leila cecxlazeleila cecxlaze mcire biznesis organizaciisa ... · saqartvelosi mcire sawarmota...
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bbbbaTumisaTumisaTumisaTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetiSoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti
socialur mecnierebaTasocialur mecnierebaTasocialur mecnierebaTasocialur mecnierebaTa,,,, biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobisbiznesisa da samarTalmcodneobisbiznesisa da samarTalmcodneobisbiznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis
fakultetifakultetifakultetifakulteti
ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administrirebis
departamentidepartamentidepartamentidepartamenti
leila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZeleila cecxlaZe
mcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategiamcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategiamcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategiamcire biznesis organizaciisa da marTvis strategia
TanamedroTanamedroTanamedroTanamedrove sabazro sistemave sabazro sistemave sabazro sistemave sabazro sistemaSiSiSiSi
(biznesis administrirebis akademiuri doqtoris xarisxis
mosapoveblad wardgenili)
d i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i a
specialoba: biznesis administrireba
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: samecniero xelmZRvaneli: samecniero xelmZRvaneli: samecniero xelmZRvaneli: ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori rezo manveliZeprofesori rezo manveliZeprofesori rezo manveliZeprofesori rezo manveliZe
baTumbaTumbaTumbaTumiiii
2012201220122012
2
SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I. mcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sismcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sismcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sismcire biznesi Tanamedrove sabazro sistemaSitemaSitemaSitemaSi - - - - - 10
1.1. biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10
1.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da socialuri
aspeqtebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25
1.3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -34
Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----53
2.1. biznesgaremo saqarTveloSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53
2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis etapebi saqarTveloSi - - - - - - - - - 70
2.3. mcire biznesis struqtura da ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi saqarTv-
eloSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89
TTTTavi III. avi III. avi III. avi III. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da
tendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSitendenciebi saqarTveloSi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 108
3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli - 108
3.2. mcire biznesis regionuli ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi
gadawyvetris gzebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -127
3.3. mcire biznesis finansuri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi da
sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi - - - - - - - - - -143
daskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 160
gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura gamoyenebuli literatura - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -170
danarTebidanarTebidanarTebidanarTebi ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----179
3
SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali
Temis aqtualobTemis aqtualobTemis aqtualobTemis aqtualoba. a. a. a. ekonomikur da socialur mecnierebaSi sayovelTaod
aRiarebulia, rom mcire biznesi samewarmeo saqmianobis erT-erTi uZvele-
si da yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa.
Tanamedrove msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoTa gamocdileba naTlad am-
tkicebs nebismier ekonomikaSi maRalganviTarebuli da efeqtiani mcire
da saSualo mewarmeobis arsebobis aucileblobas. ekonomikis es seqtori
warmoadgens im mZlavr rgols, romelsac SemdgomSi mniSvnelovnad efuZ-
neba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTareba.
zogierT qveynaSi mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebi awarmoeben
mSp-is naxevarze mets. aSS-sa da germaniaSi mcire biznesis sferoSi iqmne-
ba mSp-is 50-52%, iaponiaSi – 52-55%, safrangeTSi – 55-62%, did britaneTSi
– 50-53%, italiaSi - 57-60%, evrokavSiris qveynebSi – 63-67%; am seqtorSi
awarmoeben rogorc sawarmoo daniSnulebis, ise farTo moxmarebis mra-
valferovan produqcias, asruleben momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebul samu-
Saoebs da a.S. aRniSnul qveynebSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebze modis
mrewvelobis produqciis gayidvaTa saerTo moculobis 50%, momsaxurebis
sferos 67%, mSeneblobisa da vaWrobis – 90%. aranakleb sayuradReboa,
rom mcire biznesis sferoSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani na-
wili. germaniaSi mcire sawarmoebSi muSaobs samuSao Zalis 46%, did bri-
taneTSi – 49%, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si -54%, italiaSi – 73%, iaponiaSi –
78,8%.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas
warmoadgens mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ganviTareba. swored am seqto-
ris efeqtian funqcionirebazea damokidebuli sabazro konkurencia, samo-
mxmareblo bazris gajerebis xarisxi, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna.
saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis daCqarebuli ganviTarebis au-
cileblobas is garemoebac ganapirobebs, rom mcire biznesi avlens moqni-
lobas, sicocxlisunarianobas, radganac xasiaTdeba ra bazris moTxovna-
ze swrafi reagirebis unariT, specializaciis maRali xarisxiT, resurse-
bis mobilizaciis meti SesaZleblobebiT. is warmoadgens sagadasaxado
SemosulobaTa mniSvnelovan wyaros, aseve gansakuTrebuli roli akisria
inovaciuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
4
Cven migvaCnia, rom sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia mcire
da saSualo biznesis iseTi socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis funqciebiT,
rogoricaa:
- mesakuTreTa ricxvis zrda, rac ganapirobebs saSualo klasis formi-
rebas da warmoadgens demokratiul sazogadoebaSi politikuri sta-
bilurobis umTavres garants;
- ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis gazrda, rac zrdis moqa-
laqeTa Semosavlebs da aTanabrebs sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis
keTildReobaSi arsebul disproporciebs;
- yvelaze energiuli, saqmis SemZle individTa warmoCena, romelTaTvis-
ac mcire biznesi xdeba TviTrealizaciis pirveli safexuri;
- SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna, ga-
nsakuTrebiT momsaxurebis sferoSi;
- profesiaTa SeTavsebis uzrunvelyofa;
- saxelmwifo seqtoridan gamoTavisuflebuli, aseve socialurad sxve-
bze damokidebuli mosaxleobis jgufebis (ltolvilebi, invalidebi,
axalgazrdebi, qalebi) warmomadgenelTa dasaqmebis masStaburi SesaZ-
lebloba.
aseve Seswavlas saWiroebs mcire biznesis seqtoris roli saqarTvel-
os ekonomikaSi, erovnul meurneobaSi, sazogadoebis keTildReobis amaR-
lebaSi sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, romlis formirebis procesSic
imyofeba saqarTvelo.
sakvlevi Temis aqtualobas zrdis isic, rom miuxedavad mcire mewarme-
obis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi seqtoris msoflio aRiarebisa, saqarTve-
loSi misi srulyofilad ganviTarebisaTvis jer kidev ar gamoiyeneba yve-
la SesaZlebloba. amas mowmobs mSp-Si misi xvedriTi wili, romelic bo-
lo aTwleulSi 10%-s ar aRemateba. aseve mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba, romelic 2000-2010 wlebis ganmavlobaSi mTliani dasaqmebule-
bis mxolod 18-25%-s Seadgens.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikis mocemuli seqtori jer kidev ver axdens sis-
temur zegavlenas rogorc regionul ise erovnuli ekonomikis struqtur-
ul cvlilebebze, rac ganapirobebs mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis pro-
cesis gaaqtiurebisaken mimarTuli axali politikis SemuSavebis aucileb-
lobas.
5
Cvenis azriT, mcire biznesis efeqtianobis RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba da
realizacia aris erovnuli da regionuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis, soci-
aluri garemos gaumjobesebis, politikuri xasiaTis problemebis gadaWr-
is instrumenti. aseve, vTvliT, rom sameurneo subieqtebis xelmZRvanele
bs, biznesis ”mkeTeblebs” esaWiroebaT ganviTarebis perspeqtivis xedvisa
da strategiuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmebze
xelmisawvdomoba. es meqanizmebi pirvel rigSi unda efuZnebodes komple-
qsur da sistemur midgomebs, Sida da gare garemos faqtorTa analizs,
miswrafebas imisken, rom miRweul iqnas `mcire mewarmeobis”, rogorc er-
Tiani ekonomikuri sistemis Semadgenlisa da konkurentunariani ekonomi-
kis uzrunvelmyofis ganviTareba.
kvlevis mizani da amkvlevis mizani da amkvlevis mizani da amkvlevis mizani da amocanebi.ocanebi.ocanebi.ocanebi. winamdebare gamokvlevis mTavari mizania
saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa funqcionirebis Seswavla da maTi formi-
rebisa da ganviTarebis efeqturi mimarTulebebis SemuSaveba.
sakvalifikacio naSromis gamokvlevis ZiriTadi amocanebia:
_ mcire biznesis ekonomikuri arsisa da gagebis Taobaze arsebuli Sex-
edulebebis analizi;
_ mcire biznesis ganviTarebis etapebis dadgena da maTi Taviseburebeb-
is gamovlena;
_ mcire biznesis adgilis gansazRvra Tanamedrove sabazro sistemaSi;
_ sabazro ekonomikis garemos faqtorTa zegavlenis analizi mcire bi-
znesis mdgomareobasa da ganviTarebaze;
_ mcire biznesis winapirobebis, mdgomareobis, ganviTarebis tendencie-
bisa da maTi gamovlenis Taviseburebebis Seswavla erovnul da region-
ul WrilSi;
_ mcire sawarmoTa ZiriTadi parametrebis Seswavla da maTi Sedarebi-
Ti analizi, upiratesobaTa dadgena;
_ mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebisa da ZiriTadi maxasia-
Teblebis SemuSaveba axlo da uaxles perspeqtivaSi;
_ mcire biznesis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris Tanamedrove formebisa da me-
Todebis Teoriuli aspeqtebis Seswavla. mcire biznesis saxelmwifo mxa-
rdaWeris sistemis koncefciis SemuSavebis mcdeloba.
6
problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis prob-
lemas ikvleven rogorc qarTveli, ise sazRvargareTis cnobili mecnier
ekonomistebi, praqtikosebi, warmatebuli biznesmenebi.
ucxoel mecnierTagan aRsaniSnavia v. iakovlevi, e. buxvaldi, l. abalk-
ini, a. blinovi, a. orlovi, i. xakamanda, o. zvereva, l. starostini, e. utk-
ini, n.k. siropolisi, a. lapusta, p. beltoni, f xeiki, d. haldi, p. besoni,
p. drukeri, v. niqsoni, d. filipsi, f. xeiki, r. fosteri, i. Sumpeteri, v.
defi, s. noibaueri, d. halli da sxvebi.
mcire biznesis sferos kvlevis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitan-
es aseve qarTvelma ekonomistebma da profesorebma r. gvelesianma, T. Sen-
geliam, n. WiTanavam, a. CuTlaSvilma, g. erqomaiSvilma, r. asaTianma, r.
abesaZem, e. kakuliam, o. SurRaiam da sxvebma.
miuxedavad araerTi mecnieruli midgomisa da koncefciisa, saqarTve-
loSi mcire da saSualo biznesi, rogorc qveynis erovnuli meurneobis
mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili, jer kidev saWiroebs gamokvlevas.
migvaCnia, rom Tanamedrove SromebSi, mcire biznesis efeqtianobis Se-
fasebis meTodologiuri problemebi samewarmeo saqmianobasTan zogad ko-
nteqstSi ganixileba; misi efeqtianoba xSirad fasdeba mikrodoneze, nak-
lebad aris mocemuli mcire biznesis efeqtianobisadmi kompleqsuri mi-
dgoma makro da mezo doneze. swored mcire biznesis problematuri saki-
Txebis gaazrebisa da misi ganviTarebis strategiis optimaluri variante-
bis SemuSavebisadmi miswrafebam gansazRvra sakvlevi Temis miznebi da
amocanebi. masStaburad gamoviyenebT arsebul gamokvlevebsa da Sefaseb-
ebs, romlebic safuZvlad daedeba Cvens koncefcias.
kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi. kvlevis Teoriul
safuZvels warmoadgens ekonomikuri Teoria, sabazro ekonomikis, biznesi-
sa da mcire biznesis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva avtorTa samecniero gamokvleve-
bi da gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis naSromebi, samTavrobo programuli dokumen-
tebi da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis koncefciebi, sakanonmdeblo aqtebi.
sadisertacio naSromSi gamoyenebulia mcire biznesis sferoSi arse-
buli mecnieruli gamokvlevebi da publikaciebi, mecnier-ekonomistTa ko-
nferenciebisa da samecniero sesiebis mier miRebuli praqtikuli rekomen-
daciebi.
7
kvlevis dros gamoyenebuli iqna ekonomikur kvlevaTa sxvadasxva meTo-
debi: abstraqtul-logikuri, funqcionaluri da SedarebiTi analizi, me-
Todebi, mecnieruli klasifikaciis, statistikuri, eqspertuli da grafi-
kuli, aseve maTematikuri, dajgufebis, analizis da a.S. meTodebi.
sadisertacio naSromis informaciuli wyaroa saqarTvelos ekonomiku-
ri ganviTarebis saministros monacemebi, statistikis erovnuli samsaxu-
ris statistikuri krebulebi, publikaciebi, biznesis sferoSi momuSave
samecniero-kvleviTi institutebis samecniero Sromebi, meToduri miTiTe-
bebi da rekomendaciebi, gamokiTxvis masalebi, biznessubieqtebis angariSe-
bi.
kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle. naSromi warmoadgens mcire biznesis ga-
nviTarebis tendenciebis axlebur kompleqsur gamokvlevas sabazro eko-
nomikis pirobebSi. siaxleTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
_ gansazRvrulia biznesis saqmianobis, rogorc urTierTobaTa erTob-
liobis arsi, individis materialuri da sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakma-
yofilebisaTvis garkveuli Semosavlis wyaro, saSualeba. biznesurTier-
Tobebi ganxilulia, rogorc sazogadoebis ekonomikuri progresis, ganvi-
Tarebis wyaro;
_ warmodgenilia Cveni mosazreba mewarmeobisa da biznesis, mewarmisa
da biznesmenis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebisa da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis Se-
saxeb;
_ mocemulia rekomendaciebi mcire sawarmos, rogorc ekonomikuri
subieqtis parametrebis gansazRvris xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi kri-
teriumebis Taobaze;
_ naCvenebia mcire biznesis rolisa da efeqtianobis ZiriTadi maxasia-
Teblebi qveyanaSi arsebuli potencialis racionalurad gamoyenebaSi,
sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetaSi.
_ dadgenilia saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
etapebi. aseve ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da socialur-kulturuli
faqtorebis Taviseburebebis zegavlena Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sistemis
formirebaze;
_ Seswavlilia mcire biznesis gavrcelebis masStabebi da dargobrivi
struqtura. gamovlenilia saqmianobis sferoebi, romlebSic mcire mewar-
8
meobas aqvs zrdis mniSvnelovani tempebi. aseve dargebi, romlebSic am
seqtors potenciuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia;
_ dadgenilia makroekonomikuri faqtorebi, romlebic niSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebaze saqarTveloSi;
_ samamulo da ucxouri gamocdilebis SedarebiTi analizis
safuZvelze SemuSavebulia konkretuli rekomendaciebi mcire sawarmoTa
inovaciuri ganviTarebisa da sainformacio uzrunvelyofis, mcire biznes-
is saxelmwifo mxardaWeris efeqturi meTodebisa da instrumentebis Semu-
Savebis mimarTulebiT, kerZod, klasterebis, biznes-inkubatorebis, teqno-
logiuri centrebis da sxvaTa saxiT;
_ SemuSavebulia mcire mewarmeobis saxelmwifo mxardaWerisa da reg-
ulirebis Cveneuli koncefcia centralur da regionul doneze. meTodu-
ri rekomendaciebi mcire biznesis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo, aRmas-
rulebeli da normatiuli aqtebis SemuSavebisaTvis.
_ warmodgenilia safinanso-sakredito da sainvesticio mxardaWeris,
eqsportis regulirebis, samecniero kvlevebis waxalisebis, sakadro mxar-
daWeris aprobirebuli modelebi da meqanizmebi;
_ gamokiTxvis meTodiT gamovlenilia mcire biznesis ganviTarebi-
saTvis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi;
_ SemuSavebulia RonisZiebaTa kompleqsuri sistema, romelTa realiza-
cia daaCqarebs mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebas, gazrdis masStabebs da aa-
maRlebs efeqtianobas.
_ gaangariSebulia mcire biznesis mosalodneli ganviTarebis ZiriTa-
di prognozebi axlo da Soreul perspeqtivaSi. kerZod, produqciis war-
moebis, dasaqmebulTa raodenobis, erT dasaqmebulze warmoebuli produq-
ciis xvedriTi wilis, aseve mosalodneli fiskaluri efeqtis Sesaxeb da
a.S.
naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. kvlevis Sedegebi da
rekomendaciebi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnas sferos ganviTarebis axa-
li koncefciis SemuSavebisas saxelmwifo struqturebis mier, romlebic
aqtiurad monawileoben am seqtoris mxardaWeris saqmeSi. kvlevis Sedege-
bi saintersoa aseve mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebic dainteresebulni arian
TavianTi saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi.
9
gamokvlevis masalebi da meTodologiuri midgomebi gamoiyeneba rsu-s
socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da samarTalmcodneobis fakultetis
ekonomikuri politikisa da biznesis administirebis departamentSi disc-
iplinis `biznesis safuZvlebi~ swavlebisas.
naSromis aprobacianaSromis aprobacianaSromis aprobacianaSromis aprobacia. . . . sadisertacio kvlevis ZiriTadi debulebebi, wina-
dadebebi da rekomendaciebi gamoqveynebulia referirebad Jurnalebsa da
samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebSi. rekomendaciebis mniSvne-
lovani nawili miewoda da ganxilul iqna samecniero-praqtikul konfere-
nciebsa da biznesforumebze.
naSromis struqturanaSromis struqturanaSromis struqturanaSromis struqtura da Sinaarsida Sinaarsida Sinaarsida Sinaarsi. . . . sadisertacio naSromi moicavs nabeWd
180 gverds. Sedgeba sami Tavis, cxra qveTavisa da daskvniTi nawilisagan;
naSroms Tan erTvis gamoyenebuli literaturis sia da danarTebi.
10
Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I. mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi TanamedTanamedTanamedTanamedrove rove rove rove sabazro sistemasabazro sistemasabazro sistemasabazro sistemaSiSiSiSi
1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. mcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSimcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSimcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSimcire biznesis arsi da adgili ekonomikaSi
msoflio globalizaciis mimdinare procesebis fonze, calkeuli qvey-
nebis samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia ada-
mianis socialur-ekonomikurma problemebma da misi gadawyvetisaTvis aq-
tivobis gamovlenis formebma. erT-erT aseT formas warmoadgens adamian-
is SromiTi saqmianoba, sadac is erTdroulad axdens sakuTari Tavis
realizebas rogorc subieqti da rogorc marTvis obieqti.
jer kidev uZvelesi droidan adamianebis marTvაs miiCnevdnen yvelaze
rTul da amaRlebul xelovnebad. marTlac dReisaTvis mewarmisa da biz-
nesmenis profesia metad rTuli saqmea. am profesias uwodeben kompleqsu-
rs, imitom rom is adamianisagan moiTxovs mravali da gansxvavebuli siax-
leebis SemuSavebisa da winaswarxedvis unaris flobas. warmatebuli biz-
nesis Seqmnis ambiciis mqone adamianma unda icodes TiTqmis yvelaferi _
dawyebuli marketingisa da menejmentis saidumloebebidan _ finansuri me-
cnierebis niuansebamde, Tanamedrove warmoebis organizaciis meTodebidan
- adamianis fsiqologiis saidumloebebamde.
adamianTa yoveldRiur yofaSi damkvidrda sityva `biznesi~, romelsac
aqvs mravali saintereso etimologiuri ganmarteba.
`biznesis~ısamSoblod aRiarebulia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. dRe-
isaTvis am terminma mTeli msoflio moicva da Cvenis azriT, uamrav mona-
Tesave terminTa mniSvneloba SeiTavsa; is aris profesia, saqme, mewarmeo-
ba, garigeba, saqmiani wreebi, saqmiani cxovreba, ubralod Semosavlis wya-
ro da a.S. amdenadĐ`biznesi~ (business) niSnavs saqmianobas, romelic efu-
Zneba mravalmxriv urTierTobebs da iZleva mogebas, Semosavals.
samamulo da sazRvargareTul ekonomikur literaturaSi ımocemulia
biznesis sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia. KzogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad:
_ biznesi, es aris Semosavlis miRebis mizniT adamianis saqmianoba, ri-
sTvisac iyenebs Tavis codnas, gamocdilebas da Tavis kapitals. Ees aris
adamianis potencialis realizacia ekonomikur aspeqtSi.Bbiznesmenis saq-
mianobis ZiriTadi motivia mogebis miReba, romlis miRwevac SeiZleba mom-
11
saxurebis gaweviT, samuSaos SesrulebiT, produqciis warmoebiT. mogeba
gviCvenebs biznesmenis saqmianobis efeqtianobas.
sxva mosazrebaTa Tanaxmad:
_ biznesi _ es aris saqmis gaZRolis sistema da adamianebisaTvis saWi-
ro produqciisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba.
_ biznesi _ es aris warmoebis sistema, romelic Cven SevqmeniT Cveni
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
_ biznesi es aris fulisagan fulis keTebis unari, magram aucilebl-
ad sasargeblo mwarmoebluri Sromis gamoyenebis meSveobiT.
_ biznesi - sxva araferia, Tu ara samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo, va-
Wrobis, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis, sabanko, iuridiuli konsultaci-
is, samecniero kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqturo dawesebulebis, saga-
momcemlo, saswavlo-saaRmzrdelo da sxva saxis sawarmos Tu dawesebu-
lebis Seqmna.
_ `biznesi aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba (ganawileba, gacv-
la, moxmareba) mogebis miRebis mizniT~. (oTinaSvili 2010:133).
_ `biznesi aris saqmianoba, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli samomxma-
reblo Tvisebebis mqone saqonlis warmoebasa da realizaciaze mogebis
miRebis mizniT. biznesi ukavSirdeba or ZiriTad stimulsa da motivacias:
adamianis Tavisuflebasa da damoukidebel saqmianobas da mogebis miRe-
bas. biznesi warmoebis organizaciis, marTvisa da analizis axali safexu-
ria, warmoebis organizaciis uaxlesi stadiaa, romelic dakavSirebulia
kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobasTan, xorcieldeba konkurenciis pirobebSi da
dakavSirebulia riskTan~. (erqomaiSvili 2007: 14).
_ `biznesi aris sameurneo saqmianoba, romlis Sedegad dovlaTi an
misi nawili iwarmoeba ara sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, aramed gasacvle-
lad da am gziT raime sargeblis miRebisaTvis. ufro mokled, biznesi fa-
rTo gagebiT aris saqonelwarmoeba~. (samadaSvili 2009: 19).
_ `biznesi aris individis, individTa jgufis an saxelmwifos mxridan
iseTi individualuri an jgufuri samewarmeo (komerciuli) saqmianoba,
romelic efuZneba Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis principebs, sakuTreb-
isa da meurneobriobis formebis mravalgvarobas, xorcieldeba ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, uzrunvelyofs mravalferovan pro-
duqciaze sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas da calkeuli
12
individis, individTa jgufis an saxelmwifosaTvis mogebis miRebis wyar-
os warmoadgens.~ (SurRaia 2010: 23).
_ `biznesi aris damoukidebeli, sakuTari riskiT ganxorcielebuli sa-
qmianoba, romelic mimarTulia mogebis sistematiur miRebaze qonebis
gamoyenebis, saqonlis gayidvis, samuSaos Sesrulebis an momsaxurebis ga-
wevis gziT im pirebis mier, romlebic daregistrirebulni arian dadgeni-
li wesis Tanaxmad.”(mesxia 2011:21).
Cven migvaCnia, rom biznesi aris winaswar gaazrebuli saqmianoba, urTi-
erTobaTa erToblioba, romelsac moaqvs individis materialuri da sul-
ieriı moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis garkveuli Semosavali, is
amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis Tvisebis matarebelicaa,
radganac yoveli ıindividis kanonieri interesebis dakmayofileba aucil-
eblad iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis interesebsac. am process Tan axlavs
winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc sazogadoebis
ekonomikuri progresis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safuZveli.
biznesi myari garantiaa imisa, rom misi mflobelisaTvis, dasaqmebuli-
saTvis, mTeli sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis Seqmnas Rirseuli cxovrebis
pirobebi.
biznesi sabazro ekonomikis arsebiT da ganuyofel nawils warmoadg-
ens. `biznesi~ da `ekonomika~ urTierT dakavSirebuli cnebebia. ekonomiku-
ri subieqtebi amavdroulad gvevlineba saqmiani urTierTobebis subieqte-
badac. amasTan bevri mkvlevaris msgavsad Cvenc vfiqrobT, rom `biznessa~
da `ekonomikas~ Soris aris safuZvliani gansxvaveba.
`ekonomika~ ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre é”biznesi”, is moicavs mikro,
makro, mezo da megaekonomikur doneebs, moTxovna-miwodebis mikroekonomi-
kur, erToblivi moTxovnisa da erToblivi miwodebis makroekonomikur
koncefciebs. `biznesi~ aris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa ufro konkretuli
forma, romelic viTardeba gansazRvrul subieqtebs Soris, individualu-
ri da jgufuri konkurenciis safuZvelze.
`ekonomikisaTvis~ ara aqvs mniSvneloba konkurentul urTierTobaSi
myofi subieqtebis xasiaTs. igi yuradRebas afiqsirebs am urTierTobaTa
mxolod arsebobaze, SemoisazRvreba miTiTebebiT konkurenciis aucileb-
lobaze. “biznesisaTvis” ki mniSvnelovania konkurenciaSi gasamarjveblad
konkretuli brZolis meTodebis gamoyeneba. “ekonomika” mxolod afiq-
13
sirebs samarTlebrivi normebis arsebobas, “biznesisaTvis” isini warmoad-
genen moqmedebis ZiriTad faqtors.
bizness gaaCnia strategia da taqtika. biznesis strategia mdgomareobs
mogebis maqsimizaciaSi, misi eTikuri da samarTlebrivi normebis dacvis
gziT. taqtikuri mizania strategiuli mimarTulebis realizacia TiToe-
ul kontragentTan mimarTebaSi, konkretuli xerxebis da meTodebis gamo-
yenebiT.
Cven veTanxmebiT azrs imis Taobaze, rom bizness, mravalsaxeobis miux-
edavad, gaaCnia is saerTo niSnebi, romlebic mJRavndeba saqmian urTierT-
obebSi. kerZod: interesTa dacvis aucilebloba; ekonomikis subieqtebs
Soris saqmianobis sferoebis dacva; monawileTa mxridan TavianTi intere-
sebis Sesabamisi qmedeba; monawileTa iniciativianoba; personaluri risk-
is gaTaviseba; garigebaTa albaTuri da realuri Sedegebis Sefasebis una-
ri; saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebis SesaZlebloba; maqsimaluri mogeb-
is miRebis mizniT, molaparakebaTa momgebiani warmoebis unari; priorite-
tebisa da saqmiani urTierTobebis logikis dadgenis unari; saqmiani ur-
TierTobebis monawileTa interesebis realizaciis SesaZlebloba sxva
monawileTa interesebisagan damoukideblad. (Sengelia 2008: 32).
biznesSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs Seadgenen misi subieqtebi,
romlebSic, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, igulisxmebian biznesis uflebebi-
sa da movaleobebis matareblebi:
_ mewarmeebi, anu is pirebi, romlebic axorcieleben iniciativian-inov-
aciur saqmianobas, TavianTi riskiT, iuridiuli da ekonomikuri pasuxism-
geblobiT;
_ samewarmeo asociaciebi da mewarmeobrivi koleqtivebi;
_ produqciisa da momsaxurebis individualuri da koleqtiuri momxma-
reblebi, momxmarebelTa kavSirebi da asociaciebi;
_ saxelmwifos is struqturebi, romlebic biznesis procesSi SemkveT-
is rolSi gamodian. (Sengelia 2008:32)
unda aRiniSnos, rom terminebi “biznesi” da “mewarmeoba” Sinaarsobriv-
ad erTmaneTTan axlos dganan. AamasTan, cneba “biznesi” gacilebiT ufro
farToa, vidre “mewarmeoba”. biznesis amosavali wertilia mewarmeoba. dR-
eisaTvis Zalzed rTulia da TiTqmis arc arsebobs mewarmeobis aRiareb-
uli gansazRvreba. zogadad ki mewarmeoba aris raRac axlis Seqmnis pro-
14
cesi, romelsac aqvs Rirebuleba, xolo mewarme ki aris adamiani romel-
ic amisaTvis xarjavs dros da energias, TavisTavze iRebs finansur,
fsiqologiur da socialur risks, jildos iRebs fulis saxiT da miRwe-
uliT kmayofildeba. Sumpeteris azriT `iyo mewarme niSnavs akeTo is, ra-
sac sxvebi akeTeben da ara ise, rogorc sxvebi akeTeben, aramed, mewarme
aris Semoqmedi, mngreveli, romelic amsxvrevs Zvel wesebs, magram amavd-
roulad qmnis axals.~ (Sumpeteri 2007: 48)
Tanamedrove menejmentis mamis p. drukeris azriT mewarmeoba araa arc
mecniereba da arc xelovneba. esaa konkretuli saqmianoba, romlis mizan-
ia mogebasTan erTad siaxleebis danergva, misi moRvaweobis yvela sfero-
Si. (drukeri 1992:36). Mman gamijna erTmaneTisagan cnebebi mewarmeoba da
biznesi. Tu pirvels man miakuTvna SemoqmedebiTi, siaxleebis matarebeli
saqmianoba, meores miakuTvna Sablonuri rutinuli saqmianoba.
mewarmeoba, marTalia adamianebis saqmianobaa, magram ramdenadme SezRu-
duli formiT, romelic materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis, gacvlis, ga-
nawilebisa da moxmarebis process gulisxmobs.
biznesi adamianis saqmianobis farTo sferos moicavs. is gulisxmobs
ekonomikis yvela subieqts Soris urTierTobebs, ara marto mewarmeebs,
aramed momxmareblebsac, daqiravebul muSakebs, saxelmwifo struqtur-
ebs. biznesi moicavs rogorc samewarmeo bizness, ise samomxmareblo biz-
ness da biznesis sxva saxeobebs.
zogierT qveyanaSi (germania, ruseTi da sxva) terminebi “biznesi” da
”mewarmeoba” gaigivebulia. asevea saqarTveloSic. saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
lobaSi ar arsebobs cneba biznesis Sesaxeb da mis nacvlad gamoyenebul-
ia termini é”mewarmeoba”, romlis Tanaxmadac “mewarmeoba” aris marTlzo-
mieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis miReb-
is mizniT, organizebulad da damoukideblad. (Wanturia. . . 1998: 22).
Cveni azriT `biznesisa~ da `mewarmeobis~ arsobrivi gaTanabreba ar Se-
iZleba maT Soris arsebul Semdeg gansxvavebaTa gamo:
1. mewarmeoba interesiani, damoukidebeli, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobaa,
romelic mimarTulia axali saqonlis da momsaxureobis warmoebasa da
realizaciisaken an ukve arsebulis gaumjobesebisaken. mewarmeoba inovac-
iuri saqmianobacaa.
15
biznesis qveS moiazreba mogebis miRebis mizniT rutinuli, erTgvari
saqmianoba nebismier sferoSi. qalaqis nebismier adgilas savaWro jixur-
is saqmianoba, produqciis Sesyidva da realizacia aris biznesi magram
ara mewarmeoba.
2. biznesmeni sakuTari firmisaTvis qiraobs specialistebs, maT Soris
menejerebsac, firmis prezidentis CaTvliT, mewarme TviTon warmarTavs
sakuTar saqmes, asrulebs menejeris funqciebs, amdenad igi aris misi
uSualo Semoqmedi. Yyvela mewarme biznesmenia, magram yvela biznesmeni me-
warme ar aris.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvaveT mewarme-
obis da biznesis, samewarmeo unaris da menejeris ZiriTadi Taviseburebe-
bi, romelic warmovadgineT Semdeg sqemaSi (cxrili #1 da #2.)
cxrilicxrilicxrilicxrili #1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi#1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi#1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi#1. mewarmeobisa da biznesis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebimaxasiaTeblebimaxasiaTeblebimaxasiaTeblebi
Mmewarmeoba Bbiznesi
iniciativiani, SemoqmedebiTi
inovaciuri saqmianoba.
winaswar gaazrebuli saqmianoba,
romelsac individis, qveynis, zogad-
sakacobrio moTxovnebis dakma-
yofilebis meSveobiT moaqvs Semo-
savali da arsebobs erovnuli meur-
neobis TiTqmis yvela dargSi.
mewarme TviTon warmarTavs
sakuTar saqmes.
biznesmeni qiraobs sakuTari fir-
misaTvis specialistebs, maT Soris
menejerebsac firmis prezidentis
CaTvliT da uxdis maT xelfass.
mewarmeoba araerTjeradi (siste-
maturi) saqmianobaa.
biznesi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri
erTjeradi komerciuli garigeba.
mewarmeoba aris aqtiuri ekon-
omikuri saqmianobis forma, rom-
lis drosac adgili aqvs produq-
tis materialur-nivTobrivi for-
miT Seqmnas.
biznesi SeiZleba ganaxorcielos
pasiurma mesakuTremac, kerZod ijar-
iT gasces qoneba, Tavisu-fali saxs-
rebi ganaTavsos bankSi angariSebSi,
aqtivebSi da miiRos saijaro gad-
asaxadi, sargebeli, dividendi.
mewarmeoba Tavisi arsiT aris
ara marto biznesi, aramed Semoq-
medebiTi biznesic.
yvela biznesmeni mewarme ar aris,
radgan is eweva rutinul-erTgvarov-
an saqmianobas.
Mmewarmeoba biznesis erT-erTi
sferoa.
B biznesis sferoebia:
1. samewarmeo saqmianoba;
16
2. samomsaxureblo saqmianoba; 3. inteleqtualuri saqmianoba
(nawarmoebebi an naSromebi, garigeb-
ebi, komerciuli ideebi, savaWro da
komerciuli saidumloebebi da a.S.)
cxrilicxrilicxrilicxrili #2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris#2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris#2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris#2. samewarmeo unarisa da menejeris ZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadiZiriTadi maxasiTeblebimaxasiTeblebimaxasiTeblebimaxasiTeblebi
samewarmeo unari menejeri
mewarme axali ideebis Semoqmedi,
biznesis strategiuli miznebis dam-
saxvelia, e.i. mewarme-mesakuTre, rom-
elic dasaxul miznebs ara marto
axorcielebs, aramed mis organizac-
iaSi (dagegmva organizeba, motivac-
ia, kontroli) aqtiurad monawile-
obs.
menejeri profesionalur mmar-
Tvels niSnavs, menejeri eweva mma-
rTvelobiT funqcias, e.i. biznesis
strategiuli mimarTulebebis rea-
lizatoria.
Mmewarmis anazRaureba moicavs:
a) mewarmis sazRaurs, romelic
mas eZleva mogebis miRebis mizniT
momavali moTxovnaTa sworad organ-
izebisaTvis. Ees aris wminda ekonom-
ikuri mogeba.
b) samewarmeo procents anu Semo-
savals sakuTrebidan.
g) mewarmis normalur mogebas.
menejeris Sromis sazRauria
xelfasi.
mewarme warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi
midis kapitalis (qonebis) dakargvis
riskze
menejeri warumateblobis SemTx-
vevaSi midis Tanamdebobis dakarg-
vis riskze.
mewarmes damoukidebeli saqmianobi-
saTvis garkveuli kapitali esaWiro-
eba.
menejers damoukidebeli saqmiano-
bisaTvis kapitali ar esaWiroeba.
mewarme damoukidebeli meurnea menejeri mewarmis mier daqirave-
buli xelmZRvaneli muSakia.
Mmewarme SeiZleba ar flobdes
menejmentis funqciebs
Pprofesionali menejeri unda
flobdes menejmentis funqciebs
(dagegmva, organizeba, motivacia,
kontroli);
samewarmeo unariT dajildoebu-
lia ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxle-
obis 6_8%.
samewarmeo unariT dajildoeb-
ul adamianebTan SedarebiT prof-
esionali menejerebi gacilebiT
metni arian.
Ööççççç
17
biznesis cnebis mravalferovnebasa da misi araerTgvarovani ganmarte-
bebis simravles ganapirobebs TviT biznesis araerTgvarovneba sididis
da parametrebis mixedviT.
ekonomikur literaturaSi ganixileba biznesis sami ZiriTadi zoma: mc-
ire, saSualo da msxvili, Tumca msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciam Se-
qmna biznesis sruliad axali forma, saerTaSoriso, anu globaluri biz-
nesi. amdenad, dRes sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi biznesi funqcionirebs
mcire, saSualo, msxvili da globaluri biznesis formiT. biznesis Aam
formebs Seesabameba mcire, saSualo, msxvili sawarmoebi da transnacion-
aluri korporaciebi. (abesaZe . . .2008: 9)
biznesis mocemul formaTagan mcire biznesi Tavisi moculobiT ekono-
mikis erT-erT umsxviles seqtors warmoadgens. Đigi rogorc biznessiste-
mis, aseve mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis formirebis, ganviTarebisa da sta-
bilurobis erT-erTi pirvelwyaroa.
Tanamedrove msoflios saxelmwifoTa gamocdileba naTlad amtkicebs
nebismier ekonomikaSi maRalganviTarebuli da efeqtiani mcire samewarmeo
seqtoris arsebobis aucileblobas. Aamitomac nebismieri qveynis aRorZi-
neba SaeuZlebelia ekonomikis mocemuli seqtoris Sesabamisi ganviTarebis
gareSe, radganac mcire mewarmeoba warmoadgens im mZlavr segments, rome-
lic SemdgomSi iwvevs qveynis ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebas.
mcire biznesis ganviTareba pasuxobs moqnili Sereuli ekonomikis fo-
rmirebis zogadmsoflio tendenciebs, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebisa
da maTi adekvaturi meurneobis modelebis SeTanawyobas, romlebSic rea-
lizdeba konkurenciuli sabazro meqanizmisa da msxvili, saSualo da
mcire sawarmoebis saxelmwifo regulirebis rTuli sinTezi. “Tuki msxvi-
li biznesi _ es aris ConCxi, Tanamedrove ekonomikis RerZi, maSin mTeli
mravalsaxeoba mcire da saSualo biznesisa warmoadgens kunTebs, sameur-
neo organizmis cocxal qsovils.” (siropolisi 1996:35).
mcire biznesi, rogorc termini, warmodgeba ara iqidan, rom mcire biz-
nesi erTobliobaSi produqciis mcire raodenobas qmnis, aramed iqidan,
rom mis organizaciul formas warmoadgens mcire sawarmo. ganviTarebu-
li qveynebis monacemebi mowmobs, rom mcire biznesSi iwarmoeba am qveyneb-
is mSp-is naxevarze meti. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom amJamad aSS-sa da ger-
maniaSi mcire biznesis sferoSi iqmneba mTliani Sida produqtis 50-52%,
18
iaponiaSi – 52-55%, safrangeTSi – 55-62%, did britaneTSi – 50-53%, itali-
aSi _ 57-60%, evrokavSiris qveynebSi – 63-67%; am seqtorSi mzaddeba da
realizdeba didi moculobis rogorc sawarmoo daniSnulebis, ise farTo
moxmarebis mravalferovani produqcia, sruldeba sxvadasxvagvari saxeob-
is momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi da a. S. kerZod, mcire da
saSualo sawarmoebze modis mrewvelobis gayidvaTa saerTo moculobis
50%, momsaxurebis sferoSi 67%, mSeneblobasa da vaWrobaSi – 90%. aranak-
leb sayuradReboa, rom mcire biznesis sferoSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleob-
is sagrZnobi nawili. kerZod germaniaSi mcire sawarmoebSi muSaobs samuS-
ao Zalis 46%, did britaneTSi – 49%, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si -54%, ital-
iaSi – 73%, iaponiaSi – 78,8%. (SurRaia 2010:141).
pirveli werilobiTi wyaro mcire biznesis Sesaxeb gaCnda 4000 wlis
win. es iyo imis aRwera, Tu rogor iZleodnen bankirebi sesxs procentiT.
am droidan moyolebuli mewarmeebma uTvalavi dro daxarjes, raTa Tavia-
nTi produqcia da momsaxureba miewodebinaT momxmareblisaTvis. (siropo-
lisi 1996: 37)
mcire biznesi TiTqmis yvela uZveles kulturaSi yvaoda. arabebi, babi-
lonelebi, egviptelebi, ebraelebi, berZnebi, finikielebi da romaelebi
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen am saqmeSi.
1980-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi mcire biznesis prestiJma mTels msofl-
ioSi daiwyo amaRleba, rac gamowveuli iyo mis mier axali teqnologiebi-
sa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis unariT. amis Sedegad ki ukanaskn-
el wlebSi sul ufro metad daiwyes yuradRebis miqceva mis miRwevebsa
da SesaZleblobebze, perspeqtivebsa da problemebze.
mcire sawarmo aris warmoebis uZvelesi forma, “magram rogorc kateg-
oria, pirvelad gamoiyena britaneTis finansTa ministrma – m. milanma 1931
wels didi britaneTis samrewvelo da safinanso mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
moxsenebiT gamosvlisas. xolo aSS-Si mcire sawarmos pirveli ganmarteba
gamoCnda 1948 wels kanonSi “garkveuli saxeobis momsaxurebis Sesaxeb” da
1953 wels kanonSi `mcire biznesis Sesaxeb~. (abesaZe 2008: 10).
sworedAaRniSnul kanonSi ganisazRvra mcire biznesisaTvis sawarmoTa
mikuTvnebis Semdegi kriteriumebi: sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba;
warmoebis wliuri moculoba; aqtivebis saboloo sabalanso Rirebuleba;
sawarmos wili bazarze.
19
zogadad SesaZlebelia mcire biznesis gansazRvrisadmi raodenobrivi,
xarisxobrivi da kombinirebuli midgomebi.
raodenobrivi gansazRvrisas xSirad iyeneben iseT advilad misaRwev
kriteriumebs, rogoricaa dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, brunva da aqtivebis
sabalanso Rirebuleba. miuxedavad imisa, rom raodenobrivi parametrebiT
mcire biznesis gansazRvra farTodaa gavrcelebuli, misi cvlileba sak-
maod xSiria erTi qveynis farglebSic ki. es aixsneba rogorc amocanaTa
farTo speqtriT, romelTaTvisac gamoiyeneba formaluri gansazRvrebebi,
ise sxvadasxva qveynebsa da regionebSi ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasx-
va doniTac. am obieqtur faqtorebs SeiZleba daematos ama Tu im mkvleva-
rTa an politikosTa subieqturi warmodgenebi mcire biznesze. raodenob-
rivi kriteriumebis mTavari dadebiTi mxare aris maTi gamoyenebis simar-
tive. uaryofiTi mxarea Teoriuli bazis arqona, romelic gansazRvravs
ama Tu im kriteriumis arCevisa da misi gazomvis sazRvrebs. amasTan daka-
vSirebiT rTuldeba maTi SedarebiTi analizi.
mcire biznesis gansazRvris xarisxobriv maCveneblebs SeiZleba mivaku-
TvnoT: warmoebuli produqciis (teqnologiis, momsaxurebis, nou-hau) Se-
darebiT mcire raodenoba; SedarebiT SezRuduli resursebi da simZlav-
reebi (kapitali, adamianuri resursebi da a.S.); marTvis SedarebiT nakleb-
ad ganviTarebuli sistemebi, administraciuli procedurebi da teqnolo-
giebi, rac aucilebelia kompaniis strategiuli Sefasebisa da kontroli-
saTvis; ara sistemuri menejmenti. am midgomis dadebiTi mxareebia misi Te-
oriuli dasabuTebuloba da sxvadasxva xarisxobrivi kriteriumebis mxed-
velobaSi miRebis SesaZlebloba. uaryofiTi mxare praqtikaSi gamoyeneb-
is sirTules ukavSirdeba, rac Sidasafirmo informaciis miRebis sirTu-
leebiTaa gamowveuli.
kombinirebuli midgomis damaxasiaTebel magaliTs warmoadgensDmcire
firmebis gansazRvra, romelic did britaneTSi 1971 wels SemoTavazebul
iqna boltonis komitetis mier.am angariSSi mocemuli iyo mcire firmebis
gansazRvris pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba. komitetis Tanaxmad mcire
firmebs unda daekmayofilebinaT Semdegi pirobebi: saqmianobis sferoTi
bazarze unda daekavebinaT SedarebiT mcire wili; firmis marTva unda ga-
nxorcielebuliyo misi mflobelis mier piradad; firma unda yofiliyo
damoukidebeli da ara msxvili sawarmos nawili.
20
siZneleebi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mrewvelobaSi miRebuli kriteri-
umis, kerZod, dasaqmebulTa raodenobis gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda
sxva dargebSi, vTqvaT sacalo vaWrobaSi sadac savsebiT gansxvavebuli
kriteriumebia saWiro. `boltonis angariSis~ mixedviT, mcire sawarmos
gansazRvrisaTvis Semdegi kriteriumebi iqna miRebuli: mrewvelobaSi, mSe-
neblobasa da samTo saqme/damuSavebaSi _ dasaqmebulTa raodenoba; sac-
alo vaWrobaSi, sabiTumo vaWrobaSi, avtomobilebiT vaWrobasa da momsa-
xurebaSi _ brunvis moculoba; sagzao transportSi _ satransporto saS-
ualebaTa raodenoba. (abesaZe . . . 2008:11).
mcire sawarmos gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadaWris
kidev erTi mcdelobaa amerikeli mkvlevarebis mier SemoTavazebuli mci-
re sawarmos ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac, isini ar unda warmoadgendn-
en dominants TavianT sferoSi, amasTan maTi wliuri realizaciis mocu-
loba da dasaqmebulTa raodenoba unda iyos mcire amave dargis sxva
firmebTan mimarTebaSi. aSS-Si ganasxvaveben ori tipis mcire sawarmos:
mcire sawarmoebs, romelTac gafarToebis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCniaT da
romelTac `sicocxlis uzrunvelmyof~ sawarmoebs uwodeben, da mcire sa-
warmoebs, romlebic sawyis etapze iqmneba mcire kapitalis dabandebiT,
Semdgom misi gafarToebis mizniT. Ees ukanasknelni miekuTvnebian “swraf-
ad ganviTarebad~ sawarmoebs.
amJamad aSS-Si `mcire biznesis Sesaxeb~ federaluri kanonis Tanaxmad
mcire sawarmo aris firma, romelsac erTi an ramdenime mepatrone hyavs,
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateba 500 kacs, aqtivebis moculoba 5
mln aSS dolars da wliuri mogeba 2 mln aSS dolars. dasaqmebulTa ra-
odenobis mixedviT sawarmoebi Semdegnairad iyofa:
1 _ 24 dasaqmebuli _ umciresi;
25 _ 99 dasaqmebuli _ mcire;
100 _ 499 dasaqmebuli _ Sualeduri;
500 _999 dasaqmebuli _ msxvili;
1000 da meti dasaqmebuli _ umsxvilesi. (CuTlaSvili 2006:3)
unda aRiniSnos, rom amerikaSi zogierT dargSi mcire biznesis zomis
ganmsazRvreli parametria dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, xolo zogierTisaTv-
is brunvis moculoba. magaliTad, aseTi dargebia mSenebloba, vaWroba,
momsaxurebis sfero.
21
germaniaSi federaluri klasifikatoris mixedviT mcire sawarmod iTv-
leba firma, romelsac marTavs iuridiulad damoukidebeli mepatrone da
romelic uSualod monawileobs warmoebis procesSi, mTlianad iRebs Ta-
vis Tavze ekonomikur riskebs da TviTonve afinansebs Tavis saqmianobas
kreditebis mozidvis gareSe.
gaerTianebul samefoSi mcire biznesis subieqtad sawarmos mikuTvnebis
sakiTxi efuZneba brunvisa da dasaqmebulTa maCveneblebs. umcires sawar-
mod iTvleba firma, sadac dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1-25 adamiania;Mmcire
sawarmod ki iTvleba firma 25-50 dasaqmebuliT. amasTan gadamamuSavebel
warmoebaSi mcired iTvleba sawarmo, sadac 200-ze naklebi kaci muSaobs,
maSin roca vaWrobaSi mcire bizness miekuTvneba 400 aTas funtze
naklebi moculobis brunvis mqone subieqti. `kompaniebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis
Tanaxmad mcire sawarmo unda akmayofilebdes qvemoT CamoTvlil krite-
riumTagan 2-s mainc:
• brunva wlis ganmavlobaSi;
• aqtivebi _ araumetes 1,5 mln funti;
• dasaqmebulTa raodenoba _ 50-ze naklebi.
ruseTis federaciaSi mcire sawarmos cnebam garkveuli ganviTareba ga-
iara. Aaq mcire mewarmeoba nebadarTuli gaxda 1988 wlidan da maSin mci-
re sawarmod iTvleboda saxelmwifo sawarmo, sadac dasaqmebulTa saSua-
lo wliuri maCvenebeli ar aRemateboda 100 adamians. SemdgomSi mcire
biznesis subieqtad mikuTvnebis kriteriumebi araerTxel Seicvala da am-
Jamad mcire sawarmos kriteriumad aRebulia dasaqmebulTa raodenoba:
mrewvelobaSi, transportsa da mSeneblobaSi _ 100; soflis meurneobaSi
_ 60; sabiTumo vaWrobaSi _ 50; sacalo vaWrobasa da sayofacxovrebo mom-
saxurebaSi _ 30 kacamde. AamasTan mcire biznesis subieqtad iTvlebian
komerciuli organizaciebi, romelTa:
1. sawesdebo kapitalSi ruseTis federaciis, federaciis subieqteb-
is, sazogadoebrivi da religiuri organizaciebis, saqvelmoqmedo orga-
nizaciebis da sxvaTa xvedriTi wili ar aRemateba 25%-s.
2. sawesdebo kapitalSi erTi an ramdenime iuridiuli piris sakuTre-
baSi arsebuli sawarmos (ar warmoadgens mcire biznesis subieqts) xved-
riTi wili ar aRemateba 25%-s.
22
3. momuSaveebis raodenoba saangariSo periodSi ar aRemateba Semdeg
zRvrul parametrebs:
• 100 adamiani _ mrewveloba, mSenebloba da transporti;
• 60 adamiani _ soflis meurneoba da samecniero-teqnikuri
sfero;
• 50 adamiani _ sabiTumo vaWroba;
• 30 adamiani _ vaWroba da momsaxureba;
• 50 adamiani _ sxva dargebi da saqmianoba. (CuTlaSvili
2006:4).
ruseTis federaluri kanonis “mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb”
mixedviT mcire biznesis subieqtad iTvleba agreTve is fizikuri piric,
romelic samewarmeo saqmianobas eweva iuridiul pirad dafuZnebis gare-
Se.
saqarTveloSi 2002 wlis 4 ivliss miRebuli kanoniT `mcire sawarmoTa
mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~ mcire sawarmod iTvleboda yvela saxis organizaci-
ul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, romelSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar
aRemateboda 20 kacs da wliuri brunva Seadgenda 500 000 lars. aRniSnu-
li kanoni gauqmda 2006 wels da 2011 wlamde saqarTveloSi ar moqmedebda
normatiuli aqti, romelic gaiTvaliswinebda mcire biznesis ganviTareb-
is xelSewyobas. TumcaRa kanonSi `saqarTvelos erovnuli sainvesticio
saagentos Sesaxeb~ mocemuli iyo mxolod mcire biznesis definicia.
