiM+usokyhefgykvksaosQykHkgsrqo"kZ2001&02lsizkjEHkbl;kstukosQvUrxZrvkokl][kkuk&ihuk]diM+s]LokLF;dhns[kHkky]vkpj.klacaèkhizf'k{k.kosQ}kjkdkedkthgqujvkSjO;fDrRoosQfodkl]vkfn'kkfeygSaA;g;kstuk31ekpZ]2009dkslekIrgkspqdhgSA

28- oUnsekrje~;kstukµ9iQjojh]2004ls'kq:bl;kstukdkmís';xHkZorhefgykvksadksfuthfpfdRldksadhlgk;rklsfu%'kqYdmipkjmiyCèkdjkukgSA

29- jk"Vªh;iks"k.kfe'kuµbl;kstukdkmís';xHkZorhefgykvksadksfu%'kqYd[kk|kUumiyCèkdjkukgSrkfdogoqQiks"k.klseqfDriklosaQA

30- efgykm|fe;ksagsrqÍ.k;kstukµo"kZ2001&02lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';egykm|fe;ksadkslkoZtfudcSadksaosQekè;elsÍ.kmiyCèkdjkdjmUgsaLojkstxkjviukusgsrqizsfjrdjukgSA

31- thouHkkjrhefgyklqj{kk;kstukµo"kZ2002&03lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';18ls50o"kZdhvk;qoxZokyhefgykvksadksxEHkhjchekfj;ksa,oamuosQf'k'kqvksaosQtUetkrviaxgksusdhn'kkesamUgsalqj{kkdopiznkudjukgSA

32- dLrwjckxkaèkhckfydkfo|ky;;kstukµvxLr2004lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';f'k{kkdhn`f"VlsfiNM+sgq,{ks=kksaesackfydkvksadk'kSf{kdfiNM+kiunwjdjrsgq,fu%'kqYdvkoklh;fo|ky;[kksydjxq.koÙkk;qDrckfydkf'k{kkdhO;oLFkkdjukgSA

33- efgyk f'k{kkgsrqdUMsLMikB~;Øeµbldk;ZØedkmís';15o"kZlsvfèkdvk;qdhefgykvksadksf'k{kkrFkkmfprKku(gquj)miyCèkdjkdjlkekftdrFkkvk£FkdvfèkdkfjrkmiyCèkdjkukgSA

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35- L=kh'kfDriqjLdkj;kstukµo"kZ1999lsizkjEHk;siqjLdkj;kstukHkkjrdhikapegk;'kfLouhukfj;ksaosQukeijfn,tkrsgSaA;sgSµdUuxh]ekrkthtkckbZ]nsohvfgY;kckbZgksYdj]>kalhdhjkuhy{ehckbZvkSjjkuhxSfMfy;wA;siqjLdkj(,dyk[k#i,rFkkiz'kfLri=k)izfro"kZ8ekpZdksvUrjkZ"Vªh;efgykfnolijfn,tkrsgSaA

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38- vk'k;kstukµo"kZ2004&05lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';ns'kosQlHkhxkaoksaesa,fØMsfVMlks'kygSYFkooZQj(vk'kk)dhfu;qfDrosQekè;els?kj&?kjefgykvksavkSjcPpksadkLokLF;lEcUèkhtkudkjholsok,¡miyCèkdjkukgSA

39- vkaxuckM+hfo'ks"krkchek;kstukµo"kZ2004&05lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';ns'kosQlHkhxzkeh.k{ks=kksaesadk;ZjrvkaxuckM+hdk;ZdÙkkZvksadksljdkjhlgk;rkosQekè;elschekdopmiyCèkdjkukgSA

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