2011 wlis pirveli ianvridan saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Se-
tanili cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, mcire bizness miekuTvneba fizikuri piris
saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac ar aRemateba 100 aTas lars.
rogorc msoflio da samamulo praqtika mowmobs ZiriTad kriterial-
ur maCvenebels, ris safuZvelzec warmoebs sxvadsxva organizaciuli fo-
rmis sawarmoTa mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebze mikuTvneba aris saangari-
So periodSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenoba. TumcaRa arsebobs sxva
zogadi maCveneblebi, romelTa mixedviTac sameurneo saqmianobis subieq-
tebi miekuTvnebian mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebs. Eesenia: personalis rao-
denoba, sawesdebo kapitalis odenoba, aqtivebis sidide, brunvis moculo-
ba.
msoflio bankis monacemebiT maCvenebelTa saerTo ricxvi, romelTa mi-
xedviTac xdeba sawarmoebis mcire sameurneo subieqtebze mikuTvneba,
23
aWarbebs 50-s. Tumca yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadge-
ns Semdegi: sawarmoSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo ricxvi, yovelwliuri brunva
da aqtivebis sidide. (lapusta . . .1998:5), magram yvela ganviTarebul qveya-
naSi mcire sameurneo subieqtad sawarmos mikuTvnebis ZiriTad kriteriu-
ms warmoadgens momuSaveTa raodenoba. 2003 wlis 6 maiss evrokomisiam mii-
Ro mikro, mcire da saSualo biznesis garCevis axali kriteriumebi, rom-
lebic ZalaSi 2005 wlis 1 ianvridan Sevida da romlis Tanaxmadac Camo-
yalibda Semdegnairi klasifikacia:
saSualo sawarmo _ dasaqmebulTa zRvari 50-249 adamiani, brunva 50
mln evromde weliwadSi; balansi 43 mln evromde;
mcire sawarmo _ dasaqmebulTa zRvari 10-49 adamiani; brunva 10 mln
evromde weliwadSi; balansi 10 mln evromde;
mikro sawarmo _ dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 10 kacze naklebi; brunva 2
mln evromde weliwadSi; balansi 2 mln evro.
rogorc Cans mcire biznesis kriteriumebis da am kriteriumebis raod-
enobrivi sididis sworad gansazRvra metad rTulia. Cven veTanxmebiT
profesorebis r. abesaZisa da e. Kkakulias Sexedulebas imis Taobaze,
rom mcire biznesze sawarmoebis mikuTvnebisas unda vixelmZRvaneloT ara
romelime sxva qveynis maCveneblebiT, aramed aucilebelia gaviTvaliswin-
oT qveynis masStabebi da misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done, aseve darg-
obrivi Taviseburebebi. `kerZod, unda gamoviangariSoT erT sawarmoze mo-
sul maCvenebelTa _ dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, realizebuli produqciis
wliuri moculoba _ sidideebi. saSualoze naklebi sididis mqone sawar-
moebi unda mivakuTvnoT mcire sawarmoebs, saSualo maCveneblebis mqone
sawarmoebi – saSualo sawarmoebs, xolo saSualoze maRali maCveneble-
bis mqone sawarmoebi _msxvil sawarmoebs. Mmcire biznesisadmi sawarmoTa
mikuTvnebis kriteriumebis sididis gadamowmeba unda xdebodes qveynis
ekonomikis ganviTarebis, qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri cvli-
lebebis Sesabamisad, igi SeiZleba moicavdes 5-10 wlian intervals.~ (abe-
saZe. . . 2008:16).
amasTan migvaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebisa da socialuri mdgomareobis arsebuli donidan gamomdinare, dag-
vianebulic ki iyo `mikro sawarmos~ cnebis SemoReba. Cveni SexedulebiT
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da ekonomikuri zrdis
24
donidan gamomdinare umjobesi iqneboda mikro sawarmos daekmayofilebina
Semdegi kriteriumebi: dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1-5 adamiani da wliuri
brunva 100-150 aTasi lari. Ees saxelmwifos daexmareboda mcire biznesTan
dakavSirebiT swori ekonomikuri politikisa da mxardamWer RonisZiebaTa
kompleqsis gatarebaSi, raTa mcire biznesma realurad SeZlos Tavisi wv-
lilis Setana qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis struqturaSi.
erovnul ekonomikaSi mcire biznesis adgili ganisazRvreba mis mier
arCeuli da ganxorcielebuli strategiiT. strategia aris organizaciis
saqmianobis mTavari mimarTuleba, romelic uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli miz-
nebis miRwevas. biznesis strategia aris im wesebis erToblioba, romlis
mixedviTac yalibdeba sawarmos damokidebuleba mis gareT arsebul gare-
mosTan, romelic ganapirobebs, Tu ra saxis produqciasa da teqnologias
daamuSavebs, sad da visTan gaasaRebs Tavis produqcias, rogor miaRwevs
konkurentul upiratesobas.
gamoyofen mcire sawarmoTa ekonomikuri strategiis sxvadasxva tipe-
bs.Eesenia: violenturi, patienturi (niSis Semqmneli), komutanturi (Semgu-
ebluri), eqsplerentuli (pioneruli). (abesaZe . . . 2008: 24).
violenturi strategia eyrdnoba konkurencias dabali warmoebis dana-
xarjebis safuZvelze; am dros iwarmoeba saSualo xarisxis standartuli
produqcia.
patientur strategias irCeven mcire sawarmoebi, romlebsac gadawyve-
tili aqvT maRali xarisxis produqciis warmoebaze daspecialeba, romel-
ic orientirebulia specifikur moTxovnaze da dominirebs bazris viwro
segmentze.
komutaturi strategiis SerCevisas mcire firmebi orientacias iReben
mcire moculobis xanmokle moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaze. amdenad maT
moTxovnilebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad, xSirad uwevT saqmianobis saxeeb-
is Secvla.
eqsplerentuli strategia damaxasiaTebelia inovaciuri firmebisaT-
vis. mcire sawarmoebi aseTi strategiiT orientirebulni arian axali pr-
oduqciisa da teqnologiis SemuSavebaze, maT danergvasa da amis safuZve-
lze maRali mogebis miRebaze.
Tuki gaerTiandebian mcire sawarmoebi, romlebic icaven zemoT dasa-
xelebuli oTxi tipis strategias erTi bazris SigniT, maSin konkurent-
25
ul garemos eqneba Semdegi saxe: dargis safuZvels warmoadgens mcire sa-
warmoebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen moTxovnis ZiriTad nawils, saSualo
xarisxis standartizebuli produqciis warmoebiT. diferencirebuli
moTxovnis sabazro niSebi Seivseba mcire sawarmoebiT, romelTa strateg-
ia patienturia. dargis ekonomikur dinamikas uzrunvelyofs mcire sawar-
moebi eqsplerentuli strategiiT, romlebic SeimuSaveben produqciisa da
teqnologiis axal saxeobas; aJiotaJuri moTxovnisa da moTxovna-miwodeb-
is droebiTi daubalanseblobisas dargSi gamoCndeba mcire sawarmoebi
komutanturi strategiiT, romlebic upiratesad savaWro-saSuamavlo fir-
mebia da romelTac izidavs bazarze damatebiTi mogebis SesaZlebloba.
amdenad, dargis dabalanseba sxvadasxva strategiebis mqone mcire sawa-
rmoebiT, qmnis jansaR konkurenciul garemos. Kkonkurencia ki aris eko-
nomikis zrdisa da ganviTarebis umZlavresi faqtori. Aamgvarad mcire fi-
rmebs SeswevT unari dargSi jansaRi konkurenciuli garemos Seqmnisa.
sabazro meqanizmis sferoSi mcire biznesis roli imaSi vlindeba, rom
igi axerxebs brZolas monopoliasTan, rasac aRwevs cvalebad sazogado-
ebriv moTxovnaze swrafi reagirebis SesaZleblobiT.
mcire biznesis amocanaa, xeli Seuwyos saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
srulyofili bazris Camoyalibebas. igi uyaris sabazro sistemis pirvel-
wyaro, romelic funqcionirebs ekonomikis nebismier seqtorSi da mniSvne-
lovnad gansazRvravs ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs, mTliani erovnuli pro-
duqtis struqturas, dasaqmebis zrdas, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali
saxeebis warmoSobasa da momxmarebelze miwodebas.
1.2.1.2.1.2.1.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri damcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri damcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri damcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri da
socialuri aspeqtebisocialuri aspeqtebisocialuri aspeqtebisocialuri aspeqtebi
Cvens qveyanaSi jer kidev araerTi problemaa, romlebic vlindeba sa-
zogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, maT Soris ekonomikaSi.
ekonomikuri reformebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas warm-
oadgens mcire sawarmoTa ganviTareba, rac ganapirobebs sabazro konkure-
nciuli garemos ganviTarebas, samomxmareblo bazris Sevsebas saqonliTa
26
da momsaxurebiT, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, mesakuTreTa farTo
wris formirebas.
mcire biznesis sameurneo praqtika imyofeba mizez-Sedegobriv damoki-
debulebaSi Tanamedrove warmoebis specializaciasa da saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis diferenciaciasTan. Eekonomikuri manevrireba, gadawyvetile-
bis miRebis moqniloba, teritoriul-sivrciTi mobiluroba mcire biz-
nesis arsebobas aucilebels xdis Tanamedrove postindustrialur sazo-
gadoebaSi.
mcire bizness aqvs imdenad sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, rom ekonomikis
mxolod umniSvnelo nawils SeuZlia misi produqciisa da momsaxurebis
gareSe arseboba. G
mcire biznesi axorcielebs rig ekonomikur da socialur amocanebs.
sxvadasxva donis biujetebSi gadasaxadebis Caricxvis garda, mcire bizne-
si aviTarebs ekonomikur seqtors, qmnis damatebiT samuSao adgilebs, ga-
napirobebs konkurencias.
mcire mewarmeobis adgili da roli civilizebul sabazro ekonomikaSi
ganisazRvreba Semdegi funqciebiT:
• mcire biznesi gvevlineba ekonomikis mniSvnelovan seqtorad.
mcire biznesis sawarmoebi ufro mdgradia gare cvlilebebTan. 90-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikis saerTo dacemis periodSi swored mcire
biznesisagan iqna gaweuli mxardaWera qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, rodesac
saWiro iyo axal sabazro pirobebTan adaptacia. Mmsxvilma saxelmwifo
sawarmoebma ver gauZles konkurencias, moxda maTi daSla da privatizeba.
amdenad mcire biznesi avlens Tavis moqnilobas, sicocxlisunarianobas,
axasiaTebs ra bazris moTxovnaze swrafi reagirebis unari, specializa-
ciis maRali xarisxi, perspeqtiuli mimarTulebiT resursebis mobilizac-
iis SesaZlebloba.
• mcire biznesi warmoadgens sagadasaxado SemosulobaTa
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyaros; mcire biznesi monawileobs yvela donis
biujetebis formirebaSi. Ggarda imisa, rom mcire sawarmoebi TavianTi Se-
mosavlebidan biujetSi ricxaven Tanxebs, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmn-
iT, rac warmoadgens mosaxleobis Semosavlis wyaros, xels uwyoben fi-
zikuri pirebidanac gadasaxadebis amoRebas.
27
• Bmcire biznesi mniSvnelovania organizaciuli kulturisa da
unar-Cvevebis dauflebis TvalsazrisiT. mcire sawarmoSi yalibdeba fas-
eulobaTa sistema, rac biznesis filosofiisa da mrwamsis safuZvelia.
socialuri faqtorebi, principebi, tradiciebi, samuSao procedurebi mima-
rTulia organizaciis miznebis ganxorcielebisa da strategiis realiz-
aciisaken.
• Mmcire biznesi metad mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs ekono-
mikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove pirobebSi ino-
vaciebi miCneulia ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiis erT-erT umTavres
elementad, rogorc nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso doneze.
saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad inovacia aris investirebis
Sedegi axal gamogonebebsa da codnis miRebaSi, romelic adre ar gamoi-
yeneboda adamianTa cxovrebis sferoebis gasaaxleblad da misi Semdgomi
danergvis procesi, romelsac moaqvs damatebiTi faseuloba mogebis, wins-
vlis, prioritetis, Zireuli gaumjobesebis, xarisxobrivi amaRlebis an
progresis saxiT. inovaciebi gulisxmobs ara mxolod teqnikur-teqnolo-
giur siaxleebs, aramed siaxleebs sociumis arsebobis organizaciul
formebSi, rogoricaa: ganaTleba, marTva, Sromis organizacia, momsaxure-
ba, informatizacia, mecniereba da sxva.
Tanamedrove sabazro procesebi xasiaTdeba segmentaciis maRali xaris-
xiT, rac mcire sawarmoTa inovaciur aqtivobas gansakuTrebiT aqtiurs
xdis. Mmasiuri bazrebis epoqa ukan ixevs da dReisaTvis biznesis tendenc-
iaTa ganmsazrvreli faqtorebi xdeba momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis mraval-
ferovneba da cvalebadoba. iqmneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis axali baz-
rebi, romelTa tevadobac umniSvneloa. Mmcire swarmoebs SeuZliaT swra-
fad da moqnilad reagireba momxmarebelTa moTxovnaze, axdenen wvrilse-
riuli, unikaluri da specifikuri produqciis miwodebas calkeul sabaz-
ro segmentebze. sabazro ekonomikisa da konkurenciis pirobebSi mcire bi-
znesis sawarmoebs uxdebaT siaxleebis danergva, raTa gazardon Semosav-
lebi da mogeba. mewarmeebi yovelTvis miiswrafvian individualobisaken
da swored es miswrafeba ganapirobebs maTi codnis farglebis gafarToe-
bas. yvela sawarmos ar SeuZlia fuladi saSualebebis dabandeba inovaci-
ur saqmianobaSi, amitomac TviTon cdiloben Semdgomi ganviTarebis SesaZ-
28
leblobebisa da perspeqtivebis SemuSavebas. ideebi warmoadgens maT “sasa-
qonlo maragebs”.
aseTi SemuSavebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia kompaniis Semo-
qmedebiT potencialze dayrdnoba, aseve klientis moTxovnilebaTa codna
da gamocnobac ki.
mcire biznesi SemTxveviT ar aris arCeuli inovaciuri ganviTarebis
fundamentad, amas ganapirobebs Semdegi mizezebi:
- mecnieruli damuSavebebi mcire firmebSi warmoebs maqsimaluri inten-
sivobiT, vinaidan yvela Zalisxmeva mimarTulia erTi proeqtisaken;
- mcire firmebSi marTvis aparati mcirea, rac amcirebs zednadeb xarj-
ebs da Tavidan icilebs iseT biurokratiul momentebsa da SeTanxmebebs,
romlebic amcireben mecnierul-kvleviT samuSaoTa efeqtianobas msxvil
kompaniebSi;
- mcire firmebi, Cveulebriv, ukeTesad xedaven bazris ganviTarebis te-
ndenciebs, romlebic axloa momxmarebelTa moTxovnebTan, rac warmoebas
xdis ufro moqnils.
• Mmcire bizness aqvs didi socialur-ekonomikuri roli.
am mxriv SeiZleba gamovyoT misi Semdegi upiratesobebi:
- mesakuTreTa ricxvis zrda, rac ganapirobebs saSualo klasis formi-
rebas da rac warmoadgens demokratiul sazogadoebaSi politikuri
stabilurobis umTavres garants;
- ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis gazrda, rac adidebs mo-
qalaqeTa Semosavlebs da aTanabrebs sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis
keTildReobaSi arsebul disproporciebs;
- yvelaze energiul, saqmis SemZle individTa warmoCena, romlebisTvis-
ac mcire biznesi xdeba TviTrealizaciis pirveli safexuri;
- SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna; ga-
nsakuTrebiT momsaxurebis sferoSi;
- profesiaTa SeTavsebis uzrunvelyofa;
- saxelmwifo seqtoridan gamoTavisuflebuli, aseve socialurad sxve-
bze damokidebuli mosaxleobis jgufebis (ltolvilebi, invalidebi,
axalgazrdebi, qalebi) warmomadgenelTa samuSaoze mowyoba.
Cvenis azriT mcire biznesis sawarmoebSi SedarebiT mcire personali
ganapirobebs msxvil kompaniebTan SedarebiT SromiTi koleqtivis did
29
erTsulovnebas. es kidev ufro aZlierebs motivacias da dadebiTad aisa-
xeba kompaniis Sromis Sedegebze.Uunda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad mcire
biznesSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis SedarebiT maRali tempebisa, Sromis
anazRaurebis done msxvil sawarmoebTan SedarebiT dabalia, rac gamowve-
ulia mewarmeTa ekonomiurobiTa da SedarebiT dabali SemosavlianobiT.
mcire sawarmoTa mesakuTreebi ufro iltvian fulis Senaxvisa da inves-
tirebisaken, maT yovelTvis aqvT motivaciis maRali done warmatebis miR-
wevaSi.
TumcaRa, rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, mcire sawarmoTaTvis damaxasia-
Tebelia naklovanebebic, romelTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi:
- riskis maRali done, ris gamoc maRalia bazarze aramdgradi mdgoma-
reobis xarisxi;
- msxvil kompaniebze damokidebuleba;
- sakuTari saqmis marTvaSi naklovanebebi;
- xelmZRvanelTa susti kompetenturoba;
- meurneobriobis pirobebis cvlilebebze maRali mgrZnobeloba;
- siZneleebi damatebiTi finansuri saSualebebisa da kreditebis mire-
baSi;
- xelSekrulebaTa dadebisas sameurneo partniorebis daurwmunebloba
da gaufrTxilebloba da a.S.
mcire biznesiT dakavebul sawarmoTa dayofa SesaZlebelia or jguf-
ad, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva funqciebi da Sesabamisi Sedegebi. es aris
sawarmoebi, romelTa saqmianobac mimarTulia ekonomikis intensiur da
eqstensiur ganviTarebaze.
intensiuri mimarTulebis mcire sawarmoebi mZlavr impulss aZleven
msxvil sawarmoTa ganviTarebas, swored aq yalibdeba globaluri struq-
turuli cvlilebebis safuZveli.
saxelmwifos mier mizanmimarTulad arCeul prioritetul sferoebSi
mcire sainovacio sawarmoTa gafarToeba mowodebulia mecnierul-teqniku-
ri garRvevis momzadebisaTvis, gasaRebis bazrebze produqciis axali sax-
eebis aprobirebisaTvis, teqnologiuri procesebis gamarTvisaTvis, msxvi-
li sawarmoebisaTvis kadrebis gadamzadebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis SemuSa-
vebisaTvis. Đintensiuri mcire ekonomika aris poligoni mecnierul-teqni-
kuri politikis yvela aspeqtis damuSavebisaTvis. G
30
globaluri cvlilebebisas ekonomikaSi ver xerxdeba yvela wvrilmanis
gaTvaliswineba. am naklis Sevsebas uzrunvelyofs eqstensiuri mimarTu-
lebis mcire sawarmoebi. mocemuli mimarTulebis mcire sawarmoebi axor-
cieleben patara dasaxlebuli punqtebis, Soreuli raionebis bazrebis
axali saqonliT Sevsebas.
yovel msxvil struqturul cvlilebas ekonomikaSi Tan axlavs sawar-
moebidan TanamSromelTa masiuri gaTavisufleba, maTi gadamzadeba da ax-
al samuSao adgilebze mozidva. Aam periodSi socialuri saxis konfliq-
tebis tvirTis mniSvnel;ovani nawili, droebiTi dasaqmebis uzrunvelyo-
fa, eqstensiuri tipis mcire sawarmoTa prerogativaa. Aam SemTxvevaSi isi-
ni gvevlinebian sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis stabilizatoris funqciis
Semsruleblebad.
unda aRiniSnos, rom msxvili warmoeba ar upirispirdeba mcire mewar-
meebs, rac warmoadgens ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi mci-
re biznesis warmatebulad ganviTarebis erT-erT mizezs. ganviTarebul
qveynebSi moqmedebs msxvil da mcire sawarmoTa kooperirebis principis
kultivireba, amasTan msxvili sawarmoebi ar Trgunaven mcire firmebs,
ufro metic isini erTmaneTs avseben, gansakuTrebiT calkeuli warmoebe-
bisa da inovaciur SemuSavebaTa specializaciis sferoSi. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom magaliTad aSS-Si 10 axali gamogonebidan 9 ibadeba mcire fir-
mebSi. (siropolisi 1997: 65).
unda aRiniSnos. rom msxvili da mcire warmoeba Tundac erTi terito-
riis an dargis farglebSi, rogorc wesi ar aris urTierTSemcvleli.
romelime maTganis gareSe arseboba niSnavs ekonomikis garkveuli ujred-
is sicarieles, rac aisaxeba warmoebis efeqtianobis daqveiTebaze. msxvi-
li, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebi avseben erTmaneTs da qmnian ekonomikis
erT mTlian organizms.
Cvenis azriT rTulia gavTvaloT ekonomikis ganviTarebis mdgradoba,
Tuki masSi ar SeuZliaT ganviTareba konkurenciul sawyisebs, an msxvili
da mcire biznesis arsebobas paralelurad. Amas mcire biznesi mihyavs
raRac savaWro-saSuamavlo operaciebis Semsruleblamde, rac dRevandeli
saqarTvelosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xolo msxvili biznesi ki praqtiku-
lad wydeba erovnuli ekonomikis moTxovnebs da gadadis msoflio baz-
ris moTxovnilebaTa momsaxurebaze.
31
sul sxvanairi situaciaa qveynebSi, sadac Camoyalibebulia msxvili da
mcire biznesis myari kavSirebi. sainteresoa msxvil kompaniaTa mcire sa-
warmoebad danawevrebisadmi Sigasafirmo midgomebi.Aamis magaliTad xSi-
rad moyavT germaniis saavtomobilo mrewveloba, msxvili iaponuri konce-
rnebi, romelTac hyavT submonardeebis ganviTarebuli qseli, romelSic
Sedian aTasobiT mcire da uwvrilesi sawarmoebi. ase magaliTad iaponiis
damamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi 750 aTasi qarxanaa, maTgan 70% - mcire sawar-
moebia, romlebSic 1-dan 9-mde kaci muSaobs, xolo 10%-Si ki 10-dan 20-mde
TanamSromelia. (samadaSvili al 2009: 142).
iaponiis saavtomobilo gigantebSi Togota-s da honda-s markis avto-
mobilebs awyoben, maTTvis saWiro detalebisa da kvanZebis damzadeba ki
aTeul aTasobiT mcire da saSualo sawarmoSi xdeba. magaliTad im sa-
warmoSi, romelSic hondasaTvis saWiro plastmasis detalebi mzaddeba,
sul 9 adamiani amzadebs, romelsac Sesabamisi sawarmo sakuTar saxlSi
aqvs mowyobili. igi misi mepatronecaa da erTdroulad erTaderTi mudmi-
vi muSakic. miuxadavad imisa, rom igi sul or Carxs flobs, iseT pres-
formebs uSvebs, romlebic srulad pasuxobs `hondas~ yvela moTxovnebs.
es SesaZlebelia vinaidan dasamzadeblad saWiro umaRlesi xarisxis masa-
lebis miwodeba xdeba Sveciidan, sadac mas ufro msxvili qarxnebi uSveb-
en. (samadaSvili a. 2009: 145).
rogorc gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, ZiriTadi gamogonebebi erTnairi six-
SiriT xdeba rogorc mcire sawarmoebSi da calkeuli pirebis mier, aseve
msxvil sawarmoebSi. sawarmoTa zomebi nakleb gavlenas axdens gamokvle-
vaTa intensiurobaze. magaliTad msoflioSi sayofacxovrebo eleqtro
mowyobilobaTa umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli `jeneral eleqtriki~ mcire saw-
armoebs miakuTvnebs mraval ideas, maT Soris eleqtrotosterebis, samza-
reulos qurebis, macivrebis, WurWlis sarecxi manqanis, mtversasrutis
gamogonebas. Mmcire sawarmoebma da calkeulma pirebma Seqmnes persona-
luri kompiuteri, uJangavi foladis saparsi saSualeba, tranzistoruli
mimRebi, fotomakopirebeli manqana, reaqtiuli Zrava, momentaluri foto-
grafia. maTma gamogonebebma mogvca Cven vertmfremi, kondicioneri, celo-
fani da burTuliani kalamic ki.(siropolisi 1996: 27).
msxvili sawarmoebi iSviaTad iTviseben gamogonebebsa da siaxleebs. is-
ini aRiareben maT, magram ar SeuZliaT yoveli axali gamogonebis danerg-
32
va sawarmoSi mxolod imitom, rom is arsebulze ukeTesia. Đisini cdilo-
ben daicadon manamde sanam axali xerxebi da produqcia ar gamoiwvevs
fasebis mkveTr zrdas. maTTvis ufro misaRebia fundamenturi kvleva-dam-
uSavebebi axali teqnologiebis sferoSi, originaluri ideebis materia-
luri xorcSesxma ki SedarebiT momcro novatori firmebis saqme ufroa.
sayovelTao tendencias warmoadgens is, rom siaxleTa raodenobis Sefar-
deba danaxarjebisadmi samecniero kvlevebze mcire da saSualo firmebSi
3-4-jer ufro maRalia, vidre msxvil firmebSi. xSirad siaxleebi, romle-
bsac iyeneben msxvili sawarmoebi aris wvrili da saSualo, maT Soris
inJiniringuli, venCuruli da damnergavi firmebis inovaciuri saqmianobis
Sedegi. (masuraSvili 2008:23)
Mmcire bizness SeuZlia samecniero-kvleviT samuSaoTa Sedegebis dan-
ergva maRali riskis fonze. Pperspeqtiul teqnologiebze sakuTrebis uf-
lebis wyalobiT mcire mewarmeebs SeuZliaT am uflebis miyidva msxvil
daintersebul kompaniebze, an SeTanxmebis Sedegad maTTan Serwyma. moqni-
lobisa da cvalebad pirobebTan adaptirebis unaris wyalobiT maT SeuZ-
liaT inovaciuri procesis sawyisi etapis aTviseba da msxvili biznesisa-
Tvis, romelsac gaaCnia finansuri da sawarmoo SesaZleblobebi, axali
inovaciebis dasanergad niadagis momzadeba.
yvelaferi es erTis mxriv, qmnis msxvili da mcire biznesis SeTanaw-
yobis pirobebs, meores mxriv, ki mcire sawarmoebs uyalibebs imis rwmen-
as, rom maTi produqcia, maTi nou-hau aucileblad iqneba moxmarebu-
li.Dda ramdenadac msxvili kompaniebi warmoadgenen msoflio bazris ope-
ratorebs, bunebrivia isini Rebuloben inovaciur impulsebsa da cdilob-
en maT translirebas. Aamdenad mcire bizness uCndeba imis moTxovnileba,
rom drois moTxovnebis Sesabamisad gamarTuli nabiji SeinarCunos, gana-
axlos Tavisi teqnologiebi da a.S.
sameurneo praqtikasa da mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia, rom msxvili sameu-
rneo struqturebis transformaciis rTulma procesma, romelic arsebiT-
ad gamowveuli iyo konkurenciis zrdiT, bevri axali organizaciuli da
ekonomikuri problema daayena. aseT viTarebaSi msxvili struqturebi iZu-
lebulni arian eZebon situaciur moTxovnebze srulad morgebisa da ada-
ptirebis gzebi. Bgaurkveveloba da bazrebis fragmentaciis gaZliereba
maT aiZulebs moqnili sameurneo meqanizmebiT moqmedebas.
33
sabazro subieqtebis “TamaSis wesebSi” seriozuli koreqtivebi, rac
gamowveulia samomxmareblo interesebis gafarToebiT, momxmarebelTa
individualizaciis procesis gaZlierebiT, amaRlebs bazarze mcire fir-
maTa moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. maT aqvT manevrirebis saSualeba, rac
gamoixateba produqciis axali wvrilseriuli tipebis aTvisebaSi, moZrav,
mravalfunqciur samuSao ZalaSi, marketingSi da a.S. magram aseT situaci-
aSi mcire sawarmoTa moqmedebis masStabebi izRudeba izolirebul mdgo-
mareobaSi funqcionirebiT. Điqmneba situacia, roca mcire sawarmo mzad
aris moergos `wertilovan~ moTxovnas, magram moqmedebis traeqtoria da
resursebi amis saSualebas ar aZlevs. Aamitom igi cdilobs koordinaci-
is wesiT urTierTobis damyarebas bazarze myarad damkvidrebul msxvil
firmebTan.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis ganviTareba uSualod ukavSir-
deba msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare globalur procesebs. mcire biznes-
is iseTi upiratesobebi, rogoricaa moqniloba, Semguebloba, socialuri
stabilurobis SenarCuneba da sxva, mxolod Sida bazarTan organul kav-
SirSi ganixileba, dReisaTvis ki globalizaciis procesis gaZlierebam
mcire biznesis moqmedebis areali gaafarTova. Sesabamisi ekonomikuri po-
litikis wyalobiT mcire sawarmoebisaTvis misawvdomi gaxda Tanamedrove
informaciebi, axali teqnologiebi da kreditebi, Seiqmna mcire sawarmoe-
bisaTvis Sida bazarze muSaobisa da konkurentunariani produqciis warm-
oebis xelsayreli garemo.
globalizaciis pirobebSi msxvili struqtura, bazarze stabilizaci-
is SenarCunebis mizniT, iZulebulia uari Tqvas iafi muSaxelis gamoye-
nebis dRemde Camoyalibebul tradiciebze. aseTi ormxrivi interesebis ga-
dakveTaze Camoyalibda msxvili da mcire subieqtebis urTierTqmedebis
winamZRvrebi. Mmsxvili sameurneo struqturebi mcire bizness integraci-
ul procesebSi gzas ukvalaven da qmnian misi SesaZleblobebis gamoyene-
bis xelsayrel pirobebs. (WiTanava. .L.2008:434).
msxvili da mcire sawarmoebis koordinaciis sistemis funqcionireba
SesaZlebelia “mewarmeobiTi qselebiT”, romlebic firmebs Soris urTier-
Tqmedebisas gamoirCevian organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi principebis erTo-
bliobiT. Qqseluri modelis gamoyenebisas SeTanxmebis niadagze gamoiyo-
fa da ganisazRvreba xelmZRvaneli rgoli. TumcaRa pasuxismgebloba ga-
34
danawildeba yvela rgols Soris. xalmZRvaneli rgoli axorcielebs
partniorTa saqmianobis koordinacias. `mewarmeobiTi qselebis~ funqcio-
nirebis es forma xels uwyobs, erTis mxriv, masSi CarTul subieqtebs
Soris konkurencias, meores mxriv, ki Zlierdeba yvela monawilis saqmia-
nobis koordinacia, raTa amaRldes sistemis saerTo konkurentunarianoba
gare firmebTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad aseTi qselebis upiratesobebia:
axal bazrebze gasvla, garigebebTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis Semci-
reba, sawarmoo danaxarjebis Semcireba gadamwyvet operaciaze speciali-
zaciiTa da koncentraciiT.
msoflio meurneobis praqtikaSi msxvili da mcire biznesis urTierTo-
bis ZiriTadi formebia: lizingi, subarenda, franCaizingi; licenziuri Se-
Tanxmebani da venCuruli dafinansebebi.
amdenad, mcire sawarmoebi xels uwyoben msxvili sawarmoebis konkure-
ntunarianobis gaZlierebas da amiT mTeli qveynis konkurentunarianobis
amaRlebas saerTaSoriso arenaze. Mmcire firmaTa didi ricxvi imiTac
aris ganpirobebuli, rom isini akmayofileben momxmarebelTa moTxovni-
lebebs iseT specializebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, romelTa msxvi-
lseriuli warmoeba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT gaumarTlebelia. aseTi
saqonlis bazari didi ar aris, magram unikaluri saxis saqonlis mimwo-
deblebi pouloben TavianT niSas biznesis samyaroSi da TavianTi wvlili
SeaqvT jansaRi ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebis saerTo saqmeSi.
1.3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi3. mcire biznesi sazRvargareTis qveynebSi
mcire biznesis mxardaWeris farTo qselis Seqmna, misi saxelmwifoeb-
rivi ganviTareba, misi CarTva ekonomikis Semadgenel da ganuyofel nawi-
lad - yvela es problema ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia warmatebiT wyde-
ba ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
mcire biznesi ganviTarebul qveynebSi mniSvnelovan socialur-ekonomi-
kur funqcias asrulebs. kerZod, dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa, konkurentuli
garemos formireba, inovaciuri aqtivobis mxardaWera, socialuri uTanas-
worobis Serbileba da sxva.
35
dasavleTSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis done gansazRvravs saxelmwi-
foSi ekonomikis ganviTarebis xarisxs. mcire biznesis ganviTareba mimdi-
nareobs swrafi tempebiT, radganac ganviTarebuli qveynebis xelisufleba
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs mcire sawarmoebs da mxars uWers federalur
doneze. mcire biznesi dasavleTSi ganapirobebs saSualo klasis arsebob-
as, romelic amavdroulad warmoadgens bazas ekonomikis stabiluri gan-
viTarebisaTvis. ufro metic, yofilma ganviTarebadma qveynebma (taivani,
singapuri, indonezia) mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebiT moaxdines
didi ekonomikuri naxtomi.
mcire biznesis sawarmoebi ZiriTadad sabiTumo vaWrobaSi (firmebis
saerTo raodenobis 17%), kompiuteruli teqnikis momsaxurebasa (firmebis
saerTo raodenobis 17%) da vaWrobaSi (firmebis saerTo raodenobis 12 %)
specializdebian. yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebad seqtorad transporti
da kavSirgabmulobaa miCneuli.
mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebas biZgi misca 1974-1975 wlebis ekonomiku-
rma krizisma, ramac ganapiroba ekonomikis ganviTarebis paradigmebis cv-
lileba, sawarmos raodenobrivi maCveneblebidan xarisxobriv maCvenebleb-
ze gadasvlis prioritetuloba, rac axasiaTebda produqts, momsaxurebas,
siaxles. aseT pirobebSi industriuli gigantebis mkacri struqturebi
wagebuli darCnen mcire sawarmoTa moqnilobasTan SedarebiT, romlebsac
SeeZloT reagireba koniunqturis, momxmarebelTa moTxovnis mcire cvli-
lebebzec ki.
70-80-ian wlebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgenda
aseve mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis momdevno etapis gafarToeba. moxda
cvlilebebi sawarmoo ZalebSi, romlebic pirvel rigSi ukavSirdeba sain-
formacio kompleqsebis Seqmnas. gaCnda teqnika _ mikroprocesorebi, mini-
mowyobilobebi, kompiuteri da a.S., romlebic iyo mcire firmaTa adekvat-
uri. warmoiSva dargebi sadac arsebiT rols mcire firmebi TamaSobdnen.
es dargebia: bioteqnologia, akvakultura, energiis alternatiuli wya-
roebis aTviseba da a.S.
mcire biznesis sawarmoTa rolisa da adgilis zrdis mniSvnelovani
faqtoria momxmareblis da samuSao Zalis fsiqologiis cvlileba, ramac
ganapiroba orientaciis aReba momsaxurebis sferoebze, masiuri warmoebis
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis Semcireba da piriqiT, moTxovnis
36
zrda individualuri Taviseburebebis mqone produqciaze. da bolos,
mcire sawarmoTa funqcionirebis SesaZleblobebze msjelobisas unda
aRiniSnos, rom misi mcire zomebi, sadac ar aris marTvis biurokratiuli
struqturebi adamianuri potencialis optimaluri gamoyenebis SesaZleb-
lobebs iZleva. sameurneo erTeulebis siaxleebze, organizaciul inova-
ciebze orientaciis pirobebSi adamianis rolis zrda iwvevs mcire sawar-
moTa ganviTarebis gansakuTrebul perspeqtivebs.
mcire sawarmoebs yovelTvis eWiraT dominirebuli mdgomareoba ekono-
mikaSi, miuxedavad warmoebaSi mimdinare koncentraciisa da gamsxvilebis
procesebisa. (ix. cxrili 1.3.1.).
cxrili 1.3.1. samrewvelo sawarmoTa jgufebi 1902-1907 wlebSi.
sawarmoTa zomebi
sawarmoTa raodenoba dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
Aabsol. %-Si saw. mTel raod.
Aabsol. %-Si dasaq. mTel raod.
MmcireMmcireMmcireMmcire
Ggermania 1907w. 1 822 234 90.0 3 166 731 29.1
safrangeTi 1906w. 531 958 87.4 916 441 24.9
Aavstria 1902w. 913 472 94.2 1 552 065 46.8
Sveicaria 1905w. 176 618 92.7 285 985 39.9
saSualosaSualosaSualosaSualo
Ggermania 1907w. 176 103 8.7 2 526 135 23.2
safrangeTi 1906w. 72 209 11.9 1 291 348 35.1
Aavstria 1902w. 53 392 5.5 840 354 25.4
Sveicaria 1905w. 12 177 6.4 167 424 23.3
msxvilimsxvilimsxvilimsxvili
Ggermania 1907w. 27 205 1.3 5 180 831 47.6
safrangeTi 1906w. 4 485 0.7 1 471 999 40.0
Aavstria 1902w. 3 140 0.3 920 877 27.8
Sveicaria 1905w. 1 819 1.0 264 052 36.8
wyaro: g. n. franovskaia “mcire biznesi” voroneJis saxelmwifo un. gamomc. 2007w.
XX s-is dasawyisSi germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, avstriasa da SveicariaSi
sawarmoTa 80-90%-s Seadgendnen mcire sawarmoebi, Tumca dasaqmebulTa
raodenobiT msxvili biznesi gamoirCeoda. mcire sawarmoebSi saSualod
dasaqmebuli iyo 2 adamiani. saSualoSi – 14, xolo msxvilSi _ 190 adamia-
37
ni. miuxedavad amisa SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTi saukunis winaTac mcire
mewarmeoba ekonomikis mniSvnelovan seqtorad gvevlineboda, dasaqme-
bulTa mTliani raodenobis 30-40% ekonomikis mcire seqtorze modioda
evropis aRniSnul qveynebSi. momdevno 70-80 wlis manZilze situacia mci-
rediTac ar Secvlila, piriqiT SeiniSneba mcire sawarmoTa ganuxreli
zrda. magaliTad, aSS-Si 1960 wels iyo 5 mln mcire sawarmo, 1970 wels -
10 milioni, 1980 wels-14 milioni, xolo 1990 wels ki maTma ricxvma miaRw-
ia 20 milions.
2004 wlisaTvis evrokavSiris qveynebSi moqmedebda 20 mln-ze meti mci-
re da saSualo sawarmo, romelSic 122 milioni adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli.
mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 65 milions aRwevs. sawarmoTa
90%-Si dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 250 kacs ar aRemateba.
evropis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciisa
da evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebSi mcire biznesis gazrdilma rolma is
gamoiwvia, rom bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi aRiarebul iqna specialuri
politikis SemuSavebis aucilebloba, romlis ZiriTad miznebadac iqcnen:
- erovnuli mcire sawarmoebis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis ga-
nviTareba;
- axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna;
- ucxouri kompaniebisa da investiciebis mozidva;
- warmoebis modernizacia;
- inovaciuri moRvaweoba;
- teqnologiebis transferti.
evropaSi mcire biznesi warmoadgens evrokavSiris socialur-ekonomik-
uri ganviTarebis safuZvels. evrokavSirSi arsebuli 20 milionze meti
mcire da saSualo sawarmo iZleva mTliani brunvisa da damatebuli Ri-
rebulebis naxevars. mcire biznesis sawarmoTa umravlesoba Seqmnilia
vaWrobis, mSeneblobisa da kvebis mrewvelobis sferoebSi. evropaSi mcire
biznesi astimulirebs konkurenciis ganviTarebas, “aiZulebs” msxvil kom-
paniebs axali teqnologiebis danergvasa da warmoebis efeqtianobis gaum-
jobesebas. evrokavSiris mTeli ekonomikis efeqtianoba damokidebulia
mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri politikis gatarebaze, romlis drosac
balansirdeba saxelmwifosa da biznesis interesebi, iqmneba optimaluri
pirobebi samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis, izrdeba konkurentunarianoba.
38
evrokavSiris umetes qveynebSi mcire biznesis mimarT politikis Semu-
Saveba warmoadgens federaluri xelisuflebis prerogativas, xolo konk-
retuli RonisZiebebi realizdeba regionuli xelisuflebis doneze.
evropaSi mcire biznesis regulirebisa da mxardaWeris ZiriTad mizn-
ebs warmoadgens:
- evrokavSiris erTiani Sida bazris gamyareba;
- administraciuli barierebis aRmofxvra;
- sakanonmdeblo bazis unifikacia, evrokavSiris qveynebis urTierTqme-
debis gaZliereba ufro Rrma ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis.
mcire biznesis regulirebisa da mxardaWeris sistema evropaSi Camoya-
libda gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. mcire da saSualo biznesis stimu-
lirebisaTvis evropaSi SemuSavda RonisZiebebi, romlebic xels uwyobda
mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis administraciuli barierebis aRmofxvr-
as. pirvel rigSi cvlilebebi Seexo gadasaxadebsa da damatebul Rirebu-
lebas, koreqtirebebs finansirebis pirobebSi da saxelmwifos socialur
RonisZiebaTa sakiTxebSi.
garda amisa SemuSavebul iqna evropis mcire biznesisaTvis evropuli
qartia. mocemul dokumentSi evropis qveynebis mTavrobebma aRiares mcire
sawarmoTa mniSvnelovani potenciali da xazi gausves mcire biznesisaTv-
is keTilsasurveli pirobebis Seqmnis mniSvnelobas, aseve pirobebis Seqm-
nas sakuTari biznesis Seqmnis ganmeorebiTi mcdelobisas. evropuli qar-
tiis debulebebi mxedvelobaSi iqna miRebuli mravalwlian programaSi
da pirvelive wels Seiqmna da gaiSva 11 proeqti maT dasanergavad.
mcire biznesis saxelmwifo regulireba evropaSi ZiriTadad xorcie-
ldeba finansuri, teqnologiuri, sainformacio da sakadro miznobrivi
programebis SemuSavebiTa da realizaciiT. mcire biznesis stimulirebi-
saTvis SemuSavebul iqna axali iuridiuli modelebi (evropuli aqcione-
ruli kompania), romlebic sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlebriv sistemebs mis-
cems saSualebas gadaWran problemebi sxvadasxva qveynis samarTlebriv
sistemebs Soris SexedulebaTa gansxvavebulobisas.
evropaSi mcire biznesis mxardaWera xorcieldeba saxelmwifos da ev-
rokavSiris egidiT. mcire biznesis finansuri mxardaWera xorcieldeba
evrokavSiris iseTi struqturuli fondebidan, rogoricaa regionaluri
ganviTarebis fondi, socialuri fondi da sxva. krizisul pirobebs evro-
39
puli mcire biznesi ufro kargad da efeqtianad Seegua misi bazarze mane-
vrirebis SesaZleblobis gamo. mcire sawarmoebma sakmarisi operatiulob-
iT daiwyes iseTi niSebis dakaveba, romlebiTac msxvili biznesi ar iyo
dainteresebuli. aman mniSvnelovanwilad xeli Seuwyo evropul qveynebs
daeZliaT ekonomikis sferoSi stagnaciis movlenebi.
saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa mcire mewarmeobis gan-
viTarebis singapuruli gamocdileba. singapuri warmoadgens navTobprod-
uqtebis gadamuSavebisa da naxevargamtarebis warmoebis msoflio centrs.
bevri specialisti fiqrobs, rom singapuri warmoadgens samewarmeo saqmia-
nobis ganxorcielebisaTvis saukeTeso adgils. es aris qveyana ganviTare-
buli sabazro ekonomikiTa da finansuri infrastruqturiT, romelSic
ganTavsebulia msoflios 3000 umsxvilesi kompaniis warmomadgenlobebi.
singapurSi mcire mewarmeobis safuZvels warmoadgens momsaxurebis sx-
vadasxva saxeebis arseboba. esenia: savaWro, sakomunikacio, safinanso, tu-
ristuli da sxva saxis momsaxureobebi. es sferoebi sTavazoben samuSao
adgilebs qveynis mosaxleobis 70-80%-s. singapuris mcxovrebTa umravles-
oba eweva individualur samewarmeo saqmianobas, zogi flobs aqciebsa da
sxvadasxva kompaniaTa fasian qaRaldebs. amdenad singapuris mosaxleobis
80% miekuTvneba saSualo klass.
am qveyanaSi Seqmnilia pirobebi mcire mewarmeobisaTvis, romlebic aRw-
erilia sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. gansakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi gaiweva damwy-
ebi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mimarT.
singapurSi mcire da saSualo mewarmeoba erT jgufSia gaerTianebuli,
romelic Tavis mxriv iyofa or kategoriad. pirveli kategoria moicavs
sarestorne, sastumro, turistuli, samSeneblo da sxva servisis organi-
zaciasa da ganviTarebas, xolo meore kategoriaSi Semavali subieqtebi ki
dakavebuli arian warmoebis sferoTi da sainovacio SemuSavebebiTa da ma-
Ti danergviT. singapuris ekonomika mimarTulia sawarmoebs Soris TanamS-
romlobaze da maT gaerTianebaze specialur kavSirebSi, romlis mizanic-
aa Sromis efeqtiani ganawileba saukeTeso Sedegis miRweva axali teqno-
logiebisa da produqciis axali saxeebis danergvisas. singapurSi funqc-
ionirebs 140 aTasamde mcire da saSualo firma, rac Seadgens mTeli sawa-
rmoebis 90%-s.
40
mcire mewarmeobis aseTi ganviTareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara
saxelmwifos mxardaWera. singapuris xelisufleba dainteresebulia misi
ganviTarebiT da xels uwyobs misi konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas saer-
TaSoriso bazarze. mcire biznesis mxardasaWerad specialurad Seqmnilia
saagento “Spring”, romelic SeimuSavebs mcire mewarmeobisaTvis dasaxmare-
bel mimarTulebebsa da programebs. es mimarTulebebia:
- mewarmeobrivi unaris ganviTareba mcire biznesis subieqtebisaTvis;
- sakonsultacio, saburaltro da konsaltinguri momsaxurebis gaweva;
- warmoebuli produqciisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis xarixze
kontroli;
- mcire mewarmeobis struqturis srulyofa;
- mcire sawarmoebis marTvisaTvis kadrebis momzadeba.
rac Seexeba dakreditebas, inergeba SeRavaTiani dakreditebis mravaln-
airi programa, romlebic moicavs specialur sesxebs, sakredito riskebis
dazRvevas, subsidiebis gacemas. iseTi mcire sawarmoebi, romlebSic das-
aqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateba 10 kacs, sargebloben kreditis miReb-
is specialuri SeRavaTiani pirobebiT. zogadad sabanko dakreditebis si-
stema singapurSi sargeblobs saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeriT, amasTan
mudmivad xdeba sakredito ganakveTebis Semcireba.
singapuris xelisufleba zrunavs mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli kad-
rebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebaze, risTvisac Seqmnilia saxelmwifo da ke-
rZo saswavlo dawesebulebebi.
samxreT koreaSi ekonomikis ganviTarebis istoria naTlad gviCvenebs
masSi mcire mewarmeobis wvlils. 50-ian wlebSi samxreT korea iyo yvela-
ze CamorCenili qveyana msoflioSi. es ganapiroba omma da koreis gayofam
or nawilad, romlis CrdiloeT nawilSic aRmoCnda samrewvelo da samec-
niero-teqnikur organizaciaTa mniSvnelovani nawili. qveynis biujeti Zi-
riTadad soflis meurneobis xarjze ivseboda da mcire sawarmoebic swo-
red am dargSi funqcionirebda. warmoiSva mcire fermerul meurneobaTa
didi raodenoba, romlebic ganuxrelad viTardebodnen da uzrunvelyof-
dnen rogorc adgilobriv ise sagareo bazrebis moTxovnilebebsac. 60-ian
wlebSi warmoiSva qveynis ganviTarebis axali politika, romelic aSS-Tan
TanamSromlobas efuZneboda. Seiqmna udidesi korporaciebi da koncerne-
bi, gaizarda eqsporti, ramac gamoiwvia produqciis gamoSvebisa da brunv-
41
is zrda da qveyanac male ganviTarebulTa rigebSi Caewera. xelisufleba
mfarvelobda msxvil bizness. kreditebic Sesabamisad gaicemoda msxvil
sawarmoebze, xolo mcire sawarmoebi ki aranairi SeRavaTebiT ar sargeb-
lobdnen da idevnebodnen msxvili biznesis mxridan.
msxvili biznesis ganuxrelma zrdam gamoiwvia finansuri krizisi. 1997
wels bankebma Sewyvites msxvil sawarmoTa dakrediteba davalianebaTa
gadauxdelobis gamo, ramac bevri sawarmos dabankrotebac ki gamoiwvia.
1998 wels finansuri krizisis damTavrebis Semdgom gaamaxvila xelisuf-
lebam yuradReba mcire biznesze, Seigno ra misi didi roli ekonomikis
ganviTarebaSi. bankebma aqtiurad daiwyes mcire biznes-subieqtebis dakre-
diteba. Seicvala mcire sawarmoTa saqmianobis mimarTulebac da agraru-
li sferodan gadmovida inovaciur da mecnierebatevad dargebSi. mcire
sawarmoTa ricxvis zrdam Seamcira umuSevroba, gazarda biujetSi Senat-
anebi da mTliani Sida produqtis odenoba.
dRes samxreT koreaSi 1 milionze meti mcire sawarmoa1, rac warmoebis
98,6%-s Seadgens. am sferoSi dasaqmebulia momuSaveTa 62%. qveynis mTlia-
ni Sida produqtis naxevari da eqsportis 43% am sawarmoebze modis.
aq dRes moqmedebs mcire biznesis ganviTarebis 10 wliani programa,
romlis ZiriTadi miznebia:
- mosaxleobis dasaqmebis gazrda 70-78%-mde;
- dabali saprocento ganakveTebis uzrunvelyofa mozidul (nasesxeb)
kapitalze;
- konkurentunariani kompaniebis stimulireba.
espaneTSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTareba saTaves Rebulobs gasuli
saukunis 70-iani wlebidan. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis maRali done gan-
apirobebda qveynis ekonomikis maRal dones. misi meSveobiT aRmoifxvra
umuSevroba da gaumjobesda ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. espaneTSi mcire sa-
warmoTa didi nawili, 80%-mde _ Tavmoyrilia soflis meurneobaSi. 25-30%
ki iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa mSenebloba, mrewveloba, gemTmSenebloba.
espaneTSi moqmedebs araerTi programa, romlebic mimarTulia mewarme-
obis ganviTarebasa da mxardaWeraze. qveynis mTavroba did yuradRebas am-
axvilebs mcire biznesis im subieqtebze, romlebic ganapirobeben dabali
1 samxreT koreaSi aseTad iTvleba mrewvelobis, transportisa da mSeneblobis sferos sawarmo, Tu iq muSaobs 20 an naklebi adamiani da vaWrobis da momsaxurebis sferos sawarmo, Tu iq muSaobs 5 an naklebi adamiani.
42
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis mqone regionebis ganviTarebas da romlebic aq-
tiur monawileobas Rebuloben qveynis socialur politikaSi damatebiTi
samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT socialurad daucveli moqalaqeebisaTvis,
rogorebic arian studentebi, qalebi, imigrantebi da a.S.
espaneTis xelisufleba aseve did yuradRebas amaxvilebs mecnierebate-
vadi dargebis ganviTarebaze da mecnierul miRwevebze. mcire mewarmeobis
ganviTarebis programebi eyrdnoba evropul programebs, romlebic gavr-
celebulia evropis qveynebSi: germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, did britaneTsa da
sxva.
saxelmwifo mcire biznesis mxardaWerisaTvis qmnis didi raodenobis
fondebsa da organizaciebs, romlebic iyofa or jgufad, romlebSic Se-
dian aseve evrokavSiris teritoriaze arsebuli mcire biznesis mxardamWe-
ri organizaciebi.
pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba urTierTgarantiis sazogadoebebi, romlebic
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis mizniT TavianT qonebas deben garantad gira-
os saxiT an kidev xdebian Tavdebebi.
meore jgufSi Sedian urTierTdafinansebis sazogadoebebi, romlebic
axorcieleben mcire mewarmeobis dafinansebas, investirebas da subsidire-
bas. am jgufSi Sedis espaneTis dakreditebis saxelmwifo instituti.
garda amisa espaneTSi aris mcire biznesis interesTa dacvis bevri
organizacia. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba moviyvanoT mcire biznesis asoc-
iacia da savaWro-samrewvelo palata, romelTa filialebic ganTavsebul-
ia yvela qalaqSi.
aSS-Si mcire biznesis sferoSi politikis SemuSaveba xangrZlivi
procesis Sedegia. misi sawyisebi jer kidev XIX saukunidan momdinareobs
rigi antimonopoliuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebiT.2 maTi Seqmna moam-
zada ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi xasiaTis mizezebma. ekonomikuri Tva-
2 pirveli kanoni, romelic aSS-Si monopoliur gaerTianebebs krZalavda warmoadgenda
Sermanis kanoni (1890w.), romelmac “ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis qartiis” saxeli moipova.
1914 wels miRebul iqna kleitonisa da federaluri savaWro komisiis kanoni, romelic
upiratesad orientirebuli iyo msxvili firmebis diqtatisagan mcire firmebis dacvaze.
1950 wels Setanil iqna cvlilebebi kleitonis kanonSi Serwymisa da STanTqmis Taobaze,
romelic mimarTuli iyo msxvil da mcire bizness Soris keTilsindisieri
konkurenciis mxardaWeraze.
43
lsazrisiT antimonopoliuri (antitrestuli, konkurenciuli) kanonmdeb-
lobis warmoqmna ganapiroba kapitalisturi meurneobis ganviTarebaSi
momxdarma xarisxobrivma cvlilebam - Tavisufali konkurenciis epoqis
monopoliuriT Secvlam. monopoliuri gaerTianebebis _ trestebis Seqm-
nisa da saqmianobis dasawyisSi cxadi gaxda maTi damangreveli zemoqme-
deba, rogorc ekonomikaze, ise sazogadoebis politikur mdgomareobaze.
kanoni aSS-s kongresma miiRo amerikuli sazogadoebriobis da upirveles
yovlisa fermerebisa da mcire biznesis warmomadgenelTa mxridan Zlieri
zewolis Sedegad, romelTac gauCndaT safuZvliani SiSi kompaniaTa mci-
re jgufis xelSi sabazro Zalauflebis koncentraciis gaZlierebis mima-
rT, raSic xedavdnen safrTxes mewarmeobisa da saerTod demokratiisaTv-
is. (gogiaSvili 2009:18).
mcire biznesis mxardaWeris filosofia da principebi aSS-Si Camoyali-
bda didi depresiis (1929-1932ww.) da meore msoflio omis dros. bevri
programa, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebSi axla SeimuSaveba aSS-Si 1932 we-
ls iqna danergili. im droisaTvis mTavroba subsidiebs aZlevda omiT
dazaralebul mcire biznesis subieqtebs. mcire sawarmoebSi iqmneboda
samuSao adgilebi, rac amtkicebda mis did socialur mniSvnelobas.
1953 wels kongresma miiRo mcire biznesis mxardamWeri federaluri
kanoni, romelmac gansazRvra saxelmwifos prioritetebi mcire mewarmeo-
bis mxardaWeris saqmeSi. am kanonis Tanaxmad Camoyalibda mcire biznesis
administracia. igi Tavisi statusiT aSS-s mTavrobis federaluri saagen-
toa, romlis xelmZRvanels Tanamdebobaze niSnavs prezidenti da amtkice-
bs senati. administraciis valdebulebaa daexmaros mcire bizness, aRmou-
Cinos mas mxardaWera samTavrobo doneze, yovelmxriv ganaviTaros Tavi-
sufali sabazro ekonomika.
mcire biznesis interesebis samarTlebrivi dacvis mizniT Seqmnilia
advokaturis ganyofileba, romlis Tanxmobis gareSec ar miiReba arc er-
Ti samarTlebrivi norma mcire sawarmoebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. faqt-
obrivad aRniSnuli samsaxuri mcire mewarmeebis interesebs warmoadgens
sasamarTloSi da kongresSi, romelic samarTlebrivi zewolisagan icavs
maT.
amJamad mcire biznesis saqmeTa administracia iTvlis 3700 TanamSro-
mels. TiToeul StatSi moqmedebs misi regionuli ganyofileba 30-40 ka-
44
cis SemadgenlobiT. administracias Tavisi ganyofilebebi gaaCnia 90 did
qalaqSi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia erTiani mkompiuteruli
qseliT.
mniSvnelovania mcire biznesis administraciis gamocdileba sxvadasxva
programebis realizaciis da efeqtianobis dadgenaSi. aRniSnuli program-
ebi yovelwliurad viTardeba da iqmneba axali mimarTulebebi. dResdReo-
biT maTi raodenoba TiTqmis 50-s aRwevs. yovel programas konkretuli
miznebi, klientebi, ganxorcielebis segmenti da monawileobis pirobebi
aqvs.
qveyanaSi moqmed mraval programaTagan aRsaniSnavia programa “7a”,
romlis mixedviTac mewarmes SeuZlia miiRos garantiebi kreditis aRebis
uzrunvelsayofad. Tu Tanxa 750 aTas aSS dolars ar aRemateba, garantia
sesxis 75%-ze gaicema, Tu Tanxa 100 aTass ar aRemateba, garantia sesxis
80%-ze gaicema. garantiis gacemis vadebia: sabrunav saSualebebze-10 wlam-
de, xolo ZiriTad kapitalze - 25 wlamde.
meore programa “504”-is mixedviT xorcieldeba ukve moqmedi
sawarmoebis gafarToeba da modernizacia. am sawarmoebis saqmianobis
analizis Semdgom programa gascems grZelvadian kredits uZravi qonebis,
teqnologiebis da danadgarebis SesaZenad. garantia gaicema sesxis 40%-
ze, xolo Tanxis maqsimaluri odenoba 1 milions ar aRemateba.
mcire biznesis administraciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan saqmianobas war-
moadgens sainformacio mxardaWera da gadamzadeba. am mizniT yofil da
axlandel mcire mewarmeebs utardebaT treiningebi, konsultaciebi. ase-
ve aRniSvnis Rirsia qal mewarmeTaTvis centrebis funqcionireba, sadac
muSaobis tradiciuli mimarTulebaa biznes-ledis momzadeba da gadamza-
deba. es programa aRmoCnda metad Sedegiani _ 9 milionze meti adamiania
dakavebuli sawarmoebSi, romlebsac qalvbatonebi floben, maTi wvlili
ekonomikaSi 1,15 trilions Seadgens, xolo ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi aq
ufro maRalia vidre saSualod qveyanaSi.
aRsaniSnavia eqsportis xelSewyobis centrebi, romlebic vaWrobis sami-
nistros daxmarebiT Seiqmna. aRniSnuli centrebi arCeven eqsportze orie-
ntirebuli proeqtebis damfinansebelTa kandidaturebs, aseve awarmoeben
mcire biznesis sagareo vaWrobis dakreditebas.
45
aRsaniSnavia mcire biznesis mxardaWeris xerxi saxelmwifo dakveTebis
saxiT. umsxviles damkveTs warmoadgens aSS-s saxelmwifo mTavroba. maga-
liTad 2003 wels maT SeiZines 247 miliardi dolaris saqoneli, maT So-
ris mcire biznesma miiRo 62,7 miliard dolarze meti Semosavali. (abesa-
Ze. . . 2008:37).
amerikis kanonmdeblobiT mcire da msxvil bizness Soris arsebobs sub-
arenduli urTierToba. mcire biznesis administraciaSi arsebobs ganyo-
fileba, romelic awarmoebs potenciuri momwodebeli firmebis reestrs,
is iZleva Sesabamis serTifikatebs, romliTac mcire sawarmos ufleba eZ-
leva saxelmwifo SekveTis Sesrulebisa. mcire biznesis wili saxelmwifo
SekveTebis saerTo moculobaSi Seadgens 15-20%-s.
aSS-Si Tvlian, rom mcire biznesze daxmareba aucilebelia, radgan is
qmnis axal samuSao adgilebs da gadasaxadebs ixdis Sesabamis biujeteb-
Si. mcire biznesi xSirad gadaizrdeba didSi, rac eris ekonomikur sico-
cxlisunarianobas zrdis. amerikis teqnikur siaxleTa 55% mcire da saSu-
alo biznesis mieraa Seqmnili. is Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobiT, axlis
ZiebiT da konkurentunarianobiT axal Zalas matebs amerikis ekonomikas.
(amerikis 1998:75.)
aSS-s praqtika adasturebs, rom saxelmwifo politika biznesis sfero-
Si efeqturia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mas aqvs saerTo erovnuli
xasiaTi da pasuxobs mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs da ara mxolod ama
Tu im socialuri jgufisas, rogori mZlavri da gavlenianic ar unda iy-
os is, e.i. Tu daculia jansaRi konkurenciis principebi.
statistika mcire biznesis administraciis saqmianobis Sesaxeb aCvenebs,
rom saagentos klientebis 85% erTi wlis Semdeg kotrdeba, magram `gad-
arCenilTa~ warmatebebi mravaljer faravs yvela danaxarjs.
aSS-Si mcire biznesi ekonomikisaTvis axali samuSao adgilebis 75%-ze
mets uzrunvelyofs, maTSi Warbobs axalgazrdaTa da xandazmulTa ricx-
vi, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs mcire biznesis socialur mniSvnelo-
bas. dRes mcire biznesi aSS-Si mTliani erovnuli produqtis 40,9%-s
uzrunvelyofs, es 22,9 mln. sawarmoa da eqsportiori firmebis 97%.
iaponia omis Semdgom periodSi teqnikur sferoSi didi miRwevebisa da
ekonomikis zrdis gamo Sevida yvelaze ganviTarebul qveyanaTa sameulSi.
es ganapiroba saxelmwifos mxridan mcire biznesis didma mxardaWeram. mi-
46
uxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli mravalricxovani msxvili samecniero korpo-
raciebisa da msxvili koncernebisa, romlebic uSveben avtomobilebs, au-
dio da videoteqnikasa da sxva saxis produqcias, mcire mewarmeobis wili
iaponiis ekonomikaSi Seadgens daaxloebiT 40%-s. unda aRiniSnos, rom
mecnierebatevadi produqciis damzadebiTa da inovaciuri teqnologiebis
SemuSavebiT dakavebulia umTavresad msxvili sawarmoebi, xolo mcire sa-
warmoebi ki funqcionireben mSeneblobis, msubuqi mrewvelobisa da momsa-
xurebis sferoebSi. amitomac iaponiis ekonomikuri politika mimarTulia
mcire mewarmeobaSi mecnierebatevadi da teqnikuri warmoebis ganviTarebi-
saken.
samewarmeo saqmianoba iaponiaSi regulirdeba mTavrobis mier, is aniW-
ebs mcire sawarmos statuss da saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT gansazRvr-
avs SeRavaTebs. mcire biznesis saqmianobas uSualod aregulirebs mcire
sawarmoTa sammarTvelo, romelic eqvemdebareba iaponiis vaWrobisa da
mrewvelobis saministros. is akontrolebs antimonopoliuri kanonmdeb-
lobis Sesrulebas, mcire mewarmeobis interesTa saxelmwifoebriv dacv-
as, momwodeblebisa da damkveTebis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvras maT So-
ris saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebisas da a.S.
mcire mewarme subieqtebisaTvis sesxebis miRebis gamartivebis mizniT
iaponiaSi, msgavsad aSS-s, CineTisa da sxva qveynebisa, Seiqmna mcire da sa-
Sualo sawarmoTa mxardaWeris saxelmwifo organizaciebi. aseTia magali-
Tad, mcire biznesis safinanso korporacia, romelic mcire sawarmoebs Zi-
riTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis gasazrdelad sTavazobs grZelvadian ses-
xebs SeRavaTiani pirobebiT. aseve, iaponiis nacionaluri safinanso kor-
poracia yovelwliurad 500 miliard ienze mets gascems mcire sawarmoTa
dasakrediteblad. banki “soko-Cukini” afinansebs mcire da saSualo sawa-
rmoebis kooperativebis saqmianobebs. amasTan, iaponiis saxelmwifo mcire
da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis uzrunvelyofs komerciuli safinanso
kompaniebidan kreditebis aRebis garantiasa da dazRvevas “damatebiTi sa-
zogadoebrivi dakreditebis sistemis meSveobiT. es sistema uzrunvelyofs
kapitalis gadadinebas komerciuli safinanso institutebidan mcire da
saSualo kompaniebisaken. (abesaZe. . .2008:47).
subsidiebis, SeRavaTiani kreditebisa da sxva saxis SeRavaTebis gaweva
xorcieldeba Semdegi ZiriTadi mizezebis gamo:
47
- mecnierebatevadi dargebis sawarmoTa modernizacia da srulyofa;
- samecniero dawesebulebebTan erTad SemuSavebuli inovaciuri teqno-
logiebis danergva;
- msubuqi da kvebis mrewvelobis mxardaRera;
- produqciis axali saxeebis SemuSaveba da danergva;
- iaponiis SedarebiT cudad ganviTarebul regionebSi axali mcire me-
warmeobis subieqtebis Seqmna da ganviTareba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom iaponiaSi Seqmnilia sawarmoTa erTgvari struq-
tura `mcire plus msxvili~. iaponuri supergigantebi emyarebian aTasobiT
saojaxo sawarmosa da mikrofirmas, romlebic specializebuli arian
calkeuli detalebis warmoebasa da sawarmoo operaciebis Sesrulebaze.
(SurRaia 2010:141.). qveyanaSi 9 mln-mde wvrili sawarmoa, romelTagan 6
mln-ze meti funqcionirebs gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi, sadac dasaqme-
bulia mrewvelobaSi momuSaveTa saerTo raodenobis 75%-ze meti, saerT-
od ki qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sami meoTxedi mcire biznesis
sferoSi muSaobs.
iaponiaSi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis umravlesoba aregulirebs antimono-
poliur saqmianobas, mkacrad aregulirebs gamoSvebuli produqciis saba-
zro fasebs da dausabuTebeli fasdaklebis an spekulaciuri fasebis Sem-
TxvevaSi mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebs uwydebaT saqmianobis ganxorciel-
ebis ufleba. amiT iaponiis mTavrobas fasebis zrdisa da inflaciis war-
moSobis gakontrolebis saSualeba eZleva. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdi-
nare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iaponiaSi arsebobs kargi pirobebi mcire me-
warmeobis ganviTarebisaTvis.
germaniaSi mcire da saSualo biznesze mTliani Sida produqtis 50%-
ze meti modis. aq 3,5 mln. mcire da saSualo sawarmoa, isini gadasaxadis
gadamxdeli firmebis 99%-s Seadgenen. es sawarmoebi samuSao adgilebis
80%, brunvis gadasaxadis 45% da eqsportis 30% uzrunvelyofen. (CuTlaS-
vili 2005:16) germaniis ekonomikisa da teqnologiebis federaluri samini-
stros monacemebiT mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis TanamSromlebi da Ta-
visufali profesiebis warmomadgenelTa (eqimebis, farmacevtebis, advoka-
tebis) erToblioba ganekuTvnebian germaniis saSualo klass. es aris ger-
maniis sazogadoebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili saSualo Semosavlebi-
Ta da kerZo sakuTrebis flobiT.
48
mcire da saSualo biznesTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi federa-
lur doneze ganixileba. sakiTxis yuaradRebiT Seswavlis Semdeg, speci-
alizebuli kvleviTi centrebis rekomendaciiT miiReba sakanonmdeblo ga-
dawyvetileba. investiciebs mcire biznesSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba,
radganac misi simcire aferxebs axali sawarmoebis Seqmnas da arsebuli
sawarmoebis adaptirebas msoflio ekonomikis cvalebad garemosTan.
funqciebis didi nawili gadacemuli aqvs specializebul bankebs. sabanko
jgufi umsxvilesia maT Soris. mis mier dafinansebuli programebi sxva-
dasxvaa, misi muSaobis Sedegebi da informacia ki uaxloesi gegmebis Se-
saxeb xelmisawvdomia yvela dainteresebuli pirisaTvis. specializebul
JurnalebSi regularulad qveyndeba mcire biznesSi ganxorcielebuli
investiciebis efeqtianobis SedarebiTi analizi.
germaniis mTavroba SeRavaTian kreditebs gascems Semdeg obieqtebze:
• mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebze, romlebic dakavebulni
arian samecniero gamogonebaTa sferoSi;
• sawarmoebze, romlebic SeimuSaveben proeqtebs, mimarTulT gar-
emo pirobebisa da ekologiuri situaciis gafrTxilebisaken.
• sawarmoebze, romlebic monawileoben ekonomikuri Tvalsazris-
iT sustad ganviTarebuli regionebis ganviTarebis gaumjobese-
baSi;
• sawarmoebze, romlebic saqmianoben mSeneblobis sferoSi da wy-
veten sacxovrebeli pirobebis sakiTxebs.
• mcire sawarmoebze, romlebic muSaoben warmoebis pirobebis ga-
saumjobesebel proeqtebze.
mTlianobaSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis masStabebi sazRvargareTis
qveynebSi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
rogorc Cans (ix. 1.3.2 cxrili) mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ricxvi
sameurneo erTeulTa mTel raodenobidan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Seadgens
40%-dan 99,9%-mde. mSp-is maCvenebelic meryeobs 12-60%-is farglebSi. am
seqtorSi dasaqmebulia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 80%, brunva Seadgens
20-80%-s da mcire firmebze modis eqsportis mesamedi. arsebobs mcire da
saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi regionebis mixedviT. yve-
laze metad is ganviTarebulia CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropa-
49
Si. es tendencia Cvenis azriT dakavSirebulia regionebis istoriul, ku-
lturul, bunebriv da demografiul TaviseburebebTan.
cxrili 1.3.2. mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis masStabebi
sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSi (XX s-is dasasruli da XXI s-is dasawyisi).
qveyana
Mmss wili sawarmoTa mTel
raod. %
Mmss wili mSp-Si, %
Mmss wili investiciaTa moculobaSi %
mss dasaqmeb. wili, %
mss wili eqsportSi
%
mss raodenoba 1000 mcx. (erTeul)
belgia 99.0 46 55.0
didi brit 75.8 50-53 36-49.0 46.0
ungreTi 99.0 50 65.0 20.0 80.0
germania 99.0 50-54 46.0 70.0 30.0 37.0
indoeTi 70-85,0
espaneTi 98.0 68
italia 84.0 57-60 73 68
kanada 99.0 37-80
yirgizeTi 83.3 76.0
CineTi 15,4 9.0
korea 62 43
aSS 99.9 50-52 50.0 65 30 72.2
taivani 98.0 78.0 20.0
uzbekeTi 12.6
safrangeTi 99.9 55-62 50.0 65 35
estoneTi 98.6
iaponia 99.2 52-55 80.6 50
ruseTi 87.5 10-11 10 6
wyaro: g. n. franovskaia “mcire biznesi” voroneJis saxelmwifo un. gamomc. 2007w
.
amrigad, sazRvargareTis qveynebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis tenden-
ciebis Seswavlidan gamomdinare SeiZleba ganvazogadoT mcire mewarmeob-
is ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi, romelic 1.3.3. cxrilis saxiT aris mocemu-
li.
cxrili 1.3.3. sazRvargareTis qveynebSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi faqtorebi
faqtorebi Sinaarsi
1. safinanso-sakredito da sainves-
ticio mxardaWera
1. saxelmwifos mxridan finansuri
mxardaWera moqmed sawarmoTa gafa-
rToeba modernizaciisaTvis;
2. axalgazrda biznesmenTaTvis pre-
50
miebis gadaxda warmatebuli bizn-
esmenebis mier, aseve msxvili kompa-
niebis mxridan finansuri daxmareba;
3. kreditebze fiqsirebuli dabali
saprocento ganakveTebi. dakredite-
bis 10-12 wliani vadebi.
4. kreditebis 60-80%-ze saxelmwif-
os an specializebuli finansuri
institutebis mxridan garantiis aR-
eba;
5. urTierTTavdebobis, urTierTdax-
marebis sazogadoebebis Seqmna.
axalgazrda mewarmeebsa da studen-
tebze venCuruli kapitalis SeTava-
zeba.
2. sagadasaxado mxardaWera
1. funqcionirebis pirveli 2-4 wlis
ganmavlobaSi rigi gadasaxadebisag-
an gaTavisufleba;
2. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semci-
reba mcire sawarmoebisaTvis 2-jer
sxva samewarmeo subieqtebTan Seda-
rebiT.
3. mcire firmebis mozidva
saxelmwifo dakveTebis Sesasruleb-
lad
1. gansazRvruli saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Sesasrulebeli samuS-
aoebis CamonaTvali, romelTa Ses-
rulebasac kanonmdebloba akisrebs
mcire sawarmoebs.
4. saeqsporto saqmianobis mxarda-
Wera
1. sxva qveynebis bazrebze mcire
sawarmoTa produqciisaTvis rekla-
mirebis gaweva;
2. ucxoeTis bazrebze gamavali
firmebisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis SeR-
avaTebi;
3. msoflio bazrebze gasvlisaTvis
Tanmdevi sainformacio teqnolo-
giebiT aRWurvisaTvis dafinanseba.
5. mcire firmaTa samecniero kvle-
vebis mxardaWera
1. mxardaWeris specialuri prog-
ramis SemuSaveba mcire mewarmee-
bisaTvis, reomlebic ewevian samec-
niero, kvleviT da sacdel-sakonst-
ruqtoro samuSaoebs, maTTvis SeRa-
vaTebisa da dabali sakredito gana-
kveTebis didi vadebis SeTavazeba;
2. mecnierebatevadi mcire sawarmo-
51
ebisaTvis sawarmoo, savaWro Senoba-
nagebobaTa SeTavazeba.
3. “teqnoparkebis”. “biznes-inkubato-
rebis” Seqmna.
6. mcire biznesis sakadro mxarda-
Wera
1. biznes-ganaTlebis ganviTarebuli
qseli;
2. im mcire mewarmeebisaTvis saxel-
mwifo premiebis gacema, romlebic
zrdian momuSaveTa ricxvs;
3. momzadebis, gadamzadebisa da mu-
SakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis
programaTa amoqmedeba mcire bizne-
sisaTvis;
4. axali teqnologiebis aTvisebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli profesionalu-
ri swavleba.
7. mcire biznesis regionuli ganvi-
Tareba
1. depresiuli regionebisaTvis sain-
vesticio mxardaWera;
2. depresiul regionebSi mcire mewa-
rmeobisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRava-
Tebis daweseba an muSaobis pirvel
wlebSi maTgan gaTavisufleba;
3. regionuli premiebi sawarmoebisa
da samuSao adgilebis SeqmnisaTvis. cxrili Sedgenilia avtoris mier.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia daskvnebis gakeTeba, rom-
lebic asaxavs mcire biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebs:
1. mcire biznesis saxelmwifo mxardaWera unda warmoadgendes ekonomi-
kuri politikis prioritets. saqarTvelos SeuZlia am kuTxiT dagrovili
msoflio gamocdilebis gamoyeneba, mcire biznesis ganviTarebisa da mxar-
daWeris warmatebuli modelebis gaanalizeba da maTi transformacia er-
ovnuli, teritoriuli, klimaturi, sawarmoo, aseve dagrovili codnis
TaviseburabaTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.
2. saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa ganviTarebul qveyne-
bSi mcire biznesis evoluciis etapebis Seswavla;
3. Cvens qveyanaSi mcire biznesis mxardaWeris prioritetuli mimarTule-
bebi unda gaxdes:
_ mcire, saSualo da msxvili biznesis integraciaSi Tanamonawileoba.
lizingis, franCaizingisa da submenardeobis ganviTareba;
52
_ mcire sawarmoTa daintereseba sainovacio da mecnieruli kvlevebis
gansaxorcieleblad. maTTvis SeRavaTiani kreditebis SeTavazeba;
_ mcire biznesis sferoSi saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba. saganmanaTleblo
qselebis Seqmna, rogorc saxelmwifo aseve komerciul saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebTan erTad;
_ mcire mewarmeobis dafinansebis alternatiuli wyaroebis danergvisaTv-
is pirobebis Seqmna;
_ Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTareba zogad monacemTa
bazebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad.
_ mcire biznesis regionuli mxardaWera, maTi Taviseburebebisa da prio-
ritetebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
53
Tavi Tavi Tavi Tavi IIIIIIII. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomik. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomik. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomik. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri dauri dauri dauri da
samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSisamarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi
2.1.B biznes2.1.B biznes2.1.B biznes2.1.B biznesgaremo saqarTveloSigaremo saqarTveloSigaremo saqarTveloSigaremo saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi sabazro principebis masStabebTan erTad iz-
rdeba bazris monawileTa pragmatizmi. icvleba biznesis ZiriTadi subi-
eqtebis saxelmwifosTan, sazogadoebasTan, safinanso-sakredito sistemasa
da biznes kontragentebTan urTierT damokidebulebaTa sistemis xasiaTi.
wina planze iwevs civilur sabazro urTierTobebsa da jansaR konkuren-
ciaze damyarebuli biznesis organizacia-ganviTarebis codnis saWiroeba.
izrdeba biznes subieqtebis ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
informaciiT rogorc gare, ise Sida momxmarebelTa daintereseba.
ekonomikuri reformebis pirobebSi biznesis efeqtiani funqcionirebis
erT-erTi fundamenturi sakiTxia TiToeuli biznessubieqtis sabazro ur-
TierTobebis adekvaturi strategiuli miznebis formireba da misi finans-
ur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizis safuZvelze marTvis srulyofa.
miznis miRwevis SemecnebiTi saSualebaa biznes sistemis funqcionirebis
kanonzomierebaTa gamokvleva, rac biznes garemosa da misi marTvis SesaZ-
leblobebis SeswavliT iwyeba.MmniSvnelovania garemos sirTulisa da fa-
qtorTa urTierTkavSiris gansazRvra, maTi zemoqmedebis Sefaseba.B
sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dros yoveli firma awydeba
mraval ekonomikuri xasiaTis problemas, romelTa Soris Cvenis azriT
ZiriTadia: bazris mdgomareobis Seswavlis sirTule, sakuTari sameurneo
adgilis moZebna, SesaZlo winaaaRmdegobebisa da SezRudvebis gaTvalis-
wineba, biznesis masStabebis adekvaturi finansuri resursebis formireba
da sxva.
Cven vTvliT, rom yovelma subieqtma, bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad
unda gamoZebnos Tavisi ganviTarebis mimarTuleba, risTvisac aucilebel-
ia kapitalis gamoyenebis axali formebis, warmoebis ekonomikurad efeq-
turi teqnologiebis, produqciiT bazris uzrunvelyofis axali formeb-
is danergva, rac moiTxovs bazris koniunqturis kargad codnas da orga-
nizaciis mier Tavisi ganviTarebis adekvaturi ekonomikuri strategiis
Camoyalibebas.
54
ekonomikuri strategia gulisxmobs firmis miznebis formirebas da
maTi miRwevisaTvis Sesabamisi politikis SemuSavebas. igi unda pasuxobd-
es Semdeg moTxovnebs:
a) ra mewarmeobrivi potenciali gaaCnia;
b) ra unda awarmoos firmam, ra raodenobiTa da rogori xarisxiT;
g) romel bazrebze unda imuSaos;
d) vin airCios partniorebad;
e) ra da rogor unda ganxorcieldes pirvel rigSi;
potenciuri biznes-subieqtis mier konkretuli organizaciul-samarT-
lebrivi formis arCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia remdenime faqtor-garemo-
eba, kerZod: a) ekonomikis romel dargSi da sferoSi unda moaxdinos saq-
mianobis koncentracias; b) ekonomikis romel seqtorSi aqvs gadawyvetili
saqmianobis wamowyeba; g) rogori iqneba biznesis ganTavsebis areali da
funqcionirebis masStabebi; d) vin iqnebian biznesis damfuZnebeli part-
niorebi samewarmeo-samarTlebrivi statusis mixedviT; e) rogoria poten-
ciur mewarmeTa biznes gamocdileba; v) Tu arsebobs SeRavaTiani sagada-
saxado reJimebi an sainvesticio meqanizmebi biznesis calkeuli organi-
zaciuli formebis mimarT da sxva.
mewarmes gaaCnia sabazro Tavisufleba, romlis xarisxic ganisazRvre-
ba sami garemoebiT:
_ bazris moTxovniT;
_ sakuTari mewarmeobiTi unaris arsebobiT;
_ im SesaZleblobebiT, romelsac qmnis biznes-garemo.
biznesis garemo, es aris im faqtorebis erToblioba, romlebic gansa-
zRvraven subieqtebis qcevis wesebs bazarze. biznesis garemoze zemoqmede-
bis TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT gansxvavebul faqtorTa nusxa,
romlebic erTiandebian biznesis mikro, makro da saerTaSoriso faqtore-
bSi. (Sengelia 2008:57)
biznesis garemo ornawiliania da moicavs Sida garemosa da gareTa ga-
remos, romelTa marTvis SesaZleblobebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. nebismi-
eri biznesi, rogorc wesi, misi Sida garemos SemecnebiT, daproeqtebiTa
da SeqmniT iwyeba, rac biznesmenisagan Sesabamis codnasa da gamocdileb-
as moiTxovs. am problemis efeqturad gadawyvetis ZiriTad gzas proble-
misadmi sistemuri midgoma warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs firmis Siga siv-
55
rcis erTian cocxal organmizmad warmodgenas, sadac ganixileba misi
yvela ZiriTadi Semadgeneli elementi, aseve procesebi maT Soris arsebu-
li kavSirebiTa da kanonzomierebebiT.
ekonomikur literaturaSi biznesis Sida garemos elementebTan dakavS-
irebiT ar arsebobs azrTa erTianoba. “mecnier-ekonomistTa erTi jgufis
SexedulebiT Sida garemoSi Sedis kapitalis mesakuTreebi, menejerebi, vi-
sac gadaecema qoneba samarTavad da daqiravebuli uSualo mwarmoeblebi.
meore jgufi Sida garemoSi aerTianebs: mewarmes, kapitals, materialur-
teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis samsaxurs, adamianuri resursebis samsaxurs,
finansuri menejmentis samsaxurs, marketingul samsaxurs da sxvas.” (sama-
daSvili 2009:121)
m. meskonis mixedviT Sida garemo moicavs Semdeg elementebs: miznebi,
struqtura, amocanebi, teqnologia da adamianebi. masSi mocemulia firmis
rogorc mizani, ise misi miRwevis saSualebebi. (meskoni. . . 2002:45).
Sida garemos marTva erTi SexedviT rTuli ar unda iyos, magram “mka-
cri realoba sul sxvaze metyvelebs, radgan igi Tavisi bunebiT sakmaod
paradoqsulia. (ix. sqema 2.1.1.)
sqema 2.1.1. biznesis Sida garemos faqtorebis urTierTdamokidebuleba
sawarmo
kerZod, miuxedavad imisa, rom mesakuTreebi firmis Sida garemos Tavi-
si Sexedulebebisamebr TviTonve qmnian, masSi Tavs iCens maTi survile-
teqnologia
adamianebi struqtura
Mmizani
(perspeqtiuli
xedva)
amocanebi mesakuTreebi
finansebi
56
bisagan damoukideblad moqmedi obieqturi faqtorebi da kanonzomiereb-
ani, maT Soris sakmaod saSiSi riskebi, romlebic Tavidan gaTvaliswineb-
uli ar iyo. am ukanasknelTa ignorirebas SeuZlia biznesis sruli katas-
trofa gamoiwvios. amdenad, firmis Sida garemos struqturis da funqci-
onirebis kanonzomierebaTa codnas rogorc biznesis wamowyebis wina sta-
diaze, ise misi Semdgomi momgebiani warmarTvisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvne-
loba aqvs”. (sisvaZe 2009: 34).
yoveli sameurneo subieqti, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri sistema
dinamiur urTierTkavSirSia gare garemosTan, romelic uSualod zemoqme-
debs masze da TviTonac eqceva misi gavlenis qveS. sawarmos Ria sistemad
warmodgenis idea ekuTvnis C. bernards (1930w.), romelic ganviTarda speci-
alistebis Tanmimdevrul kvlevebSi.(baraTaSvili 2010:184)
organizaciis, rogorc marTvis Ria sistemis funqcionirebis modeli
SesaZlebels xdis gamoiyos Semdegi parametrebi: (sqema 2.1.2.)
• Semavali resursebi;
• saqonlad gadaqcevis procesi;
• gamomavali resursebi;
• ukukavSiri;
• Sida da gare garemo.
nebismieri sameurneo subieqtis Semavali resursebia gare garemodan
aRebuli nedleuli, finansebi, adamianebi, informacia da sxva resursebi,
romlebic aucilebelia sawarmos sacocxlisunarianobisa da arCeuli mi-
siis SesrulebisaTvis.
sameurneo subieqtis SigniT adgili aqvs resursebis warmoqmnas da maT
gardaqmnas sistemis saqmianobis saboloo produqtad, mmarTvelobiTi da
saSemsruleblo zemoqmedebis Sedegad samuSao teqnologiis da meTodeb-
is gamoyenebas. amis gamo yalibdeba gamomavali resursebi: sawarmo aZlevs
garemos produqcias, informacias, aRwevs finansur Sedegebs, ayalibebs
imijs, iTavisebs da moipovebs bazris gansazRvrul wils. Ria sistemebi
ar aris TviTuzrunvelyofili. sameurneo subieqtis marTvis sistema, str-
uqtura da funqcionireba ganisazRvreba ara marto Sida gadawyvetilebeb-
iT, aramed mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia gare garemos cvalebad
faqtorebze. mdgradi funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro resursebs sawarmo Re-
bulobs gare garemodan. aseTi damokidebuleba ganapirobebs mudmivi adap-
57
tirebis aucileblobas cvalebadi bazris koniunqturis mimarT. garemosa-
dmi adaptirebisaTvis biznessubieqtma Tavad unda gansazRvros romeli
faqtorebi da ra zomiT imoqmedeben misi saqmianobis Sedegebze amJamad da
perspeqtivaSi da ra zomebia misaRebi biznesis warmatebisaTvis.
sqema 2.1.2. organizaciis funqcionirebis modeli.
sameurneo subieqtis Sida dinamika yalibdeba gare garemoebebis zemo-
qmedebiT, amitom sawarmos warmatebis ZiriTadi potenciali gare garemo-
Si imyofeba. sawarmos gare garemo moicavs faqtorebis erTianobas, rome-
lic gavlenas axdens mis saqmianobaze garedan. aRniSnuli faqtorebi uwy-
vetad ganicdian cvlilebebs. biznesis Sida cvladebTan SedarebiT isini
gacilebiT mravalferovania, ar gamomdinareoben mmarTvelobiTi gadawyve-
tilebebis Sedegebidan da amitom ar eqvemdebarebian arsebiT koreqtireb-
as sawarmos mxridan. miuxedavad amisa, maTi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia
biznesis efeqtiani warmarTvisaTvis. biznesis mesakuTreebi TavianTi saq-
mianobis wamowyebisa Tu ganviTarebisas unda gansazRvravdnen gare samya-
ros yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, iTvaliswinebdnen maT cvlilebebs
da axdendnen maTdami adaptirebas.
gare garemo
Sesvla (resursebi)
• materialuri
• teqnikuri
• sakadro
• finansuri
• informaciuli
organizacia adamianebi struqtura
resursebis gardaqmnis procesi
teqnologia amocanebi
gamosvla
• produqcia
• momsaxureba
• informacia
• mogeba
• bazris wili
58
gare garemos, biznesze zemoqmedebis siswrafisa da uSualobis mixedv-
iT yofen biznesze pirdapiri da arapirdapiri zemoqmedebis faqtorebad.
ekonomikuri resursebis (nedleuli, masalebi, kapitali, samuSao Zala)
momwodeblebi, momxmareblebi, konkurentebi, bazarze arsebuli koniunq-
tura, kanonebi da saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis organoebi es is cvla-
debia, romlebic ayalibeben biznesis pirdapiri zemoqmedebis garemos anu
gare mikro garemos. aRniSnuli faqtorebi zemoqmedeben biznesis ganviTa-
rebaze da TviTonac pirdapir ganicdian misgan zegavlenas.
biznesis gare makro garemos, anu arapirdapiri zemoqmedebis garemos
ayalibeben Semdegi faqtorebi: politikuri da samarTlebrivi garemo; so-
cialur-kulturuli garemo; samecniero-teqnikuri progresi; bunebriv-ge-
ografiuli garemo. CamoTvlili faqtorebi ar axdenen organizaciaze pi-
rdapir da dauyovnebliv zemoqmedebas, magram miuxedavad amisa, garkveuli
Sualeduri rgolebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedeben mis funqcio-
nirebaze.
biznesis gare garemo SeiZleba davaxasiaToT Semdegi TaviseburebebiT:
• faqtorebis urTierTdamokidebuleba – erTi faqtoris mcire cvli-
lebamac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios urTierTdakavSirebuli cvlilebeb-
is talRa da Secvalos biznesze maTi zemoqmedebis xasiaTi, swored
amitom saWiroa biznesis sistemuri anu Rrma da yovelmxrivi xedva;
• sirTule – faqtorTa simravlisa da mravalferovnebis gamo maTze
reagireba rTuldeba. swored amitom unda gamoiyos ufro mniSvne-
lovani faqtorebi da maTze moxdes reagireba;
• dinamiuroba – garemos cvlilebebis SefardebiTi siCqare. am SemTx-
vevaSi warmatebuli biznesis aucilebel pirobad SeiZleba iqces
moqnili sawarmoo sistemisa da situaciuri marTvis danergva, rome-
lic uzrunvelyofs mudmivad cvalebadi garemosadmi Seguebas;
• gaurkvevloba, anu garemos Sesaxeb informaciis raodenobisa da sa-
imedoobis arasakmarisoba. am SemTxvevaSi riskebis Semcirebis kargi
saSualebaa dazRveva. (samadaSvili 2009:131).
Cvenis azriT, swrafad cvalebadi saqmiani garemo gansakuTrebiT dama-
xasiaTebeli xdeba XXI saukunisaTvis. globalizaciam Seqmna pirobebi
ufro intensiuri kavSirebisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis. globalizaciisa
da teqnologiuri progresis maRalma tempebma fundamenturad Secvales
59
bazrisa da konkurentuli strategiebis pirobebi, aseve Seicvala saerTa-
Soriso da Siga bazrebis struqturebi, biznesisa da warmoebis sistemebi.
dReisaTvis biznesis potenciali damokidebulia produqciis xarisxze,
teqnikur upiratesobasa da gansakuTrebiT momxmarebelTa orientaciaze.
ekonomikurma liberalizaciam da daregulirebam Siga da sagareo bazreb-
is kidev ufro mWidro integraciamde migviyvana. amis Sedegad organizaci-
ebs uwevT konkurenciasTan gamklaveba ara marto saerTaSoriso, aramed
erovnul bazrebzec.
konkurentunarianobis Tema mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris saqarTvel-
oSic, gansakuTrebuli aqtualurobiT gamoirCeva, radgan igi aris qvey-
nebis ekonomikuri zrdisa da socialuri ganviTarebis sasicocxlo gza.
qveynisa da biznesis konkurentunarianoba mniSvnelovanwilad samTavr-
obo politikasa da sabazro Zalebis Sedegs warmoadgens. axalma indust-
riulma qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi, aCvena, rom
konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba miRweul iqnas SezRuduli regulirebis
gziT, sainvesticio stimulebiT, vaWrobis ganviTarebiT, finansebze xel-
misawvdomobis gamartivebiT, saganmanaTleblo valdebulebebis aRebisa
da adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebiT. saxelmwifos mier Sesabamisi po-
litikis gatarebam SesaZloa arsebiTi gavlena iqonios biznesis ganviTa-
rebaze.
saxelmwifom, pirvel rigSi, unda ganaxorcielos aucilebeli struq-
turuli adaptaciebi da gamoiyenos stabilizaciis politika, raTa Tavid-
an aicilos inflacia, moaxdinos vaWrobis liberalizacia da ekonomikis
daregulireba. amasTan erTad aucilebelia Seiqmnas sabazro operaciaTa
gatarebis uzrunvelmyofi institutebis mTeli qseli, romelSic moiazre-
ba safinanso da iuridiuli organizaciebi, ganaTlebis sistema, efeqtur-
ad moqmedi Sromis bazrebi, kerZo sakuTrebis instituti da sxva.
bolo ori aTeuli wlis manZilze konkurentuli biznesis ganviTareb-
is erovnuli strategiisaTvis Zireul komponents warmoadgens teq-
nologiebi. axal teqnologias SeuZlia Saemciros danakargebi da daaCqa-
ros momxmarebelTa moTxovnebze reaqciis gamovlenis dro. axali teqno-
logiebi amaRleben mobilurobas da xels uwyoben produqtebisa da mom-
saxurebis mravalferovnebis Seqmnas.
60
arsebobs azri, rom bunebrivi resursebiT Raribma qveyanam, romelsac
amavdroulad, dabali teqnologiuri done aqvs, mzard da konkurentul
ekonomikas liberaluri biznes-garemos SeqmniT unda Cauyaros safuZveli.
am mimarTebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikuri garemo yovelwliurad fasdeba
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi organizaciebis mier.
biznes garemos ganviTarebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebs amzadeben sxvada-
sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. maT qvT sakuTari xedva imasTan dakav-
SirebiT Tu rogor SeiZleba ganviTardes biznesi saqarTveloSi. globa-
lur konkurentunarianobas ikvleven avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso orga-
nizaciebi _ msoflio ekonomikuri forumi, msoflio banki, ganviTarebisa
da menejmentis saerTaSoriso instituti, harvardis universitetTan arse-
buli strategiisa da konkurentunarianobis instituti; am organizaciebi-
sadmi sazogadoebis ndobis faqtori dRiTi dRe izrdeba maT mier warmo-
dgenili daskvnebi efuZneba realur informacias (politikaSi, ekonomika-
sa da socialur sferoSi), gamoirCeva saimedoobis maRali xarisxiT, ata-
rebs sarekomendacio xasiaTs da erovnuli saxelmwifoebi warmatebiT
iyeneben ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis procesSi.
yovel wels msoflio banki afasebs ekonomikas biznes garemos mixed-
viT. msoflio bankis 2011-2012 ww. angariSis mixedviT, Duing Business-Si sa-
qarTvelos biznes garemo msoflioSi me-16 adgilzea. am mxriv is region-
ul konkurentebze bevrad warmatebulia. magaliTad somxeTs 183 qveynidan
55-e adgili ukavia, azerbaijans – 66-e, xolo ruseTi ki 120-e adgilzea.
Duing Business-Si warmodgenili maCvebneblebi afaseben biznesis regu-
lirebas, qonebis uflebebis dacvasa da maT mniSvnelobas biznesze,
gansakuTrebiT mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebze.
mTliani rangirebisaTvis msoflio banki 10 sxvadasxva indikators eyr-
dnoba. esenia: biznesis dawyeba, mSeneblobis nebarTvebi, qonebis regist-
racia, dakrediteba, gadasaxadebis gadaxda, vaWroba sazRvrebs Soris,
kontraqtireba, biznesis daxurvis procedura, TanamSromelTa daqiraveba,
investorTa uflebebis dacva.
im kriteriumebis mixedviT, romelic axali biznesis dasawyebad saWi-
ro dros, procedurebs, xarjebsa da minimalur sawesdebo kapitals exe-
ba, saqarTvelos 183 qveyanas Soris me-7 adgili ukavia. samSeneblo nebar-
Tvebis asaRebad saWiro procedurebis, drois, xarjebisa da Semowmebebis
61
mixedviT meoTxe, xolo sakuTrebis daregistrirebis – komerciuli uZra-
vi qonebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis, droisa da xarjeb-
is mixedviT pirveli. investorTa dacvis kategoriaSi saqarTvelo me-17
poziciazea, kreditis aRebis kriteriumSi ki me-8–ze. „biznesis keTeba
2011“-is Sefasebis aTi kriteriumidan yvelaze dabali Sefaseba saqarTve-
lom „biznesis daxurvis“ kategoriaSi miiRo da 183 qveyanas Soris 105-e
adgili daikava.
diagrama 2.1.1. saqarTvelo msoflio bankis “biznesis keTebis” reitingis
mixedviT, 2011w.
1
2
3
16
21
24
27
55
66
71
120
152
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
სინგაპურისინგაპურისინგაპურისინგაპური
ჰონგჰონგჰონგჰონგ-კონგიკონგიკონგიკონგი
ახალიახალიახალიახალი ზელანდიაზელანდიაზელანდიაზელანდია
საქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველო
ლატვიალატვიალატვიალატვია
ესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთი
ლიტვალიტვალიტვალიტვა
სომხეთისომხეთისომხეთისომხეთი
აზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანი
თურქეთითურქეთითურქეთითურქეთი
რუსეთირუსეთირუსეთირუსეთი
უკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინა
wyaro: “saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso reitingebSi” 2011. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da
mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. (www.economy.ge)
igi afasebs regulirebis Sedegebs, rogoricaa:
• dro da danaxarjebi kontraqtebis ganxorcielebisa da sazRvrebs
Soris vaWrobisaTvis;
• sakuTrebis samarTlebrivi dacvis xarisxi;
• dasaqmebis regulirebis gazomva;
• maCveneblebi, romlebic awesrigeben gadasaxadebis simZimes
biznesze.
62
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis maCvenebeli `freize-
ris~ reitingis mixedviT 27-e adgilzea.
`freizeris instituti~ warmoadgens msoflio ekonomikuri Tavisuf-
lebis mimoxilvas, is efuZneba mxolod obieqtur, mesame mxaris mier wa-
rmodgenil monacemebsa da damoukidebel kvlevas 141 qveynisaTvis. am kvl-
evis (kvleva 2009 wlis statistikur monacemebs eyrdnoba) Tanaxmad, eko-
nomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis 5 parametridan saqarTvelom oris gaum-
jobeseba SeZlo, sami ki gauaresda. 2008-2009 wlebSi reitingis cvlileba
Semdegi saxisaa:
_ mTavrobis zoma – 15 (gaumjobesda 11 poziciiT);
_ samarTlebrivi struqturisa da sakuTrebis uflebaTa dacva – 86
(gaumjobesda 2 poziciiT);
_ saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Tavisufleba – 24 (gauaresda 8 poziciiT);
_ kreditebis. SromiTi da biznesis regulireba – 56 (gauaresda 33 pozi-
ciiT).
Cvenis azriT aRniSnuli kvlevebi Zalzed mniSvnelovania, magram bizne-
sgaremos gaumjobesebis miRweuli Sedegebi, romelic faqtiurad biznesis
dawyebis simartives da ara biznesis Semdgomi gafarToebis SesaZleblob-
ebs asaxavs, qveynis winsvlis saqmeSi gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa mxolod
nawilia da is azri, rom biznesis warmoebis sakiTxi mogvarebulia gada-
Warbebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso organizacieb-
is mier zemoT aRniSnuli biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis tendenciebisa, sa-
qarTvelos biznesklimati kvlavac mravali mniSvnelovani gamowvevis wi-
naSe dgas. magaliTad, “globaluri konkurentunarianobis” 2011 wlis anga-
riSis mixedviT, saqarTvelos 139 qveyanas Soris 88-e adgili ukavia, xolo
misi sareitingo qula Seadgens 3,95 (zomieri maCvenebeli), Aazerbaijani
55-e poziciazea, ruseTi – 66-e, ukraina – 82-e, TurqeTi 59-e, xolo somxeTi
saqarTvelos CamorCa oTxi poziciiT da 92-e adgilzea.
msoflio ekonomikuri forumi 1979 wlidan ikvlevs qveynebis konku-
rentunarianobas. es samuSaoebi mimarTulia qveynebis dasaxmareblad, ra-
Ta maT kargad gaaanalizon is mizezebi Tu ratom viTardeba zogi qveyana
warmatebulad, xolo zogierTi ki CamorCeba. is zomavs makroekonomikuri
garemos xarisxs, qveynis sajaro institutebis mdgomareobas da teqnolo-
giuri mzaobis dones. reitingi eyrdnoba sajarod xelmisawvdom (stati-
63
stikur) monacemebsa da msoflio ekonomikuri forumis aRmasrulebel
pirTa mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs. aRniSnuli yovelwliuri kvle-
va xorcieldeba partniori institutebis xelSewyobiT (samecniero inst-
itutebi da biznes-organizaciebi).
diagrama 2.1.2 zogierTi qveyana “globaluri konkurentunarianobis an-
gariSis” reitingSi
1
33
44
55
59
64
66
82
88
92
93
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
შვეიცარიაშვეიცარიაშვეიცარიაშვეიცარია{5,65}
ესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთიესტონეთი {4,62}
ლიტვალიტვალიტვალიტვა {4,41
აზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანიაზერბაიჯანი{4,31}
თურქეთითურქეთითურქეთითურქეთი{4,28
ლატვიალატვიალატვიალატვია {4,24}
რუსეთირუსეთირუსეთირუსეთი {4,21}
უკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინაუკრაინა{4,00}
საქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველოსაქართველო{3,95}
სომხეთისომხეთისომხეთისომხეთი{3,89}
მოლდოვამოლდოვამოლდოვამოლდოვა{3,89}
wyaro: ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. publikacia “globaluri konk-
urentunarianobis angariSi” 2011. (www.economy.ge)
es indeqsi axdens im faqtorebis analizs, romlebic mniSvnelovan ro-
ls asruleben qveyanaSi biznes-klimatis SeqmnisaTvis da mniSvnelovania
mwarmoeblurobisa da konkurentunarianobis TvalsazrisiT. aseve ganixi-
lavs qveynis Zlier da sust mxareebs, axdens prioritetebis identifici-
rebas politikuri reformebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobisaTvis.
„saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis angariSSi“ saqarTvelos 111 kom-
ponentidan SedarebiTi upiratesoba aqvs 23-Si, xolo SedarebiT araxel-
sayreli mdgomareoba 88-Si. makroekonomikuri stabilurobis mixedviT sa-
qarTvelo 137-e adgilzea, infrastruqturis mixedviT – 68-ze, instituteb-
is ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT me-60-e adgili uWiravs.
64
am kvlevaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis doniT saqarTvelo 88-e adgilzea,
finansuri bazris ganviTarebis doniT ki 99-ze. teqnologiuri mzaobis
kriteriumSi saqarTvelos me-100 adgili ukavia. gansakuTrebiT arasaxar-
bieloa saqarTvelos reitingi iseT kriteriumebSi, rogoricaa: bazris si-
didie - 106-e, biznesis ganviTareba-100 da inovaciebis mxriv ki-117.
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis `globaluri konkurentunarianobis
angariSis~ mixedviT, saqarTveloSi biznesis keTebisa da ganviTarebisaTv-
is yvelaze xelisSemSlel faqtorebad dasaxelda finansebze xelmisawv-
domoba, arakvalificiuri samuSao Zala, inflacia, susti samuSao eTika
erovnul samuSao ZalaSi, sagadasaxado regulaciebi, xelisuflebis ara-
stabiluroba, gaumarTavi infrastruqtura, sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, po-
litikuri arastabiluroba.
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis rekomendaciiT, gardamavali ekonomikis
statusis mqone qveynebma, maT Soris saqarTvelomac, sawarmos doneze
unda gaaumjobesos sawarmoo procesebi axali teqnologiebis danergvis,
marketinguli kvlevebis gaaqtiurebisa da grZelvadiani dagegmvis sruly-
ofis gziT; makrodoneze ki saqarTvelos sWirdeba ekonomikuri politiki-
sa da infrastruqturis srulyofa;
Cven viziarebT im mecnierTa (n. xaduri, d. iakobiZe, b. aladaSvili, n.
kvaracxelia da sxvebi) Sexedulebebs, romlebic Tvlian, rom saqarTvel-
om unda daamuSaos konkurentunarianobis erovnuli modelebi msoflio
ekonomikuri forumisa da msoflio bankis reitingebis, rekomendaciebisa
da daskvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, (globaluri konkurentunarianobisa da
biznesis konkurentunarianobis modelebis analogiuri erovnuli modele-
bi), romelTa gaumjobesebisaken swrafvac gamoiwvevs saqarTveloSi arse-
buli biznes klimatis gaumjobesebas, srulyofasa da Sesabamisad biznes
subieqtebisaTvis xelsayreli saqmini pirobebis Seqmnas.
erovnuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis SedarebiTi analizi saqarTve-
los ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis tendenciebisa da social-
ur sferoSi arsebuli problemebis obieqturi Sefasebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva. kerZod, saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis amaRlebiT Cvens qve-
65
yanas SeuZlia miaRwios stabilur ekonomikur zrdas, dasaqmebis donis
zrdas, umuSevrobis, siRaribis donis Semcirebas.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Sefasebebi ZiriTadad efuZneba angariS-
ebs, axal kanonebsa da sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis analizs. am Sefasebe-
bis ukan ar dgas uSualod mewarmeebis mosazrebebi da konkretuli prob-
lemebi, romelTa Sesaxeb yvelaze zust da mniSvnelovan informacias sw-
ored isini floben. biznes-garemos aqtualuri problemebis mosagvarebl-
ad da gamowvevebis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebelia gamar-
Tuli dialogis praqtikis danergva saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors So-
ris. mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmwifo programebi, biujeti da biznesgare-
mosTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri gadawyvetileba miRebul iqnas Sesabami-
si biznesis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
2009 wels statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier Catarda kvleva
`mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi~, romlis mizansac warmoadgen-
da biznes garemos jerovnad daxasiaTeba, maTi saqmianobis tendenciebis
Sesaxeb monacemebis mopoveba.
gamokvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT 2008 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi mcire da
saSualo sawarmoTa udidesi nawili 25,5% samewarmeo saqmianobas eweva 10
welze metia, 5-dan 10 wlamde _ 28,2%, 3-dan 5 wlamde _ 25,7%, 1-dan 3
wlamde _ 12,7%, erT welze naklebi vadiT 5,6%. (diagrama 2.1.3.)
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1.3. სამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეო საქმიანობითსაქმიანობითსაქმიანობითსაქმიანობით დაკავებულდაკავებულდაკავებულდაკავებულ საწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთა დაჯგუფებადაჯგუფებადაჯგუფებადაჯგუფება საქმიანობისსაქმიანობისსაქმიანობისსაქმიანობის ხანგრძლივობისხანგრძლივობისხანგრძლივობისხანგრძლივობის მიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვით
25,70%
28,20%
25,50%
12,60%
5,60%2,30%
ერთერთერთერთ წელზეწელზეწელზეწელზენაკლებინაკლებინაკლებინაკლები1-დანდანდანდან 3 წლამდეწლამდეწლამდეწლამდე
3-დანდანდანდან 5წლამდეწლამდეწლამდეწლამდე
5-დანდანდანდან 10 წლამდეწლამდეწლამდეწლამდე
10 წელზეწელზეწელზეწელზე მეტიმეტიმეტიმეტი
უარიუარიუარიუარი პასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზე
wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi”. statistikuri publikacia 2009.
imave periodisaTvis gamokiTxulTa 36,0% Tvlis, rom ukanaskneli 1
wlis ganmavlobaSi samewarmeo garemo umniSvnelod gaumjobesda, 15,4%-is
66
azriT mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, xolo 10,4%-mde aRwevs im mewarmeTa
wili, romlebic miiCneven, rom samewarmeo garemo mniSvnelovnad gaumjob-
esda. (diagrama. 2.1.4.)
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1.4. სამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეოსამეწარმეო გარემოსგარემოსგარემოსგარემოს ცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილება საქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოში ბოლობოლობოლობოლო 2005-2008 წლებისწლებისწლებისწლების
გამნავლობაშიგამნავლობაშიგამნავლობაშიგამნავლობაში
10,40%
12,60%
18,40%
36,00%
15,40%7,20%
მნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდა
უმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაარარარარ შეცვლილაშეცვლილაშეცვლილაშეცვლილა
უმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდა
მნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდაგაუარესდა
უარიუარიუარიუარი პასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზე
wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi” statistikuri publikacia, 2009.
miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa sawarmoTa 85,1% mainc apirebda saqmia-
nobis gagrZelebas, Tumca biznesis Semaferxebel faqtorebad asaxeleben
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasebis momatebas, sabanko kreditis maRal
saprocento ganakveTsa da maRal sagadasaxado ganakveTebs. isini saqmia-
nobis gafarToebas ar gegmaven, magram Tu daapireben, maSin mewarmeTa
63,8% finansuri saxsrebis mopovebas sakuTari an partniorebis danazogeb-
is xarjze apirebs.
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1.5. საწარმოსსაწარმოსსაწარმოსსაწარმოს ფუნქციონირებისფუნქციონირებისფუნქციონირებისფუნქციონირების წყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროები
17,50%
3,80%
2,70%
11,70%
63,30%
მთლიანადმთლიანადმთლიანადმთლიანად საკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრების ხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზე
ძირითადადძირითადადძირითადადძირითადად საკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრებისსახსრების ხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზე
ძირითადადძირითადადძირითადადძირითადად კრედიტებისკრედიტებისკრედიტებისკრედიტებისხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზეხარჯზე
სხვასხვასხვასხვა
უარიუარიუარიუარი პასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზე
wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi” statistikuri publikacia 2009.
67
rogorc Cans, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa umravlesoba (63,3%)
mTlianad sakuTari saxsrebis xarjze funqcionirebs. aRniSnuli maCvene-
beli SedarebiT maRali iyo operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momxma-
reblisaTvis momsaxurebis gawevis dargSi (71,3%), sastumroebisa da res-
tornebis dargSi (70,0%), vaWrobis, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawar-
misa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remontis dargSi – (66,3%).
unda aRiniSnos, rom sabanko kreditiT sargeblobda Semdeg dargebSi
moRvawe mcire sawarmoebi: samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba – 40,6%, sastumr-
oebi da restornebi – 23,1%, vaWroba; avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo na-
warmisa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remonti – 25,7%, damamuSavebeli
mrewveloba – 23,4%, mSenebloba 22,8% da a.S.
samrewvelo sawarmoTa mier warmoebuli produqciis 73,5% saRdeba mT-
lianad adgilobriv bazarze, 10,7% Tavis saqonels asaRebs ZiriTadad ad-
gilobriv bazarze, 1,7% -ZiriTadad sagareo bazarze, 1,7%-s ki uWirs gasa-
Rebis bazrebis povna. (mcire da 2008: 212)
biznes seqtoris warmomadgenelTa azriT mniSvnelovania gatardes er-
Tiani politika rogorc saxelmwifos aseve saerTaSoriso seqtoris mxri-
dan, raTa realurad moxdes biznesis winaSe mdgari problemebis mogvare-
ba. mizanmimarTuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis ki aucilebelia,
zustad moxdes aRniSnuli problemebis identifikacia da ranJireba.
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis mier, saerTaSoriso
eqspertTa korpusisa da USAID-is dafinansebiT Catarebuli kvlevebis Se-
degad gamovlinda is problemebi, romlTa winaSec dgas mcire biznesi.
gamokiTxuli kompaniebis 60% biznesis saqmianobis procesSi xelisSemSl-
el faqtorad bazarze gayidvebs anu produqciis realizaciis SesaZleb-
lobebs asaxelebs. meore msxvil problemas warmoadgens finansur saxsr-
ebze xelmisawvdomoba. xolo rac Seexeba saxelmwifos an mesame pirebis
mxridan biznesSi Carevas respodentebis TiTqmis sruli umravlesobis mi-
er dasaxelda rogorc yvelaze naklebad problematuri sakiTxi. es miani-
Snebs or mniSvnelovan sakiTxze: saxelmwifos Careva kompaniebis yoveld-
Riur saqmianobaSi Semcirda an Cajda kanonis farglebSi. (axlgazrda . .
.2008)
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebisa da arsebul biznes garemo-
ze mewarmeTa Sexedulebebis SefasebisaTvis Cvens mier Catarda kvleva,
68
romelmac moicva aWaris regionis 200-mde mcire sawarmo. maT ricxvSic
Sedioda, rogorc sawarmoo ise momsaxurebis sferoSi funqcionirebadi
sawarmoebi, TumcaRa unda aRiniSnos meores upiratesoba (80%) pirvelTan
(20%) SedarebiT.
SevecadeT mewarmeTa yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina Semdeg sakiTxebze:
a) samewarmeo saqmianobis gamocdileba;
b) samewarmeo saqmianobis arCevis motivi;
g) biznes garemos Sefaseba;
d) finansebis xelmisawvdomobis pirobebi;
e) gasaRebis bazrebi;
v) mcire biznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili saojaxo biujetSi;
z) mcire biznesis Semaferxebeli faqtorebi.
kvlevis Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom gamokiTxul sawarmoTa 8,5% funqcio-
nirebs erT welze naklebi vadiT, 3-dan 5 wlamde – 47,2%, xolo 5-dan 10
wlamde ki – 44,3%, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom mxolod sawarmoTa dafuZne-
bis simartivem ver gadawyvita biznes subieqtTa raodenobrivi da samewar-
meo saqmianobaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobis zrdis sakiTxi.
rac Seexeba biznesgaremos mimzidvelobas, unda aRiniSnos, rom
mewarmeTa 15,3% Tvlis, rom bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samewarmeo
SesaZleblobebi umniSvnelod gauaresda, 42,3% Tvlis rom umniSvnelod
gaumjobesda mewarmis sasargeblod, mewarmeTa 19,2% Tvlis, rom
samewarmeo SesaZleblobebi gaizarda, xolo 23,2%-is azriT biznes garemo
mniSvnelovnad gauaresda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saintereso gansxvavebebi arsebobs sazRvargareT-
is qveynebSi mcire mewarmeobis arCevis motivebsa da saqarTvelosa da yo-
fil postsabWoTa qveynebSi arsebul imave sakiTxs Soris. sabazro ekono-
mikis qveynebSi umuSevroba ar aris ZiriTadi, gadamwyveti faqtori indivi-
dualuri biznesis sferosaken adamianebis ltolvisa. es ufro nakarnaxev-
ia grZelvadiani, myari motivebiT, SromiTi faseulobebis ufro axlebur-
ad gaazrebiT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul ufro izrdeba wvril, arakor-
porirebul fermaTa ricxvi, romlebSic Sromis anazRaurebis gareSe mom-
uSave ojaxis wevrebTan, an daqiravebul muSakTa gverdiT TviTon mesak-
uTreebic muSaoben, romelTa mier miRebuli Semosavali am sawarmoebSi
dabandebuli kapitalis meSveobiT, zogjer ki mxolod sakuTari Sromisa
69
da mewarmeobrivi niWis ukugebiT miiReba. Tu ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sro-
mis motivacia ZiriTadad `mimzidveli~ faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba, ganvi-
Tarebad qveynebSi gadamwyvetia `iZulebiTi~ faqtorebi, romelTa mixedvi-
Tac mcire biznesiT Tavis dasaqmebis motivia samuSaos ver povna, an kidev
ojaxis rCenis mizniT meti Semosavlis miReba.
msgavsi suraTi miviReT Cvens mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis SedegebiT:
mewarmeTa 19,9%-s undoda, rom meti Semosavali hqonoda, 35,7%- ma samuSao
ver iSova, 32,5%-s surda Tavisi saqmisa da sakuTari ideebis ganxorcie-
leba, xolo 11,9% Tvlis, rom misi winandeli saqmianoba uperspeqtivo
iyo. amasTan mewarmeebis ZiriTadi nawili saqmianobis im saxes irCevs,
romelSic aqvs gamocdileba.
mcire biznesis rolisa da adgilis SefasebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad mi-
viCnieT mcire biznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wilis dadgena ojaxis
biujetSi. gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom mcire biznesiT dakavebuli mewarme-
ebis 28,8%-is ojaxebis rCenis erTaderTi gza (100%) mcire biznesSi dasaq-
mebiT miRebuli Semosavlebia, mewarmeTa 21,1%-i saojaxo biujetis 75%-s
avsebs aseve sakuTari mcire biznes saqmianobidan miRebuli finansuri
saxsrebiT, 19,2 %-isaTvis mcire biznesi uzrunvelyofs saojaxo biujetis
50%-s, xolo 23,3%-isaTvis 30%-s. (ix. diagrama 2.1.6.).
aRniSnuli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mcire biznesis did socialur
mniSvnelobaze, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi biznes-subieqti
an am sferoSi dasaqmebuli TiToeuli pirovneba arCens ojaxis 4-6 wevrs.
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.1. 6. მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესიდანბიზნესიდანბიზნესიდანბიზნესიდან მიღებულიმიღებულიმიღებულიმიღებული შემოსავლებისშემოსავლებისშემოსავლებისშემოსავლების წილიწილიწილიწილი საოჯახოსაოჯახოსაოჯახოსაოჯახო ბიუჯეტშიბიუჯეტშიბიუჯეტშიბიუჯეტში
28,80%
21,10%19,20%
23,30%
7,60%
100%75%50%30%სხვასხვასხვასხვა
wyaro: Cveni kvlevebi
70
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani warmatebebia
biznesis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT da xelisuflebac etapobrivad
SeimuSavebs mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris meqanizmebs, mewarmeebi kvlav
samewarmeo garemos gaumjobesebis molodinSi arian. maTi umravlesoba -
80,2% ar fiqrobs saqmianobis gafarToebaze, Tumca 19,8% mopovebuli aqvs
resursebi kidev ufro masStaburi saqmianobisaTvis.
gamokvlevebiT Cans, rom mewarmeebisaTvis dResac aqtualuria iseTi
xelisSemSleli faqtorebi, rogoricaa: finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, kre-
ditis maRali saprocento ganakveTi, maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi.
mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgens aseve falsificirebuli produqciisagan
bazrisa da sakuTrebis uflebis daucveloba. mewarmeebi Tvlian, rom ma-
Ti biznesis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis zemoT aRniSnul problemeb-
Tan erTad aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunari-
anobas. aqedan gamomdinare zogadad biznesisaTvis mniSvnelovania mosax-
leobis keTildReoba, romelzec jaWvurad aris mibmuli biznesis gafar-
Toebis SesaZleblobebi.
amrigad, qveyanaSi warmatebuli biznes garemos formirebisaTvis auci-
lebelia Zlieri institutebis, stabiluri sakanonmdeblo regulirebisa
da biznesis operirebis Zlieri kulturisa da tradiciebis arseboba. grZ-
elvadian perspeqtivaSi aucilebelia stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa, rac
msxvili finansuri resursebis mozidvis mTavari winapirobaa. ramdenad
dabalic ar unda iyos gadasaxadebis ganakveTi, Tu qveyanaSi ar iqneba
stabiluri sakanonmdeblo da politikuri garemo, SeuZlebeli iqneba gan-
viTarebul da mimzidvel ekonomikaze saubari.
2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis e2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis e2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis e2.2. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis etapebi saqarTveloSitapebi saqarTveloSitapebi saqarTveloSitapebi saqarTveloSi
biznesi, rogorc realuri ekonomikuri movlena, kavSirSia sabazro
ekonomikur sistemasTan da misi subieqtebis saqmianobasTan. sityva “bizne-
sis” sameurneo da samecniero gageba swored sabazro ekonomikaze gadasv-
lasTan erTad Semovida da amave periodidan daiwyo misi Tavdapirveli
Teoriuli gaazreba. Tumca, Cvenis azriT biznesis mxolod sabazro eko-
71
nomikur movlenad aRiarebiT, mniSvnelovanwilad Raribdeba misi Sinaarsi
da xelovnurad izRudeba rogorc misi moqmedebis istoriuli areali, as-
eve ekonomikuri arsi, rac mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia.
am TvalsazrisiT biznesis warmoSoba saqonelgacvlis warmoSobas uka-
vSirdeba da SeiZleba CaiTvalos kacobriobis mTeli istoriis Tanmdevad,
yvela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenad. mas vxvdebiT
im epoqidan, roca gvarebsa da tomebs Soris daiwyo urTierTxelsayreli
barteruli gacvlebi da vaWroba.
biznesis ganviTarebas kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli xelosnobisa da vaWro-
bis calke dargad Camoyalibebam. monaTmflobeluri da feodaluri wes-
is wiaRSi biznesis arsebobaze metyvelebs wvrili glexebisa da xelosne-
bis mier nameti produqciiT, naturaluri da fuladi feodaluri rentiT
vaWroba, mevaxSeoba, monebiT vaWroba da sxva.
amdenad dasabamidan hqonda adgili Sromis danawilebas. sxvadasxva
profesiebis gamoCena ganpirobebuli iyo siZneleebis warmoSobiT, axali
pirobebiTa da axali moTxovnilebebiT.
Tavisi ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal safexurs biznesma miaRwia kapi-
talizmis pirobebSi, rodesac warmoebis yvela faqtori miwa, Sroma da
kapitali yidva-gayidvis obieqtia da produqcia iwarmoeba gasayidad mog-
ebis miRebis mizniT. (samadaSvili 2009: 20)
vinaidan biznesis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istoria mravalsau-
kunovania, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom is Tavdapirvelad mcire zomebiT Sem-
oifargleboda, radganac im droisaTvis ar hqonda adgili masiur warmoe-
bas. amdenad mcire biznesis ganviTarebis winamZRvrebi swored im periodi-
dan iwyeba, romelic zemoT iyo aRniSnuli. im periodisaTvis ganviTarebu-
li iyo manufaqturuli warmoeba da wroduqciis damzadebis teqnologia
xeliT Sromas eyrdnoboda. ufro gviandeli kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebelia teqnologiuri procesebis srulyofa-ganviTareba, manqanuri war-
moebis gafarToeba da msxvilseriuli warmoebis danergva, ramac ramdena-
dme Seamcira mcire mewarmeobis masStabebi.
istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi mewarmeoba saTav-
es monaTmflobeluri wyobilebidan iRebs da iseve rogorc sxva qveyneb-
Si, aqac vaWrobiT iwyeba.
72
feodaluri wyobis dros mamulebSi iqmneboda miwaTmoqmedebis damate-
biTi produqcia, rac vaWrobis ganviTarebasTan erTad xels uwyobda xel-
osnobis ganviTarebas.
xelosnuri warmoebis pirveli da uZvelesi forma iyo ojaxuri mrew-
veloba, romlisganac Semdeg sxva formebic ganviTarda. amzadebdnen sxva-
dasxva saxis xelosnur produqts, qsovilebsa da tanisamoss, nedleulad
ki iyenebdnen glexebisagan gadasaxadebis saxiT miRebul matyls, bambas,
sels, kanafs, abreSums. ganviTarebuli iyo rkinis, spilenZis, vercxlis,
oqros mWedloba. (erqomaiSvili 2007: 33).
arsebobda xelosnuri produqtis gasaRebis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa:
1. saqonels, xelosnobisa da saojaxo meurneobis nawarms yiddnen
duqnebsa da saxelosnoebSi. maT gverdiT glexobasac gamohqonda
gasayidad Tavisi Warbi produqcia;
2. soflad xelze vaWroba, rasac mxolod mamakacebi misdevdnen;
3. yovelkvireuli da wliuri bazrobebi.
Sromis danawilebis gaRrmavebasTan erTad sul ufro meti Sinameurne-
oba farTovdeboda da erTveboda savaWro brunvaSi. saukeTeso saqoneli
sazRvargareTac gadioda. XII-XIII saukunebSi saqarTvelo iTvleboda evr-
opa-aziis udides saxelmwifod, romelsac gaaCnda savaWro urTierTobebi
bizantiasTan, egviptesTan, erayTan, siriasTan, iranTan, indoeTTan, ruseT-
Tan da a. S. saeqsporto saqonels Seadgenda maSindeli sayofacxovrebo
nivTebi, agreTve bamba, abreSumi, Zvirfasi samoseli, Rvino, Tafli da a.S.
XIII saukunis dasawyisSi ekonomikuri urTierTobebi imdenad ganviTar-
ebuli iyo, rom `Seiqmna pirobebi sabazro urTierTobebisa da samoqala-
qo sazogadoebis institutebis CasaxvisaTvis, maSin rodesac dasavleT ev-
ropaSi aRniSnuli urTierTobebi mkvidrdeba oTxi saukunis Semdeg, XVII
s-dan. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi sabazro urTierTobebis formirebas xe-
li SeuSala monRolebis Semosevebma. mtrebis Semosevebi anadgurebda ku-
lturul memkvidreobas, asustebda qveynas ekonomiurad da amcirebda mos-
axleobis raodenobas.~ (oTinaSvili 2010: 149).
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa mosaxleobaSi mainc xdeboda im unar-Cvevebis
SenarCuneba, rasac meurneobriobisa da saqonelwarmoebis qarTuli tra-
diciebi hqvia da romelic mSvidobianobis droSi kvlav vlindeboda meur-
neobis marTvis Tandayolili Cvevebis saxiT.
73
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis axali etapi saqarTveloSi XIX s-is 30-iani
wlebis Semdgomi periodidan iwyeba. am procesSi didi roli Seasrula
1821 wels samxreT kavkasiaSi SeRavaTiani sagareo-savaWro tarifebis daw-
esebam, amiT sruli Tavisufleba mieniWa evropuli kapitalis Semosvlas
regionSi. dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebisaTvis saqarTvelo iqca
satranzito gzad. `1822-1826 wlebSi, saqarTvelos gavliT dasavleTis
qveynebidan iranSi Sesula 5,5 mln maneTis, xolo 1827-1831 wlebSi ki 11
mln maneTis Rirebulebis produqcia. aseve mniSvnelovani odenobiT saqo-
neli gadioda iranidan da Sua aziis qveynebidan saqarTvelos gavliT ev-
ropul saxelmwifoebSi. savaWro urTierTobebSi bunebrivia, monawileob-
da qarTuli mxarec – kerZod, Tbiliseli, goreli da quTaiseli vaWrebi.~
(liparteliani. . . 2009:6) saxelmwifoTaSoris savaWro urTierTobebSi saq-
arTvelos CarTva da kapitalis Semodineba xels uwyobda saSinao vaWro-
bis tvirTbrunvis gafarToebas da amzadebda niadags savaWro kapitalis
warmoebaSi dabandebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT iseT dargebSi, romlebic dam-
yarebuli iyvnen adgilobrivi nedleulis, kerZod sasoflo sameurneo ne-
dleulis gadamuSavebaze da amzadebdnen iseT produqtebs, romelTac di-
di gasavali hqondaT ruseTis bazrebze.
saqonlis eqsport-importis xelSewyobis mizniT 1831 wels Camoyalibda
`kavkasiis savaWro depo~, 1833 wels `soflis meurneobis manufaqturuli
mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis waxalisebis sazogadoeba~, 1836 wels daarsda
`qarTuli Rvinis kompania~, 1847 wels Seiqmna `amierkavkasiis sabiTumo
vaWrobis sazogadoeba~, manufaqturuli saqonlis maRazia.
rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi, ise mis qalaqebSi did rols TamaSo-
bda xelosnuri warmoeba. xelosnuri warmoebis maRali done ar iyo SemT-
xveviTi movlena. mas ganapirobebda pirvelxarsixovani nedleulis siuxve.
TiTqmis yvela regionSi uxvad moipoveboda maRalxarisxovani Sali, abre-
Sumi, seli, xis jiSebi, giSeri, vercxli, spilenZi, Tixa da sxva.
XIX s-is 40-ian wlebSi Tbilisi iqca xelosnuri warmoebis centrad.
`1845 wels aq saqmianobda 2000-ze meti xelosani, 4000-mde qargali da Seg-
irdi; 1853 wels xelosanTa raodenoba 4846 kaci iyo, 1912 wlisaTvis igi 2-
jer gaizarda~. (erqomaiSvili 2007: 35). sxvadasxva dargis Tbilisel xel-
osnebs sakuTari gaerTianebebi hqondaT Seqmnili da maTi saqmianobis or-
ganizebas `amqrebi “ ewodeboda. sxvadasxva xelosnur warmoebaSi Cabmuli
74
muSaTa saerTo raodenoba sxvadasxva dros qalaqis mTeli mosaxleobis
5-7% Seadgenda. msgavsad xelosnobisa, amqrebSi gaerTianebuli iyvnen wvr-
ili vaWrebic. kerZod, siraji, bayali, TuluxCi da sxva.
TbilisSi jer kidev 1850-ian wlebSi sxvadasxva amqrul xelobaTa rao-
denoba 40-s aRemateboda. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: vercxlis da oqromWed-
loba, Tof-iaraRis xelosnoba, zeinkloba, mebrilianteoba, mequdeoba, fe-
iqroba, mrTveloba, TerZaoba, meCeqmeoba, xarazoba, dalaqoba, durgloba,
sigarebis keTeba, mepureoba, meTuneoba, meRvineoba da sxva. (erqomaiSvili
2007: 34).
qveyanaSi sawarmoTa umravlesoba mcire sawarmoebs warmoadgenda. xel-
osnobis yvela jgufidan dasaqmebul muSaTa raodenobis mixedviT pirvel
adgilze iyo gemo-kvebis mrewveloba, Semdeg tyavisa da xis damamuSavebe-
li industria, qvisa da Tixis damuSaveba da a.S.
XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi Seqmnilma garkveulma poli-
tikurma stabilurobam xeli Seuwyo mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis
mTeli rigi dargebis ganviTarebas. am procesebs xels uwyobda ucxoeTi-
dan Semotanili gaumjobesebuli manqana-iaraRebi, ucxoeli specialisteb-
is daqiraveba da maT mier adgilobrivi kadrebis momzadeba. yalibdeboda
kapitalistur yaidaze mowyobili manufaqturuli tipis sawarmoebi.
cvlilebaTa kvaldakval aRiniSneboda cvlilebebi SinamrewvelobaSic.
Sinamrewveloba anu saojaxo mrewveloba warmoadgenda gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis erT-erT formas. am dros xdeboda nedli masalis gadamuSa-
veba imave meurneobaSi, romelic mas moipovebs. warmatebuli mewarmeobis
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi Sinamrewveli male gadioda bazarze, muSaobda
bazrisaTvis da yalibdeboda kapitalisturi Sinamrewveloba. Sinamrewve-
lebs Soris iyvnen rogorc ucxoeTidan mowveuli Tu sakuTari surviliT
gadmosaxlebuli wvrili xelosnebi, ise qarTveli Sinamrewvelebi. Sinam-
rewvelobis sxvadasxva dargTa Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili
eWira safeiqro mrewvelobas, sxvadasxva Saleulis, abreSumis, noxebis,
fardagebis warmoebas, agreTve qsovas, qargvas da sxva. Sinamrewvelobis
ganviTarebaSi garkveul rols TamaSobda bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi.
mTian raionebSi, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo mecxvareoba, misdevdnen ma-
tylis Sinamrewvelur damuSavebas, xolo barSi, miwaTmoqmedebis raioneb-
Si _ abreSumis da sxva boWkovani mcenareebis – bambis, selis, kanafis ga-
75
damuSavebas. saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli iyo agreTve xis damamuSavebe-
li Sinamrewveloba, wnulebis warmoeba, mekasreoba, menaxSireoba, rZis
produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli Sinawarmoebebi da sxva.
XIX saukunis bolos mniSvnelovnad dawinaurda xelosnobis erT-erTi
dargi mekasreoba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo Rvinis eqsportis gafarToebiT.
soflad mcxovrebi Sinamrewvelebi saRvine kasrebis dasamzadeblad mux-
is, xolo cimbiris karaqisaTvis wiflis sakasre tkeCebs amuSavebdnen. as-
eT kasrebSi moTavsebuli karaqi sakmaod Soreul qveynebSi _ inglissa da
daniaSic igzavneboda. “wiflis tkeCisagan damzadebuli kasri jdeboda 3
man 50 kap, xolo muxisa 2-jer Zviri. 1900-ian wlebSi mekasreobis saxelos-
noebSi dasaqmebuli iyo 200 kacze meti. saistorio wyaroebi cxadyofs,
rom 1909 wels rkinigziT saqarTvelodan sxva saxelmwifoebSi 200 000, xo-
lo 1912-1913 wlebSi 450 000 sakasre tkeCi gaigzavna.” (liparteliani . . .
2009: 14).
axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebSi me-19 saukunis bolos ganviTarebu-
li yofila noxebis damamzadebeli Sinamrewveloba, romelic glexs misi
yovelwliuri Semosavlis 40,9%-iT uzrunvelyofda. Sinamrewvelobis erT-
erTi dargi giSris nakeTobaTa warmoebac, aseve amzadebda produqcias
sazRvargareT gasayidad.
am periodSi Sinamrewvelobis umniSvnelovanesi dargi gaxldaT samReb-
roebi da Rebvis saqme. es saqme `yvelaze adrindeli formaa kapitalistu-
ri Sinamrewvelobisa. adreul saukuneebSi es saqmianoba saeklesio da
samefo ojaxebis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda. me-19
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sofel loWinSi gaaSenes endros plantaciebi, ro-
melmac saeqsporto mniSvneloba SeiZina.~ (liparteliani . . .2009: 16).
1867 wlis 5 aprilis debulebis Sesabamisad TbilisSi warmoiqmna xel-
osnobis gamgebloba. igi emyareboda `wodebrivi gamgeblobis sawyisebs~.
gamgeoba ixilavda xelosanTa Soris warmoSobil sadao sakiTxebs, agreT-
ve xelosanTa winaaRmdeg `qalaqis mcxovrebTagan~ aRZrul sarCels `samu-
Saos gafuWebisa da SekveTis vadaze adre SeusruleblobisaTvis~. gamgeb-
loba damnaSaves adebda jarimas da saxdels dazaralebulis sasargeb-
lod. (oTinaSvili 2010:153).
xelosanTa saerTo gamgebloba zrunavda xelosnuri warmoebis xaris-
xobrivi maCveneblebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, raTa ganemtkicebina xelosa-
76
nTa keTildReoba, magram TandaTanobiT 1870-1880-iani wlebidan zRvisa da
rkinigzis iafi transportiT Semodioda ruseTisa da evropis fabrikul-
qarxnuli nawarmi, romelmac Seaviwrova rogorc ojaxuri ise Sinamrew-
veloba, TumcaRa Camoayaliba mewarmeobis axali tradiciebi, damzadebis
teqnologia, riTac miuaxlova isini evropul standartebs.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis wvrilmrewvelur sawarmoTa Soris
momravldnen axali dargebi, kerZod sakeravi manqanebis SemkeTebeli, opt-
ikur-manqanuri, fitulebis, limonaTis, saZexve, samsxmelo, samrecxao da
sxva saxelosnoebi. 1880-ian wlebSi wvrilxelosnur sawarmoTa saxiT ukve
saqme gvaqvs gamsxvilebasTan. e.i. Cndebian iseTi saxelosnoebi. sadac 2-3
kacis nacvlad muSaobs xuTi, eqvsi da meti muSa. xelosnuri warmoebis
aseTi dargebi iyo mekasreoba, meagureoba, meZexveoba, mkeraoba, mrecxaoba,
zeinkloba, durgloba da sxva. amgvarad, aq Sedis rogorc kvebis, ise mSe-
neblobis, tansacmlis warmoebisa da sxva dargebi.
1883 wels baTum-samtrediis sarkinigzo xazis gayvanam baTumi daakav-
Sira baqosTan, ramac Zalzed gazarda saporto-samrewvelo qalaqis zrdi-
sa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi. am procesebs aseve xeli Seuwyo berli-
nis samSvidobo kongresma da baTumis `porto-frankod~ gamocxadebam. ba-
TumSi koncentrirdeboda nobelebis, rotSildebis, inglisuri Tu german-
uli kapitali. `1899 wlisaTvis baTumis navsadgurSi eqsport-importis sa-
qonlis brunvam 91 100 000 maneTi Seadgina. am wlis ganmavlobaSi baTumis
portSi Semosula 1309 gemi.~ (liparteliani. . . 2009:22) baTumidan navTob-
is eqsportis garda gahqondaT simindi, Tambaqo, Rvino, bewveuli, matyli,
abreSumi, bamba, kaklis xe, kaklis zeTi, muxis tkeCi, palmis xe, kvercxi,
keramikuli nawarmi da sxva. (ix. danarTi 2.2.1).
1898 wels inglisSi gatanil iqna 2447 fuTi kaklis xe, safrangeTSi 5-
7 aTasi fuTi kaklis zeTi, 200 000 palmis xe, 60 vagoni kvercxi da sxva.
baTumis portSi SemohqondaT rkina, foladi, cementi, marselis kramiti,
cecxlgamZle aguri, puris fqvili, Cai, samrewvelo saqoneli da sxva. (l-
iparteliani. . . 2009:25).
baTumis rogorc saporto qalaqis mniSvnelobis gazrdam gamoiwvia mi-
si samrewvelo centrad gadaqceva. 1902 wlisaTvis baTumSi iricxeboda
366 sawarmo, romelTa Soris iyo Tunuqis damamzadebeli qarxnebi, Tambaq-
os, surinjis da gogirdis qarxnebi, spilenZis nakeTobaTa damamzadebeli
77
sawarmoebi, mekasreobis saxelosnoebi, karetebis aRkazmulbis damamzadeb-
eli sawarmoebi, tipografiis da liTografiis damamzadebeli saxelosno-
ebi, yabalaxis mwarmoebeli saxelosnoebi, oqro-vercxlis damamzadebeli,
tyavis damamuSavebeli saxelosnoebi da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom am saw-
armoTa damfuZneblebs Soris ucxoelebi maRali xvedriTi woniT arian
warmodgenilni.
2.2.1 cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi adasturebs im azrs, rom saqarTve-
loSi XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisSi aqtiurad Semodioda ucxo-
uri investiciebi. samewarmeo saqmianobas eweodnen somxebi, rusebi, berZne-
bi, Turqebi, ebraelebi, germanelebi, ingliselebi da sxva erovnebis warm-
omadgenlebi. magaliTad, baTumSi msxvili
cxrili 2.2.1. baTumSi arsebuli msxvili, saSualo da mcire
sawarmoebis damfuZneblebi erovnebis mixedviT, 1902w
wyaro: n. liparteliani, m. jolbordi “qarTveli da ucxoeli mewarmeebi da maTi saqmianoba saqarTveloSi” Tb. 2009, gv.27.
warmoebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen germanelebi (4 sawarmo), berZnebi (4 sa-
warmo), frangebi (4 sawarmo), ebraelebi (5 sawarmo), somxebi (7 sawarmo),
qarTveli damfuZnebliT ki warmodgenilia 1 msxvili sawarmo. qarTveli
erovneba
SedarebiT msxvili sawarmoebi
saSualo sididis sawarmoebi
mcire sawarmoebi
qarTvelebis sakuTreba 1 62 232
somxebis sakuTreba 7 61 257
rusebis sakuTreba 1 13 66
berZnebis sakuTreba 4 54 184
Turqebis sakuTreba - 4 123
ebraelebis sakuTreba 5 22 51
sparselebis sakuTreba 1 5 65
polonelebis sakuTreba - 5 3
ingliselebis sakuTreba 2 2 -
germanelebis sakuTreba 4 5 10
italielebis sakuTreba - - 3
serbebis sakuTreba - 1 1
frangebis sakuTreba 4 2 -
holandielebis sakuTreba - 1 -
78
mesakuTreebis mflobelobaSi ZiriTadad mcire sawarmoebi iyo (232 sawar-
mo), Tumca am seqtorSic uxvad iyvnen berZeni, ebraeli, Turqi, sparsi, ru-
si da gansakuTrebiT somexi (257 sawarmo) mewarmeebi.
ucxoelTa aseTi aqtiuroba gamowveuli iyo baTumis, rogorc saporto
qalaqis mniSvnelobiT, aseve sarkinigzo infrastruqturis, iafi nedleu-
lisa da muSaxelis arsebobiT. vfiqrobT, rom im periodisaTvis saqarTve-
loSi ganxorcielebulma ucxourma investiciebma udavod dadebiTi Sede-
gebi moutana erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebas. ganviTarda warmoebis
sxvadasxva dargebi, Semovida teqnologiebi, rasac mohyva fabrika-qarxneb-
is mSenebloba, muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba, cxovrebis pirobebis
gaumjobeseba da rac mTavaria sazogadoebis azrovnebis transformacia
ufro progresulisaken.
XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi baTumSi moqmed fabrikebsa
da qarxnebs Soris mwarmoeblurobisa da dasaqmebuli muSaxelis mxriv
xisa da Tunuqis yuTebis damamzadebel qarxnebs pirveli adgili ekava.
produqcia mzaddeboda specialuri dazgebiT, romelic moZraobaSi mohya-
vdaT orTqlis Zravebs. `1886 wlamde eqsportiorebis didi nawili yuT-
ebs yidulobda wvrili mewarmeebisagan, romlebic mxolod xeliT Sromas
iyenebdnen. orTqliT momuSave Zravebis gamoyeneba yuTebis dasamzadeblad
pirvelad SeZlo 1882 wels palaSovskisa da bunges qarxanam, romelic
ganTavsebuli iyo baTumis centrSi, qarxana amzadebda xisa da Tunuqis
yuTebs navTisaTvis. yuTebis dasamzadebeli Tunuqi Semodioda inglisid-
an, mavTuli da lursmani – rigidan, tyvia safrangeTidan, inglisidan da
espaneTidan, kala inglisidan da safrangeTidan, TuTia ki odesid-
an.~(liparteliani 2009:28).
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda aseve quTaisSi.
`1804 wlisaTvis aq 262 savaWro duqani da saxelosno sawarmo yofila.~
(lipartiani 2009: 39). am periodSi quTaisSi aqtiurad misdevdnen giSris,
minis, almasis, tilos, narmis, Salis qsovilebis damzadebas. aseve mzad-
deboda sxvadasxva iaraRi: Tofebi, xmal-satevrebi, danebi, xanjlebi. aq
adnobdnen saukeTeso foladsac. `quTaisis guberniaSi sxvadasxva dargis
xelosanTa damzadebuli produqciis saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgenda
137 000 maneTs. Tanxis yvelaze didi odenoba modioda tansacmlis nawarm-
ze _ 13 300 maneTi, fexsacmlis nawarmze -11200 maneTi, liTonis nakeTobeb-
79
ze _ 20 175 maneTi, pureulze _ 23 300 maneTi, sakonditro nawarmze -6300
maneTi, tyaveulze -1100 maneTi~ (lipartiani. . . 2009: 40).
rac Seexeba msxvili warmoebis ganviTarebas, igi saqarTveloSi XIX s-
is meore naxevridan daiwyo. `manufaqturuli, e.i. xeliT Sromaze damyare-
buli warmoeba nel-nela qreboda da fabrikul-qarxnul warmoebad iqceo-
da~. (erqomaiSvili 2007:36).
im droindeli msxvili sawarmoebidan aRsaniSnavia qvanaxSirisa da ma-
rganecis warmoebebi. am produqciaze gazrdili moTxovna izidavda ucxo-
ur kapitals. madneulis mopoveba xdeboda adgilobrivi wvrili mewarmee-
bis mier, magram fuladi kapitalis simciris gamo ver axerxebdnen msof-
lio bazarze am produqciis gatanas, aman gamoiwvia ucxoeli eqsportio-
rebis gabatoneba adgilobriv bazarze da fasebis karnaxic.
XIXs-is miwurulidan marganecis mrewvelobaSi Zlierdeboda koncent-
raciis procesi. wvrili mewarmeebi TandaTan Ratakdebodnen. 1914 wels
wvril mewarmeebze modioda marganecis mTliani mopovebis 15,1%, xolo
umsxviles mrewvelebze – mTliani mopovebis 41,1%. am droisaTvis iq did
rols TamaSobs dasavleT evropis sabanko kapitali, romelic miiswrafo-
da Seeqmna TavisTvis monopoliuri mdgomareoba marganecis eqsportis,
aseve mopovebis sferoSic. XX s-is dasawyisSi mopovebuli madnis raode-
nobis mixedviT, marganecis msoflio mompovebeli qveynebis sia ase gamoi-
yureboda: saqarTveloze modioda marganecis mTliani mopovebis yvelaze
didi wili - 35,72%, xolo espaneTze, uralispireTze, britaneTsa da germ-
aniaze Sesabamisad 9,34%, 7,96%, 7,60% da 6,09%. (liparteliani 2009:116).
1904 wels sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobaSi yvelaze meti xvedriTi
woniT gamoirCeoda sawarmoebi, sadac dasaqmebuli iyo 20-mde da 21-dan 50-
mde muSa, Sesabamisad aseTi sawarmoebis raodenoba iyo 36-34, 50-dan 100-
mde da 100-dan 500-mde muSiT dasaqmebuli sawarmo iyo 10-11, xolo 500-dan
1000-mde da 1000-ze meti muSiT dasaqmebuli iyo Sesabamisad 3 da 2.
momdevno wlebSi aRiniSneba mcire sawarmoTa xvedri wonis kidev
ufro gazrda sawarmoTa saerTo raodeobaSi, sadac dasaqmebuli iyo 20-
mde da 21-dan 50-mde muSa. ufro meti dasaqmebuli muSebiT warmodgenili
sawarmoebi aRar arsebobda. moxda maTi daSla da saSualo sawarmoebad
transformacia. (erqomaiSvili 2007:38).
80
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom maSindel oficialur statistikas ar hqonda
SemuSavebuli `fabrika-qarxnebis~ cneba, ase rom, mravali wvrili, xelos-
nuri da Sinamrewveluri sawarmo aRiricxeboda rogorc fabrika-qarxana.
magaliTad, wisqvilebi ganixileboda rogorc qarxnuli sawarmo. saqarT-
veloSi sul aRiricxeboda 3161 wisqvili, sadac 3300 kaci muSaobda. saer-
Tod, wisqvilebi Seadgendnen “fabrika-qarxnebis” saerTo raodenobis
51,3%-s – 1899 wels, 1908 wels – 71,6%, 1911 wels- 61,3%. dros wisqvilebSi
saSualod 1 kaci. (erqomaiSvili 2007:39).
amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSic esmod-
aT inovaciis mniSvneloba maRali Semosavlis miRebis saqmeSi. magaliTad
realuri inovaciis magaliTia qarTul meRvineobaSi yifianis mier sami
jiSis yurZnisagan axali Rvinis damzadeba, romelic dRes `xvanWkaras~
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.3
progresulad migvaCnia im droisaTvis mcire mewarmeebis mxardamWeri
saxelmwifo institutis `kustarTa komitetis~ arseboba, romelsac gaaCn-
da filialuri qseli da nergavda im droisaTvis mowinave sameurneo gam-
ocdilebas. misi mTavari saxelmwifo funqcia iyo adgilebze gamoevlina
axali produqciis warmoebis pirobebi, moemzadebina kadrebi da moewyo
warmoeba-realizaciis meqanizmi. am organizaciis mier SemuSavebul iqna
TuSuri windebis warmoebis kooperaciuli sistema.4
garda xelosnobisa wvrili mewarmeobis daxmarebisaTvis kavkasiis
kustaruli komiteti did saqmianobas eweoda. maTi meSveobiT Semoitanes
maRalmwarmoebluri franguli jiSis vaSlebi, romlebic gavrcelda saqa-
rTveloSi da saeqsportod iwarmoeboda. maT saqmianobas ukavSirdeboda
aseve maralmwarmoebluri jiSebis warmoeba imereTis regionSi, aseve ad-
gilobrivi yvelis warmoebis daraioneba da a.S
vfiqrobT, rom mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris aRniSnuli istoriuli
tradicia aRdgenas da Tanamedrove tendenciebze morgebas saWiroebs. is
resursebi. romlebic istoriulad gagvaCnia, saWiro Zalisxmevis Sedegad,
3 mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda saferavi 4%, mujureTuli 34% da aleqsandrouli 58%. 4 es iyo e.w. saojaxo kooperacia. SemdgomSi cnobili mxatvris i. stramuas ZalisxmeviT SemuSavebul iqna winda-paWiWebis dizaini, romelsac safuZvlad daedo gelaTis monasterSi SemorCenili CuqurTmisa da freskuli moxatulobis fragmentebi, agreTve yarabaRsa da vanis tbis niko maris eqspediciis mier mikvleuli arqeologiur gaTxrebSi napovni mxatvruli formebi. aseve aRsdga qarTuli mexaliCeoba. stramuas mier Sesrulebulma kedlis xaliCam 1904 wlis parizis gamofenaze oqros medali moipova.
81
Cveni mewarmeebis aqtivobiT SeiZleba gaxdes inovaciebis safuZveli, rac
garantias Seqmnis ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis gaZlierebisaTvis.
amrigad, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTveloSi winaaRmdegobri-
vad, magram TandaTanobiT fexs ikidebs sabazro urTierTobebi. amas xeli
Seuwyo 60-ian wlebSi batonymobis gauqmebam da saglexo reformam. kapita-
lizmis aRmocenebam feodaluri cxovrebiT dabeCavebuli glexi cxovreb-
is axal sarbielze gamoiyvana. amas xeli mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo rkinigzis
ganviTarebam. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dakavSirebam dasavleT saqarTve-
losTan dinamiuri gaxada savaWro-samrewvelo procesebi da iafi nedleu-
liTa da sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT mdidar mxareSi aRorZineba daiwyo
warmoebam.
Seicvala qveynis ekonomikuri struqtura, romlis mizezic iyo saqar-
Tvelos ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli sazRvargareTuli kapitali. magaliT-
ad, `TbilisSi qarTuli kapitalis wili warmoebasa da vaWrobaSi mxol-
od 13,5%-s Seadgenda~ (asaTiani 2009:24). aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT did
wuxils gamoTqvamda ila WavWavaZe. mas qveynis gamdidrebis wyarod warmo-
ebis ganviTareba miaCnda da Tvlida, rom es SesaZlebeli iqneboda kapita-
ldabandebaTa gaZlierebis gziT, romelsac Cveni SeZlebuli adamianebi
gverds uvlian, `gviCveneT, rom erT vinme maTgans TiTi gaenZrios qveynis
simdidris wasamateblad. am yovlad da mravalgvarad mdidar qveyanaSi
saca aTasgvari fabrika, qarxana da erTob amis magvari mrewveloba dids
xels miscems mrewvelobasac da qveyanasac gaamdidrebs, rac erT fulian
kacs gunebaSic ar gautarebia, azradac ar mosvlia, rom SeiZleba kacma
TviTonac ixeiros da qveyanasac argos rame. . . fuls mxolod mevaxSeobi-
saTvis iyeneben da TviTon xeiroben cotaodeni sargebliT~ (xaritonaSvi-
li 1997:37). aqedan gamomdinare, qarTul burJuazias ar SeeZlo ekonomikis
ganviTarebisaTvis erovnuli elferi mieca. arsebuli ekonomikuri poli-
tika ar pasuxobda sakuTari resursebis xarjze erovnuli ekonomikis
Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas. Tumca SeuZlebelia mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes
iseTi warmatebuli qarTveli mewarmeebi, romelTa TiTze CamoTvla SeiZ-
leba, magram romelTac didi wvlili miuZRviT saqarTvelos ekonomikur
da sazogadoebriv-kulturuli cxovrebis ganviTarebaSi. eseni arian: da-
viT baqraZe, daviT sarajiSvili, Zmebi zubalaSvilebi, giorgi qarTveliS-
vili, mitrofane laRiZe, akaki xoStaria da sxvebi.
82
miuxedavad imisa rom, mewarmeoba garkveul doneze ganviTarebuli iyo
saqarTvelo mainc ekonomikurad CamorCenili qveyana iyo, romelsac calm-
xrivad ganviTarebuli mrewveloba da nakleb produqtiuli, wvrilglexu-
ri soflis meurneoba hqonda. is TandaTan erTveboda msoflio saqonel-
mimoqcevaSi, Tumca am process xeli SeuSala mbraZaneblur-sabWouri eko-
nomikuri sistemis damyarebam, romlis drosac araTu mcire biznesis win-
svla-ganviTarebaze, aramed saerTod `kerZo mewarmeobaze~ negatiuri war-
modgena damkvidrda. sabWoTa warmoebis zrdis tempebi 60-ian wlebamde
sakmaod warmatebuli iyo. man gaiara warmoebis ganviTarebis urTulesi
gza miwasTan gasworebuli qveynidan atomis mwarmoebel qveynamde, magram
sabolood mainc ver SeZlo globalizaciis pozitiur procesebTan adap-
tireba da civilizebuli samyarosagan rkinis fardiT izolirebuli qve-
yana daSlis gzaze dadga.
unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi sWarbobda msxvili warmoeba,
magram mcire mewarmeobis efeqtianobaze kamaTi grZeldeboda. amas amtkic-
ebs cnobili sabWoTa mecnierebis gamosvlebi 1961 wlis 23-25 Tebervals
moskovSi mimdinare sakavSiro TaTbirze, romelic exeboda sabWoTa kavSi-
ris mrewvelobaSi sawarmoTa optimalur zomebs. mecnierebi aRniSnavdnen:
`zogierT SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove pirobebSi naTlad igrZnoba sawarmoTa
uzomod gamsxvilebis naklovanebebi~. . . `safeiqro mrewvelobis gigantur
sawarmoebSi Sromis nayofiereba ufro dabalia, vidre SedarebiT
mcireebSi. . . amitomac mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi aranakleb efeqtur-
ia, vidre msxvilebi~. mecnierebi mrewvelobis koncentraciis problemas
Tvlidnen sabWoTa ekonomikis erT-erT aqtualur problemad, `saSualo
da mcire zomis sawarmoTa arseboba Cvens mrewvelobaSi warmoadgens kan-
onzomier process, romelic gamowveulia sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis
obieqturi pirobebiT, warmoebis ganTavsebis obieqturi pirobebiT, Sromi-
Ti resursebis gamoyenebiT, Sromis danawilebiT, meqanizaciis, avtomati-
zaciisa da eleqtrifikaciis ganviTarebiT. mrewvelobis TiTqmis yvela
dargSi arsebobs SesaZlebloba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis efeqtiani
ganviTarebisaTvis”; . . .msxvil sawarmoTa racionaluri organizacia gan-
sakuTrebiT specializacia, rTuldeba, Tuki maTi samuSaos romelime
nawili gadatanil ar iqna mcire mrewvelobaze.” (franovskaia 2007:43).…
83
80-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sabWoTa kavSirSi daiwyo e.w. `gardaqm-
na”. 1987 wels miRebuli kanoniT `saxelmwifo sawarmos Sesaxeb~ gza mieca
kerZo mewarmeobis ganviTarebas. Tavdapirvelad gavrcelda saijaro ur-
TierTobebi, soflis meurneobaSi – fermebze da brigadebze; sayofacxov-
rebo momsaxurebaSi – mcire savaWro sawarmoebze, kafeebze da a.S. imave
1987 wels ZalaSi Sevida kanoni “kooperaciis Sesaxeb”, riTac Seiqmna ko-
operativebis sameurneo damoukideblobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis iuridi-
uli pirobebi. maT SeeZloT xarjebis Sexedulebisamebr gaweva, hqondaT
angariSi bankSi da a.S. Sedegad kooperativebi maRali tempebiT izrdebo-
da. sameurneo efeqturobac 7-8-jer aremateboda analogiur dargSi saxe-
lmwifo seqtoris maCveneblebs. (oTinaSvili 2010:155).
amrigad me-XX s-is 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi miRebulma gadawyve-
tilebebma daaCqara mcire mewarmeobis farTod ganviTareba. amas xeli Se-
uwyo qarTul mosaxleobaSi arsebulma mewarmeobis ganviTarebis, rog-
orc moralur-fsiqologiurma, ise istoriulma SesaZleblobebma. saxelm-
wifo sakuTrebaze damyarebuli sawarmoebis resursebis bazaze masobri-
vad Camoyalibda mcire sawarmoebi. praqtikam daadastura, rom meurneobis
gaZRolis Cvevebsa da tradiciebze nakleb gavlenas axdens rogorc po-
litikuri ise sxva xasiaTis faqtorebi da isini axal socialur-ekonomi-
kur pirobebTan Seguebis maRali unariT gamoirCevian. swored amiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, rom socialisturi ekonomikis pirobebSic ki ar Camkvda-
ra mosaxleobaSi Tavisufali mewarmeobisaken, SemoqmedebiTi, individual-
luri meurneobisaken swrafva. saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi arsebuli siZnele-
ebi xels uwyobda mewarmeTa saqmiani aqtiurobis gazrdas. swored amitom
sagrZnoblad gaizarda Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabebi. mewarmeebi gan-
sakuTrebul pirobebSi aRmoCndnen; iafi nedleuli, masalebi, Sromis sa-
Sualebebi, SeRavaTiani satransporto tarifebi, iafi kreditebi, sagadasa-
xado meqanizmebis zegavlenidan gamosvla – yvelaferi es warmoadgenda
faqtorTa erTobliobas, romelmac gza gauxsna mewarmeobas da masTan er-
Tad kriminaluri ekonomikis Seqmnas. 3-4 weliwadSi dagrovda mniSvnelo-
vani kerZo kapitali. calmxrivad ganviTarda sacalo vaWroba, gansakuT-
rebiT sazogadoebrivi kveba. daCqarda mcire sawarmoebis stiqiurad Seqm-
nis procesi. (WiTanava. . . 2008:411).
84
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom mcire biznesis for-
mirebas gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli im garemoebam, rom gansaxelmwifoeb-
riobisa da privatizaciis procesi pirvelad sabWouri mcire sawarmoebiT
daiwyo. mxolod 1993 wels privatizebuli sawarmoebis saerTo raodenobi-
dan mcire iyo 98,4%, sul 1993-2000 wlebSi privatizebul sawarmoTa saer-
To ricxvSi mcire sawarmoebis xvedriTma wilma Seadgina 92,7%. (welidw-
leuli 2001). miuxedavad raodenobrivi sididisa maTi mniSvnelovani nawi-
li (15-17%) umoqmedod iyo, xolo 40-45% umniSvnelo datvirTviT muSaob-
da. amis mizezi iyo Zveli kavSirurTierTobebis moSla, urTierT dapiris-
pirebeba, teritoriuli mTlianobisaTvis brZola, aseve ekonomikuri xasi-
aTis iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa finansuri saxsrebis ukmarisoba, konk-
urenciul brZolaSi CarTvis uunaroba, sabanko sferos ganuviTarebloba,
sasurveli sainvesticio garemos uqonloba, sawarmoTa marTvis saqmeSi
gamoucdeloba da sxva.
qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo mosaxleoba
iZulebuli gaxda kvlav mibruneboda misTvis Zvel saqmianobas: ojaxur
warmoebas, xelosnobas, vaWrobas. maTma didma nawilma Tavi moiyara
centralur qalaqebSi, sadac xalxmraval adgilebSi momravlda savaWro
jixurebi, daxlebi, higienuri salonebi, wvrili savaWro maRaziebi, saxe-
losno warmoebebi da a.S.
amdenad, legaluri Tu aralegaluri formiT, mosaxleobis didma
nawilma xeli mohkida “sicocxlis uzrunvelmyof” mcire bizness. swored
am wlebSi vlindeba mcire biznesis unari, ekonomikuri krizisis dros
xeli Seuwyos socialuri da politikuri stabilizaciis damyarebas,
mosaxleobis dasaqmebas (kakulia . . . 2008:58).
miuxedavad qveyanaSi arsebuli arastabiluri ekonomikuri da politi-
kuri situaciisa mimdinareobda mewarmeobisa da kerZo seqtoris Camoyali-
bebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis formireba. 1993 wlamde miRebul kano-
nebsa da dadgenilebebs Sorisaa kanoni “samewarmeo saqmianobis safuZvle-
bis Sesaxeb” (1991w), dadgenilebebi “saxelmwifo sawarmoTa Sesaxeb debu-
lebis damtkicebis Taobaze” (1992w), “fasiani qaRaldebis Sesaxeb droebi-
Ti debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze” (1992w), “adgilobrivi (municipaluri)
sawarmoebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze” (1993w), “SezRudu-
li pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Tao-
85
baze” (1993w). 1993 wels miRebul iqna saxelmwifo meTauris brZanebuleba
“saqarTveloSi kerZo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis gadaudebeli RonisZiebe-
bis Sesaxeb”. 1993 wlis 6 agvistos ministrTa kabinetis dadgenilebiT “sa-
qarTvelos respublikaSi mcire sawarmoebis saqmianobis ganviTarebisa da
xelSewyobis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb” mcire sawarmoebs miekuTvneboda nebi-
smieri organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis saarmo, romelsac gabatone-
buli mdgomareoba ar eWira dargSi, xolo momusaveTa saSualo siobrivi
ricxovnoba calkeuli dargebis mixedviT ar aRemateboda: mrewvelobasa
da mSeneblobaSi – 50 kacs, transportze- 40 kacs, mecnierebaSi, samecnie-
ro da samedicino momsaxurebaSi – 30 kacs, sxva dargebSi – 20 kacs. 1993
welsve ekonomikis saministros sistemaSi Seiqmna “mcire biznesis ganviTa-
rebis fondi”.
1994 wlis 28 oqtombers “mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” kanonis miRebiT zemoT
aRniSnuli debulebebi da kanonebi gauqmda. am kanonis moTxovnebis Sesa-
bamisad, kerZo samarTlebrivi wesiT Seqmnili sawarmoebi daeqvemdebara
xelaxal registracias 1996 wlis 1 ianvramde. mcired CaiTvala is sawar-
moebi, romelsac StatSi hyavda araumetes 20 TanamSromeli.
1994 wlidan daiwyo mcire sawarmoTa raodenobis zrda. 1994 wels –
registrirebuli iyo 12 aTasi sawarmo, 1995 wels- 17 aTasi, 2005 wels –
31136 erTeuli. (n. WiTanava).
wvrili mewarmeobis masStabebis gansazRvraSi mniSvnelovani cvlile-
bebi iqna Setanili 1999 wlis 23 ivliss saqarTvelos kanoniT “mcire sa-
warmoTa mxardaWeris Sesaxeb”, romlis mixedviT, mcire sawarmoebis Sefa-
sebis kriteriumad dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobasTan erTad, aRiarebul iqna
sawarmos wliuri brunvis maCvenebeli, romelTa ststistikuri sidide
dargobriv WrilSi ar aRemateboda Semdeg zRvrul odenobas: mrewvelo-
baSi _ 40 dasaqmebulsa da 500 aTas lars, mSeneblobaSi _ 20 dasaqmebu-
lsa da 300 aTas lars, transportsa da kavSirgabmulobaSi _ 20 dasaqme-
bulsa da 150 aTas lars, ganaTlebaSi, janmrTelobis dacvasa da kultu-
raSi _ 25 dasaqmbulsa da 60 aTas lars; sxva saxis ekonomikuri saqmiano-
bis ganxorcielebisas _ 15 dasaqmebulsa da 100 aTas lars. aRniSnul ka-
nonSi cvlilebebis Setanis Semdeg 2002 wlis 4 ivlisidan dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba ganisazRvra 20 kaciT, brunvis maCvenebeli ki _ Seadgenda 500
aTas lars. mcire sawarmoebs mocemuli kanoni uflebas aZlevda kerZo me-
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warmeobisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWerasa da ganviTarebasTan dakavSire-
buli erToblivi amocanebis gadawyvetis mizniT SeeqmnaT kavSirebi da
fondebi.
saxelmwifos mxridan SeRavaTebi mcire mewarmeebs eZleodaT buRaltr-
uli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis gamartivebuli sistemis gamoyenebaSi.
amasTan, saxelmwifo SesyidvebSi monawileobisas sargeblobdnen kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebiT.
mcire sawarmoebs SeeZloT balansisa da mogeba-zaralis angariSis
nacvlad inventarizaciis safuZvelze SeedginaT qonebisa da valdebuleb-
ebis CamonaTvali da Semosavlebis angariSi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad. 2006 wlis 22 ivliss am kanonis gauqmebasTan erTad, aRniSnu-
li SeRavaTebi gauqmda. Sesabamisad aRar arsebobda mcire biznesis mxar-
damWeri arc sakanonmdeblo baza da arc sxva romelime struqtura. mci-
re, saSualo da msxvili biznesi Tanabar pirobebSi moeqca, ramac xeli
SeuSala mcire biznesis gafarToebas da mSp-Si misi wilis zrdas.
mewarmeobis masStabebis gansazRvras didi Teoriuli da praqtikuli
mniSvneloba aqvs maT mimarT diferencirebuli saxelmwifo mxardaWerisa
da regulirebis mizniT sakanonmdeblo bazis ganmtkicebis, agreTve sxva
organizaciul-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis RonisZiebaTa SesamuSaveblad.
2011 wlis 1 ianvridan mTavrobam mcire biznesis mxardaWeris motiviT
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi mikro da mcire biznesis cnebebi gansazRvra. mik-
ro biznesis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos fizikur pirs, romelic ar iye-
nebs daqiravebul pirTa Sromas da damoukideblad eweva ekonomikur saq-
mianobas, romlis mixedviTac mis mier kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi
misaRebi jamuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 30 000 lars. aseT SemTxvevaSi
is mTlianad Tavisufldeba gadasaxadebisagan. mikro biznesis warmomad-
genlebs ar evalebaT aseve salaros aparatis gamoyeneba da sabuRaltro
saqmianobis warmoeba.
axali kanoniT mcire biznesis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos mewarme fizi-
kur pirs, romlis jamuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 100 000 lars. mcire
biznesis dasabegri Semosavali ibegreba 5%-iT. mcire biznesis dasabegri
Semosavali ibegreba 3%-iT Tu:
a) mcire biznesis statusis mqone mewarme fizikur pirs aqvs
erToblivi Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli erToblivi Semosavlis
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60%-is odenobis xarjebis (garda daqiravebulze daricxuli xelfasis
xarjisa) damadasturebeli dokumentebi.
b) mcire biznesis statusis mqone fizikuri piri saqmianobs specialur
savaWro zonaSi. (saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi 2011w)
Cvens mier moZiebuli informaciis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi 2011 wlis 1
ianvridan 9 dekembramde mikro biznesis statusi miniWebuli aqvs 17 149
gadamxdels, xolo mcire biznesis statusi _ 8 136 gadamxdels.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsSi miRebuli cvlilebebi
`revoluciurad~ fasdeba, Cvenis azriT is ar aris dazRveuli naklovane-
bebisagan. uaryofiTi faqtoria isic, rom mikro biznesis mwarmoeblebs
ezRudebaT momxmarebelTa wre, vinaidan maTgan SeZenili saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis gamosaqviT xarjebad aRiarebis ufleba ara aqvT mcire da
msxvili biznesis subieqtebs. aseT pirobebSi, es ukanasknelni Tavs Seika-
veben mikro biznesis ststusis mqone pirisagan saqonlisa da momsaxureb-
is SeZenaze. aqedan gamomdinare mikro sawarmos moakldeba potenciuri
momxmarebeli. mcire biznesis SemTxvevaSi brunvis 5%-iani dabegvra gamo-
iwvevs mewarmeTa gadasaxadebis gazrdas da is ufro meti iqneba, vidre
gadasaxadi, romelsac ixdidnen wina wlebSi. 3%-iani dabegvris miRwevas
mewarmeebi ver axerxeben, radganac uWirT 60%-iani xarjis Cveneba.
2011 wlis 20 dekembers amoqmedda sagadasaxado kodeqsSi sesuli cvl-
ilebebi. aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT kodeqsSi ganisazRvra fiqsirebuli ga-
dasaxadis gadamxdelis statusi da masTan dakavSirebuli specialuri da-
begvris reJimi. 951 muxlis mixedviT fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis gadamxde-
li SeiZleba iyos piri, romelic ar aris dRg-s gadamxdeli da axorcie-
lebs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegr erT an erTze met saqmianobas.
mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, pirvel rigSi amgvari gadasaxadi dauweses
Toneebs, romlebic Tvis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 100 lars gadaixdian. am
ukanasknelTaTvis fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis 50%-iT Semcirebis an gazrd-
is ufleba TviTmmarTvel organoebs aqvT. xolo mikrobizness, romelic
aqamde gadasaxadebisagan Tavisufali iyo fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi ar Se-
xebia.
bunebrivia zemoT aRniSnul sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebTan dakavSir-
ebiT interess iwvevda TviTon mcire mewarmeTa azri, amitom Cvens mier
Sedgenil kiTxvarSi SevitaneT am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kiTxva:
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`rogor SeafasebdiT 2011 wlis 1 ianvars sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi
cvlilebebs mcire biznesis 3-5%-ian dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT?~ gamokiT-
xulTa 17,3% dadebiTad afasebs am cvlilebas da Tvlis, rom gasul wle-
bTan SedarebiT ufro SeRavaTiani pirobebia; mcire mewarmeTa 28,8%-is
saqmianobaze odnav aisaxa mirebuli cvlileba; 17,3% am cvlilebis Sedeg-
ad ufro mets ixdis vidre adre ixdida; 21,1%-saTvis sagadasaxado tvir-
Ti autaneli gaxda, xolo gamokiTxulTa 15,5%-ma Tavi Seikava pasuxisagan
(diagrama 2.2.1.)
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.2.1. მცირემცირემცირემცირე მეწარმეთამეწარმეთამეწარმეთამეწარმეთა აზრიაზრიაზრიაზრი 2011 წლისწლისწლისწლის 1 იანვრიდანიანვრიდანიანვრიდანიანვრიდან საგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადო კოდექსშიკოდექსშიკოდექსშიკოდექსში შეტანილშეტანილშეტანილშეტანილ ცვლილებებთანცვლილებებთანცვლილებებთანცვლილებებთან დაკავშირებითდაკავშირებითდაკავშირებითდაკავშირებით
17,30% 21,10% 28,80%
17,30% 15,50%
ცალსახადცალსახადცალსახადცალსახად დადებითადდადებითადდადებითადდადებითად - უფროუფროუფროუფრო შეღავათიანიშეღავათიანიშეღავათიანიშეღავათიანიპირობებიაპირობებიაპირობებიაპირობებია გასულგასულგასულგასულ წელთანწელთანწელთანწელთან შედარებითშედარებითშედარებითშედარებით.
საშუალოდსაშუალოდსაშუალოდსაშუალოდ - ცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილება ოდნავოდნავოდნავოდნავ აისახააისახააისახააისახა ჩემსჩემსჩემსჩემსბიზნესზებიზნესზებიზნესზებიზნესზე.
უფროუფროუფროუფრო უარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითად ვიდრევიდრევიდრევიდრე დადებითადდადებითადდადებითადდადებითად -საერთოსაერთოსაერთოსაერთო ჯამშიჯამშიჯამშიჯამში უფროუფროუფროუფრო მეტისმეტისმეტისმეტის გადახდაგადახდაგადახდაგადახდაგვიწევსგვიწევსგვიწევსგვიწევს.ცალსახადცალსახადცალსახადცალსახად უარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითადუარყოფითად - საგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადოსაგადასახადოტვირთიტვირთიტვირთიტვირთი აუტანელიაუტანელიაუტანელიაუტანელი გახდაგახდაგახდაგახდა.
პასუხიპასუხიპასუხიპასუხი არარარარ გასცაგასცაგასცაგასცა
wyaro: Cveni kvlevebi.
amrigad, kvlevaze dayrdnobiT Cven saqarTveloSi gamovyofT mcire
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis etapebs da maT ZiriTad Taviseburebebs:
1. monaTmflobeluri ekonomikuri formaciidan dawyebuli XIXsaukun-
emde, rodesac dasabami mieca wvril xelosnobas, vaWrobas, mevaxSeobas
da sxva;
2. XIX s-dan XX s-is 20-ian wlebamde, rodesac ganviTarda kapitalis-
turi mewarmeoba, gaRrmavda specializacia da manufaqturebi Seicvala
fabrika-qarxnebiT; rasac mohyva Sromis danawileba, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi CarTva da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba.
3. 1921-1991 ww, roca sabWoTa ekonomikuri sistemis pirobebSi kerZo me-
warmeoba akrZaluli iyo, Tumca zogierT dargebSi “Crdilovani” formiT
arsebobas mainc ar wyvetda; me-20 s-is 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
sabWoTa kavSirSi miRebulma kanonebma, romlebic Seexeboda mcire
mewarmeobis (kooperativebisa da sxva) ganviTarebas, ijaris principebis
gamoyenebas, daaCqara mcire sawarmoebis stiqiurad Seqmnis procesi.
89
4. 1991 - 1995 ww. gardamavali periodi, roca privatizaciisa da Sokuri
politikur-ekonomikuri reformebis fonze mcire biznesi winaaRmdegobri-
vad viTardeboda. miuxedavad amisa is socialur-ekonomikuri Tvalsazri-
siT mainc umniSvnelovanesi datvirTvis matarebeli iyo. Seicvala saqar-
Tvelos ganviTarebis kursi ara mxolod politikuri, aramed ekonomikuri
da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
5. 1996-2003 ww. roca moxda sakuTrebis daregulireba; gaCnda mesakuTre-
Ta farTo wre; daiwyo saqarTvelos ekonomikis zrda; dafiqsirda infla-
ciis zomieri done; Seicvala fulad-sakredito sistema; gaizarda damoki-
debuleba msoflio safinanso organizaciebze; aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
am periodSi umoqmedo sawarmoTa ricxvma miaRwia 80%-s. ar arsebobda sa-
Tanado resursebi ZiriTadi kapitalis ganaxlebisaTvis, Seiqmna sakmaod
mZime sainvesticio garemo. investiciebis wili ZiriTad kapitalSi 9,6%-s
Seadgenda. amavdroulad Seiqmna rigi kanonebi, romlebsac am sferoSi
saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba unda uzrunveleyo.
6. 2003 wlidan dRemde periodi, roca SesamCnevia ekonomikuri stabilu-
roba, Seiqmna erToblivi sawarmoebi; Rrmavdeba teqnologiuri kavSirebi.
amasTan mcire mewarmeobis mniSvnelovani potenciali kvlav gamouyenebel-
ia. is mSp-Si warmodgenilia dabali xvedriTi wiliT da wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi 10%-s ver gadaaWarba. (ix. danarTi 1.)
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis istoriis Seswavlas Cven mivyavarT daskvna-
mde, rom meurneobriobis mcire formebi ama Tu im saxiT yovelTvis asr-
ulebdnen SesamCnev rols qveynis ekonomikaSi, maTi efeqtianoba iyo maR-
ali, xolo raodenoba icvleboda qveynis politikaSi gatarebuli nacio-
nalizaciis an denacionalizaciis, meurneobis gamsxvilebis an dekonce-
ntraciis politikis mixedviT.
2.3 mcire biznesis struqtura da ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi
saqarTveloSi
mcire biznesis Sida bazris TiTqmis yvela sferosadmi maRali Semgu-
ebloba da masiuri SeRwevadoba uzrunvelyofs Tanamedrove msoflios
bevri qveynis ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebas, aseve warmoadgens politi-
kuri mdgomareobis stabilizaciis xelSemwyob faqtors.
90
ekonomikuri saqmianobis xasiaTis mravalgvarobidan, agreTve, organi-
zaciul-samarTlebrivi da organizaciul-sakuTrebiTi formebidan da sx-
va niSnebidan gamomdinare, mcire mewarmeobis funqcionirebis sfero ar
SemoisazRvreba ekonomikis romelime dargiT da sakuTrebis ama Tu im fo-
rmiT. mcire sawarmoebi SeiZleba moqmedebdes nebismier dargsa da sfero-
Si; isini SeiZleba Seiqmnan rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo seqtorSi da
emyarebodnen rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo da komerciul, jgufur an
Sereul sakuTrebas.
zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze, Cvenis azriT, mcire biznesis sistemuri
struqtura ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi SeiZleba Semdegnairad
CamovayaliboT: zomis mixedviT _ uwvrilesi, wvrili, mcire da saSualo
sameurneo erTeulebi; ekonomikuri saqmianobis mixedviT _ sawarmoo, sava-
Wro, momsaxurebis, saSuamavlo safinanso-sakredito, sadazRvevo, mraval-
profiliani sawarmoebi, individTa jgufis sawarmo, saxelmwifo sawarmo,
Sereuli tipis sawarmo, municipaluri sawarmo, sazogadoebrivi organiza-
ciis sawarmo; ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis mixedviT _
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoe-
ba,aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, kooperativi da sxva.
saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxva postsabWour qveynebSi faqtiurad
jer kidev yalibdeba es seqtori; ixveweba mcire mewarmeobis rogorc
seqtoruli ise dargobrivi struqturac.
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT saqarTveloSi 2008 we-
ls mcire sawarmoTa 5% saxelmwifo seqtorSi funqcionirebda, xolo
95% ki arasaxelmwifo seqtorze modioda. es ganpirobebulia privatiza-
ciis procesis etapobrivi ganxorcielebiT, romelic jer kidev ar das-
rulebula. sagulisxmoa isic, rom mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo seqtorebSi moqmed mcire sawarmoTa dar-
gobrivi struqtura (ix. cxr. 2.3.1.). saxelmwifo seqtorSi mcire sawarmoe-
bi SedarebiT Tanabarzomierad aris ganawilebuli ekonomikuri saqmia-
nobis saxeebis mixedviT, maSin rodesac arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi mcire
struqturebi ZiriTadad momsaxurebis sferoSia Tavmoyrili.
saxelmwifo seqtoris mcire sawarmoTa 37,7% funqcionirebs janmrTe-
lobis dacvisa da socialuri momsaxurebis sferoSi, 42,6% _ eleqtroene-
rgiis, airisa da wylis warmoeba-ganawilebis sferoSi, soflis meurneoba,
91
nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba ikavebs 9,5%-s, xolo saqmianobis sxva saxe-
ebze modis saxelmwifo sawarmoTa 15,8%; is yvelaze mcire raodenobiTaa
warmodgenili vaWrobaSi _ 0,3%, mSeneblobaSi _ 2,9%, sastumroebsa da
restornebSi _ 1,4% da a. S.
cxrili 2.3.1 mcire sawarmoTa struqtura ekonomikuri saqmianobis
saxeebis, sakuTrebis da samarTlebrii formebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi
2008 w.
ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebi
mcire sawarmoebi iuridiuli pirebi individual
uri sawarmoebi
sul saxel mwifo
%
arasa xelmwifo
%
sul %
mcire sawarmoebi sul: 7870 397 5,4 7473 94,6 10029 100
1. soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba
126 12 9,5 114 90,5 134 1.3
2 TevzWera, meTevzeoba 21 1 4,8 20 95,2 3 0,03
3 samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba 55 2 3,6 53 96,4 14 0,14
4 gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba
994 35 3,5 959 96,5 1025 10,2
5 elenergiis, airis da wylis warmoeba-ganawileba
54 23 42,6 31 57,4 - -
6 mSenebloba 486 14 2,9 472 97,1 57 0,57
7 vaWroba, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmis da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remonti
2167 9 0,3 2158 99,6 6868 68,5
8 sastumroebi da restornebi 354 5 1,4 349 98,6 726 7,2
9 transporti da kavSirgabmuloba
583 18 3,1 565 96,9 417 4,2
10 operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momxmareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva
2131 67 3,1 2064 96,9 423 4,2
11 ganaTleba 214 6 2,8 208 97,2 11 0,1
12 jandacva da socdaxmareba 446 169 37,7 278 62,3 121 1,2
13 saqmianobis sxva danarCeni saxeebi
240 38 15,8 202 84,2 229 2,3
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. statistikuri publikacia “mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi” 2009w.
rac Seexeba arasaxelmwifo seqtors, mcire sawarmoebidan maRali xve-
driTi wili uWiravs vaWrobis, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo saqonlisa
da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remontis sferos, romelzec modis 99,6%,
msgavsi viTarebaa sastumroebisa da restornebis sferoSi _ 98,6%, opera-
ciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momxmareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva _
96,9%, mSeneblobaSi _ 97,1%. arasaxelmwifo seqtori maRali xvedriTi wi-
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liTaa warmodgenili soflis meurneobaSi (90,5%), samTomopovebiT (96,4%)
da gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi (96,5%), transportsa da kavSirgabmulo-
baSi (96,9%) da sxva dargebSi.
saqarTveloSi biznesis dawyebis mxriv yvelaze xSirad irCeven SezRu-
duli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas an individualur sawarmos. indivi-
dualuri mewarmis SemTxvevaSi daregistrirebis safasuri mxolod 20 la-
rs Seadgens da savaraudod sul 30 wuTi sWirdeba. amasTan sawarmo re-
gistrirdeba mxolod erT pirze da notariusisa da iuristis CarTvas ar
saWiroebs, Tumca momavalSi valdebulebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi pasu-
xs agebs mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom mcire sawarmoTa struqturaSi organizaciul- sa-
marTlebrivi formis mixedviT 2008 wels yvelaze didi xvedriTi woniT
iyo warmodgenili individualuri sawarmoebi, romelTa wili sawarmoTa
mTels raodenobaSi 46%,-s xolo mcire sawarmoTa mTels raodenobaSi
56,7%-s Seadgenda. regionebSi registrirebuli sawarmoebidan individua-
lur sawarmoTa maRali ricxviT yvela regioni gamoirCeva, magram gansa-
kuTrebiT maRalia maTi xvedriTi wili guriaSi, mcxeTa-TianeTSi, raWa-
leCxumSi, kaxeTSi. (ix. danarTi 2).
2010 wlisaTvis ki registrirebul biznes subieqtebis mTel raodeno-
baSi 74,0% Seadgendnen individualuri sawarmoebi. 2011 wlis mxolod iv-
nisis TveSi daregistrirebul individualur sawarmoTa raodenobam Sead-
gina 3515 erTeuli, rac 2010 wlis imave Tvis maCvenebels aRemateba 21%-iT,
anu 626 erTeuliT. (sajaro reestri).
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, miuxedavad imisa, rom mcire biznesis saqmian-
obis sferoebi metad farToa, misi didi nawili momsaxurebis sferoSi sa-
qmianobs. kerZod mcire sawarmoTa mTeli raodenobis 50,5% dakavebulia
vaWrobiT, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da piradi moxmareb-
is sagnebis remontiT, 14,3% _ operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momx-
mareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweviT, 6,1% modis transportsa da kavSir-
gabmulobaze, 6,0% sastumroebsa da restornebze, xolo 3,2% _ jandacva-
sa da socdaxmarebaze. soflis meurneobaze, samTomopovebiT mrewveloba-
ze, gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobasa da mSeneblobaze modis Sesabamisad
1,4%, 0,4%, 11,3% da 5,8%. es monacemebi kidev erTxel adasturebs im sayo-
velTaod aRiarebul tendencias, rom saqarTvelo warmoadgens mom-
93
xmarebel qveyanas, arada swored warmoebis procesSi iqmneba realurad
axali Rirebuleba, rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri winsvlisa da qveynis
gamdidrebis safuZvels.
saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT mcire sawarmoTa ganlageba 2008
wels aseTia: Tbilisze modis mcire sawarmoTa mTliani raodenobis 32%,
aWaraze - 11%, imereTze – 15%, kaxeTze – 9%, qvemo qarTlze – 10%,
samegrelo-zemo svaneTze – 9% da a. S. (diagrama 2.3.1.)
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.1. მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისაწარმოებისაწარმოებისაწარმოები საქართველოსსაქართველოსსაქართველოსსაქართველოს რეგიონებისრეგიონებისრეგიონებისრეგიონების მიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვით, 2008წწწწ.
მცხეთამცხეთამცხეთამცხეთა-თიანეთითიანეთითიანეთითიანეთი; 2%
კახეთიკახეთიკახეთიკახეთი; 9%შიდაშიდაშიდაშიდა ქართლიქართლიქართლიქართლი; 4,50%
ქვემოქვემოქვემოქვემო ქართლიქართლიქართლიქართლი; 10%
სამცხესამცხესამცხესამცხე-ჯავახეთიჯავახეთიჯავახეთიჯავახეთი; 4%
იმერეთიიმერეთიიმერეთიიმერეთი; 15%
რაჭარაჭარაჭარაჭა-ლეჩხუმილეჩხუმილეჩხუმილეჩხუმი; 1%
ქვემოქვემოქვემოქვემო სვანეთისვანეთისვანეთისვანეთი; 9%
ქქქქ. თბილისითბილისითბილისითბილისი; 32%
სამეგრელოსამეგრელოსამეგრელოსამეგრელო-ზემოზემოზემოზემო სვანეთისვანეთისვანეთისვანეთი; 9%
აჭარააჭარააჭარააჭარა; 10,50%
გურიაგურიაგურიაგურია; 3%
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. statistikuri publikacia
“mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi” 2009.
2009 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos regionebSi funqcionirebad sawarmoTa
85-dan 96%-mde modioda mcire sawarmoebze, xolo mcire sawarmoTa saer-
To raodenobis 34,6% modioda Tbilisze, rac wina wlis maCvenebels 2,6%-
iT aRemateba; aWaraSi es maCvenebeli 3,2%-iT Semcirda da Seadgina 7,8%;
imereTSi – 13,1%, kaxeTSi – 7,3%, qvemo qarTlSi - 9,5% da a.S. (ix. danarTi
3).
zogadad mcire biznesis roli qveynis ekonomikaSi ganisazRvreba iseTi
maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa: mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa wili, mSp-Si mci-
re biznesis wili, produqciis warmoebisa da brunvis maCveneblebi mcire
94
biznesSi, mcire sawarmoTa raodenoba 1000 mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, mci-
re biznesis wili eqsportSi da a,. S.
aRniSnul maCvenebelTagan umniSvnelovanesia mcire biznesSi dasaqme-
bulTa xvedriTi wili. is iseve rogorc mcire biznesis ganlageba regio-
nebSi socialuri kategoriaa, romlis mniSvnelobas sul ufro zrdis
saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis funqcia.
dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mxriv 2008 wels mcire biznesSi dasaqmebul-
Ta 46,2% modioda q. Tbilisze, 12,9% - imereTze, 9,7% aWaris ar, 7,7% same-
grelo-zemo svaneTze da a.S.
saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis maC-
veneblebidan (cxr. 2.3.2.) Cans, rom mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli iyo
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili. kerZod, dasaqmebulTa yvelaze
maRali ricxvi SeiniSneboda 2000 wels _ 125 807 kaci, rac mTels biznes-
seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa 33,3% Seadgenda.
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.2. მცირემცირემცირემცირე, საშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალო დადადადა მსხვილმსხვილმსხვილმსხვილ ბიზნესშიბიზნესშიბიზნესშიბიზნესში დასაქმებისდასაქმებისდასაქმებისდასაქმების დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა 1999-2010წწწწწწწწ.
050000
100000150000200000250000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი საშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალო ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი მსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილი ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www. statistics.ge
unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002-2006 wlebSi mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa
dinamika TiTqmis ucvleli iyo, Tumca 2007-2008 wlebSi es maCvenebeli mk-
veTrad daeca 18,7%-mde, rac aixsneba saqarTveloSi arastabiluri poli-
tikuri Tu ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, agvistos omiT, msoflio ekonomi-
kuri krizisiT da arastabiluri biznes garemoTi, ramac zogadad gazar-
da umuSevrobis foni saqarTveloSi. 2009-2010 wlebidan umuSevrobis do-
nis SemcirebasTan erTad, es maCvenebeli kvlav zrdis tendenciiT xasiaT-
deba da Sesabamisad utoldeba mTels biznes-seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa
22,2%-sa da 21,6%. 2009 wlisaTvis dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 86 aTasamde,
95
anu 2007 welTan SedarebiT 27%-iT gaizarda, xolo 2010 wels 2009 welT-
an SedarebiT Semcirda 9%-iT. rogorc analizis Sedegebi gviCvenebs din-
amikaSi mcire biznesis iseTi ekonomikuri maCveneblebi, rogoricaa pro-
duqciis gamoSveba, brunva, Sromis saSualoTviuri anazRaurebis done,
mcire biznesSi, iseve rogorc msxvil biznesSi zrdiT xasiaTdeba. kerZod
2010 wels 2000 welTan SedarebiT mcire biznesis brunvisa da produqciis
gamoSvebis maCveneblebi izrdeba Sesabamisad 41%-iTa da 115%-iT, 2005 wel-
Tan SedarebiT – 155%-iTa da 92%-iT, xolo 2009 welTan SedarebiT mxol-
od 22%-iTa da 20%-iT. izrdeba mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTv-
iuri Sromis anazRaureba. ase magaliTad, 2010 wels 2000 welTan Sedareb-
iT aRniSnuli maCvenebeli gaizarda 561%-iT, 2005 welTan SedarebiT 42%-
iT. (ix.cxrili 2.3.2.)
cxrili 2.3.2. mcire biznesis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebi
saqarTveloSi 1999-2010 wlebSi
maCven wlebi
brunva (mln lari)
prod. gamoSveba (mln. lari)
dasaqmeba (kaci)
Srom.anazR. (lari)
sul
biznes
seqtori
mcire
biznesi
% mTlian
brunvasT
sul
biznes
seqtori
mcire
biznesi
%mTl.
produqc.
sul
biznes
seqtori
mcire
bizesi
% mT.
dasaqmeba
sul
biznesseq.
mcire
bizesi
1999 3111,3 1044,1 33.6 2091.0 424,3 20.3 379360 92202 24.3 73.6 55,9
2000 3781.4 1265,5 33.4 2388.9 493,7 20.7 373055 125807 33.3 82.2 51,1
2001 3975.2 1232,7 31.0 2625.4 537,6 20.4 313370 90159 28.8 108.4 66,2
2002 4595.6 584,4 12.7 3058.1 291,0 9.5 301310 73329 24.3 119.9 59,6
2003 5523.0 751,5 13.6 3492.6 326,8 6.4 297795 81166 27.3 139.4 58,3
2004 7248.4 859,6 11.9 4374.8 386,3 8.8 322779 82442 25.5 161.6 66,7
2005 10076.3 1155,8 11.5 5838.3 551,2 9.4 388946 100415 25.8 204.5 102,3
2006 13090.3 1079,3 8.2 7412.6 588,9 7.9 360987 84554 23.4 285.8 102,3
2007 17544.4 932,8 28.1 9645.4 513,3 5.3 361209 67677 18.7 381.6 163,2
2008 19650.7 967,6 4.9 10248.4 527,4 5.1 349250 65276 18.7 519.8 209,1
2009 20302.2 1464,1 7.2 11003.1 881,3 8.0 387463 86086 22.2 538.1 273,2
2010 23193.5 1793,4 7.7 12203.0 1060,1 8.7 366151 78772 21.6 670.3 389,0
2010 wel
s
2000w-Tan
+513 +41 +411 +115 -2 -38 +715 +561
2005w-Tan
+130 +155 +109 +92 -6 -22 +228 +281
2009w-Tan
+14 +22 +10 +20 -6 -9 +24 +42
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. kvartaluri biuleteni 2011.I
96
yovelive es miuTiTebs mcire biznesis mzard rolze mosaxleobis da-
saqmebasa da maTi socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi.
Tuki gadavxedavT saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis zogad suraTs, SeiZleba
gamovitanoT Semdegi daskvnebi: saqarTveloSi 2010 wlisaTvis Sromisuna-
riani mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgenda 1 912 817 kacs, maTgan biznesis
sferoSi dasaqmebuli iyo 366 151 kaci, rac mTeli Sromisunariani mosax-
leobis 19,1%-ia, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 4,1% mcire biznesze modio-
da, rac Seadgens 78772 kacs. es maCvenebeli arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba
ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebis analogiuri maCveneblis fonze,
sadac is Seadgens 30-60%-s. 4,5%-s Seadgenda aseve 2009 wels Sromisunari-
an mosaxleobaSi mcire biznesis xvedriTi wili. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli
postsabWoTa qveynebSic ar aris maRali. “azerbaijanSi is Seadgens Sro-
misunariani mosaxleobis 13%, somxeTSi, belorusiaSi, yazaxeTsa da ukra-
inaSi 5%-mde, yirgizeTSi- 4%, TurqmeneTsa da uzbekeTSi – 3%-s
uaxlovdeba, xolo tajikeTSi is Seadgens araumetes 1%.” (lariCeva. .
.2003:56).
saqarTveloSi 1000 kacze gaangariSebiT mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa
raodenobis maCvenebeli Seadgens 4,5. analogiuri maCvenebeli gaerTianeb-
ul samefoSi aris 46, germaniaSi 37, italiaSi 68, safrangeTSi 35, aSS-Si
74,2, iaponiaSi 49,6, ruseTSi 5,6. saerTaSoriso praqtikidan gamomdinare,
normaluri konkurenciuli garemosaTvis mcire sawarmoTa simWidrovis
indikatorad miRebulia 30-50 mcxovrebze erTi mcire sawarmo, anu rac ig-
ivea, 20-30 mcire sawarmo yovel 1000 mcxovrebze. amdenad mcire sawarmoTa
simWidrovis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 5-7-jer CamorCeba analogiur saer-
TaSoriso maCvenebels. amasTan ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogiur maCve-
nebelTan axlos dgas qveyanaSi funqcionirebadi sawarmoebis mTel rao-
denobaSi mcire sawarmoTa xvedriTi wiliT, romelic 82-85%-is farg-
lebSi meryeobs bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi. igive maCvenebeli “did
britaneTSi 75,8-is tolia, espaneTSi – 98,0%, italiaSi-84,0%, aSS-Si _
99,9%, taivanSi – 98%, ungreTSi -99%, iaponiaSi 99,2%, indoeTSi – 70%,
estoneTSi 98,6%, xolo yirgizeTSi – 38,3%” (franovskaia 2007:33)
ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi mcire biznesis rolis gansazRvrisaTvis di-
di mniSvneloba aqvs gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobas. 1999 wlidan
97
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.3. პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის გამოშვებისგამოშვებისგამოშვებისგამოშვების დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა საწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთასაწარმოთა ზომებისზომებისზომებისზომების მიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვითმიხედვით საქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოშისაქართველოში 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ. (მლნმლნმლნმლნ.ლარილარილარილარი)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი საშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალოსაშუალო ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი მსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილიმსხვილი ბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესიბიზნესი
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www. statistics.ge
moyolebuli mcire samewarmeo seqtoris mier warmoebuli produqciis ra-
odenobas aqvs klebadi xasiaTi. Tu 1999 wels is Seadgenda biznes-subieq-
tebis mier gamoSvebuli produqciis 20,3%, 2002 wlidan meryeobs 5,1-9,5%-
is farglebSi.
amis mizezad migvaCnia saxelmwifos mier mcire biznesisa da konkuren-
tuli garemos SenarCunebisadmi susti mxardaWera, msxvili biznesis xel-
Si monopoliuri uflebebis Tavmoyra, aseve investiciebis didi nakadebis
msxvili biznesisaken warmarTva. swored es faqtorebi axdens zegavlenas
mcire biznesis wilze mTlian Sida produqtSi miuxedavad msxvil da saS-
ualo sawarmoebTan SedarebiT raodenobrivad maRali ricxovnobisa mci-
re biznesis mier Setanili wvlili mTlian Sida produqtSi 10%-sac ar
aWarbebs, maSin roca germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, koreaSi da sxva qveynebSi
es maCvenebeli meryeobs 45-60%-is farglebSi. es imaze miuTiTebs, rom Cve-
nTan moqmed mcire sawarmoTa mTavari sazrunavi mesakuTreTa ojaxebis r-
Cenaa da maT gafarToebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro finansuri saxs-
rebi ar gaaCniaT.
garda amisa, mSp-Si mcire biznesis dabal xvedriT wils Cven vukavSi-
rebT saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoebis gansazRvris kriteriumebs. maSin
98
roca, saqarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa brunvis raodenoba Seadgens 100 aT-
as lars, evrokomisiis mier miRebuli klasifikaciiT mikro sawarmoTa
brunva 2 mln evros unda Seadgendes, xolo mcire sawarmosaTvis ki 10
mln evros. bunebrivia aseT gansxvavebaTa gamo mSp-Si Senatanis odenobac
Sesabamisi iqneba.
2.3.3. cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom mcire sawarmoTa
mier gamoSvebuli produqciis wili biznes seqtoris mier warmoebul
mTels produqciaSi stabilur mdgomareobas inarCunebs da zrdis tenden-
ciiT ar xasiaTdeba. magaliTad mrewvelobaSi, transportsa da kavSirgab-
mulobaSi, sastumroebsa da restornebSi warmoebuli produqciis wili
mTliand qveynis masStabiT imave dargebSi warmoebul produqciaSi mniSv-
nelovnad ar izrdeba, Tumca Tu davakvirdebiT calkeuli dargebis farg-
lebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis dinamikas, TiTqmis yvela maTganSi
ekonomikur maCveneblebs zrdis tendencia aqvT
cxrili 2.3.3. produqciis gamoSveba ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebis
mixedviT 2002-2010ww
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi 2011
rogorc cxrili 2.3.4-dan Cans mrewvelobaSi brunvis maCvenebeli 2010
wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 79%-iT, produqciis gamoSveba 78%-
wlebi
mrewveloba mSenebloba vaWroba transp.orti da kavSirgabm.
sast. da restor.
sul
mcire sawarm.
%dargis prod
sul
mcire sawarm.
%dargis pr..
sul
mcire sawarm.
%dargis pr.
sul
mcire sawarm.
%dargis pr.
sul
mcire sawarm.
%dargis pr.
2002 1344.9 95.6 7.1 327.6 31.5 9.6 177.8 56.9 32.0 847.6 26.7 3.1 58.0 19.2 33.1
2003 1594.3 101.0 6.3 302.3 33.0 10.9 220.2 80.5 36.6 975.4 26.6 2.7 68.1 18.9 27.8
2004 1859.7 124.0 6.7 383.7 37.0 9.6 330.4 96.2 29.1 1278.3. 28.8 2.2 88.3 26.7 30.2
2005 2285.1 158.2 6.9 768.9 63.1 8.2 533.3 120.8 21.8 1475.2 27.5 1.9 134.6 47.3 35.1
2006 2779.0 161.3 5.8 1186.0 109.9 9.2 741.1 87.2 11.7 1806.7 42.9 2.3 177.4 56.6 31.9
2007 3583.3 144.4 4.0 1718.2 41.2 2.4 1150.5 83.4 7.2 1936.2 37.0 1.9 193.5 51.5 26.6
2008 3821.8 143.0 3.7 1434.7 44.6 3.1 1464.7 97.3 6.6 2043.6 41.4 2.0 225.7 51.9 23.0
2009 3797.1 229.5 5.0 1752.6 125.5 7.1 1603.7 166.8 10.4 2016.5 41.6 2.0 271.5 61.4 22.6
2010 4566.0 286.9 6.2 1482.5 185.2 12.4 2003.1 180.2 9.0 2324.0 55.6 2.4 313.5 62.7 20.0
99
iT, xolo dasaqmebulTa raodenoba umniSvnelod 3%-iT gaizarda. Cveni
azriT es ukavSirdeba sawarmoebSi menejmentis srulyofas, uaxlesi teq-
nologiebis danergvas, kvalifikaciis amaRlebisaken swrafvas da sxva.
cxrili 2.3.4. mcire biznesis ekonomikuri maCveneblebi saqmianobis saxeeb-
is mixedviT
mrewveloba maCveneblebi
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
% 2005 w. 2002w-Tan
% 2010 w. 2006w-Tan
brunva 98.7 104.1 125.1 159.7 164.8 145.0 138.1 229.7 295.8 +62 +79 produqciis gamoSveba
95.6 101.0 124.0 158.2 161.3 144.4 143.0 229.5 286.9 +65 +78
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
14274 13520 14552 18083 15884 12501 11415 16904 16382 +27 +3
mSenebloba brunva 31.3 33.6 37.2 62.8 110.2 40.3 45.4 86.1 181.9 +100 +65 produqciis gamoSveba
31.5 33.0 37.0 63.1 109.9 41.2 44.6 125.5 185.2 +100 +68
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
3623 3525 3716 6452 8955 4031 3930 7182 7320 +78 -18
vaWroba brunva 355.7 511.9 572.3 733.2 557.7 490.2 525.3 781.5 864.1 +106 +54 produqciis gamoSveba
56.9 80.5 96.2 120.8 87.2 83.4 97.3 166.8 180.2 +112 +106
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
29370 38584 38793 39051
26542 20027 20227 25803 19787 +33 -26
sastumroebi da restornebi brunva 19.7 18.7 28.0 48.3 57.6 52.8 52.2 59.6 63.3 +145 +9 produqciis gamoSveba
19.2 18.9 26.7 47.3 56.6 51.5 51.9 61.4 62.7 +146 +10
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
3882 3704 4201 6374 6105 4887 4566 4702 3324 +64 -46
transporti da kavSirgabmuloba brunva 26.8 30.0 34.0 56.1 49.0 54.2 56.7 72.5 108.0 +109 +120 produqciis gamoSveba
26.6 28.8 27.5 42.9 37.0 41.4 41.6 55.6 69.1 +61 +84
dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
4008 4005 3590 5522 4008 4175 4823 4685 4099 +37 +2
wyaro: cxrili Sedgenilia “saqstatis” monacemebisa da Cveni gaangariSebebis safuZve-
lze.
rac Seexeba mSeneblobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom am dargis mcire
sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 2010 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT
18%-iT, anu 1635 kaciT Semcirda, brunvis maCvenebeli 65%-iani zrdiT
xasiaTdeba, produqciis gamoSveba ki gaizarda 68%-iT
100
diagrama 2.3.4. mrewvelobis mcire sawarmoTa produqciis
gamoSvebis dinamika 2002-2010 ww.
050
100150200250300350
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის გამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვება
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www.statistics.ge
mSeneblobis sferos mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis
Semcirebas vukavSirebT amave dargis msxvil sawarmoebSi maT gadadinebas
SedarebiT maRali Sromis anazRaurebis gamo. brunvis moculobis zrda
ki dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi mSeneblobis tempebis zrdasTan, samSeneblo
obieqtebis simravlesTan. aseT pirobebSi dakveTebis simravlis gamo
mcire sawarmoebic sruli datvirTviT muSaoben.
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.5. მშენებლობისმშენებლობისმშენებლობისმშენებლობის სფეროსსფეროსსფეროსსფეროს მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოების მიერმიერმიერმიერ გამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებული პროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქცია 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ.
050
100150200
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის გამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვება
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www.statistics.ge
msgavsi suraTia vaWrobaSic. Sesadar periodSi dafiqsirda dasaqmebu-
lTa 26%-iani kleba, Tumca amas saerTodac ar umoqmedia brunvisa da
produqciis gamoSvebis maCveneblebze da isini gaizarda Sesabamisad 54%-
iTa da 106%-iT. mocemul dargSi am maCveneblis maRali mniSvneloba daka-
101
vSirebulia fasebis zrdasTan da inflaciuri procesebis zrdasTan, Tum-
ca ar unda gamoiricxos realizebuli produqciis zrdis albaTobac.
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.6. ვაჭრობისვაჭრობისვაჭრობისვაჭრობის სფეროსსფეროსსფეროსსფეროს მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოების მიერმიერმიერმიერ გამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებული პროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქცია 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ.
050
100150200
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის გამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვება
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www.statistics.ge
2010 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT brunvis maCvenebeli 120 %-iT gaizar-
da transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis dargSi, rac aixsneba saqarTvelos
globalur procesebSi CarTviT, saerTSoriso mimosvlebisa da komunika-
ciebis masStabebis zrdiT, mezobel da evrokavSiris qveynebTan savaWro-
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gafarToebiT. aseve gansakuTrebiT maRalia
turizmis xvedriTi wili, romlis ganviTareba bunebrivia zrdis transp-
ortisa da kavSirgabmulobis dargis mniSvnelobasa da saWiroebas. swo-
red amiT aixsneba, rom am dargebis momsaxurebis maCvenebeli gaizarda 84
procentiT. Tumca dasaqmebulTa raodenoba mxolod 2%-iT izrdeba, rac
ZiriTadad gamowveulia warmoebis organizaciuli struqturis srulyo-
fiT.
diagramadiagramadiagramadiagrama 2.3.7. ტრანსპორტისატრანსპორტისატრანსპორტისატრანსპორტისა დადადადა კავშირგაბულობისკავშირგაბულობისკავშირგაბულობისკავშირგაბულობის მცირემცირემცირემცირე საწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოებისსაწარმოების მიერმიერმიერმიერ გამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებულიგამოშვებული პროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქციაპროდუქცია 2002-2010 წწწწწწწწ.
020406080
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის გამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვებაგამოშვება
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. www.statistics.ge
102
Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili SeaqvT ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi sastum-
roebis da restornebis sferos mcire sawarmoebs. turizmis ganviTareba
warmoadgens saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritets. igegmeba
turizmis axali saxeobebis ekoturizmis, samTo turizmis, sasoflo tur-
izmis, samedicino turizmis da sxva saxeobaTa ganviTareba, rac samomavl-
od aucileblad gamoiwvevs Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmnis aucileb-
lobas, romlis ganuyofel elemantsac warmoadgens mcire sastumroebi
da restornebi. es procesebi obieqturad gamoiwvevs am dargis mcire zo-
mis dawesebulebaTa gazrdas. dReisaTvis ki am sferoSi brunvisa da pro-
duqciis gamoSvebis maCveneblebi zemoT ganxilul saqmianobis saxeTa maC-
veneblebs ver Seedreba, magram mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom isinic zr-
dis tendenciiT xasiaTdebian da aRweven Sesabamisad 9 da 10%. aqve unda
aRiniSnos rom dasaqmebulTa raodenoba Semcirebulia 46%-iT.
mcire biznesis optimaluri sistemuri struqturis formireba am seq-
toris potencialis srulad amoqmedebis udides rezervebs Seicavs. swor-
ed am proceszea damokidebuli ara marto ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis
daCqareba, aramed socialuri problemebis gadaWrac. pirveli rigis amoc-
anad gvesaxeba ekonomikuri stimulirebis berketebis meSveobiT mcire me-
warmeobis sistemuri struqturis optimizacia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs saqar-
TveloSi iseTi prioritetuli mimarTulebebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa
soflis meurneoba, turizmi da mrewveloba, am dargebSi mcire sawarmoTa
raodenobisa da maTSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvis zrda. amasTan erTad aseve,
umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebad migvaCnia wvrili mewarmeobis winmswrebi
tempebiT ganviTarebisaTvis yovelmxrivi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris
aRmoCena saqarTvelos im regionebSi, sadac mosaxleobis depopulacia
daiwyo da gansakuTrebiT didia rogorc dausaqmebeli muSaxeli, ise –
gamouyenebeli bunebrivi resursebi. saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas xelsayre-
li makroekonomikuri da biznesgaremo im produqciis sawarmoeblad, rom-
elic dReisaTvis ucxoeTidan Semodis da mis adgilze warmoebisaTvis sa-
Wiro bunebrivi pirobebi da saTanado adgilobrivi iafi resursebi arseb-
obs.
realurad ki soflis meurneobaSi dReisaTvis Semdegi mdgomareoba
gvaqvs. 2009 wels soflis meurneobis wilma mSp-Si 9,6% Seadgina. soflis
103
meurneobis dargis mwarmoeblurobis realuri zrda wina welTan Seda-
rebiT Semcirda 1,3%-iT.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis produqciis eqsportis didi potenci-
ali gaaCnia. amas adasturebs misi istoriul-meurneobrivi ganviTarebis
gza. Tumca dReisaTvis am dargSic srulad ar aris gamoyenebuli SesaZl-
eblobebi da mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba mezobel qveynebs, ris gamoc maTze
damokidebul poziciaSi imyofeba. amas adasturebs saqarTvelos ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis saministros mier 2009 wels Catarebuli `soflis meur-
neobis produqciis kvleva~, romlis Tanaxmadac 2009 wels soflis meur-
neobis produqciiT sagareo savaWro brunvam 5513 mln. aSS dolari Sead-
gina, rac wina welTan SedarebiT 29,3%-iT naklebia, magram es moxda ara
importis Semcirebis xarjze, aramed sakuTari ZalebiT warmoebuli saeq-
sporto produqciis Semcirebis xarjze.
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.8. სოფლისსოფლისსოფლისსოფლის მეურნეობაშიმეურნეობაშიმეურნეობაშიმეურნეობაში პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის წარმოებაწარმოებაწარმოებაწარმოება 2003-2009წწწწწწწწ.
wyaro: “soflis meurneobis produqciis kvleva”. publikacia. saqarTvelos
ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2009.
2009 wlis monacemebiT agrosasursaTo produqciis eqsportma 340 mln.
aSS dolari Seadgina, rac mTliani eqsportis 30%-s Seadgens.
sasoflo sameurneo produqciis importma 818,5 mln. aSS dolari Sea-
dgina, rac mTliani importis 18,6%-ia. saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad xorcie-
ldeba Semdegi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsporti: Txili, eTilis
spiriti, mineraluri wylebi, Rvino, xili, marcvleuli, Tevzi, bostneu-
li. saimporto saqonelic igive dasaxelebebs moicavs: pur-burRuleuli,
xorci, zeTebi, Tevzi, rZis produqtebi da sxva.
104
7054
35,4 34,220,1
1,2 4,5 2,60
10203040506070
კაკალიკაკალიკაკალიკაკალი ეთილისეთილისეთილისეთილის
სპირტისპირტისპირტისპირტი
მინმინმინმინ. წყალიწყალიწყალიწყალი ხილიხილიხილიხილი მარცვლეულიმარცვლეულიმარცვლეულიმარცვლეული თევზითევზითევზითევზი ბოსტნეულიბოსტნეულიბოსტნეულიბოსტნეული
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 2.3.9. სოფლისსოფლისსოფლისსოფლის მეურნეობისმეურნეობისმეურნეობისმეურნეობის პროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციისპროდუქციის ექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტი 2009წწწწ.(მლნმლნმლნმლნ აშშაშშაშშაშშ დოლარიდოლარიდოლარიდოლარი)
wyaro: “soflis meurneobis produqciis kvleva”. publikacia. saqarTvelos
ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2009
bostneulis realizacia sakmaod dabal fasebSi mimdinareobs zafxul-
Si, rac pirvel rigSi gamowveulia qveyanaSi nedli xilisa da bostneul-
is Sesanaxi simZlavreebis ar arsebobiT. mwarmoeblebi cdiloben swraf-
ad gauwion realizacia produqcias, raTa Tavidan aicilon misi xarisxis
gauareseba da danakargebi. sezonis damTavrebasTan erTad mkveTrad matu-
lobs xilisa da bostneulis sarealizacio fasi da iwyeba importi mezo-
beli qveynebidan, ZiriTadad TurqeTidan da azerbaijanidan, romlebsac
gaaCniaT sakmaod maRali teqnologiebiT aRWurvili xil-bostneulis Se-
sanaxi bazebi. saerTo moxmarebaSi Zalian maRalia importirebuli xaxvis,
nioris, stafilos, da kartofilis wili.
migvaCnia, rom importis Semcirebis sakiTxSi mniSvnelovani wvlilis
Setana SeuZliaT mcire fermerul meurneobebs. dasavleTis ganviTarebul
qveynebSi ojaxuri ferma aris soflis meurneobis safuZveli. magaliTad,
aSS-Si maTma raodenobam 2005 wels 2 milions gadaaWarba. yvelaze efeqt-
uria fermeruli biznesi holandiaSi, sadac erT fermers SeuZlia gamokv-
bos qveynis 180-200 moqalaqe. am qveyanaSi fermerebi imyofebian mTavrobis
xelSewyobisa da kontrolis qveS. gansakuTrebiT miwebis nayofierebis
SenarCunebaSi, kreditebis gamoyofaSi, dazRvevaSi da a.S. (oTinaSvili
2010: 167). am mxriv saqarTvelosac SeuZlia mniSvnelovani Sedegebis miRwe-
va, risTvisac Cvenis azriT, saWiroa soflis meurneobis materialur-teq-
nikuri bazis srulyofa. investiciebis ganxorcielebiT, saojaxo biznes-
is axleburi organizaciiT, Tanamedrove mcire teqnikisa da teqnologieb-
105
is dafuZnebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mSp-Si misi Senatanis mniSvnelovnad
amaRleba da eqsportSi wilis gazrda.
erTi SexedviT, saqarTveloSi Seqmnilia mravali piroba imisaTvis,
rom mewarmem warmatebiT ganaxorcielos eqsporti _ Seicvala sabaJo kan-
onmdebloba da Sesabamisad administrireba, aseve saqarTvelo sargebl-
obs preferenciaTa ganzogadebuli sistemiT, rac marTlac mniSvnelova-
ni SeRavaTebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs qarTul bizness, kerZod ki sawar-
moebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, moaxdinon jamSi 9000-mde dasaxelebis produq-
tis SeRavaTiani pirobebiT (maT Soris 7200 produqtze nulovani ganakve-
TiT) eqsportireba 35-mde qveyanaSi. Tumca, sawarmoebis umravlesoba ara-
Tu saerTaSoriso bazrebze, adgilobriv bazrebzec ki ver axerxeben Ta-
vis damkvidrebasa da konkurirebas. amis erT-erTi mizezTagania infor-
mirebulobis dabali done, mewarmeTa mxridan bazrebis Seswavlisa da ma-
rketinguli RonisZiebebis gatarebis meqanizmebSi gaurkvevloba.
aRniSvnis Rirsia Cvens mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvebisas pasuxebi kiTx-
vaze: `axorcielebT Tu ara saqonlis eqsports?”. gamokiTxul mewarmeTa
17% eqsports ar axorcielebs, magram Tvlis, rom mis mier warmoebul
produqcias aqvs saeqsporto potenciali. es mewarmeebi warmoadgendnen
iseT dargebs rogoricaa avejis warmoeba, samSeneblo masalebis warmo-
eba, meTevzeoba, memcenareoba, mefutkreoba, mecxoveleoba, safeiqro war-
moeba. gamokiTxulTagan TiTqmis aravis ar ucdia saeqsporto bazrebis
Seswavla da miT umetes saqonlis ucxoeTSi gatana; mewarmeTa 25% Tvlis,
rom mis mier warmoebuli produqcia ucxoeTSi konkurentunariani ar iqn-
eba, xolo 48% ki Tvlis, rom awarmoebs iseT saqonels, romlis eqsport-
ic ver ganxorcieldeba.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi mudmivad aqtualuri problemis, mosaxleobis
dasaqmebis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens mcire biznesi. miuxedavad
am sferos socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis aRiarebisa, is mainc ver
uaxlovdeba im maCveneblebs, romlebic ucxoeTis amave seqtorisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli, magram mas yovelTvis eqneba sakuTari adgili bazarze.
arsebobs biznesis mravali mimarTuleba, romlebSic masStaburi sawarmo-
ebi ubralod araa gamarTlebuli. biznesis es saxeebi SeiZleba iyos ro-
gorc warmoebaSi, ise momsaxurebaSi, vaWrobaSi da soflis meurneobaSi.
Cvens mier ganxiluli meurneobis sferoebSi mcire biznesis perspeqtiul-
106
oba damtkicebulia, radgan yvela maTganSi warmoebuli produqciis zrda
SeiniSneba.
Cvens mier ganxorcielebul kvlevebsa da statistikur monacemebze da-
yrdnobiT SegviZlia gavakeToT mcire biznesis ramdenime maCveneblis pro-
gnozi 2015-2020, 2020-2025 wlebisaTvis. amisaTvis gamoviyeneT saSualowli-
uri absoluturi matebis gaangariSebis Semdegi formula:
= yn – y1 / n-1
sadac, yn aris dinamikuri mwkrivis bolo done,
y1 – dinamikuri mwkrivis pirveli done,
n – wlebis raodenoba. (kbilaZe . . .2008: 293).
cxrili 2.3.5. saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis produqciis gamoSvebisa da
dasaqmebis maCveneblebis prognozi 2015-2025 wlebisaTvis
wyaro: prognozebi gakeTebulia statistikuri monacemebisa da Cveni gaangariSebebiT.
rogorc Cveni varaudidan Cans saTanado mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi mosa-
lodnelia mcire biznesis ori umniSvnelovanesi maCveneblis, produqciis
moculobisa da dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda. magaliTad, war-
moebuli produqciis moculoba 2015 wlisaTvis 2008 welTan SedarebiT
354 %-iT gaizrdeba, xolo 2010 welTan SedarebiT 126%-iT. 2020 wlisaTvis
2010 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels gadaaWarbebs 2664 milioni lariT. xolo
dasaqmebulTa ricxvi ki gaizrdeba 67480 kaciT, rac 85%-s Seadgens. 2025
wels 2015 welTan SedarebiT produqciis gamoSveba gaizrdeba 116%-iT,
2020 welTan SedarebiT ki 36%-iT. rac Seexeba dasaqmebis maCvenebels Ses-
abamisad gaizrdeba 59%-iT da 23%-iT da 179992 kacs Seadgens, rac 2010
wlis maCvenebels 2,3-jer aRemateba. (cxr. 2.3.5.)
saqarTvelos realobaSi mcire biznesis ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis
optimizaciisaTvis mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia:
maCven./ wlebi
faqtiuri prognozi
2015 w. %-T 2020w %-iT 2025w %-iT
2008 2009 2010 2015 2020 2025 2008w-Tan
2010w-Tan
2010w-Tan
2015w-Tan
2015w-Tan
2020wTan
prod warmoe. (mln lari)
527
881
1060
2392
3724
5056
+354
+126
+251
+56
+111
+36
dasaqm raod. (kaci)
65276
86086
78772
112512
146252
179992
+72
+42
+85
+29
+59
+23
107
• mcire sawarmoTa seqtoruli da dargobrivi struqturis srul-
yofa;
• damatebiT kvlevebis safuZvelze mcire biznesis gansazRvris
parametrebSi cvlilebebis Setana dargobrivi kuTvnilebis moxe-
dviT;
• mcire biznesis regionaluri struqturis srulyofa resursuli
upiratesobebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
• saxelmwifo srtategiis SemuSaveba, romelic orientirebuli iqn-
eba importis Semcirebaze da am kuTxiT mcire sawarmoTa wvlil-
is gafarToeba.
108
Tavi III. MTavi III. MTavi III. MTavi III. Mmmmmcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da cire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da cire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da cire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi da
tendenciebitendenciebitendenciebitendenciebi saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi
3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli3.1. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategia da saxelmwifos roli
msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesebi StambeWdav-
ia Tavisi masStabebiTa da dinamizmiT. eqspertebi globalizacias ganixi-
laven rogorc msoflio ekonomikis restruqturizacias, romelic xorci-
eldeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikur, politikur da socialur-
kulturul RonisZiebaTa nebayoflobiT gavrcelebiT. am procesSi gansak-
uTrebiT didia im qveynebis wvlili, romlebmac im qveynebis wvlili, rom-
lebmac miaRwies warmoebis kritikul odenobas da cdiloben globaluri
konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebas. aseT pirobebSi, erTi SexedviT, par-
adoqsuladac ki SeiZleba mogveCvenos mraval saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebi-
sa da saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa ucvleli interesi mcire sawarmoTa
zrdis SesaZleblobebisadmi. martivi xedva iqneboda Tu amis mizezad Cav-
TvlidiT bolo aTwleulebisaTvis tipiuri tendenciebis gagrZelebas,
roca socialur-ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier mcire ekono-
mikis mxardaWera aucileblobad miiCneoda.
mcire mewarmeobis Tanamedrove Sefaseba gansxvavebulia xarisxobrivi
aspeqtiT: mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi aRiarebulia sameurneo struqtu-
ris mniSvnelovan nawilad, romelic amaRlebs mis moqnilobas, adaptiu-
robas, sadac samuSao Zalis mniSvnelovani masis mozidva ganapirobebs
socialur stabilurobas. bolo periodamde Seiswaveboda mcire sawar-
moTa roli mxolod saSinao bazrebze, magram erovnul ekonomikaTa msof-
lio sameurneo procesebSi CarTulobis gaRrmaveba da maTi globalizac-
ia cvlis TamaSis wesebs misi yvela monawilesaTvis. qveynebisa da firmeb-
is doneze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi mZlavrad ganicdis sagareo zemoq-
medebas, roca SeuZlebelia im tendenciaTa ignorireba, romlebic yalib-
deba erovnul sazRvrebs gareT.
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
mWidrod ukavSirdeba sameurneo saqmianobis axal filosofiasa da ekono-
mikis globalizaciis procesebs.
saqarTveloSi sabazro principebze gadasvlis sawyisi etapidan iwyeba
adamianuri kapitalisa da resursuli bazis adeqvatur ekonomikur urTi-
109
erTobaTa sistemis mSenebloba, strategiuli midgomebis Camoyalibeba.
globalizaciis urTules garemoSi saWiroa sakuTari ekonomikuri SesaZ-
leblobebis Sesabamisi konkurentunariani modelis Seqmna. `globalizac-
ia uCvenodac modis, magram modis rogorc uxeSi Zala da angariSs ar uw-
evs Cvens SesaZleblobebs, Cvens unikalurobas da Cvens gankargulebaSi
arsebuli resursebis gamoyenebis Cveneul xedvas. es obieqturi procesia
da xorcieldeba, rogorc aucilebloba. ise, rogorc zamTari ver gaiTva-
liswinebs Raribi an zarmaci kacis mier SeSis Tavis droze moutanlobis
faqts, ise globalizaciis Seuqcevadi procesic ver gaiTvaliswinebs sae-
rTo kanonzomierebaTa Seucnoblobis mizeziT calkeuli qveynebis moum-
zadeblobas am procesisadmi. amitom TiToeuli makroekonomikuri struq-
turis valia TviT wavides globalizaciisaken, SevTavazoT mas sakuTari
SesaZleblobebi da aqtiurad Caebas globaluri procesebis marTvis ar-
ealSi.~ (iakobiZe 2010: 22)
amdenad saqarTvelo, romelic sakuTar ganviTarebas ukavSirebs msof-
lio dinamizmis globalur kanonzomierebs, damoukideblad wyvets dasaq-
mebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis problemebs. kvlav aqtualuria iseTi ekono-
mikuri politikis SemuSaveba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba msoflio bazar-
ze misi konkurentunarianobis zrdisaken da qveyanaSi socialuri prob-
lemebis gadawyvetisaken.
saqarTvelo cdilobs Sevides evrokavSirSi da orientirebulia ekono-
mikis gaZRolis evropul sistemaze. CvenSi arsebuli msxvili sawarmoebi
`arsebiTad CarTuli arian msoflio Sromis danawilebaSi da isini asru-
leben regionaluri mniSvnelobis sawarmoo simZlavreTa rols. maTi mni-
Svneloba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis arsebiTia, magram maT sa-
kuTari teqnologiuri SezRudulobisa da msoflio bazarze adgilidan
gamomdinare ar ZaluZT saqarTveloSi gadawyviton dasaqmebisa da ekonom-
ikuri zrdis problemebi. es obieqturi realoba gasagebia evropisTvisac
da evrokavSiris moqmedi erTiani ekonomikuri politika, siRaribis daZl-
evisa da dasaqmebis donis amaRlebis saqmeSi, mimarTulia ara msxvili sa-
warmoebisaken, aramed saSualo da mcire mewarmebisadmi. saqarTvelos,
iseve rogorc yvela sxva qveyanas globalizacia uqmnis konkurenciis ua-
Rresad mniSvnelovan pirobebs. konkurentuli brZola mZafrdeba da qveyn-
ebi iZulebulni xdebian damorCildnen msoflio bazris realobebs. am
110
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania mcire sawarmoTa saxelmwifoebrivi xelSe-
wyoba~ (iakobiZe 2010: 32).
naTelia, rom msoflioSi konkurentuli brZolis gamwvavebis kvaloba-
ze mcire da saSualo biznesiT qveyanebis daintereseba izrdeba. saqarTve-
loSi mcire biznesis sferoSi strategiuli cvlilebebis gareSe SeuZle-
belia saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integracia da erToblivi mewarmeoba,
aseve SeuZlebelia saSualo klasis arseboba da Sesabamisad pirobebi uk-
onfliqto saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integraciisaTvis da sabazro pro-
cesebis globalizaciisaTvis.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi araerTi qveyana gamoiyenebs socialur-ekono-
mikuri mdgomareobis iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa:
_ warmoebisa da bazrebis globalizacia; teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa
da modernizaciis maRali tempebi, bazarze maRalteqnologiuri produq-
ciis wilis gazrda;
_ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xanmokle sasicocxlo cikli, diversifi-
kaciis maRali xarisxi, calkeuli saxis produqciaze moTxovnis mkveTri
cvlileba;
_ globalur ekonomikaSi aramaterialuri warmoebis “kreatiuli kapi-
talisa” da “codnis ekonomikis” mniSvnelobis gazrda;
_ materialuri resursebis SezRuduloba da ekologiurad usafrTxo
produqciis gamoSvebaze maRali moTxovnebi;
_ saqonelsa da momsaxurebis xarisxze gazrdili moTxovna, xarisxis
erTiani saerTaSoriso standartebis SemoReba.
mcire biznesis subieqtebi mudmivad cvalebad sabazro koniunqturaze
ufro moqnilad reagireben, uzrunvelyofen kapitaldabandebaTa maRal
efeqtianobas. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis gazrda, romel-
Tac SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis da ojaxebis uzrunvelyofa, iwvevs mosax-
leobis TviTgamorkvevis Camoyalibebas, amaRlebs sazogadoebis Semoqme-
debiTi potencials da socialuri TanamSromlobisaTvis mzadyofnas, am-
cirebs sabiujeto socialur datvirTvas, zrdis ra ganviTarebaSi daban-
debebis SesaZleblobebs.
mcire biznesi funqcionirebs gansakuTrebul garemoSi. Tuki sawyisi
produqcia an momsaxureba unikaluria mcire biznesSi, vidre msxvilSi,
Cndebian konkurentebi. swored konkurencia aiZulebT subieqtebs upirate-
111
sobebis mudmivad Ziebas sakuTar biznesSi. amdenad konkretul bazarze
saerTo standartebis arsebobisas yovelTvis moiZebneba gansxvavebuli
Tavisebureba, riTac SeiZleba gaumklavde konkurentebs.
mkvlevarTa didi nawili, mcire mewarmeobis problemaTa “fesvebs” eZeb-
en iseT gare faqtorebSi, rogoricaa administraciuli barierebi, saka-
nonmdeblo bazis arastabiluroba, finansebze SezRuduli xelmisawvdom-
oba. mcire biznesis TaviseburebaTa Soris mkvlevarebi gamoyofen damo-
ukideblobas da mcire sawarmoTa orientacias naxevradproduqtiul mo-
delze, mmarTvelobiTi teqnologiebis, aseve sainformacio konsaltingu-
ri da saganmanaTleblo uzrunvelyofisa da saerTo infrastruqturis ga-
nuviTareblobas. mcire biznesis arsebuli midgomebis problemebi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom yuradReba gamaxvilebulia axali mcire sawarmoebis
stimulirebaze, maSin, roca ukve moqmed samewarmeo subieqtTa ganmtkice-
basa da ganviTarebis sakiTxs mcire yuradReba eTmoba. amave dros ZiriTa-
di problema mdgomareobs axlad Seqmnili mcire sawarmoebis konkurentu-
narianobasa da araefeqturobaSi, rac ver qmnis maTi grZelvadiani funq-
cionirebisa da mniSvnelovani efeqtebis miRebis safuZvels. yvela es faq-
tori sxvadasxva xarisxiT gavlenas axdens mcire biznesis Sedegianobaze,
magram isini sruliad xsnian zemoT aRweril problemis mizezebs, Tumca
SesaZlebelia faqtorebis warmoCenac, romelic avlens saqarTvelos eko-
nomikaSi mcire biznesis potencialis miuRwevlobis mizezebs. es aris
mcire biznesis susti integracia sabazro sferoSi. e.i. faqtiurad mcire
biznesi, romelsac aqvs moqnilobisa da sabazro garemosTan swrafi Segu-
ebis unari, saqarTvelos realobaSi praqtikulad ver pasuxobs sagareo
pirobebis cvlilebs, ris Sedegadac, bunebrivia uTmobs adgils da pozi-
ciebs saSualo da msxvil kompaniebs.
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis realizaciisaTvis aucilebel-
ia rogorc gare pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, ise zemoqmedeba Sida proble-
mebzec. mcire biznesis ZiriTad Sida problemas warmoadgens araefeqturi
menejmenti. magaliTad, aSS-Si yovelwliurad 600 aTasi axali sawarmo
iwyebs saqmianobas, magram maTgan mxolod naxevari aRwevs 18 Tvis asaks,
10 wels ki _ xuTidan erTi. specialistTa dakvirvebiT milionobiT fir-
mis saqmianobaSi erTi da igivea warumateblobis mizezebi: kerZod, gako-
trebis SemTxvevaSi 44% gamowveulia arakompetenturobiT, 17% _ sammarT-
112
velo gamocdilebis uqonlobiT, raSic igulisxmeba saqmis dawyebamde mu-
Sakebisa da sxva resursebis marTvis mcire gamocdileba an saerTod uq-
onloba, 16% _ gamocdilebis daubalanseblobiT, marketingis, finansebis,
momaragebisa da warmoebis sferoSi gamocdilebis uqonlobiT, 2% _ ga-
mowveulia sxva mizezebiT (siropolisi 1996:28). yovelive es imaze metyve-
lebs, rom sakuTri saqmis dawyebamde aucilebelia pirovnuli da saqmiani
Tvisebebis gadauWarbeblad da obieqturad TviTSefaseba da biznesSi Ca-
rTvaze gadawyvetilebis miReba.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis da bazarze pozi-
ciebis gamyarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan Sida faqtors warmoadgens marTvis
sistemis srulyofa. man unda moicvas prognozirebis, dagegmvis, aRricxv-
is, analizisa da kontrolis procesebi. Sida garemos monitoringis maCve-
neblebma unda misces sawarmos xelmZRvanelobas saSualeba miiRos stra-
tegiuli gadawyvetilebebi. amitomac mcire sawarmoebSi msgavsi sistemis
SemuSaveba da danergva warmoadgens sakmaod aqtualur sakiTxs.
nebismieri biznesi gulisxmobs warmoebis, marketingis, finansebisa da
personalis marTvas. msxvil kompaniebSi marTvis funqciebi delegirebul-
ia sxvadasxva doneebs Soris, xolo mcire sawarmoSi pasuxismgeblibas sa-
kuTar Tavze iRebs mewarme, radgan mxolod man icis marTvis yvela sfe-
roSi Tavisi upiratesobebis Sesaxeb. yoveli aseTi upiratesoba saboloo
jamSi saSualebas iZleva gazardos sxvaoba amonagebsa da danaxarjebs
Soris produqciis erTeulze, aseve saSualebas iZleva mcire biznesi gax-
des efeqtiani saqmianobis mcire masStabebisas. amitomac mewarmis mier un-
da iqnes ganxiluli marTvis yvela sferos upiratesobebi tipiur momen-
tebSi.
warmoebis procesis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa mowyobilobebi, ned-
leuli da saTanado specialistebi. yvela mewarmes ara aqvs saSualeba
SeiZinos axali danadgarebi d aver iZens iafad makompleqtebel nawilebs.
magram saqmis Sinaarsianad da guldasmiT gaZRolisas SesaZlebelia Zve-
li mowyobilobebi da tradiciuli nedleuli gaxdes upiratesoba. ama-
sTan aucilebelia sawarmoo procesis yoveli momdevno elementis ganxi-
lva, raTa gamovlindes sakuTari biznesis realuri da potenciuri upira-
tesobebi. idealur SemTxvevad SeiZleba CaiTvalos warmoeba, romelic
efuZneba “nou-haus”, specialur mowyobilobebs, siaxleebsa da damkveTis
113
masalebis gamoyenebas. magram amasTan SesaZlebelia gaizardos xarjebi
marketingze, romelsac mewarmeebi damoukideblad ewevian.
marketinguli strategia aucilebelia realizaciis procesis marTvis-
aTvis. es aris SeTanxmebul gadawyvetilebaTa erToblioba bazris segmen-
tis arCevisas, am bazarze saqonlis pozicionirebisas, realizaciis fasis
gansazRvrisas, ganawilebis arxebze gadanawilebisas da gayidvaTa stimu-
lirebisas.
cxr. 3.1.1. dasaqmebis saagentos marketinguli strategia
bazris segmenti
produqti fasi gasaRebis arxebi
stimulebi
baTumSi mcxovrebi umuSevrebi
dasaqmeba saagentos mier dasaqmebulTa
wliuri Semosavlis 15
%
reklama da dasaqmebulebi
dasaqmebaze mzardi moTxovna.
dReisaTvis gamZafrebuli konkurenciis pirobebSi sawarmos warmate-
ba-warumatebloba didad aris damokidebuli marketingul kvlevaTa xari-
sxze. metad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia aseTi kvlevebis Catareba ara mxol-
od sawarmos funqcionirebis dawyebamde, aramed muSaobis periodSic, ami-
saTvis ki aucilebelia bazris Seswavlis meTodebis floba. “bazris Ses-
wavla mosazrebebis nacvlad faqtebze dayrdnobis saSualebas iZleva,
rac didad amcirebs bazris cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul riskebs” (Sur-
Raia 2010:263).
mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom mcire biznesis calkeul subieqtebs
ar ZaluZT mudmivad hyavdeT dasaqmebuli marketingis specialisti. ami-
tom bazris gamokvlevasac TviTon unda axdendes, risTvisac SesaZlebel-
ia statistikuri informaciis gamoyeneba, romelsac iReben da avrceleben
savaWro palatebi, savaWro-samrewvelo asociaciebi, sxva uwyebebi. bazreb-
is Sesaxeb mopovebuli “TiToeuli wyaro SeiZleba umniSvnelo iyos
calk-calke, magram erTad Tavmoyrisa da ganzogadebisas, isini Zvirfas
informacias warmoadgenen sakvlevi bazris Sesaswavlad” (SurRaia
2010:264).
marketinguli strategiis SemuSavebisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes
mcire mewarmis mTavar amocanaze, rac mdgomareobs efeqtianobis amaRle-
bisaTvis marketinguli upiratesobebis gamoyenebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT di-
di yuradReba unda gamaxvildes iseT momentebze, rogoricaa Sesabamisi
114
gadaxdisunariani klienturis SerCeva, maTTvis sruli da xarisxiani mom-
saxurebis da produqciis SeTavazeba. momxmareblis mosazidad SesaZlebe-
lia gamoyenebul iqnas specialuri fasdaklebebi, ganvadebebi, gadaxdis
formebi da vadebi. mcire biznesSi ZiriTad gamanawilebel arxs warmoad-
gens mewarmis pirdapiri kontaqti potenciur momxmarebelTan. am upirate-
sobaTa efeqtis gazrda SesaZlebelia imis xarjze, rom klientebi TviTon
gaavrceleben informacias saqonlisa da momsaxurebis dadebiTi maxasiaT-
eblebis Sesaxeb, rac stimuls aZlevs ara mxolod gasaRebis zrdas, aram-
ed sareklamo xarjebis dazogvasac moaxdens.
sakuTari saqmis dawyeba xdeba ideiT, siaxleebiT, gamocdilebiTa da
surviliT. rogorc wesi es exeba sawarmoo saqmianobis mxares, magram xSi-
rad damwyebi mewarme ar flobs buRaltrul aRricxvas, dabegvras, dakre-
ditebas. am SemTxvevaSi saWiro xdeba konsultantis momsaxureba, romel-
Tanac erTad xdeba finansuri sqemebis gamoZebna da SerCeva. metad mniSv-
nelovania sastarto kapitalis gamovlenasTan dakavSirebuli upirateso-
bebis (piradi saxsrebi, qonebis gayidva, partniorebis SerCeva, krediti,
lizingi, franCaizingi da a.S.), aseve mimdinare sawarmoo saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebuli upiratesobebis (ufro iafi nedleulis mopoveba, efeqtu-
ri teqnologiebis mopoveba da sxva) gamovlena.
finansuri upiratesobebi dakavSirebulia Semdegi Tanafardobebis
sworad SerCevaze:
_ ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis;
_ sakuTari da nasesxebi saSualebebis;
_ realizaciidan amonagebisa da mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebis;
_ debitoruli da kreditoruli davalianebebis SesaZlo zomebis;
_ biznesis ganviTarebasa da mimdinare momsaxurebaze danaxarjebis
sididis.
aseve mniSvnelovania personalTan dakavSirebuli upiratesobebi:
_ marTvis aravrceli aparati;
_ TanamSromelTa urTierTSenacvlebis maRali done.
SezRuduli resursebi mcire bizness aiZulebs moizidos saukeTeso
specialistebi. maSinac ki Tu aseTi specialistebis naklebobaa mewarme
daiqiravebs mas, visac SeuZlia sawarmos siaxleebis swrafad gaTaviseba.
115
amrigad, strategiis Camoyalibebisas mniSvnelovania sakuTari upirate-
sobebis SerCeva, maTi Sefaseba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, konkretul si-
tuaciebSi mcire sawarmoTa muSaobisaTvis marTvis sxva sferoebis upira-
tesobebis kombinireba.
msxvili sawarmoebi sakuTari strategiis SemuSavebisas cdiloben ga-
zardon TavianTi SezRuduli resursebi an Seamciron produqciis warmo-
ebisa da realizaciis xarjebi. mcire biznesi gacilebiT Tavisufalia sa-
kuTari strategiis SemuSavebisas, radganac SeuZlia amoirCios aucilebe-
li resursebi da sawarmoo mimarTulebebi. es saSualebas iZleva ar gaif-
langos ZiriTadi upiratesobebi da kompensirebul iqnas misi naklovane-
bebi.
biznesis upiratesobebisa da uaryofiTi Sedegebis gamovlenisaTvis Se-
saZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas SWOT –analizi. magaliTad, dasaqmebis sa-
agento (cxrili. 3.1.2.) mas Semdeg rac daadgens urTierTkavSirs upirate-
sobebsa da sust mxareebs Soris, SeimuSavebs RonisZiebebs, romliTac
kompensirdeba negatiuri Sedegebi da emateba calkeul upiratesobebs.
cxrili 3.1.2. upiratesobaTa SWOT analizi dasaqmebis saagentos magaliTze.
Zlieri mxareebi susti mxareebi SesaZleblobebi safrTxeebi
warmoeba klientis
moTxovnaze
individualuri
momsaxureba
naklebi
gamocdileba
mosaxleobis
dasaqmebis donis
zrda
msgavsi saagentoebis
warmoqmna
finansebi sakuTari saxsrebis
mniSvnelovani wilis
floba
sabanko kreditze
saprocento
gadasaxadi
dasaqmebulebidan
Semosavlis miReba
kreditebze
saprocento
ganakveTis zrda
marketingi samuSaos maZiebelTa
monacemTa bazis
floba. samomx-
mareblo bazris
kargad codna
socialuri
moumwifebloba
saagentos
momsaxurebaze
moTxovnis zrda,
momxmarebelTa
mozidva.
konkurentis ukeTesi
marketinguli
strategia
personali personalis saerTo
miznisaTvis brZola.
erTmoazrovneTa
jgufi
dabali
kvalifikacia
ukeTesi Sedegebis
miRwevis
SesaZlebloba.
siaxleebis swrafad
gaTaviseba.
damsaqmebelTan
saqmiani da piradi
kavSirebis simcire.
SeniSvna: cxrili Sedgenilia Cvens mier.
116
amrigad, biznesis warmateba damokidebulia imaze Tu rogor esmis sa-
kuTari saqme mewarmes. samewarmeo unari esaa resursi, romelsac yvela
adamiani ver flobs. “Tanamedrove samecniero gamokvlevebis mixedviT ga-
morCeuli mewarmeobrivi unariT dajildoebulia mosaxleobis mxolod
1%. rac maT saSualebas aZlevs aseve gansakuTrebul Sedegebs miaRwion
biznesSi, mecnierebaSi, xelovebaSi, sportSi da saerTod cxovrebaSi. 5-6%
flobs maRal SemoqmedebiT potencials da riskis pirobebSi SeuZlia sa-
qmis maRal profesiul doneze warmarTva. danarCeni 60-65% esaa Cveuleb-
rivi adamianebi, romlebic floben zomier SemoqmedebiT potencials, xo-
lo mosaxleobis 30%-s saerTod ar gaaCnia mewarmeobrivi monacemebi” (me-
lia 2005:329). am unaris realizaciisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
pirobebs, romelsac qmnis saxelmwifo Sesabamisi ekonomikuri politikiT,
sadac gadamwyvetia jansaRi konkurenciis dacva. mewarmeobis ganviTareba
unda iqces Cveni erovnuli winsvlis erT-erT idead. swored aseTi ideo-
logia gaxda me-19 saukunis aSS-Si umZlavresi saxelmwifos aSenebis saf-
uZveli, romelsac axla aranaklebi warmatebiT adgas CineTi.
samewarmeo suliskveTebis aRzrdis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia
masiuri da swori piari mewaremeobis mxardasaWerad. aucilebelia mosax-
leobaSi samewarmeo saqmianobis prestiJis amaRleba da biznesSi social-
urad daucveli mosaxleobis CarTva. vfiqrobT, rom am mxriv didi rolis
Sesruleba SeuZliaT media saSualebebs. satelevizio gadacemebisa da Ju-
rnal-gazeTebis meSveobiT mosaxleobis waxaliseba samewarmeo saqmia-
nobis dawyebis mimarTulebiT. mudmivad unda iyos Sexvedrebi mewarmeeb-
Tan, asaxul unda iqnes maTi warmatebebi, mosaxleoba naTlad unda xedav-
des saxelmwifos mxardaWeras am mimarTulebiT da moiazrebdes mas part-
niorad. amgvarad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mosaxleobaSi biznesis dawyebisas
warumateblobis SiSi. am da sxva SesaZlo meTodebiT gaizrdeba mewarmeTa
ricxvi. eqspertuli SefasebebiT “xelSemwyob saxelmwifo politikas Seu-
Zlia 20-30%-iT gazardos mosaxleobis samewarmeo potenciali” (rostiaS-
vili 2010:91).
sazRvargareTis qveynebSi damkvidrebulia samewarmeo unaris amaRlebi-
saTvis saxelmwifos mxridan mxardamWeri RonisZiebebis gatarebis tradi-
cia. aseTia magaliTad mmarTvelobiTi daxmarebis programebi, romlebic
mimarTulia saqmiani aqtiurobis gazrdisaken, mewarmeTa mmarTvelobiTi
117
kvalifikaciis amaRlebisaken, siZneleebTan gamklavebisaTvis mza-dyofni-
saken.
dReisaTvis aSS-Si aris dawesebulebaTa didi raodenoba, romlebic
mewarmeebs uwevs sakonsultacio da sxva mmarTvelobiT daxmarebebs ufas-
od an nawilobrivi Tanxobrivi TanamonawileobiT. es aris mcire biznesis
administracia, vaWrobis saministro, sagadasaxado samsaxuri, adgilobri-
vi xelisufleba, universitetebi da sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebi, mcire
biznesis ganviTarebis centrebi, adgilobrivi ganviTarebis korporacia,
sxvadasxva kerZo organizaciebi.
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs aSS-Si farTod gamoyenebuli specia-
luri programebi mmarTvelobiTi momzadebisaTvis da konsultirebisaT-
vis SeRavaTiani pirobebiT, romlebic efuZneba gamocdili mmarTvelebisa
da mewarmeebis usasyidlo monawileobas. aseT pirobebSi moqmedebs mmarT-
vel pensionerTa sazogadoeba da moqmed mmarTvelTa sazogadoeba, rom-
lebSic muSaobs 12 aTasi konsultanti qveynis 400 punqtSi.
am mizniT gatarebul saxelmwifo politikaSi mcire mewarmeobis gan-
viTarebisaTvis adgilebze did rols TamaSoben mcire biznesis ganviTar-
ebis centrebi. isini axorcieleben sakonsultacio saqmianobas marTvis,
dagegmvis, miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa realizaciaSi, aseve kreditis gafo-
rmebaSi, personalis swavleba-momzadebaSi, teqnologiebis SemuSaveba-ga-
dacemaSi.
kanadaSi mrewvelobis, mecnierebisa da teqnologiis sministro da mi-
si regionaluri ganyofilebebi, aseve sxva saministroebi da uwyebebic
sTavazoben momsaxurebas mmarTvelobiT mxardaWeraSi (sainformacio, teq-
nikuri, marketinguli). saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centrebi mewarmeebs awvdi-
an sainformacio da sakonsultacio momsaxurebas. dasaqmebis centrebi
mcire firmebs exmarebian momuSaveTa arCevaSi, kadrebis dagegmvaSi, soci-
alur dazRvevaSi, awyoben seminarebs. aRniSnuli saministroebis regiona-
luri ganyofilebebi iZlevian SesaZleblobebs erovnuli da saerTaSori-
so sainformacio qselebiT sargeblobisaTvis, uzrunvelyofen patentebis,
saavtoro uflebebis, savaWro markebisa da nakeTobaTa konstruirebis sa-
kiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis miwodebas.
wamyvan iaponur organizacias, romelic axorcielebs mmarTvelobiT
da teqnikur daxmarebas mcire mewarmeebze, aseve specialist-konsultante-
118
bisa da instruqtorebis momzadebas mcire da saSualo biznesis martvisa-
Tvis warmoadgens mcire biznesis instituti. misi saqmianoba finansirdeba
saxelmwifo biujetidan da nawilobriv swavlis safasuris gadaxdidan.
adgilebze sakonsultacio momsaxurebas da swavlebas axorcielebs sxva-
dasxva organizaciebi, upiratesad savaWro-samrewvelo palata. aseT orga-
nizaciaTa saerTo ricxvi Seadgens 3 aTasze mets. garda amisa teqnikur
maxardaWeras axorcielebs samecniero-kvleviTi organizaciebi da labo-
ratoriebi, romlebic adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gankargulebaSi imyof-
eba. teqnikuri mxardaWera gulisxmobs konsultaciebs, teqnikur swavleba-
sa da staJirebas, TanamSromlobasa da daxmarebas siaxleTa SemuSavebaSi,
teqnologiis gadacemaSi.
did britaneTSi mcire sawarmoTaTvis kadrebis momzadebas organize-
bas ukeTebs samuSao Zalis komisia. adgilobriv doneze saswavlo dawese-
bulebebisaTvis rigi programebisa xorcieldeba savaWro-samrewvelo pa-
latebis da mcire biznesis asociaciis mier. sakonsultacio momsaxureba
xorcieldeba xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis mier.
klasikuri sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi mcire mewarmeoba warmoadgens
dinamiurobis, gaxsnilobis simbolos, yvela socialuri jgufisa da mo-
saxleobis fenebis Tanabar Sanss keTildReobisaTvis brZolaSi.
saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis mniSvnelovani funqciaa sabazro urTie-
rTobaTa Camoyalibebis daCqareba.
calkeuli ekonomistebi da mewarmeebi amtkiceben, rom Tavisufali sa-
bazro urTierTobebis mxardaWera gamoixateba maTTvis xelis ar SeSla-
Si, Tumca Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri movlenebidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifos mizanmimarTuli mxardaWeris gareSe
SeuZlebelia mewarmeobis aRorZineba. saxelmwifos mxridan mcire biznes-
is regulireba ar gulisxmobs administraciul iZulebas, Tavisuflebisa
da damoukideblobis SezRudvas mewarmeebisaTvis. misi azri imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom saxelmwifom unda moaxdinos ganviTarebis inicireba, stimu-
lireba da mxardaWera im dargebSi, sadac warmoiSva an mosalodnelia
disproporciebi.
rogorc samecniero ise sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sfe-
roebSi myarad aris damkvidrebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi
aucileblobas warmoadgens mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa da
119
xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmna, rac efuZneba ucxouri gamocdilebis kargad
Seswavla-gaziarebas; Tanamedrove sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba-
Si, erTiani ekonomikuri organizmis, axal faseulobaTa damkvidrebis saq-
meSi, SromiTi tradiciebisa da wes-Cveulebebis SenarCuneba-ganviTarebaSi
misi gadamwyveti rolis Segnebas.
am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilad migvaCnia saqarTvelos socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo strategiis farglebSi Seiqmnas
strategiuli mimarTuleba “mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisa da
mxardaWeris” saxiT.
rogorc empiriuli dakvirvebebi cxadyofen, dRes saqarTveloSi bizn-
es-erTeulebs ara aqvT bazarze Sesvlis problemebi. miuxedavad amisa,
mcire biznesis wili RirebulebaTa Seqmnis jaWvSi kvlav umniSvneloa
biznesis SemzRudveli mravali faqtoris gamo, romlebmac ver Seuwyves
xeli da SezRudes produqciisa da momsaxurebis ganviTareba. e.w. “radika-
lurad liberaluri” ekonomikis principebis ganxorcieleba, romlis Ta-
naxmadac, ekonomikis yvela seqtori imarTeba mxolod Tavisufali sabaz-
ro kanonebis Tanaxmad da saxelmwifo arc erT seqtors ar aniWebs prio-
ritets, efeqturi ar gamodga. magaliTad, 2003-2008 wlebis statistikas
Tu gadavxedavT mcire da saSualo biznesis zrda recesiul mdgomareoba-
Si aRmoCnda. 2003 wels am sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli iyo momuSaveTa 50,6%
da mTlian gamoSvebaSi maTi erToblivi wili 20,1%-s Seadgenda, Semdgom
periodSi igi Semcirda da 2008 wels mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi da-
saqmebuli aRmoCnda momuSaveTa 40,1% da maTi erToblivi Semosavali ki
gautolda 17,3%-s.
amdenad mcire biznesis mxardaWeris gaZliereba saxelmwifos mxridan
ekonomikuri politikis umniSvnelovanesi nawili unda iyos, risi ganxor-
cielebac mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo regulirebiTaa Sesa-
Zlebeli, gansakuTrebiT ki makroekonomikuri regulirebiT. sistematuri,
mizanmimarTuli muSaoba unda mimdinareobdes sakanonmdeblo bazis mudmi-
vi srulyofis mimarTulebiT, mcire ekonomikis prioritetul, sazogado-
ebrivi da socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtian mimarTulebaTa ganviTareb-
is yovelmxrivi stimulirebisaTvis. es savsebiT bunebrivicaa, vinaidan sa-
bazro urTierTobaTa formirebis gzaze da globalizaciis moTxovnebid-
120
an gamomdinare mudmivad warmoiSoba axal-axali problemebi, romelTa
mowesrigeba mniSvnelovania.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyanaSi mcire biznesis sferoSi garkveuli
samarTlebrivi baza Seiqmna, damatebiT SesamuSavebelia sakanonmdeblo
gadawyvetilebaTa paketi, romliTac ufro mkafiod unda ganisazRvros
mcire mewarmeobis raoba, adgili da roli ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
sistemaSi. migvaCnia, rom kanonmdeblobiT unda dadgindes mcire mewarmeo-
bis calkeul mimarTulebaTa upiratesi saxelmwifo mxardaWeris formebi,
ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis, regionebisa da mosax-
leobis calkeuli fenebis mixedviT diferencirebuli liberaluri saga-
dasaxado, sabaJo, sainvesticio politika da sxva.
unda aRiniSnos, rom xarvezebs ar aris moklebuli saqarTvelos saga-
dasaxado kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebi mikro da mcire biznesis mxar-
dasaWerad. statistikuri monacemebis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT is marT-
lac mniSvnelovania, radgan aqamde ar gvqonda saqarTveloSi e.w. “TviTda-
saqmebulTa” Sesaxeb zusti raodenobrivi informacia, exla ki mikrobiz-
nesis Sesabamisi statusis saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi Tuki moisu-
rveben oficialurad daregistrirebas, am seqtorzec gveqneba garkveuli
xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi warmodgena. sxva mxriv ki jerjerobiT Se-
usabamobaa `saqarTvelos sainvesticio saagentos Sesaxeb~ kanonSi mocem-
ul sawarmoTa mcire mewarmeobisadmi mikuTvnebis wessa da axali kanonmd-
eblobiT miRebul imave wess Soris. TumcaRa orive kanoni funqcionirebs.
vfiqrobT, gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs mcire biznesisadmi sawarmoTa
mikuTvnebis parametrebi. mizanSewonili iqneboda muSakTa ricxovnobisa
da sawarmos wliuri brunvis normativebi dagveregulirebina dargebis mi-
xedviT. magaliTad materialuri warmoebis dargebisaTvis muSakTa ricxo-
vnoba gagvezarda 50 kacamde, xolo wliuri brunva 1 mln laramde; vaWro-
baSi ki SesaZlebelia mcire biznesis warmodgena 10-mde dasaqmebuliTa da
500 aTas laramde brunviT.
dReisaTvis CvenSi miRebuli parametrebi ar Seesabameba ganviTarebuli
qveynebis standartebs, ufro metad SesabamisobaSia mikro biznesis stan-
dartebTan.
CvenSi miRebuli saSeRavaTo wesebic ar aris mimarTuli biznesis gaf-
arToebis waxalisebisaken. saqarTveloSi sawarmos dafuZnebis Tvalsaz-
121
risiT gaTvaliswinebuli mxolod iuridiuli SeRavaTebi ver uzrunvel-
yofs mcire biznesis warmatebul saqmianobas. qarTul mcire mewarmeobas
sWirdeba garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifom gadaaxdevinos
mxolod fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi, romlis SemTxvevaSi mTavroba ver Caer-
eva da verc gaakontrolebs sawarmos sabuRaltro saqmianobas. es ganapi-
robebs mis stabilur ganviTarebas da xels Seuwyobs investiciebis mozi-
dvas. aseve SesaZlebelia saqmianobis gansazRvrul saxeebSi gamoyenebul
iqnas erTiani gadasaxadi potenciurad SesaZlebel Semosavalze.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cvens qveyanaSi ar aris prioritetuli mcire biz-
nesi da upiratesoba eniWebaT msxvil sawarmoebs, ramac migviyvana warmoe-
bis monopolizaciamde. mwvaved dgas konkurenciis problema. kanonmdebl-
oba am mxrivac dasaxvewia. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs antimonopoliuri kanonm-
deblobis SemoRebis saWiroeba, rac mniSvnelovnad gazrdis konkurenci-
ul sawyisebs da gauadvilebs mcire sawarmoebs bazarze damkvidrebis sa-
kiTxs. eqspertebis azriT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvela sferoSi aris fa-
ruli monopoliebi da oligopoliebi. zogadad antimonopoliur kanons
SeeZleba kompaniaTa wilis daregulireba samomxmareblo bazarze, raTa
maT ver SeZlon “bazris marTva” da “fasebis kontroli”. dReisaTvis ki
Tavisufal konkurenciaze saubari SeuZlebelia, amas adasturebs mcire
biznesis yovelwliurad klebadi da SezRuduli wili produqciis
gamoSvebaSi.
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebisas gansakuTrebu-
li upiratesoba unda mieniWos mcire biznesis inovaciur xelSewyobas,
rac moiTxovs mecnierul-teqnikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, iseTi
biznes-subieqtebis mxardaWeras romlebic orientirebuli arian inovaci-
ebze da maRal teqnologiebze.
inovaciuri biznesi msoflio ganviTarebis mTavari Zalaa, rac mTels
msoflioSi mis prioritetulobas ganapirobebs. dReisaTvis evrokavSirSi
samecniero kvlevebze ixarjeba mSp-is 2%, aSS-Si-2,65%, iaponiaSi-3,1%.
(vaSakiZe 2009: 2)
inovaciuri strategia mWidrod ukavSirdeba mcire bizness. rogorc
msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs mcire mewarmeoba aris sakmaod efeqtia-
ni da dinamiurad ganviTarebadi seqtori, romelic xSirad Tavis saqmian-
obas axorcielebs samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro sfe-
122
roSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi inovaciuri garemos warmodgena SeuZlebel-
ia mcire sawarmoTa gareSe, is Tavisi bunebiT inovaciuria. jer erTi,
mcire mewarmeoba gamodis iseTi institucionaluri struqturis saxiT,
romelic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur sistemaSi dinamizms, ganapirobebs
gamokvlevaTa swraf komercializacias, aseve adaptacias saqmianobis yve-
la sferoSi, rac mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens inovaciuri ganviTarebis
tempebis daCqarebaze. meoredac, Tanamedrove sainformacio teqnologiebis
wyalobiT, romlebic arsebiTad cvlian sxvadasxva struqturaTa funqci-
onirebis models, swrafad uzrunveliyofa mcire sawarmoTa gadasvla sa-
qmianobis axal saxeebze da izrdeba mcire mewarmeobis saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis wili msoflio bazarze. garda amisa sainformacio teqnologi-
ebi qmnian pirobebs warmoebis danaxarjTa SemcirebisaTvis da amaRlebebn
mcire sawarmoTa konkurentunarianobas.
mcire sainovacio sferoebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT:
_ venCuruli organizaciebi. es aris mcire teqnologiuri organiza-
ciebi, romlebic axorcieleben sarisko proeqtebs. maT dasafinanseblad
iqmneba specialuri venCuruli fondebi. ganviTarebis sabazo koncefcias
ki warmoadgens “idea-inovacia-investiciebi-inovaciuri produqciis sacde-
li partiis damzadeba-bazarze niSis mopoveba” _ jaWvis realizacia. ven-
Curuli biznesi warmoedgens bazas Tanamedrove qveynebis, postindustri-
uli ekonomikisa da codnis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis;
_ mcire inovaciuri organizaciebi, romlebic axorcieleben proeqt-
ebs an uSveben inovaciur produqcias. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da
ganviTarebis qveynebis inovaciurad aqtiur organizaciaTa wili Seadgens
20-80%-mde. es gamowveulia globalizaciis moTxovnebiT, Tavisufali kon-
kurenciis pirobebSi mxolod is gadarCeba, vinc flobs konkurenciul
upiratesobas. inovaciur organizaciaTa sainvesticio strategiaa investi-
ciaTa ZiriTadi nawilis dabandeba perspeqtiul inovaciur produqtebSi,
romlebic daculi iqneba patentiT, gamogonebis mowmobiT da a.S.
me-20 saukunis bolo meoTxedidan msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ga-
xda samecniero kvlevebis komercializaciis meqanizmebis SemuSaveba.
erovnulma da regionulma mTavrobebma daiwyes mcire inovaciuri sawar-
moebis sawyisi ganviTarebis xelSesawyobad biznes-inkubatorebis
Camoyalibeba da finansireba. inkubaciis erT-erT meqanizmad SeiZleba miv-
123
iCnioT samecniero-teqnikur sferoSi mcire inovaciuri sawarmoebis gamo-
yofa kvleviTi laboratoriebidan im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kvlevis Sede-
gi sagrZnob komerciul potencials Seicavs. man pirvel rigSi umaRlesi
skolis organizaciebTan daido adgili.
saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri potencialis didi resursi aqvs. “same-
cniero sferoSi mcire sawarmoTa Seqmna xels Seuwyobs Cveni inteligen-
ciis dasaqmebasa da maTi cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas” (qadagiSvi-
li 2010: 73). informacia imis Sesaxeb Tu rogoria samecniero sawarmoTa
wili mcire biznesSi saqarTveloSi ar qveyndeba. klasifikatorSic ar
aris mocemuli calke samecniero sawarmoebi, amitomac saqarTveloSi ma-
Ti ganviTarebis Sesaxeb analizis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. faqtiurad mci-
re biznesis maRalteqnologiuri da inovaciuri mimarTulebebis ganviTa-
reba Tavidan aris dasawyebi. aq ki kvlav saxelmwifos rolTan mivdivarT.
“jer unda dafinansdes mecnieruli ideebi da Semdeg am ideebis komercia-
lizacia” (qadagiSvili 2010: 73).
mcire inovaciuri biznesis faqtiurad ganuviTareblobis mizezebi
mravladaa. jer erTi ar aris konkretuli samarTlebrivi safuZveli ino-
vaciuri saqmianobisaTvis. saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli inovaciur sawa-
rmoTa potenciali. inovaciebi mcire biznesSi jer-jerobiT ar aris moT-
xovnadi, rac aixsneba mewarmeTa motivaciis ar arsebobiT, am sferoSi mo-
gebis garantiebis ar arsebobiT. inovaciuri saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTv-
is igrZnoba gamocdil specialistTa ukmarisoba, gansakuTrebiT kargi me-
nejerebisa, romelTac SeeZlebaT bazarze saqonlis damkvidreba. mcire
inovaciuri biznesi moiTxovs arsebiTi finansuri saxsrebis dabandebas,
rac mewarmeebs ubralod ara aqvT. xolo savaWro, sabanko da sadazRvevo
seqtorebSi akumulirebuli kapitali ar Sedis sawarmoo da inovaciur
sferoSi. garda amisa arastabiluri ekonomikuri situacia srulebiTac
sakmarisia inovaciuri saqmianobis damuxruWebisaTvis.
inovaciur sferoSi ar arsebobs konkurencia, rac imas niSnavs, rom
igi ar viTardeba. “ar emTxveva axali teqnikis, teqnologiis, produqciis
mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis interesebi. am ukanasknelTa mier ori-
entacia aRebulia ucxour mecnierebatevad nawarmze, samamulo warmoeba
ki saTanadod ar ebmeba konkurenciul brZolaSi. arada mravali siaxle
arsebobs, romlebic dakonservebulia samecniero kvleviT organizaciebsa
124
da sakonstruqtoro biuroebSi. amis gamo Cveni samecniero potencialis
didi nawili iZulebulia Tavi daanebos kvleviT samuSaoebs da Tavis ga-
darCenis mizniT iZulebiT gadadis vaWrobis _ dasaqmebis am erTaderT
sferoSi” (abralava 2008:68).
saqarTveloSi ar aris inovaciuri ganviTarebis mkveTrad gansazRv-
ruli strategia, ris gamoc biznes-sferos umravles dargebSi Zalzed
dabalia inovaciuri aqtivobis done. ar aris ganviTarebuli inovaciuri
infrastruqtura. miuxedavad imisa, rom moiZebneba kerZo firmebi, romleb-
ic iyeneben Tanamedrove kompiuterul teqnologiebs, aseve axlad ikideb-
en fexs boznes-inkubatorebi, mainc ar aris ganviTarebuli inovaciuri
struqtura, ris gamoc ferxdeba tradiciul da potenciur dargTa aRor-
Zineba. ar aris kavSirurTierToba universitetebs, samecniero-kvleviT in-
stitutebsa da sawarmoebs Soris inovaciis da inovaciur-danergviTi saq-
mianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. samarTlianad aRniSnavs profesori a.
abralava, rom “Cvens qveyanas jer kidev sakmarisi inteleqtualuri poten-
ciali gaaCnia, magram inovaciuri proeqtebis im menejerTa gareSe, romle-
bic erTmaneTTan daakavSireben mkvlevarTa gunds, sarisko kapitalis fi-
nansistebsa da mwarmoeblebs, aq Catarebul kvleva-damuSavebaTa Sedegebs
gamoyenebis perspeqtiva ar gauCndeba. amasTan grZeldeba samecniero dawe-
sebulebaTa da mecnier muSakTa raodenobis klebis tendencia. marTo 2002
wlis Semdeg es dawesebulebebi 17%-iT, Sesabamisi kadrebis raodenoba ki
43%-iT Semcirda. es faqtic gaxda imis erT-erTi mizezi, rom inovaciuro-
bisa da konkurentunarianobis indeqsiT saqarTvelo 2006-2007 wlebSi 83-e
adgils ikavebda Seswavlil 131 qveyanas Soris, momdevno periodSi _ 90-
es, marto inovaciurobiT ki _ 110-es” (abralava 2010:42).
niSandoblivia Semdegi statistikac: “msoflio inovaciis monacemTa
cxrili”-s angariSSi saqarTvelos 149-e adgili ukavia erT sul mosaxle-
ze gaweuli xarjebis odenobiT. daaxloebiT 500-jer CamorCeba saqarTve-
los zomis fineTs, 140-jer saqarTveloze 5-jer patara slovenias da 40-
jer kvipross”. (saqarTvelos . . .2010:74).
amdenad, saqarTvelosaTvis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes prioritets warm-
oadgens saxelmwifos inovaciuri strategiis SemuSaveba, romelic unda
aisaxos inovaciuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo miznobriv programebSi. ase-
Ti programebi ama Tu im formiT arseboben ganviTarebul da ganviTareb-
125
ad qveynebSi, romelTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobas wrmoadgens iaponiis ga-
mocdileba. vinaidan iaponiaSi ganlagebulia sakuTari bunebrivi resurse-
bis minimumi, qveynis mTavrobas samecniero-teqnikuri politika miaCnia
ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebisa da qveynis konkurentunarianobis ama-
Rlebis aucilebel saSualebad. iaponiis mTavroba gamoyofs subsidiebs
mcire mewarme subieqtebisaTvis ganviTarebis yvela etapze, Tuki isini aq-
tiur monawileobas Rebuloben mecnierebatevad da maRalteqnologiuri
mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi. saxelmwifo maTTvis gamoyofs sesxebs, sTava-
zobs Tavdebobas kreditis aRebisas da sxva sakredito garantiebs. aseTi
politikis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens:
_ mecnierebatevadi dargebis sawarmoTa warmoebis srulyofa da mod-
ernizacia;
_ samecniero dawesebulebebTan erTad SemuSavebuli teqnologiebis
danergva;
_ produqciis axali saxeobebis SemuSaveba da danergva.
gasaTvaliswinebelia aseve samxreT koreis gamocdileba. gasuli sauk-
unis 50-ian wlebSi is warmoadgenda aziisa da mTeli msoflios praqtiku-
lad yvelaze CamorCenil qveyanas. 60-iani wlebidan SemuSavda ekonomikis
ganviTarebis axali politika, romelic efuZneboda aSS-Tan TanamSrom-
lobas. Seiqmna msxvil organizaciaTa da kompaniaTa didi raodenoba. gai-
zarda eqsporti da samxreT korea Caewera ganviTarebul qveyanaTa ricxv-
Si, magram msxvili mewarmeobis ganuxrelma ganvitarebam qveyana miiyvana
finansur krizisamde. bankebma Sewyvites msxvil sawarmoTa dakrediteba
didi dvalianebebis gamo, ramac bevri msxvili sawarmo miiyvana dabankro-
tebamde. finansuri krizisis Semdeg mTavrobam daiwyo mcire biznesis sak-
redito davalianebebis dafarva. mxardaWeris mizniT Seiqmna specialuri
asociaciebi, sainvesticio fondebi da samecniero-teqnikuri centrebi, ro-
mlebic orientirebulni iyvnen mcire mewarme subieqtebze. daiwyo gadasv-
la inovaciur da mecnierebatevad warmoebis ganviTarebaze. Sedegad gaiz-
arda dasaqmebulTa ricxvi, gaizarda biujetSi Senatanebi da a.S.
CineTSi ki mcire mewarmeobas SeiZleba vuwodoT qveynis samecniero
Zravi, romlis meSveobiTac mcire sawarmoebi awarmoeben inovaciuri pro-
duqciisa da teqnikuri gamogonebebis udides raodenobas. eqsportisaTvis
126
gankuTvnili warmoebuli produqciis didi nawili swored mcire sawarm-
oebis mieraa damzadebuli.
mcire inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebiT gamoirCeva agreTve singapu-
ri, fineTi, dania, israeli da sxva qveynebi. am qveynebma droulad Seafas-
es inovaciebis mniSvneloba ekonomikisaTvis da mcire inovaciuri mewarme-
obis ganviTareba daiwyes biznes-inkubatorebis, teqnoparkebis, teqnopoli-
sebis, inovaciuri fondebis CamoyalibebiT, romlebic miekuTvnebian mcire
biznesis kompleqsuri mxardaWeris uzrunvelmyof infrastruqturis ele-
mentebs. amasTan biznes-inkubatorebi asocirdebian zogadad mcire biznes-
is mxardaWerasTan, teqnoparkebi pirvel rigSi asocirdebian inovaciebT-
an. teqnoparkebi, rogorc wesi, iqmneba msxvil sauniversiteto centrebTan
samecniero potencialis gamoyenebisa da komercializaciis mizniT. am da-
muSavebebs qmnian teqnoparkis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli mcire inovaciu-
ri sawarmoebi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi inovaciuri politikis didi
mniSvnelobis Segnebis fonze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia saxelmwifo inova-
ciuri politikis realizacia, romlis drosac umTavresi funqcia unda
gaxdes stimulireba inovaciuri ciklis yvela stadiaze, misi yvela mona-
wilesaTvis.
msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba inovaciuri saqmianobis stimulirebi-
sa da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Semdegi saxeebi: inovaciebze danaxarje-
bis zrdisas gadasaxadebis Semcireba; inovaciuri proeqtis realizaciis-
as mogebidan sagadasaxado “ardadegebi”; mogebaze sagadasaxado normis
Semcireba; Sesrulebuli prioritetuli proeqtebis angariSebze SeRavaT-
ebis daweseba da a.S.
mcire mewarmeobis materialur-teqnikuri safuZvlebis ganmtkicebaSi
saxelmwifos mxridan xelSewyoba did finansur da materialur resurse-
bs moiTxovs. cnobilia, rom erTi samuSao adgilis Seqmnasa da misi funq-
cionirebis uzrunvelyofas 10 aTasamde aSS dolari sWirdeba. aseTi sax-
srebis erTbaSad gaReba dReisaTvis saxelmwifos gauWirdeba, magram am
mimarTulebiT konkretuli nabijebis gadadgma aucileblobas warmoadg-
ens.
amrigad, mcire biznesis warmateba mniSvnelovnad ganisazRvreba saba-
zro sivrceSi misi maintegrirebeli unariT, risTvisac saWiroa efeqtiani
127
urTierTqmedeba bazris mravalricxovan subieqtebTan. maintegrirebeli
faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos bazris Seswavla, komunikaciebi, sainformacio
sistemebi, bazris sxva subieqtebTan sasargeblo urTierTobaTa Camoyali-
bebis unari, cvlilebebisaTvis mzadyofna da sxva. saxelmwifo organoeb-
ma da mewarmeebma yuradReba unda gaamaxvilon maintegrirebel faqtorTa
gaZlierebaze, romlebic faqtiurad warmoadgens damakavSirebel kvanZs
sabazro garemos pirobebsa da Sida faqtor-resursebs Soris. mcire me-
warmeobis organizaciul ekonomikuri meqanizmis efeqtiani ganviTarebisa-
Tvis saWiroa meTodologiuri da meToduri principebis SemuSaveba da
praqtikaSi danergva. es saqarTveloSi arsebul mcire bizness saSualebas
miscems gaxdes ufro konkurentunariani da SeZlos Tavisi socialur-eko-
nomikuri potencialis realizeba.
globalizaciis tendenciebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos konkurent-
unarianobis amaRlebisaTvis, mcire mewarmeobis sferoSi prioritetuli
mimarTuleba unda gaxdes radikalurad axali mcire mewarmeobis saxelm-
wifo regulirebis institucionaluri safuZvlebis formireba, romelic
adekvaturi iqneba ekonomikis inovaciuri modelisa. amasTan, konkurentun-
arianobis amaRlebaSi mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos mxridan mxardaWeris
gaaqtiureba ekonomikis prioritetul dargebSi moqmed sawarmoebze, rom-
lebic SeZlebeben damkvidrebas msoflio bazarze.
3.2.3.2.3.2.3.2. mcire biznesis regionmcire biznesis regionmcire biznesis regionmcire biznesis regionululululi ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi i ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi i ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi i ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi
gadawyvetis gzebigadawyvetis gzebigadawyvetis gzebigadawyvetis gzebi
saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis yvela etapze SeimuSavebs
mizanmimarTul da Sedegze orientirebul ekonomikur da socialur pol-
itikas. misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi mTlianad qveynisa da calkeuli re-
gionis doneze iTvaliswinebs qveynis mSp-s zrdas, regionuli sawarmoo
potencialis optimalur gamoyenebas, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unaris
amaRlebas, saerTaSoriso imijis gaumjobesebas.
Tanamedrove etapze saqarTveloSi xorcieldeba socialuri programebi,
romlebic siRaribis daZleviskenaa mimarTuli, rac bunebrivia erTjeradi
kompensaciebiTa da daxmarebebiT SeuZlebelia. is unda ganxorcieldes
128
aqtiuri dasaqmebiT, romelic biznesis daCqarebul ganviTarebas da aRma-
vlobas ukavSirdeba.
biznesis warmoeba adamianebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs sakuTari SromiT,
sakuTari riskis fasad gamoavlinos Tavisi gonebrivi da fizikuri SesaZ-
leblobebi, gaxdes sazogadoebis srulyofili da aRiarebuli, Rirseuli
wevri. damoukideblad muSaobis SesaZlebloba ara mxolod „xsnis hori-
zontebs“, aramed garkveul pasuxismgeblobasac akisrebs adamianebs, rome-
lic ubiZgebs maT TviTganviTarebisa da ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisaken,
dadebiTad moqmedebs mosaxleobis ekonomikur ganaTlebaze, biznes urTi-
erTobebis kulturis srulyofaze.
am TvalsazrisiT qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar funqciad mig-
vaCnia biznesis xelSewyoba. qveynis geografiul da meurneobriobis Tavi-
seburebebis, bunebrivi resursebis mravalferovnebis, tradiciebis gaTva-
liswinebiT perspeqtiulad gvesaxeba mcire biznesis ganviTareba.
regionebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens mravali faq-
tori, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia regionis demografiuli Taviseburebebi,
resursebis aTvisebis xasiaTi, infrastruqturis done, regionuli xelis-
uflebis damokidebuleba da sxva.
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis regionuli marTvis principebis perspeq-
tiulobas amtkicebs Semdegi pirobac: saqarTvelo klasikuri mTiani qve-
yanaa da mcire komliani dasaxlebuli punqtebis (gansakuTrebiT sofleb-
Si) simravliT xasiaTdeba. aq mcxovrebi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleo-
bis dasaqmebisaTvis xelsayrelia mcire sawarmoTa amoqmedeba. es erTis
mxriv, sasargebloa mewarmesaTvis, radgan saSualeba eZleva daasaqmos ad-
gilze mcxovrebi iafi muSaxeli, xolo meores mxriv, Tavidan gvacilebs
mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis saWiroebas samuSaos moZebnasTan dakavSireb-
iT.( WiTanava. . . 2008:435).
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mcire bizness adgilobrivi resu-
rsebis gamoyenebaSi. amasTan mcire biznesis ganviTareba regionebSi unda
davukavSiroT aqtiur struqturul politikas. es umjobesia ganxorciel-
des mizanmimarTulad, im prioritetebis Sesabamisad, romlebic realurad
uzrunvelyofen efeqtianobas. dRevandel pirobebSi perspeqtiulad migvaC-
nia Semdegi mimarTulebebi: fermeruli meurneoba, sasoflo-sameurneo ne-
dleulis gadamuSaveba, samSeneblo masalebis warmoeba, turizmi da sa-
129
kurorto meurneoba, momsaxurebis sfero, saeqsporto produqciis, impor-
tSemcvleli produqciis warmoebis zrda, inovaciebis sfero, xalxuri
rewva, maRalteqnologiuri warmoeba.
dRes saqarTvelos regionebSi gvaqvs mcire biznesis araracionaluri
struqtura, rac gamoixateba regionebis, mxareebis, qalaqebisa da dabebis
mixedviT maT araTanabar ganviTarebaSi. upiratesoba eniWebaT iseT regio-
nebs, sadac infrastruqtura gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, mdebareobs gasa-
Rebis bazrebTan, yavs kvalificiuri kadrebi.
regionebSi mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis done damokidebulia iseT
faqtorebze, rogoricaa xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba, mosaxleo-
bis Semosavlebis done, ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura, adgilobrivi xe-
lisuflebis damokidebuleba.
TbilisSi mcire sawarmoTa didi raodenobiT koncentrireba aixsneba
imiT, rom dedaqalaqi flobs ganviTarebul sawarmoo da socialur in-
frastruqturas, mis teritoriaze koncentrirebulia sawarmoo simZlavre-
ebi da kvalificiuri kadrebi. samagierod sustad aris ganviTarebuli
ekonomikis es seqtori momcro qalaqebSi da soflebSi, Tumca swored as-
eT dasaxlebul punqtebSi ufro igrZnoba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis de-
ficiti, dasaqmebisa da kulturuli keTildReobis problema. (danarTi 3).
3.2.1. cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebidan ikveTeba q. Tbilisis dominire-
badi adgili yvela maCveneblis mixedviT. momdevno adgilzea aWara, qvemo
qarTli, samegrelo-zemo svaneTi da sxva regionebi. aRsaniSnavia warmoeb-
uli produqciis maCveneblis mixedviT mniSvnelovani zrda TiTqmis yvela
regionSi _ TbilisSi 92%-iT, guriaSi 97%-iT, aWaraSi 49%-iT, qvemo qarT-
lsa da Sida qarTlSi Sesabamisad 77%-iTa da 69%-iT, kleba dafiqsirda
kaxeTsa (11,2%) da raWa-leCxumSi (41%). mniSvnelovani zrda aRiniSneboda
dasaqmebis kuTxiTac. TbilisSi mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
2009 wels 2008 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 50%-iT, mniSvnelovani zrda
aRiniSneboda qvemo qarTlSi, Sida qarTlSi, aWarasa da mcxeTa-TianeTSi
(30-35%).5
moyvanili maCveneblebidan Cans, rom mcire biznesSi CarTvas sul uf-
ro mzardi xasiaTi aqvs. brunvisa da produqciis maCveneblebis zrda,
5 2010 wlis statistikur krebulebSi ar aris gamoyofili regionebSi mcire sawarmoebis ganviTarebis aRmniSvneli maCveneblebi, ris gamoc ver movaxerxeT am periodis analizi.
130
cxadia dakavSirebulia inflaciis procesebTan, magram ufro metad same-
warmeo aqtivobis gaZlierebas, saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze mosaxleobis
gazrdil moTxovnas vukavSirebT, rac misasalmebeli faqtia. rac Seexeba
Sromis anazRaurebis zrdas _ mTlianad gamowveulia inflaciiT da sa-
arsebo minimumis zrdasaTanaa kavSirSi.
cxrili 3.2.1. mcire biznesis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT 2008-2009ww.
regionebi
brunva (mln. lari)
prod. gamoSveba (mln. lari)
dasaqmeba (kaci)
Sr. anazRaureba (lari)
2008 2009 cvl. %
2008 2009 cvl.%
2008 2009 cvl. %
2008 2009 cvl %
q. Tbilisi 461.0 791.6 +71 283.0 543.5 +92 25773 38538 +50 281.9 369.6 +31
aWaris ar 111.2 147.4 +32 48.0 71.4 +49 6705 8728 +30 184.7 205.9 +11
guria 14.2 15.2 +7 6.1 12.0 +97 1551 1626 +5 111.2 117.4 +6
imereTi 107.1 145.3 +35 48.9 62.6 +28 8552 9841 +15 146.8 165.5 +12
kaxeTi 56.0 56.9 +1.6 33.6 30.2 -11.2 4742 5147 +9 110.7 140.9 +27
mcxeTa-mTian. 11.2 20.7 +84 8.7 15.3 +76 1216 1647 +35 217.6 278.8 +28
raWa-leCxumi
da qv.svaneTi
9.5 8.8 -7.4 7.2 4.3 -41 754 726 -4 283.6 161.7 -43
samegrelo-
zemo svaneTi
61.2 88.2 +44 31.4 47.1 +50 5240 6241 +19 171.5 191.4 +12
samcxe-javax. 25.2 24.9 -0.2 13.6 15.4 +13 2322 2521 +9 130.9 119.5 -9
qvemo qarTli 69.0 115.6 +67.5 31.6 53.3 +69 5494 7274 +32 144.6 196.7 +36
Sida qarTli 42.0 48.9 +16 14.6 25.9 +77 2909 3781 +30 106.4 144.3 +36
wyaro: saqstati. “mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi” 2008-2010 wlebis publikaciebis monacemebi da Cveni gaangariSebebi.
saqarTveloSi, gamomdinare misi ekonomikis resursuli mravalferov-
nebis da samuSao Zalis istoriulad Camoyalibebul unar-Cvevebidan, pri-
oritetulad miiCneva, mcire biznesis xelSewyoba upiratesad sasoflo
sameurneo produqciis warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis sferoSi. am proble-
mis aqtualizacia xdeba yoveldRiurad da gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa
agflaciisa da sursaTze msoflio krizisis pirobebSi.
amis dadastureba SesaZlebelia martivad, qarTul samomxmareblo ba-
zarze gasvliT, kerZod, 2009 wlis agvistosTan SedarebiT gaormagebulia
kartofilis (60 TeTri 2009 w. 1.2 lari 2011 w.), gaxuTmagebulia nivris (1.5
lari 2009 w. 8 lari 2011 w.), fasi, agreTve gaizarda puris fqvilis fasi
131
40 procentiT, sakvebi zeTisa – 80 procentiT da a.S. mosalodnelia fa-
sebis ufro arsebiTi zrda, rac produqciis warmoebis xarjebis gadide-
bas ukavSirdeba da ara fulis mimoqcevis xarvezebs. aseTive mdgomareo-
baa msoflios sxva qveynebSic. puris eqsportiori qveynebi mousavliano-
bis gamo Tavadve ganicdian xorblis deficits da eZeben momwodeblebs,
e.i. Tavadve xdebian importiorebi. aseTi dinamiuri cvlilebebis fonze
saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba sakuTar sasursaTo uzrunvelyo-
faze zrunva.
13183
110205
14798
151260
7386
122488
7242
118600
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
2006 2007 2008 2009
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.2.1. მარცვლეულისმარცვლეულისმარცვლეულისმარცვლეულის ექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტ-იმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტის დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა 2006-2009 წლებშიწლებშიწლებშიწლებში (ათასიათასიათასიათასი აშშაშშაშშაშშ დოლარიდოლარიდოლარიდოლარი)
ექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტი
იმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტი
wyaro: “soflis meurneobis produqciis kvleva”. publikacia. saqarTvelos
ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2010.
2009 wlis monacemebiT ki marcvleulis eqsport-importis suraTi aseT-
ia: 2006 wels importi eqsports aRemateboda 110 142 aTasi aSS dolariT,
xolo 2009 wels ki importi eqsports sWarbobda 111 358 aTasi aSS dola-
riT. rogorc vxedavT eqsportis sasargeblod araferi ar Secvlila,
arada saqarTvelos Tavadve SeuZlia Tavisi saWiroebisaTvis aucilebeli
xorblis warmoeba. magaliTad, ”sacdel nakveTze daTesili ”TeTri do-
lisa” da ”kaxuri datotvilis” uxvi mosavali movida. heqtarze gaTvliT
12-14 tona.” (iakobiZe 2010: 46). amdenad aucileblobas warmoadgens saxel-
mwifos dainteresebis gazrda qveynis marcvleuliT uzrunvelyofis saqm-
eSi, risTvisac aucilebelia teqnikur-teqnologiuri uzrunvelyofa da
finansuri mxardaWera.
mcire biznesisaTvis prioritetulia kvebis mrewveloba. swored mcire
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebia is meqanizmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs mal-
132
fuWadi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis adgilze gadamuSavebas da dRei-
saTvis arsebuli mniSvnelovani danakargebis aRmofxvras.
saqarTvelos didi potenciali gaaCnia sakonservo warmoebis ganviTa-
rebisavis. sabWouri ekonomikis dros is miliard pirobiT qila konservs
amzadebda, dReisaTvis ki meaTedsac ver amzadebs. ufro metic, am dargS-
ic importze varT damokidebulebi.
rogorc vxedavT, marto bostneulis konservebis damzadebisa da moxma-
rebis sferoSi 2006 wels eqsportis moculoba Zalian mcirea da import-
ze naklebia 4487 aTasi aSS dolariT, anu 98,2%-iT. 2009 wels ki mdgoma-
reoba importis sasargeblod mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da 15 808 aTasi
aSS dolari Seadgiana. es naTlad metyvelebs imaze, rom kvebis mrewvel-
obaSi investiciebi ar xorcieldeba, rac saWiroa Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giebis SesaZenad da maRalxarisxiani produqciis sawarmoeblad. arada sa-
qarTvelos regionebi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian rogorc kulturuli,
ise tyis xilis saxeobaTa mravalferovnebiT, romlebisganac damzadebu-
li produqcia kvebiTi RirebulebebiT iqneba sakmaod maRali da daikavebs
Rirseul adgils ucxoeTis bazrebze.
83
4570
79
6149
158
7692
195
15808
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2006 2007 2008 2009
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.2.2. ბოსტნეულისბოსტნეულისბოსტნეულისბოსტნეულის კონსერვისკონსერვისკონსერვისკონსერვის ექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტექსპორტ-იმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტისიმპორტის დინამიკადინამიკადინამიკადინამიკა 2006-2009 წლებშიწლებშიწლებშიწლებში (ათასიათასიათასიათასი აშშაშშაშშაშშ დოლარიდოლარიდოლარიდოლარი)
ექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტიექსპორტი
იმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტიიმპორტი
wyaro: “soflis meurneobis produqciis kvleva”. publikacia. saqarTvelos
ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2010
Tanamedrove sabazro tendenciaTa analizi gvioCvenebs, rom gansakuT-
rebiT bolo aTwleulebSi gamZafrda konkurencia yvela saxis bazarze.
am fonze gadarCenisa da ganviTrebisaTvis msxvili kompaniebic cdiloben
riskebis gaziarebisa da sakuTari konkurentuli upiratesobebis gamyare-
bisaTvis Seqmnan an Sevidnen urTierTobaTa qselebSi. es gamoiwvevs qsel-
133
uri konkurenciis axali tipis warmoSobas. aseT pirobebSi mcire mewarme
subieqtebma, romelTac aqvT resursuli SezRuduloba seriozulad unda
gadaxedon tradiciul midgomebs da SeimuSaon biznesis organizaciis
axali formebi.
resursebis SezRudulobis pirobebSi mcire bizness urTuldeba sxva
kompaniebisa da bazris subieqtebis gareSe arseboba. swored amitom mewa-
rmeebi cdiloben qselur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnas, romlebic erTmaneTTan
individualur urTierTobebs amyareben. mcire biznesi Tavisi moqnilobis
wyalobiT warmatebulad integrirdeba biznesgaremoSi, exameba sabazro
cvlilebebs da TanamSromlobs partniorebTan, maSin roca msxvil sawar-
moebs amisaTvis sWirdeba xangrZlivi SeTanxmebebi da specialuri mmarTv-
elobiTi procedurebi.
aseT urTierTobaTa Camoyalibeba saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi sruliad
sxvadasxvagvaria institucionaluri da sxva saxis gansxvavebaTa gamo,
rac arTulebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebis pirdapir gamoyeneb-
as. saqarTveloSi mcire mewarme-subieqtTa urTierTobebis didi nawili
efuZneboda msxvil saxelmwifo sawarmoebTan istoriul kavSirebs an kid-
ev sawarmos xelmZRvanelTa araformalur kavSirebs. amitomac mxolod
2000-iani wlebis dasawyisidan SeiZleba saubari sabazro urTierTobaTa
formirebaze mcire biznesSi, romelic jer kidev saWiroebs srulyofasa
da ganviTrebas. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis Camoyalibebis eta-
pis dasruleba moiTxovs misi dargobrivi struqturis racionalizaciis,
regionuli disproporciebis gaTanabrebas, ekonomikis am seqtoris efeq-
tianobis amaRlebas
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia ”klasterebis” Camoyalibebi-
sadmi midgomebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. strategiuli marTvis Teore-
tikosis, maikl porteris mixedviT `klasteris formirebisas masSi arse-
buli yvela warmoeba urTierTmxardaWeras ganicdis. sargebeli vrcelde-
ba kavSirebis yvela mimarTulebiT. aqtiuri konkurencia erT dargSi vrc-
eldeba klasteris yvela sxva dargze~. klasteruli strategia gadaiqca
msoflioSi konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis moqmedebis erT-erT
strategiad. `harvardis biznes-skolis monacemebiT, aSS-s ekonomikaSi da-
saqmebulTa 32%-ze mets klasterebi uzrunvelyofen, SvedeTSi - 39%-s,
Sromis mwarmoebluroba aseT seqtorebSi qveynis saSualo maCvenebelze
134
44%-iT metia. ufro metic, klasteruli seqtori aris lokaluri bazris
momsaxure seqtorebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala. magram yvelaze
mTavari isaa, rom rac ufro ganviTarebulia klasterebi calkeul
qveyanaSi, miT ufro maRalia am qveyanaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da
kompaniebis konkurentunarianoba.”(yorRanaSvili 2007:52).
agraruli klasterebis warmateba dadasturebulia ucxoeTis gamocdi-
lebiTac. magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi dania miekuTvneboda
im qveyanaTa ricxvs, romlebic damokidebulni iyvnen sasursaTo produq-
ciis importze, klasterebis Seqmnis Semdeg ki is warmatebiT axorci-
elebs sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis eqsports (60%). saqarTvelos agra-
ruli potencialis efeqtianad gamoyenebisaTvis perspeqtiulad migvaCnia
regionuli klasterebis Seqmna, romlis centrSic iqneba mcire sawarmoTa
damsaqmebeli Zlieri sawarmo. erToblivi ZalisxmeviT ufro ukeT moxde-
ba konkurentunariani, inovaciuri produqciis warmoeba.
amrigad, soflis meurneobis regions efeqturi ganviTarebisaTvis Seu-
Zlia damxmare da monaTesave dargebis dajgufeba da klasterebis Seqmna.
monaTesave dargebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT is dargebi, romlebic awarmoeb-
en da gadaamuSaveben sakveb produqtebsa da soflis meurneobis nedle-
uls. damxmare dargebs miekuTvneba is dargebi, romlebic qmnian pirobebs
monaTesave dargebis funqcionirebisaTvis.
marcvleulis warmoeba, xorci da xorcproduqtebi, rZe, kvercxi, kart-
ofili, xaxvi da mravali sxva iseTi segmentia, risi warmoebac qveynis
SigniT SesaZlebelia. ra Tqma unda amis xarjze saqarTvelo ver ganviTa-
rdeba, magram risi SesaZleblobac gvaqvs pirvel rigSi is moTxovnileba
unda dakmayofildes. eqsportis maCvenebeli 4-jer CamorCeba importis maC-
venebels. es ki niSnavs miliardobiT Tanxebs, rac saqarTvelodan gaedin-
eba.
saqarTvelo agraruli qveyanaa da soflis meurneoba SeiZleba ganvixi-
loT rogorc qveynis ekonomikis xerxemali, romlis siZlieresa da sijan-
saRezea damokidebuli ekonomikis aRmavloba da sazogadoebis TiToeuli
wevris socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.
soflis meurneobaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri pirdapiri Carevis gareSe
konkretuli Sedegebis miRweva naklebad savaraudoa. dargis ganviTarebi-
saTvis aucilebelia koncefciis Seqmna, romelSic gawerili iqneba is, Tu
135
ra mdgomareobaa am sferoSi, ra problemebi arsebobs da ra gvsurs, gvqo-
ndes sami, oTxi an xuTi wlis Semdeg. aseve unda Sedges ganviTarebis mok-
le da grZelvadiani gegmebi.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi swori agraruli politikis gareSe verasodes
gadawyveten dasaqmebisa da siRaribis problemas. am TvalsazrisiT saqar-
TvelosaTvis mniSvnelovania rogor agrarul politikas ganaxorcielebs.
am mxriv saerTaSoriso organizaciebis daxmareba fasdaudebelia, radgan
isini teqnikur daxmarebas uweven ganviTarebad qveynebs fermerTa ganaT-
lebisa da agrokulturebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove meTodebis danergv-
aSi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi did yuradRebas uTmoben sasur-
saTo usafrTxoebisa da maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli miwis fondis ra-
cionalur gamoyenebas. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi mudmivad dgas soflis
meurneobis warmoebis racionalizaciisa da misi damuSavebis efeqtianob-
is problema. `iseT qveyanaSi ki, rogoric saqarTveloa, romlis ganviTa-
rebis istoriuli gza agrikulturis ganviTarebaze gadis, agraruli po-
litika amovarda saxelmwifoebriobis konteqstidan. migvaCnia, rom sa-
qarTvelos gansakuTrebiT esaWiroeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdi-
lebis Seswavla agraruli politikis warmarTvaSi sakuTari CamorCenis
mizezebis aRmofxvrisa da ganviTarebisaTvis safuZvlebis Sesaqmnelad”
(iakobiZe 2010:39).
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis 46,9% soflad cxovrobs da Sesabamisad
dakavSirebulia soflis meurneobasTan. unda aRiniSnos, rom siRaribis
maCvenebeli soflebSi gansakuTrebiT maRalia da soflad mcxovrebi mo-
saxleobis umetesoba socialuri daxmarebis momlodinea, amitomac mis
dasaZlevad erTaderT gzas warmoadgens adgilebze dasaqmeba da warmoeb-
uli produqciisaTvis sarealizacio bazris moZieba.
siRaribesTan brZolis problema da misi daZlevis konkretuli gzebis
dasaxva-SemuSaveba kidev erTxel adasturebs saqarTveloSi agraruli re-
formebis gatarebis ualternativobas. `soflad siRaribis likvidaciisa
da soflidan qalaqSi mosaxleobis migraciis gonivrul CarCoebSi Casmis
erTi saSualebaa, adgilebze arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis racionalu-
ri aTviseba, mis adgilobrivi bazris moTxovnebis interesebSi Cayeneba da
rac mTavaria, maT safuZvelze konkurentunariani sawarmoo erTeulebis
formireba da ganviTareba.~ (iakobiZe 2010: 43)
136
amrigad migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos agraruli meurneoba aris qveyana-
Si mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis baza da meurneobis am
sferoSi swori politikis warmarTviT SesaZlebelia amaRldes saqarTve-
los saerTo konkurentunarianoba msoflio bazarze da Cveni sameurneo
struqtura moewyos evrokavSiris moTxovnebis safuZvelze.
agraruli strategia, Cvenis mosazrebiT, saqarTveloSi unda wyvetdes
Semdeg amocanebs:
1. mosaxleobis sasursaTo uzrunvelyofa sakuTari resursebis aTv-
isebiT;
2. saeqsporto produqciis mwarmoebeli dargebis ganviTareba da qve-
yanaSi sakvebi produqtebis Semotanis minimizacia;
3. adgilebze samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis mizniT mcire da saSualo
sawarmoTa ganviTarebis stimulireba da mosaxleobis socialuri
yofis gaumjobeseba;
4. konkurentunariani da inovaciuri produqciis warmoebiT
msoflio bazarze gasvla.
saqarTvelos regionebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis aranakleb pers-
peqtivas qmnis turizmi.
turizmis warmatebuli ganviTareba adekvaturad aisaxeba mTeli regio-
nisa Tu calkeuli regionebis ekonomikis iseT sakvanZo dargebze, rogor-
ebicaa: kavSirgabmuloba da transporti, vaWroba, mSenebloba, komunikaci-
ebi, soflis meurneoba da farTo moxmarebis sagnebis warmoeba da sxva.
aqedan gamomdinare qveynis ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnisaTvis tu-
ristuli industriis farTo qselis Seqmna umniSvnelovanesi momentia. mT-
el rig qveynebSi, sadac aqtiurad mimdinareobs turizmis sferos ganvi-
Tareba, saxelmwifo seriozulad exmareba am dargs _ igulisxmeba rog-
orc pirdapiri investiciebi, aseve sagadasaxado da sabaJo SeRavaTebi,
rac damatebiT stimulad gvevlineba sainvesticio politikis gaumjobese-
bis, Sida da saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis.
turizms, iseve rogorc sxva nebismier dargs esaWiroeba dagegmva da
marTva. turizmSi marTvis obieqti SeiZleba iyos regionic, iseve rogorc
saxelmwifo an saxelmwifoTa jgufi.
Tanamedrove turizmi miCneulia siRaribis daZlevis mniSvnelovan faq-
torad, misi mizanmimarTuli da kompleqsuri ganviTareba saxelmwifos
137
socialur-ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba unda
iyos.6 turizmis sferoSi Seqmnili erTi samuSao adgili qmnis sul mcire
or axal samuSao adgils momijnave dargebSi, rogorebicaa vaWroba, sof-
lis meurneoba, transporti, kavSirgabmuloba, kultura, ganaTleba, jan-
dacva da sxva.
turisti ara marto turistul-rekreaciuli moTxovnilebis matarebe-
lia, aramed yoveldRiuri moxmarebis produqtze moTxovnilebis mqone
adamianic. amitom am produqts igi iZens da gayiduli saqoneli eqsport-
irebulia im gansxvavebiT, rom nacvlad misi gagzavnisa qveynis farglebs
gareT, TviT momxmarebeli Camodis mis Sesasyidad. es ki qveynis Semosa-
vals zrdis. turizmidan miRebuli mogebis nakadi erTveba ekonomikur
brunvaSi da iZleva efeqts.
Cveulebriv iTvleba, rom ucxoeli turisti satransporto xarjebTan
erTad Tavisi xarjebis daaxloebiT 40%-s xarjavs kvebaze, sastumroebze
– 30%-s, qveynis SigniT mogzaurobaze _ 8%-s, sxva danarCenze -22%-s.
Tanamedrove turisti miiswrafvis mogzaurobidan miiRos axali Stabe-
Wdilebebi, rasac mivyavarT turistuli dasvenebis intensifikaciamde, rac
moiTxovs mis gajerebas sanaxaobebiT, eqskursiebiT, SexvedrebiT da a.S.
dReisaTvis sul ufro izrdeba mogzaurTa ricxvi, romelTac surT xel-
uxlebeli bunebisa da kulturuli memkvidreobis monaxuleba. amdenad
mniSvnelovnad izrdeba ekoturizmis masStabebi. ekoturis fasi Cveulebr-
iv turis fasze saSualod 11.1%-iT ufro maRalia, magram momxmarebelTa
umravlesoba mzad aris gadaixados es Rirebuleba. am faqtoris gamoye-
neba saqarTvelos SeuZlia mniSvnelovani ivesticiebis ganxorcielebis
gareSec, rac am etapze aqtualuria. amaSi martivi gaangariSebiTac davr-
wmundebiT. magaliTad saqarTveloSi Camosuli erTi milioni turistidan
100 000 turisti Tu dainteresdeba ekoturizmiT es qveyanas damatebiT 110
milioni laris Semosavals moutans (Tuki Cveulebrivi turis Rirebule-
ba 1000 laria). amisaTvis cxadia saTanado infrastruqturis mowyobaa sa-
Wiro.
turizms aqvs SesaZlebloba Seqmnas stimulebis mTeli sistema, raTa
daculi da aRdgenili iyos regionis ekologiuri mdgomareoba. turizmi
6 turizmi, rogorc siRaribis daZlevis mniSvnelovani faqtori, pirvelad aRiarebul iqna 2002 wels iohanesburgSi (samxreT afrikis respublika) gamarTul siRaribis daZlevis msoflio forumze.
138
aswavlis adgilobriv mosaxleobas maTi garemomcveli samyaros Rirseb-
ebs, misi movlisa da dacva-aRdgenis aucileblobas.
gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia mcire biznesi mTiani regionebis turis-
tul ganviTarebaSi. saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa romelzec modis mTeli
teritoriis 54,4%. mTianeTi dRemde warmoadgens kulturuli memkvidreo-
bis saganZurs, es iqneba arqiteqturis Zeglebi Tu sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis movlenebi, xalxuri rewva Tu folkloris unikaluri nimuSebi. ami-
tomacaa, rom Cveni qveynis mTianeTi gvevlineba Sida da saerTaSoriso tu-
rizmis ganviTarebis potenciur resursad.
mdgradi turizmis farglebSi turizmis ganviTareba kontroldeba, igi
xels uwyobs adgilobrivi ekonomikis diversifikacias, gansakuTrebiT
soflebSi, sadac mosaxleobis dasaqmeba sezonur da SemTxveviT xasiaTs
atarebs. mdgradi turizmi xels uwyobs mcire da saSualo sawarmoebs
ganviTarebaSi, aseve adgilobrivi, regionaluri, erovnuli da saerTaSo-
riso ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis ganviTarebas.
saqarTvelo, Tavisi bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis mravalferovnebidan
gamomdinare, karg saSualebas iZleva turizmis iseTi saxeebis gansaviTa-
reblad, rogoricaa: specializebuli turizmi, saTavgadasavlo turizmi,
agroturizmi, ekoturizmi, axalgazrduli turizmi, socialuri turizmi,
turizmi kempingebsa da karvebSi, samTo turizmi, saojaxo turizmi, eqst-
remaluri turizmi, samonadireo turizmi da sxva.
fermeruli turizmi Zalze popularulia evropis rig qveynebSi. misi
arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom turistTa ganTavseba xdeba fermebSi, ranCo-
ebSi an plantaciebis mimdebare, an kidev stumrebisaTvis gancalkevebul
saojaxo sastumros tipis saxlebSi, sadac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uwe-
vs momsaxurebas. turistebs eZlevaT saSualeba erTdroulad daakvirdnen
sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebs an monawileoba miiRon masSi. am mizniT
fermerebi TavianT teritoriaze awyoben kempingebs, agreTve rTaven turi-
stebs nadirobisa da TevzWeris nebas sakuTari teritoriis farglebSi.
saqarTveloSi metad aqtualuria agroturizmis ganviTareba, is saSua-
lebas aZlevs turistebs gaecnon soflis yofas, SeiTvison xalxuri tra-
diciebi, icxovron ekologiurad sufTa garemoSi, miiRon bunebrivi pro-
duqti da sxva.
139
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos ucxoeli turistebis daintereseba saqa-
rTvelos glexuri meurneobis tradiciebiT. ”magaliTad, agroturizmis
ganviTarebis metad saintereso resurss warmoadgens aWaraSi qedis raio-
nis mevenaxeobis centri Tavisi unikaluri yurZnis jiSebiT. ulamazesi
mxare guria agroturizmisaTvis saintereso xalxuri rewviT. mag. xisa da
Tixis nakeTobebis damzadebiT, yavaris gadaxurviT, Taflis moxdiT, xal-
xuri tradiciebiT, SemoqmedebiT, folkloriT - maTi mravalxmiani simRe-
rebi aRtacebas iwvevs turistebSi; TuSeTi, fSav-xevsureTi cnobilia Tav-
isi Zveli nasaxlarebiT. soflis didebuli buneba saukunovani, dRemde
SemorCenili, mTebze Sefenili aqiteqturuli Zeglebi saintereso peizaJ-
ebs qmnis. aq Zveli wes-Cveulebebi, samzareulo, cxovrebis tradiciebi,
qsovis xelovneba saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis agroturizmis ganviTarebisa-
Tvis.” (qvelaZe 2010:60).
turizmis am saxis ganviTarebis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
misi ganviTareba SedarebiT iolia da saxelmwifos mxridan nakleb finan-
sur danaxarjebs moiTxovs. Sesabamisad am sferoSi moRvawe mcire bizne-
sis organizatorebsac sakuTari danazogebis an naklebi raodenobis saba-
nko kreditis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmna turiste-
bisaTvis.
agroturizmis SemTxvevaSi sezonurobis problema moxsnilia. turizmi
qmnis samuSao adgilebs rogorc adgilobrivi turizmis seqtorSi, ise
mis momijnave seqtorebSic. iwvevs momgebiani Sida dargebis: sastumroeb-
isa da ganTavsebis sxva saSualebebis, restornebisa da sazogadoebrivi
kvebis obieqtebis, satransporto sistemebis, xalxuri rewvisa da saeqs-
kursio-informaciuli saqmis stimulirebas.
axalgazrduli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa kompleqsuri mra-
valferovani marSrutebis damuSaveba da laSqrobebis mowyoba asakobrivi
kategoriis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. turizmis am mimarTulebis gan-
viTarebisaTvis saWiroa iseTi obieqtebis mSenebloba, rogoricaa, mag. sae-
rTo sacxovrebeli, sastumroebi soflad, karvebis qalaqi da sxva.
vfiqrobT, rom saqarTvelo msgavsi turistuli momsaxurebis danerg-
viT unda dainteresdes, jer erTi imitom, rom mas aqvs maRalxarisxovani
turistuli produqti, meore is, rom saxelmwifos xarji minimizirebulia
da mesamedac xeli ewyoba mcire da saSualo biznesis kompleqsur ganviT-
140
arebas regionebSi, sadac qveynis xelisufleba Tavisi SesaZleblobebis
realizacias praqtikulad ver axdens.
aucileblobad gvesaxeba axali turistuli regionebis CarTva turist-
ul brunvaSi. aseve novatoruli midgomebis gamoyeneba, rac turizmSi axa-
li saxis turebis aRmoCenasa da aTvisebaSi vlindeba.
gamocdilebiT aRiarebulia, rom bevr qveyanaSi mcire mewarmeobis ganv-
iTarebis miznebis, principebisa da mimarTulebebis dafiqsireba xdeba Se-
sabamis saxelmwifo programebSi. aseTi programa unda daedos safuZvlad
prioritetebis mixedviT ekonomikis dargebsa da regionebSi mcire bizne-
sis ganviTarebas.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze vfiqrobT
rom upiratesoba unda mieniWos mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis regionul
programebs, romlebic unda iTvaliswinebdes ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi
socialur-ekonomikuri garemos Seqmnas, rac bunebrivia mxolod sakanonm-
deblo bazis Camoyalibebas ar gulisxmobs. igi bazarze swori orientac-
iis arCevaSic unda daexmaros mewarmes. amasTan erTad daicvas igi sa-
Sinao bazarze, xeli Seuwyos sagadasaxado, satarifo, sabaJo meqanizmebis
gamoyenebiT da sxva.
SemuSavda saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis strategia 2011-2017
wlebisaTvis, romlis mizansac warmoadgens regionuli sainovacio sis-
temis TanmimdevrobiTi ganviTarebis, regionebis SedarebiTi upiratesobis
gamoyenebisa da sistemuri TanamSromlobis safuZvelze qveynis regione-
bis konkurentunarianobisa da daCqarebuli ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyo-
ba. am miznis ganxorcielebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoad-
gens sainovacio politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi yvela mona-
wile subieqtis aqtiuri CarTuloba da inovaciebze orientirebuli same-
warmeo biznesis ganviTareba.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi saWiroa
mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris sakuTari infrsatruqturis formireba.
romlis saqmianobis mizanic iqneba mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis keT-
ilsasurveli pirobebis Seqmna. es SeiZleba iyos: mcire biznesis mxardam-
Weri centrebi da fondebi, teqnoparkebi, biznes-inkubatorebi, konsaltin-
guri firmebi, sainformacio saagentoebi, biznes-centrebi da sxva. am mxr-
iv unda aRiniSnos aWaris ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gegmaSi Sesuli mcire
141
biznesis mxardamWeri RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba baTumis biznes-inkuba-
toris Seqmnis saxiT. is Seiqmna gaeros ganviTarebis programis, rumine-
Tis mTavrobisa da aWaris mTavrobis finansuri mxardaWeriT. es aris sr-
uliad axali iniciativa, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos damwyeb kompanie-
bs da daaCqaros maTi ganviTareba. is exmareba mewarmeebs saofise inven-
tariT aRWurvili farTiT, aseve sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT, biznesis
sxva sferoebTan saqmiani urTierTobebis damyarebiT da sxva.
baTumis biznes-inkubatoris Cvidmeti kompaniidan gasuli wlis seqtemb-
erSi oTxma maTganma inkubatori datova, rogorc warmatebulma firmebma
da damkvidrden bazarze. biznes-inkubatoris kompaniebSi pirdapir dasaq-
mebulia 32 adamiani, xolo iribad mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi 100-ze meti.
STambeWdavia maTi Sedegebic. 2011 wlis mdgomareobiT kompaniebis jamuri
brunva 300 aTas lars Seadgens, aqedan sul gacemuli xelfasebis raode-
noba 70 aTass, xolo biujetSi Senatani 50 aTas lars aRemateba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom inkubatoris daxmarebiT Seqmnili yoveli samuSao
adgilis danaxarji daaxloebiT 1100 aSS dolaria, im dros roca igive
samuSao adgilis Seqmna saxelmwifos 10 000 aSS dolari ujdeba. yoveli
1 aSS dolaris gaweuli subsidia TiToeuli kompaniisagan gadaxdili
adgilobrivi gadasaxadis saxiT 45 aSS dolaris odenobiT ubrundeba
saxelmwifos. 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaeros ganviTarebis fondidan da
biujetidan inkubatorze jamurad daixarja 430 000 aSS dolari, anu er-
Ti samuSao adgilis Rirebuleba 1350 aSS dolaria, rac saSualo statis-
tikurze 7-jer naklebia. (www.BBI.ge)
gaeros ganviTarebis programisa da baTumis biznes-inkubatoris 2011
wlis 6 ivnisis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze biznes-inkubatoris damatebiTi
funqcia gaxda regionSi arsebuli, inkubatoris arawevri kompaniebisaTvis
konsultaciebis gaweva, dReis mdgomareobiT am konsultaciebSi monawi-
leoba miiRo 35-ma kompaniam.
amrigad, biznes-inkubatori exmareba bizness ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro
finansuri da teqnikuri saSualebebis moZiebaSi, inkubatoris mier miwo-
debuli saofise farTi da aRWurviloba, konsultaciebi SesaZleblobas
aZlevs kompaniebs Tavi aaridon damatebiT xarjebsa da personals, rac
mcire firmebis racionaluri da efeqturi funqcionirebis saSualebas
iZleva. garda amisa sakonsultacio momsaxureba, informaciuli baza da
142
saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi exmareba mewarmes Tanamedrove garemosTan
Seguebasa da ganviTarebaSi. biznes-inkubatori amcirebs mcire biznesis
gakotrebis riskebs. aSS-s biznes-inkubatorebis nacionaluri asociaciis
(NBIA) angariSis Tanaxmad inkubirebuli kmompaniebis 87% dRemde warmate-
biT funqcionirebs. 1980 wlidan inkubirebulma kompaniebma Seqmnes daax-
loebiT 500 000 samuSao adgili. yoveli me-2 samuSao adgili xels uwy-
obs damatebiT erTi samuSao adgilis Seqmnas. (www.BBI.ge) .
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba aseve mcire mewarmeobisaTvis municipalur
mxardaWeras, imdenad ramdenadac adgilobrivma xelisuflebam ukeT icis
miznobrivi upiratesobebi da isic Tu vis sWirdeba daxmareba. regioneb-
Si mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saqmeSi didi wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT
municipalur fondebs, romlebmac mcire biznesis subiqtTa dasax-
mareblad SeiZleba gamoiyenon dafinansebis sxvadasxva saxeebi: grantebi,
SeRavaTiani kreditebi, uprocento sesxebi da sxva. aseve maT SeuZliaT
mcire biznesze garantiebis wardgena, specialur RonisZiebaTa Catareba
(gamofenebi, konkursebi, bazrobebi, auqcionebi), qonebrivi da sainformac-
io mxardaWera.
vfiqrobT, rom unda damkvidrdes municipaluri warmonaqmnis terito-
riaze prioritetuli saqmianobis saxis cneba, romelic gamyarebuli iqn-
eba municipalur normatiuli aqtebiT, damtkicebuli iqneba municipaluri
TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis mier da aisaxeba maTi
ganviTarebis programebSi.
SesaZleblad migvaCnia municipalur warmonaqmnebs Soris konkursis Ca-
tareba maT teritoriaze saqmianobis prioritetuli saxeebisaTvis finan-
suri mxardaWeris mosapoveblad.
vfiqrobT, rom regionebSi mcire biznesis stimulirebisaTvis metad
mniSvnelovani nabiji gadaidgmeboda, Tuki saxelmwifo miiRebda gadawyve-
tilebas biznesidan miRebuli gadasaxadebis adgilobriv biujetebSi war-
marTvis sasargeblod. aseT SemTxvevaSi TviT adgilobrivi xelisufleba
iqneboda dainteresebuli biznes-subieqtebis ricxvis zrdiTa da maTi saq-
mianobis mxardamWeri RonisZiebebis SemuSavebiT, Sesabamisad ki adgilob-
riv biujetebSi Senatanebis gazrdiT. mxolod erTi adgilobrivi gadasa-
xadis arseboba veranairad ver wyvets im problemebs, rac municipaluri
warmonaqmnebis winaSe dgas da saxelmwifo transfertebis imedze arian.
143
ucxoeTSi arsebobs saxelmwifosa da municiplitetebis monawileobiT
erToblivi programebis realizaciis gamocdileba. saqarTveloSic SesaZ-
lebelia ”municipalitetTaSorisi prioritetuli programebis” SemuSa-
veba, romlebic SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes erTdroulad ramdenime
municipalitetSi, romelTac eqnebaT socialuri da ekonomikuri mniSvne-
loba da aseve miscemen ekonomikur efeqtianobas mcire biznes-subieqtebs.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi mcire biznesSi arsebuli mdgomareobis ana-
lizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom igi jer kidev formirebis
dabal safexurzea. moTxovnebs CamorCeba misi zrdis tempic. am sferos
radikaluri gardaqmna-ganviTarebisaTvis aucileblobad gvesaxeba saxel-
mwifo-maregulirebeli funqciebis gaaqtiureba da masStabebis gazrda.
3.3. 3.3. 3.3. 3.3. mcire biznesis finansmcire biznesis finansmcire biznesis finansmcire biznesis finansuri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi dauri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi dauri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi dauri uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobebi da
sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebisainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebisainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebisainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi
biznesis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze dafinanseba warmoadgens araerTi
potencialuri biznesmenisaTvis sirTuleTa saTaves. damwyebi mewarme mo-
mavali saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs gansazRvravs biznes-gegmaSi.
mewarmis fulad saxsrebze moTxovna asaxulia biznes-gegmaSi.
gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad sakuTari saxsrebi warmoadgens kapitalis Zir-
iTad wyaros rogorc damwyebi mewarmeTaTvis, ise im mewarmeebisTvisac,
romlebic SeiZenen ukve arsebul warmoebas. maT muSaobis procesSi aseve
uwevT finansuri saxsrebis gare wyaroebis moZieba. finansuri resursebis
gare wyaroebi iyofa formalur da araformalur wyaroebad. Tanafardo-
ba damokidebulia firmis sididesa da arsebobis vadebze. unda aRiniSnos,
rom mcire zomis sawarmoebi, ufro metad ki damwyebi sawarmoebi nakleb-
ad mimarTaven formalur wyaroebs, vidre msxvili da saSualo sawarmoe-
bi. magaliTad kanadaSi sawarmos mflobelis piradi danazogebi gamoiye-
neba sawarmoTa 57%-is mier, amasTan sawyis etapze es maCvenebeli Seadgens
77%. (Sipova 2009:32)
ucxouri gamocdileba adasturebs, rom dakrediteba warmoadgens mci-
re sawarmoTa dafinansebis mniSvnelovan wyaros. magaliTad, 2003 wels
aSS-Si sawarmoTa 60%-s hqonda krediti sakredito xazis, sesxebis an fi-
144
nansuri lizingis formiT. amasTan aSS-Si mcire sawarmoTa mflobelebis
77%-s Tavisi saqmianobis periodSi minimum erTxel mainc hqonia Sexeba
bankis sakredito momsaxurebasTan. aseve 2002 wlis monacemebiT evropis
qveynebSi mcire sawarmoTa 76%-s hqonda sakredito xazi erT an ramdenime
bankSi. kanadaSi ki sakredito xazis gamoyenebis maCvenebeli SedarebiT
dabalia da 50%-s Seadgens. Tumca dakreditebis mocemuli forma warmoa-
dgens yvelaze popularuls dakreditebis danarCen wyaroebTan Sedareb-
iT. (Sipova 2009: 35)
amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom sakredito xazis gamoyenebis sixSire izr-
deba sawarmoTa zomis zrdasTan erTad, rasac amtkicebs monacemebi evro-
pisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi mcire sawarmoebis mier sakredito
xazis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. (cxr. 3.3.1.-3.3.2.).
cxrili 3.3.1.cxrili 3.3.1.cxrili 3.3.1.cxrili 3.3.1. evropis mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi, romlebic iyenebdnen
sakredito xazs (sawarmoTa zomebisa da saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT)
2002 w.
wyaro: a.i. Sipova “mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa dakrediteba: samamulo da ucxouri
gamocdileba”, 2009w. gv.21.
sazRvargareTuli mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi gare dafinansebis mi-
saRebad iyeneben aseve sakredito baraTebs, romlebic registriebulia an
kompaniis saxelze (iuridiul pirze), an kidev fizikuri piris _ biznesis
mflobelis saxelze. sakredito baraTebs miRebuli saxsrebis Sexedule-
bisamebr gamoyenebis upiratesoba aqvT, radganac krediti ar atarebs miz-
nobriv xasiaTs. sawarmoTa zomisa da maTi arsebobis xangrZlivobis zr-
dasTan erTad izrdeba kompaniis saxelze gamoSvebuli sakredito
baraTebis gamoyenebis sixSire, maSin roca, fizikur pirebze gamoSvebul
bankebis
ricxvi
mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa wili
sawarmos zomebis mixedviT (momuSaveTa raodenoba)
sawarmos saqmianobis sferoebis mixedviT
0-9 kaci
10-49 kaci
50-249 kaci
sul mrewveloba
vaWroba momsaxureba
sul
0(sakr.xazi ar) 21% 16% 16% 21% 16% 21% 23% 21%
1 banki 41% 33% 28% 41% 42% 39% 41% 41%
2 an 3 banki 30% 35% 26% 30% 31% 32% 28% 30%
4da meti banki 5% 9% 19% 5% 7% 4% 4% 5%
pasuxi ar aqvs 3% 6% 12% 3% 4% 3% 4% 3%
sul 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
145
sakredito baraTTa ricxvi mcirdeba, rasac adasturebs aSS-sa da kanadis
monacemebi. (cxrili 3.3.2.).
cxrili 3.3.2. aSS-sa da kanadaSi mcire sawarmoTa wili, romlebic iyene-
ben sakredito baraTebsa da sakredito xazs
wyaro: a.i. Sipova “mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa dakrediteba: samamulo da ucxouri gamocdileba”, 2009w. gv.23
finansirebis kidev erTi wyaroa overdrafti. is aris SedarebiT Zviri
produqti, magram mas xSirad aZleven upiratesobas moqnilobis gamo. un-
da aRiniSnos, rom sakredito dawesebulebebi, rogorc wesi momxmarebels
sTavazoben ara sesxs, aramed overdraftsa da sakredito xazs, romlebz-
ec saprocento ganakveTi arsebiTad maRalia. sakredito xazebi sariskoa,
radganac isini siZviresTan erTad sakredito dawesebulebebis Sexedule-
bisamebr, nebismier dros SeiZleba Sewydes. amitomac sawarmoebs SeuZli-
aT erTdroulad kreditis ramdenime wyaros gamoyeneba. magaliTad aSS-Si
2001 wlis monacemebiT mcire sawarmoTa 58%-s hqonda rogorc sesxebi, as-
eve sakredito xazi.
qveynebi
dafinansebis formebi
sakr. baraT. kompaniis saxelze
sakr. baraTebi fiz. pir. saxelze
sakredito xazi
aSSaSSaSSaSS (2003 w)
sul mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi 48,1% 46,7% 34,3%
maT Soris sawarmoTa calkeuli kategoriebis mixedviT
sawarmoebi 1 daqiravebuliT 32,0% 48,6% 19,4%
sawarmoebi 2-4 daqiravebuliT 45,7% 48,1% 27,2%
sawarmoebi 100-dan 499-mde daqiraveb 71,5% 32,2% 82,3%
kanada kanada kanada kanada (2004 w)
sul mcire sawarmoebi 48,4% 50,0% 50,2%
saarmoebi daqiravebulTa gareSe 38,2% 48,5% 41,1%
sawarmoebi 100-dan-499-mde
daqiravebuliT
68,1% ….. . . . 94,5%
sawarmoebi 1-2 wlis muSaobis
gamocdilebiT
42,3% 64,0% 48,2%
sawarmoebi 3-4 wlis muSaobis
gamocdilebiT
43,9% 56,4% 45,0%
sawarmoebi 5 welze meti muSaobis
gamocdilebiT
51,0% 45,9% 52,8%
146
komerciul bankebTan erTad, mcire sawarmoebs afinansebs salizingo
kompaniebi. “kanadaSi 2004 wels lizingi gamoiyena mcire da saSualo sa-
warmoTa 30,4%-ma, aSS-Si 2003 wels 8,7%-ma. 2005 wels ki evrokavSiris 15
wevr qveyanaSi salizingo kompaniebs momsaxurebisaTvis mimarTa mcire da
saSualo sawarmoTa 24%-ma, sadac is aris bankebis Semdeg dafinansebis
yvelaze popularuli wyaro. amasTan Tavisi arsebobis manZilze lizingi
gamoiyena mcire sawarmoTa 51%-ma. iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa Ggermania,
luqsemburgi, portugalia, niderlandebi salizingo kontraqtTa didi
ricxvi modis swored mcire sawarmoebze.
ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveynebSi mravali swrafad mzardi firma
cdilobs moeqces venCuruli kapitalis interesTa sferoSi. sainvesticio
saxsrebi, romlebic gaaCnia formalur venCurul firmebs mopovebulia ke-
rZo korporaciebis, saxelmwifo sapensio fondebis, saqvelmoqmedo fonde-
bis, kerZo pirebisa da Tavad venCuruli kapitalis sainvesticio resurse-
bis gaerTianebiT. araformaluri seqtoris monawileebi arian venCuruli
kapitalis kerZo investorebi: e.w. “biznes angelozebi”. eseni rogorc wesi
arian profesionalebi, biznesSi muSaobis gamocdilebiT. araformalur
investorebs aqvT mniSvnelovani finansuri resursi, romelic maTi Sromi-
Ti danazogiT aris miRebuli.
araerTi e.w. “biznes angelozi” pirdapir debs investiciebs axal da
mzard firmebSi, Sedis ra sindikatis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic aerTiane-
bs biznes partniorebs da megobrebs, es investiciebis mimRebT saSualeb-
as aZlevs isargeblon msxvili finansuri saSualebebi. formaluri da
araformaluri seqtori urTierTSemavsebel rols TamaSobs. araformal-
uri seqtoris investiciebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania “sastarto”
firmebis ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze, rodesac am firmebs sWirdeba
kapitalis sawyisi Tanxa produqtis koncefciis da nimuSis dasamzadeb-
lad. formaluri seqtori ki ufro aqtiuria firmis swrafi zrdis stadi-
aze, rodesac saWiroa saxsrebi warmoebis da gayidvebis gasafarToeblad.
sainteresoa mcire biznesis venCuruli dafinansebis gansakuTrebuli
mxareebis gamoyofa:
1. is gansxvavdeba dakreditebis sxva tradiciuli saxeebisagan imiT,
rom fuladi saxsrebis dabruneba ar xdeba winaswar dadgenil vade-
bSi, aseve ar xdeba procentis gadaxda;
147
2. mcire sawarmoTa dafinanseba xorcieldeba yovelgvari qonebrivi
uzrunvelyofis gareSe;
3. firmebis mier sarisko kapitalis SeTavazebis pirobebi da mizani
gansxvavebulia sxva tradiciuli investorebis miznebisagan.
amasTan, “venCuruli kapitalistebis moZebna rTul amocanas warmoadge-
ns. imisaTvis, rom venCuruli kapitalisti davarwmunoT biznesis warmate-
baSi, aucilebelia gaiweros 5-7 welze firmis gamviTarebis perspeqtiva.
venCuruli kapitalis firmebi mcire mogebisaTvis fuls ar abandeben. isi-
ni varaudoben investirebuli kapitalis 3 an 4-magad gazrdas 5-7 weliwa-
dSi.” (Sengelia 2008:187)
uaxloes momavalSi saqarTvelosaTvis sarisko kapitalis amoqmedebis
SesaZlebloba naklebad saimedoa, Tundac imitom, rom inovaciebis Seqmna-
ze ar aris kompleqsuri moTxovna. Cvens qveyanaSi aqtiurad daiwyo fran-
Caizinguli saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba. es aris ukve
awyobili biznesis marTvis forma.
praqtikulad gamoiyeneba franCaizingis oTxi ZiriTadi forma:
1. sasqonlo niSnis gamoyenebis franCaizingi, rodesac franCaizis
myidveli korporacias uxdis fuls sasaqonlo niSnis gamoyenebisa-
Tvis;
2. mza produqciis gayidvis franCaizingi, rodesac myidveli yidul-
obs saqonels korporaciisagan, xolo Semdgom axdens mis realiza-
cias sakuTari fasebiT. magaliTad am kategoriis saqonliT vaWro-
ben is firmebi, romlebic axdenen avtomobilebis an benzinis gayi-
dvas;
3. saqonlis warmoebis franCaizingi, rodesac licenziati dedobili
kompaniisagan iRebs misi saqonlis warmoebisa da realizaciis uf-
lebas. amasTan, gamoiyeneba kompaniisagan nayidi nedleuli da masa-
lebi. magaliTad qarxana “koka-kolas” warmomadgenloba saqarTve-
loSi romelic axdens gamagrilebeli sasmelebis Camosxmas.
4. saqmianobis saxeobaze frenCeizingi, romlis mixedviT licenziati
yidulobs sakuTari firmis gaxsnis uflebas korporaciis sa-xel-
wodebis gamoyenebiT, misi saqmianobis profilis SenarCunebiT. amis
tipiuri magaliTia “nikalas” tipis kvebis obieqtebi saqarTveloSi.
(Sengelia 2008:196).
148
mcire mewarmisaTvis, rogorc wesi, ufro usafrTxoa axali warmoebis
finansireba investorTa saxsrebiT da ara kreditebiT. tipiuri safinanso
kompania yovelwliurad Rebulobs 1000-mde moTxovnas dafinansebaze, ro-
melTagan ramdenimeTviani analizis Semdeg mxolod ramdenime moTxovna
kmayofildeba. (siropolisi 1997:49)
sxvadasxva tipis finansur kompaniaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia:
_ tradiciuli amxanagobebi, romlebic aerTianeben mdidari ojaxebis
saxsrebs mcire sawarmoebSi dabandebisaTvis;
_ fondebi, romelTa gankargulebaSia sxvadasxva organizaciaTa saxs-
rebi;
_ sainvesticio sabanko kompaniebi, romlebic periodulad ayalibeben
investorTa gaerTianebebs mimzidveli venCuruli winadadebebisaTvis;
_sadazRvevo kompaniebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv ufro konservatulebi
arian da mcire sawarmoebisagan moiTxoven aqcioneruli kapitalis gansa-
zRvrul wils, rogorc inflaciisagan dacvis saSualebas.
safinanso kompaniebi cxadia ar afinanseben mcire saojaxo sawarmoebs.
maT interess warmoadgens mzardi amonagebisa da mogebis perspeqtivis
mqone sawarmoebi, romelTagan upiratesoba eniWeba maRalteqnologiur
dargebs.
aSS-Si kapitalis erT-erT wyaros warmoadgens mcire biznesis sainves-
ticio kompaniebi, romlebic kongresis 1958 wlis kanonis “investiciebi
mcire biznesSi” miRebis Semdeg gaCndnen. am kanonis mizani iyo kerZo
investorTa saxsrebiT samewarmeo saqmianobis finansirebis stimulireba.
kanoni astimulirebda mcire biznesis sainvesticio kompaniebis Seqmnas,
romlebsac investorebi gamoiyenebdnen rogorc kerZos da orientire-
bulT sawarmos mogebis miRebaze. garda amisa masSi igulisxmeboda, rom
_ investorebs SeeZloT upiratesobis miniWeba iseT mcire sawarmoeb-
ze, romlebic SeimuSavebdnen maRali sabazro potencialis konkurentul
axali saxis produqcias;
_ mcire biznesis adminitracias unda ewarmoebina meTvalyureoba da
aseTi kompaniebis saqmianobaze Sesabamisi licenziebis gacemazec evale-
boda pasuxismgebloba.
sainvesticio politikis efeqtianobis amaRleba Cveni qveynis umniS-
vnelovanesi prioritetia, amisaTvis aucilebelia investiciuri saqmiano-
149
bis mudmivi srulyofa da misi marTvis gaumjobeseba meurneobriobis yve-
la doneze.
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris dazustebuli monace-
mebiT 2010 wels saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri in-
vesticiebis moculobam 814 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 24%-iT
aRemateba 2009 wlis monacemebs da 52%-iT CamorCeba 2008 wlis maCvenebe-
ls. (cxr. 3.3.3.)
cxrili 3.3.3. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi ekono-
mikis seqtorebis mixedviT, 2008-2010 ww.
dargebi/wlebi
2008 weli 2009 weli 2010 weli
mln aSS dolari
proc. wili
mln aSS dolari
proc. wili
mln aSS dolari
proc. wili
sul: 1564.0 100 658.4 100 814.5 100
maT Soris: samTomop. da gad. mrewvel.
207.3 13.3 139.8 21.2 228.8 28.1
transporti da kavSirgabm. 422.7 27.0 98.4 14.9 215.1 26.4
uZravi qoneba 277.8 17.8 147.4 22.4 119.3 14.6
safinanso seqtori 8.5 0.5 49.7 7.5 107.4 13.2
danarCeni seqtorebi 647.7 41.4 223.1 339 143.9 17.7
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. statistikuri publikacia
„pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi 2010“ 15 agvisto 2011 w.
rogorc cxrilidan Cans investiciaTa yvelaze didi raodenoba 2010
wels mimarTul iqna transportsa da kavSirgabmulobaSi _ 26,4%, aseve
mrewvelobaSi _ 28,1% da uZravi qonebis sferos mimarTulebiT _ 14,6%.
sainvesticio dabandebaTa gansakuTrebuli simciriT gamoirCeva sof-
lis meurneoba, romelic realurad strategiul sferos warmoadgens, ma-
sze 2008 wels modioda 14,7 milioni lari, xolo 2009 wels 21,4 milioni
lari. (danarTi 3)
investiciebis saWiroebas gansakuTrebiT mcire biznesis seqtori ganic-
dis. sakuTari saSualebebi xSirad arasakmarisia konkurentunariani pro-
duqciis warmoebisaTvis. saanalizo wlebis mixedviT investiciebi mcire
sawarmoebis ZiriTad kapitalSi klebis tendenciiT gamoirCeoda.
rogorc #3.3.4. cxrilidan Cans, mcire biznesSi am maCveneblis mxrivac
savalalo mdgomareobaa. investiciebis odenoba ZiriTad kapitalSi kle-
bis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. sawarmoTa zomebis mixedviT yvelaze didi wi-
li am maCveneblis mixedviT msxvil biznesze modis da TiTqmis stabilur
150
mdgomareobas inarCunebs _ 2006 wels- 86,7%, 2007 wels-90,0%, 2008 wels-
81,4%, xolo 2009 wels-88,4%. mcire sawarmoebSi fiqsirebul kapitalSi in-
vesticiaTa moculoba ki 2009 wels 2006 welTan SedarebiT 2,2%-iT Semci-
rda da Seadgina 12,2 milioni lari. unda aRiniSnos rom arc saSualo
biznesSia damakmayofilebeli mdgomareoba am kuTxiT.
cxrili 3.3.4. mcire sawarmoebSi investiciaTa moculoba ZiriTad kapital
Si 2006-2009 wlebSi.
wlebi 2006 2007 2008 2009
saw. zoma mln.lari % mln.lari % mln.lari % mln.lari %
sul 2054,7 100 2588,4 100 2229.0 100 2157.8 100
msxvili 1782,3 86,7 2329.9 90,0 1816.2 81,4 1899.4 88,4
saSualo 137.6 6,7 181,6 7,0 297.5 13,3 156.2 7.2
mcire 134.8 6,6 76.9 3,0 115.3 5,3 1.2.2 4,4
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, biznes seqtori
aRniSnuli mdgomareobis mizezebad migvaCnia zogadad sainvesticio
aqtivobis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba, amas emateba saxelmwifos mxridan
mcire seqtoris prioritetad ar miCneva, rac uaryofiT gavlenas axdens
ucxoel investorTa dainteresebaze am kuTxiT. aRniSnuli tendencia naT-
lad miuTiTebs imaze, rom mcire sawarmoTa saqmianobis gafarToeba ar
xdeba finansuri saxsrebis simwiris da realuri sainvesticio proeqtebis
ararsebobis gamo. Sedegad mcire mewarmeebi mxolod sakuTari danazo-
gebiT ver marTaven sawarmoo saqmianobis rTul process.
Cvenis azriT, saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis investirebis SedarebiT ga-
nviTarebuli wyaro aris sabanko krediti. aq mcire mewarmeobis dakredi-
teba daiwyo 10-12 wlis win gansxvavebiT ucxouri qveynebisagan. sabanko
bazarze gaCnda bankTa arc Tu ise didi raodenoba da isinic SezRudul-
ad iZleodnen kredits. aseTi mdgomareobis mizezi iyo qveyanaSi arakeTi-
lsasurveli ekonomikuri situacia, inflacia, mcire mewarmeobis ganviTa-
rebis dabali tempebi, Sedegad ki naklebi iyo mewarmeTa mxridan kredit-
ze moTxovna.
mcire sawarmoTa zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda mcire biznesis dakredi-
tebaze moTxovnac. swored krediti warmoadgens Cvens sinamdvileSi auci-
151
lebel pirobas warmoebis gansaviTareblad, saqonelbrunvis gasaumjobe-
seblad.
saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri sfero sabanko seqtoria. bu-
nebrivia, qarTuli samewarmeo saqmis dRevandel mdgomareobaSi sabnko
seqtoris wvlili didia. dReisaTvis Cvens qveyanaSi 20-ze meti kom-
erciuli bankia. amasTanave mikrosafinanso organizaciebic ewevian sas-
esxo saqmianobas, romelTac ZiriTdad orientacia aRebuli aqvT mcire
biznesis dakreditebaze. safinanso seqtori umniSvnelovanes biznespart-
niorad ekonomikis mcire seqtors moiazrebs, rac kidev ufro zrdis mci-
re sawarmoTa mniSvnelobas erovnul ekonomikaSi.
Tumca, qarTul sabanko seqtors axasiaTebs garkveuli Taviseburebebi,
romliTac ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciisagan sakmaod gans-
xvavdeba. sabanko seqtors aqvs motivacia imisa, rom mewarmeobis sfero
gafarToebisaken wavides, magram garantiis simciris gamo maT riskis gawe-
va uxdebaT da Sesabamisad sabanko produqtebic Zvirdeba, aseve naklebad
xelmisawvdomia. migvaCnia, rom CvenTan sabanko seqtoris mTavari mizani
moklevadiani efeqtebia da ara socialuri Sedegi. es ukanaskneli ban-
kebis mizani ver gaxdeba Tu ar iqneba saTanado xelSewyoba da mxardaWe-
ra saxelmwifos mxridan.
mcire biznesis dakrediteba warmoadgens sabanko saqmianobis erT-erT
urTules mimarTulebas, rac gamoixateba operaciaTa Semosavlianobisa
da sakredito saSualebebis brunvis mcire vadebSi. dReisaTvis sabanko
produqtebi mravlad aqvT warmodgenili bankebs, magram mcire biznesis
warmomadgenlebs xSirad srulad ara aqvT informacia maT Sesaxeb da
ver xedaven gansxvavebas maT Soris. amis gamo warmoiSoba sirTuleebi ama
Tu im saxis kreditis arCevasTan dakavSirebiT. xSirad mewarmeebi uSveben
TavianTi biznesis dakreditebis ufro misaReb variants da Rebuloben
ufro naklebad Sesaferis kredits. Cvens mier Seswavlili bankebis mier
mcire biznesis dakreditebis pirobebidan (cxr. 3.3.5.) Cans, rom saprocen-
to ganakveTebi meryeobs 14-24%-is farglebSi, xolo sesxis vadebi moica-
vs periods 3 Tvidan 10 wlamde, amasTan zogierT maTgans, SemuSavebuli
aqvs saSeRavaTo periodis micemis praqtikac (mag. invest-banki samTvian sa-
SeRavaTo vadas sTavazobs mcire sawarmoebs), sesxis uzrunvelyofad ki
yvelasaTvis uZrav-moZravi qoneba da yovelgvari faseuloba miiCneva.
152
cxrili 3.3.5. saqarTveloSi mcire biznesisaTvis kreditebis gacemis
pirobebi
bankis dasxel.
sesxis Tanxa
saprocento ganakveTi
sesxis vada uzrunvelyofa
“respublika”
2000-100 000 aSS dolari
16%-dan 10 weli uZrav-moZravi qoneba
“vTB” 2000-150000 aSS dolari
15%-dan 84 Tve moqmedi biznesi
“Ti-bi-si” 50000 aSS dolaramde
individualuri 10 weli uZrav-moZravi qoneba
“invest-banki”
10000-40000 laramde
20-24% 36 Tve, saSeR. 3 Tve
uZrav-moZravi qoneba
“tao-privat banki”
20000 aSS dolari
individualuri 36 Tve uZrav-moZravi qoneba
“konstanta” 60-1200 aSS dolari
individualuri 15 Tvemde giraos gareSe
“kor standart banki”
2500-500000 aSS dolari
14%-dan 3-60 Tve uZrav-moZravi qoneba
wyaro: cxrili Sedgenilia Cvens mier internet wyaroebze dayrdnobiT.
miuxedavad sabanko produqtebis mravalsaxeobisa bolo wlebSi sagrZ-
noblad iklo mcire mewarmeTa mxridan maTze moTxovnis ricxvma. stati-
stikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier 2008 wels Catarebuli mcire da
saSualo sawarmoTa gamokvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad mewarmeTa 72,8% Tavs
aridebs bankebidan sesxis gamotanas, miuxedavad fuladi saxsrebis mwvave
saWiroebisa. amis mizezad asaxeleben maRal saprocento ganakveTebs. saba-
nko kreditiT sargeblobs mxolod 22,4%. (diagrama 3.3.1).
unda aRiniSnos, rom samomavlod, saqmianobis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi
sabanko kreditis imedad ar arian Cveni mewarmeebi da eyrdnobian sakuTar
danazogebs. mewarmeTa 63,8% saqmianobis gafarToebas gegmavs sakuTari an
partniorebis daxmarebiT, 12,2% axali partniorebis CarTviT, 1,8% ucxou-
ri kapitalis mozidviT da mxolod 20,1%-s aqvs sabanko kreditis an ses-
xis imedi. (diagrama 3.3.2.).
mcire mewarmeebsa da sabanko seqtors Soris urTierT TanamSromlob-
is dabali xarisxis mizezad migvaCnia maRali saprocento ganakveTebi da
sesxis dabrunebisas saSeRavaTo vadis ar arseboba, ris gamoc mewarmeebs
swrafad uwevT sesxze procentebis gadaxda, rac warmoadgens kidevac
umTavres mizezs sesxiT sargeblobaze uaris Tqmisas.
153
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.3.1. მეწარმეებისმეწარმეებისმეწარმეებისმეწარმეების მიერმიერმიერმიერ სესხითსესხითსესხითსესხით სარგებლობასარგებლობასარგებლობასარგებლობა 1 წლისწლისწლისწლის განმავლობაშიგანმავლობაშიგანმავლობაშიგანმავლობაში (2008)
72,80%
22,40%
4,80%
სარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენ სესხითსესხითსესხითსესხით
არარარარ სარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენსარგებლობდნენ სესხითსესხითსესხითსესხით
უარიუარიუარიუარი პასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზეპასუხზე
wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi”. statistikuri publikacia. 2009
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.3.2. მცირემცირემცირემცირე ბიზნესისბიზნესისბიზნესისბიზნესის დაფინანსებისდაფინანსებისდაფინანსებისდაფინანსების წყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროებიწყაროები (2008წწწწ.)
63,80%
12,20%
1,80%
20,10%
2,30%
საკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარისაკუთარი დადადადა/ანანანან პარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისდანაზოგებითდანაზოგებითდანაზოგებითდანაზოგებით
ახალიახალიახალიახალი პარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორებისპარტნიორების ჩართვითჩართვითჩართვითჩართვით
უცხოურიუცხოურიუცხოურიუცხოური კაპიტალისკაპიტალისკაპიტალისკაპიტალის მოზიდვითმოზიდვითმოზიდვითმოზიდვით
საბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკო კრედიტითკრედიტითკრედიტითკრედიტით ანანანან სესხებითსესხებითსესხებითსესხებით
სხვასხვასხვასხვა წყაროებითწყაროებითწყაროებითწყაროებით
wyaro: “mcire da saSualo biznesi saqarTveloSi”. statistikuri publikacia. 2009
Tavis mxriv bankebic Tavs ikaveben mcire biznesis dakreditebaze Tuki
isini myarad ar funqcionireben da didi xnis gamocdileba ara aqvT. axa-
ldamwyebi mewarmisaTvis ki kreditTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis mogvareba
saerTod SeuZlebelia.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saintereso suraTs iZleva Cveni gamokvle-
vis Sedegebic. kiTxvaze “rogor SeafasebdiT sakredito dawesebulebebid-
an sesxis AaRebis pirobebs bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi” gamokiTxulTa
35,2% Tvlis, rom pirobebi umniSvnelod gaumjobesda, 16,7%-is azriT pi-
robebi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda, 14,8%-is azriT cvlilebebs adgili
ar aqvs, xolo 24,1% saerTod ar interesdeba bankis pirobebiT da arc
sargeblobs msgavsi momsaxurebiT.
amavdroulad sabanko sesxiT sargeblobs mewarmeTa 50%. amasTan, sa-
kuTari saxsrebiT biznesis dafinansebis ricxvi mciredeba. Tuki 2008 we-
ls sakuTari saxsrebiT bizness axorcielebda 63,8% (diagrama 3.3.2.), 2011
154
wels Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebiT es maCvenebeli 13,8%-iT Sem-
cirda. sesxiT mosargeble mewarmeTa 90%-s sesxi aRebuli aqvs 1-dan 3
wlam de vadiT. gamokvlevis Sedegebis analiziT davadgineT, rom mewa-rm-
eTa didi nawili bankebidan miRebuli sesxiT TavianT bizness ki ar afar-
Toeben, aramed es Tanxa mimdinare saWiroebebs xmardeba da sesxis mTeli
vadis ganmavlobaSi biznes-subieqtebs mZime tvirTad awveba.
დიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამადიაგრამა 3.3.3. საბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკო სესეხისსესეხისსესეხისსესეხის გამოტანისგამოტანისგამოტანისგამოტანის პირობებისპირობებისპირობებისპირობების ცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილებაცვლილება (შედგენილიაშედგენილიაშედგენილიაშედგენილია ავტორისავტორისავტორისავტორის კვლევებისკვლევებისკვლევებისკვლევების საფუძველზესაფუძველზესაფუძველზესაფუძველზე)
35,20%
16,70%
14,80%
24,10% უმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდუმნიშვნელოდგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდა
მნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადმნიშვნელოვნადგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდაგაუმჯობესდა
ცვლილებებსცვლილებებსცვლილებებსცვლილებებს ადგილიადგილიადგილიადგილი არაარაარაარააქვთაქვთაქვთაქვთ
არარარარ სარგებლობსსარგებლობსსარგებლობსსარგებლობს საბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკოსაბანკომომსახურებითმომსახურებითმომსახურებითმომსახურებით
unda aRiniSnos, rom im umTavres faqtorebs Soris, romlebic xels
uSlian biznesis ganviTarebas, mewarmeebi pirvel rigSi asaxeleben
finansuri resursebis simcires, xolo Semdeg ki maRal sagadasaxado
ganakveTebs, sabanko kreditis maRal saprocento ganakveTebs, xelisu-
flebis mxridan biznesis interesebis daucvelobasa da biznesis sakon-
sultacio momsaxurebis xelmiuwvdomobas.
dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mravali problemis gamo saqarTvelos
biznes sazogadoebaSi dReisaTvis metad aqtualuria saxelmwifos mxrid-
an mcire biznesze daxmarebis problema. dRemde saxelmwifo seriozul
daxmarebas ar uwevs mcire bizness. am mxriv ufro met dainteresebas iCe-
nen donori organizaciebi, romelTa mier gacemuli grantebis xarjze
xdeba mcire sawarmoTa ganviTareba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia iseTi saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebi, rogoricaa: the World Bank, Tacis, USAID, IFC, ABCO
Georgia da sxvebi, romelTac ekuTvniT bevri teqnikuri dafinansebis pro-
grama, swored isini gaxdnen mcire da` saSualo biznesis warmomadgenel-
Ta informaciiT uzrunvelyofis wyaro.
90-ian wlebSi sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi saqarTvelos
damoukidebeli ekonomikis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli Seasrules USAID-ma
155
da sxva donorma organizaciebma. am periodSi USAID-is programebi miznad
isaxavda instituciuri da adamianuri resursebis gaZlierebas, rogorc
samTavrobo saagentoebSi, ise kerZo seqtorSi. aseve mcire da saSualo
biznesis da zodagad kerZo seqtoris kapitalze xelmisawvdomobis gaum-
jobesebas, soflis meurneobis produqtebis warmoebis gaumjobesebas,
qarTuli produqciis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas da
soflad mcxovrebi sazogadoebrivi jgufebisTvis ekonomikuri SesaZleb-
lobebis gafarToebas.
2004 wlis ianvarSi aSS-s mTavrobam gardamaval etapze myofi qveynebis
dasaxmareblad SeimuSava axali meqanizmi. daaarsa aTaswleulis gamowvev-
is korporacia da SerCeul qveynebSi Seiqmna specialuri rgolebi, rom-
lebic koordinacias uweven saqmianobaTa warmarTvas. 2004 wlis dekembe-
rSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam daarsa fondi _ “aTaswleulis gamowveva sa-
qarTvelo”, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri. 2005 wlis agvistoSi saq-
arTvelom moipova 295,3 milioni aSS dolari granti xuTwliani progra-
mis gansaxorcieleblad. 2008 wels miiRo kidev damatebiTi 100 milioni
dolari, ris Sedegadac fond aTaswleulis gamowvevis Tanxa 395,3 milio-
namde gaizarda. proeqtis vada amoiwura 2011 wels. aTaswleulis fondi
TanamSromlobs sxvadasxva donor organizaciasTan, maT Sorisaa evropis
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saagento da sxva. saqarTvelos aTasw-
leulis programas aqvs ramdenime prioriteti, maT Sorisaa agrobiznesis
ganviTarebis proeqti. aRniSnuli proeqtis mizania arsebuli wvrili fer-
meruli meurneobis gardaqmna momgebian agrobiznesad, rac xels Seuwyobs
regionebSi agrobiznesis ganviTarebas da axali samuSao adgilebis Seq-
mnas. proeqtis farglebSi gaicema grantebi pirveladi warmoebis, fermer-
Ta momsaxurebis centrebis, mcire gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis da uwyve-
ti sawarmoo jaWvis ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTvelos nebismier regionSi,
Tanadafinansebis principiT. grantebi gaicemoda Semdegi tipis saqmiano-
bis dasafinanseblad: pirveladi warmoeba, fermerTa momsaxurebis cent-
ris Seqmna, mcire gadamuSaveba, sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna.
pirveladi warmoeba iTvaliswinebda grants maqsimaluri 50000@aSS do-
laris odenobiT, Tanadafinansebis princips 1:0,5. fermerebs saSualeba eZ-
leodaT ganeviTarebinaT iseTi saxis warmoeba, rogoricaa mecxoveleobis
ferma, safutkre meurneoba, sanerge meurneobis ganviTareba da sxva.
156
fermerTa momsaxurebis centrebi iTvaliswinebs soflis meurneobiasT-
vis saWiro warmoebis saSualebebiT fermerTa momaragebas, konsultacieb-
is miRebasa da agroteqnikiT sargeblobas.
mcire gadamuSaveba iTvaliswinebda grants 50 000aSS dolaris odenob-
iT, dafinansebaSi 1:1 TanamonawileobiT. fermerebs saSualeba eZleodaT
SeeqmnaT mcire gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, magaliTad rZis produqteb-
is, bostneulis gadamamuSavebeli sakonservo warmoeba da a.S.
sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmna finansdeboda 150 000 aSS dolariT, 1:1 Tanada-
finansebiT. es sqema iTvaliswinebda soflis meurneobis produqciis Seqm-
nas, Senaxvas, gadamuSavebas, misTvis produqciis saxis micemas da bazarze
xarisxiani produqciis realizacias.
mcire da saSualo biznesis dasafinanseblad saerTaSoriso safinanso
korporaciisa (IFC) da bp-s mier gamoyofil iqna 1.5 milioni aSS dolari.
proeqts hqonda sami mizani:
1. biznesisaTvis regulirebis tvirTis moxsna;
2. mcire da saSualo biznesgaremos monitoringi da kvleva;
3. mcire da saSualo biznesis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa da misa-
Rebi nebarTvebisa da licenziebis procedurebis gaumjobeseba.
asociacia ABCO-Georgia-m sxva wevr organizaciebTan erTad mravali
proeqti ganaxorciela, maT Sorisaa samcxe-javaxeTsa da guriis region-
Si 500 adgilobrivi fermerisa da kereZo mewarmisaTvis treningebis Cat-
areba tanamedrove biznesis sxvadasxva saxeobis warmarTvasTan dakavSi-
rebiT. treningebis programa sargeblobda saerTaSoriso marTlmadide-
bluri eklesiis (IOCC) sakredito xaziT.
2002 wels 234 registrirebul umuSevars Cautarda treningebi da kon-
sultaciebi, gaewiaT daxmareba biznesdagegmvasTan dakavSirebiT. proeqt-
is Sedegad monawileebma waradgines 110 biznes-gegma, 52-ma adamianma miiRo
bankis sesxi da daiwyo sakuTari saqme. treningebisa da konsultaciebis
programa mibmuli iyo “saqarTvelos bankis” sakredito xazTan.
2003 wels kvlav Catarda treningebisa da konsultaciebis programa
umuSevrebisaTvis, romelmac moicva 452 adamiani. treningebis Catarebis
Semdeg 208 monawilem warmoadgina biznesgegma, romelTagan 98-ma moipova
dafinanseba.
157
2003-2004 wlebSi asociaciam ganaxorciela martivi kreditebis progra-
ma, romlis farglebSic kerZo kompaniebis did nawils goris regionSi
CautardaT treningi da individualuri konsultacia, raTa sworad gamoe-
yenebinaT kreditis miRebis SesaZlebloba da gaeZlierebina kreditis mar-
Tvis meqanizmi. am 9 Tviani proeqtis organizatori da damfinansebeli iyo
evraziis fondi.
2004 wels asociaciam Caatara aseve treningebis 7 kursi adgilobrivi
mosaxleobisaTvis biznes dagegmarebis, marketingul da finansur dage-gm-
vaSi TbilisSi, kaxeTSi, gorsa da axalcixeSi.
2006 wels saqarTveloSi euTos misiis, euTos demokratiuli institu-
tebisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ofisis (OSCE) grantis safuZvelze
ABCO Georgia-m ganaxorciela biznesis ganxorcielebis proeqti samcxe-
javaxeTis regionSi, romlis mizanic iyo adgilobriv axalgazrdebSi
biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis gazrda.
es aris arasruli CamonaTvali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis saqmiano-
bisa saqarTveloSi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyes damwyeb mewarmeebs treninge-
biTa da dafinansebiT daewyoT an gaezardaT TavianTi biznes saqmianoba.
Cvenis azriT, maT lomis wili miuZRviT regionebSi adgilobrivi mosax-
leobisaTvis, samewarmeo azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi, dafinansebaSi, adgi-
lobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebasa da kreditebis gonivrulad marTvis
SesaZleblobebis gazrdaSi.
Tumca mxolod saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver gaswvdebian im prob-
lemebs, romelTa gadawyvetasac saxelmwifo ufro advilad ganaxorci-e-
lebs.
mTavrobis mxridan daxmareba SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes upirvelesad
im normatiul-sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis SemuSavebiT, romlebic mimar-
Tuli iqneba mcire biznesis samarTlebriv, qonebriv, finansur mxardaWe-
raze. mcire biznesis finansuri mxardaWera gamoiwvevs ekonomikis mcire
seqtoris gaZlierebas da xels Seuwyobs misi iseTi funqciebis Ses-ru-
lebas, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis dasaqmeba, konkurenciis ganviTareba, biu-
jetSi Senatanebis zrda da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifom unda mii-
Ros zomebi mcire mewarme subieqtebisaTvis kreditebis xelmisawvdomoba-
Si dasaxmareblad. unda SemuSavdes mcire biznesis dakreditebis saxelm-
wifo mxardamWeri programa, romlis Tanaxmadac sesxebi unda gaices sag-
158
rZnoblad dabali saprocento ganakveTiT. am mxriv erTaderT gamo-nak-
liss warmoadgens saqarTveloSi 2008 wels gatarebuli “iafi kred-ite-
bis” programa.
2008 wels programis farglebSi dafinansda 117 proeqti, saerTo Rire-
bulebiT 62,4 milioni lari, xolo 2009 wels dafinansda 17 proeqti da
gacemuli kreditis moculobam 2,5 milioni lari Seadgina. kreditebi ga-
ica Semdeg sferoebSi: Cais miReba-gadamuSaveba; yurZnis Cabareba da sas-
melebis warmoeba; rZis da xorcis Cambarebeli punqtebi; Txilis da mar-
cvleulis gadamuSaveba; xe-tyis gadamuSaveba; breketebisa da merqan-burb-
uSelovani filebis warmoeba; mefrinveeobis fabrikebi; fexsacmelebis da
specqsovilis warmoeba; turizmi; xalxuri rewva; sxvadasxva proeqtebi.
cxadia aseTi proeqtebi sasargebloa, magram misi susti mxare gaxlavT
gaumWvirvaloba. ar aris gamocxadebuli vin miiRo krediti, ramdeni dar-
Ca kmayofili, ramdeni warumatebeli proeqti gaanalizda.
amave dros erTjeradi xasiaTis RonisZiebebi sakmarisi ar aris, yove-
lwliurad unda xdebodes msgavsi programebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcieleba.
aseve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia kreditebis SeTavazebis vadebis gazr-
da, kreditebis gacemis gamartivebuli procedura, romelic gamoiwvevs me-
warmeTa ufro farTo wris dakmayofilebas sabanko momsaxurebiT. sesxebi
miznobrivad unda mieces sawarmoebs: unda ganisazRvros miznobrivi kre-
ditis gacemis SeRavaTiani dakreditebis pirobebi, gaTvaliswinebul unda
iqnas calkeul qveynebSi arsebuli dakreditebis gamocdilebac. magaliT-
ad, italiaSi kreditebs aZleven 15 wliT axali iniciativisaTvis, 10 wl-
iT modernizaciisaTvis. kreditis ganakveTi Seadgens misi sabazro Ri-reb-
ulebis 36-60%-s. samxreT koreaSi 1,5-jer met kredits iReben mcire sawar-
moebi, vidre msxvilebi.
iaponiaSi Seqmnilia mcire sawarmoebis kreditebis garantiisa da saq-
mianobis dazRvevis mobiluri sistema. sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, as-
ociaciebi, romlebic komerciul safuZvelze arian Camoyalibebuli, mci-
re da saSualo sawarmoebidan Rebuloben kreditis 1%-s da am sawevro
SenatanebiT qmnian dazRvevis fonds. sazogadoeba garantad dgeba sakred-
ito organizaciis winaSe, fondi iRebs sawarmos vals da misi gadaxdisu-
narianobis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi TviTon xdeba pasuxismgebeli kreditis
mimcemis winaSe.
159
rac Seexeba germanias, iq Seqmnilia specialuri bankebi, romlebic Tav-
debad gamodian. sesxis maqsimaluri Tanxa Seadgens 1 mln evros. kreditis
dafarvis dro 15 welia, mSeneblobaSi ki – 23 weli. am sferoSi did ro-
ls asrulebs mTavroba, romelic Tavis funqciebs axorcielebs germaniis
stabilizaciis bankis meSveobiT. (orjonikiZe . . .2007: 11). saxelmwifo po-
litikisa da biznes-gaerTianebaTa erT-erT prioritets warmoadgans
mcire biznesis mikrofinansireba. mikrofinansirebis bazari unda gaizar-
dos swrafad. mikrosafinaso organizaciaTa mizans warmoadgens mcire
sawarmoTa dakrediteba sarfiani pirobebiT, iseTnairad, rom kompaniis
brunvis damatebiTi stimulaciiT gamoiwvios meti mogebis miReba ara mar-
to mewarmeebisaTvis, aramed mikrosafinanso organizaciisaTvisac. (orjo-
nikiZe…. . .2007: 14). dReisaTvis mikrosafinanso organizaciebis struqtura
daemsgavsa bankisas. am organizaciaTa mier sesxebis gacema sabanko sesxis
gacemis struqturiT xasiaTdeba da saprocento ganakveTic igivea. gamosa-
vlis erT-erTi gza aris saxelmwifos mxridan liberaluri midgoma s
safinanso organizaciebisadmi dabegvris mxriv da maTTvis fuladi
saxsrebis gaiafeba.
Cvenis azriT saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi unda aisaxos da ga-
tardes mcire biznesis finansur mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi
RonisZiebebi:
_ mcire biznesis sastarto kapitaliT finansirebis programebis Se-
muSaveba, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba mcire sawarmoTa dabali saprocen-
to ganakveTiT dakreditebaze;
_ mcire biznesis daxmarebis fondis Camoyalibeba, romlebic ikisr-
ebs Tavdebobas bankebTan kreditis miRebisas;
_ mcire biznesis sawarmoebisaTvis SeRavaTiani dabegvris sistemis
SemoReba da a.S.
amrigad, mcire biznesis mxardaWeris RonisZiebebi, maTi finansuri
mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da dastabilizireba, axali samuSao adgile-
bis Seqmnis myari garantiebi, bunebrivia qveynis dabalansebuli ekonomi-
kis formirebasa da funqcionirebis realuri safuZveli gaxdeba.
160
daskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebidaskvnebi da winadadebebi
sadisertacio naSromis kvlevis Sedegebidan gamomdinare Camovayali-
beT Semdegi saxis daskvnebi da winadadebebi:
1. warmodgenilia biznesis Cveneuli ganmarteba, kerZod: biznesi aris
winaswar gaazrebuli saqmianoba, urTierTobaTa erToblioba, romelsac
moaqvs individis materialuri da sulieriı moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebisaTvis garkveuli Semosavali, is amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi sar-
geblianobis Tvisebis matarebelicaa, radganac yoveliıindividis intere-
sebis dakmayofileba aucileblad iTvaliswinebs sazogadoebis intereseb-
sac. am process Tan axlavs winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic SeiZleba ganvixi-
loT, rogorc sazogadoebis ekonomikuri progresis, ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis safuZveli.
2. mcire biznesi Tavisi moculobiT ekonomikis erT-erT umsxviles seq-
tors warmoadgens. Đigi rogorc biznessistemis, aseve mTeli ekonomikuri
sistemis formirebis, ganviTarebisa da stabilurobis erT-erTi pirvel-
wyaroa.
3. mcire biznesis ganviTareba pasuxobs moqnili Sereuli ekonomikis
formirebis zogadmsoflio tendenciebs, sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebisa
da maTi adekvaturi meurneobis modelebis SeTanawyobas, romlebSic rea-
lizdeba konkurenciuli sabazro meqanizmisa da msxvili, saSualo da
mcire sawarmoebis saxelmwifo regulirebis rTuli sinTezi.
4. msoflio da samamulo praqtika mowmobs, rom ZiriTad maCvenebels,
ris safuZvelzec warmoebs sxvadasxva organizaciuli formis sawarmoTa
mcire mewarmeobis subieqtebze mikuTvneba pirvel rigSi warmoadgens das-
aqmebulTa raodenoba. Tumca arsebobs sxva zogadi maCveneblebi, maT Sor-
is: sawesdebo kapitalis raodenoba, aqtivebis sidiode, brunvis moculoba
da sxva. msoflio bankis monacemebiT am maCvenebelTa saerTo raodenoba
aWarbebs 50-s. yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebul kriteriums warmoadgens sawa-
rmoSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo ricxvi, wliuri brunva da aqtivebis sidide.
5. 2011 wlis pirveli ianvridan saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi
Setanili cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, mcire bizness miekuTvneba fizikuri pir-
is saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac ar aRemateba 100 aTas lars. xo-
lo mikro biznesisa ki 30 aTas lars. mikro da mcire biznesis cnebis Se-
161
moRebis Semdeg 2011 wlis dekembrisaTvis mikro biznesis statusi miniWeb-
uli aqvs 17 149 gadamxdels, xolo mcire biznesis statusi – 8136 gadamx-
dels.
6. Cveni SexedulebiT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
da ekonomikuri zrdis donidan gamomdinare umjobesi iqneboda mikro
sawarmo gansazRvruliyo Semdegi kriteriumebi: dasaqmebulTa raodenoba
1-5 adamiani da wliuri brunva 100-150 aTasi lari. Ees saxelmwifos daex-
mareboda mcire biznesTan dakavSirebiT swori ekonomikuri politikisa
da mxardamWer RonisZiebaTa kompleqsis gatarebaSi, raTa mcire biznesma
realurad SeZlos Tavisi wvlilis Setana qveynis mTliani Sida produqt-
is struqturaSi.
7. Tanamedrove, msxvili ekonomikuri sistemis mqone saxelmwifoTa ga-
mocdileba naTlad amtkicebs maRalganviTarebuli da efeqtiani mcire sa-
mewarmeo seqtoris arsebobis aucileblobas. swored mcire mewarmeoba wa-
rmoadgens im mZlavr rgols, romelic iwvevs ekonomikur da socialur
ganviTarebas. vTvliT, rom Cveni qveynis aRorZinebis safuZveli ekonomik-
is mocemuli seqtoris daCqarebuli ganviTarebaa.
8. Seswavlis Sedegebi adastureben, rom mcire biznesis sawarmoebi uf-
ro mdgradia gare cvlilebebTan. kerZod, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi –
ekonomikis saerTo dacemis periodSi ZiriTadad mcire biznesi qmnida
ekonomikis formirebis SesaZleblobebs, am seqtoridan daiwyo axal saba-
zro pirobebTan adaptacia. postkomunisturi modelis sawarmoebma ver ga-
uZles konkurencias, daiwyo maTi calkeul segmentebad privatizacia. Cve-
nis azriT, aseT pirobebSi mcire biznesma gamoavlina Tavisi moqniloba,
sicocxlisunarianoba, bazris moTxovnaze swrafi reagirebis unari,
specializaciis maRali xarisxi, perspeqtiuli mimarTulebiT resursebis
mobilizaciis SesaZlebloba.
9. mcire biznesi mniSvnelovania organizaciuli kulturisa da unar-
Cvevebis dauflebis TvalsazrisiT. mcire sawarmoSi yalibdeba faseulo-
baTa sistema, rac biznesis filosofiisa da mrwamsis safuZvelia. soci-
aluri faqtorebi, principebi, tradiciebi, samuSao procedurebi mimarTu-
lia organizaciis miznebis ganxorcielebisa da strategiis realizacii-
saken.
162
10. mcire biznesi metad mniSvnelovan funqcias asrulebs ekonomikis
inovaciuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanemedrove pirobebSi inovacie-
bi miCneulia ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiis erT-erT umTavres ele-
mentad, rogorc nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso doneze. Tanamedrove sa-
bazro procesebi xasiaTdeba segmentaciis maRali xarisxiT, rac mcire
sawarmoTa inovaciur aqtivobas gansakuTrebiT aqtiurs xdis. masiuri baz-
rebis epoqa ukan ixevs da dReisaTvis biznesis tendenciaTa ganmsazrvre-
li faqtorebi xdeba momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis mravalferovneba da cva-
lebadoba.Mmcire swarmoebs SeuZliaT swrafad da moqnilad reagireba
momxmarebelTa moTxovnaze, axdenen wvrilseriuli, unikaluri da speci-
fikuri produqciis miwodebas calkeul sabazro segmentebze.
11. mcire bizness aqvs mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri roli, rac
ZiriTadad gamoixateba sazogadoebis saSualo fenis formirebis daCqar-
ebaSi, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdaSi; unarian mewar-
meTa warmoCenaSi. maTTvis mcire biznesi xdeba TviTrealizaciis pirveli
safexuri; SedarebiT dabali danaxarjebiT iqmneba axali samuSao adgile-
bi, uzrunveliyofa profesiaTa SeTavsebadoba da a.S.
12. mcire biznesis rolisa da adgilis SefasebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad
miviCnieT mcire biznesidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wilis dadgena ojaxis
biujetSi. gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom mcire biznesiT dakavebuli mewarme-
ebis 28,8%-is ojaxebis rCenis erTaderTi gza (100%) mcire biznesSi dasaq-
mebiT miRebuli Semosavlebia, mewarmeTa 21,1%-i saojaxo biujetis 75%-s
avsebs aseve sakuTari mcire biznes saqmianobidan miRebuli finansuri
saxsrebiT, 19,2 %-isaTvis mcire biznesi uzrunvelyofs saojaxo biujetis
50%-s, xolo 23,3%-isaTvis 30%-s.
aRniSnuli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs mcire biznesis did socialur
mniSvnelobaze, miTumetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi biznes-subieqti
an am sferoSi dasaqmebuli TiToeuli pirovneba arCens ojaxis 4-6 wevrs
13. mcire sawarmoebi xels uwyoben msxvili sawarmoebis konkurentuna-
rianobis gaZlierebas da amiT qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas
saerTaSoriso bazarze. sainteresoa msxvil kompaniaTa mcire sawarmoebad
danawevrebisadmi Sigasafirmo midgomebi.Aamis magaliTad xSirad moyavT
germaniis saavtomobilo mrewveloba, msxvili iaponuri koncernebi, rome-
lTac hyavT submonardeebis ganviTarebuli qseli, romelSic Sedian aTa-
163
sobiT mcire da uwvrilesi sawarmoebi. ase magaliTad iaponiis damamuSa-
vebel mrewvelobaSi 750 aTasi qarxanaa, maTgan 70% - mcire sawarmoebia,
romlebSic 1-dan 9-mde kaci muSaobs, xolo 10%-Si ki 10-dan 20-mde Tanam-
Sromelia.
14. unda aRiniSnos. rom msxvili da mcire warmoeba Tundac erTi teri-
toriis an dargis farglebSi, rogorc wesi ar aris urTierTSemcvleli.
romelime maTganis gareSe arseboba niSnavs ekonomikis garkveuli ujred-
is sicarieles, rac aisaxeba warmoebis efeqtianobis daqveiTebaze. msxvi-
li, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebi avseben erTmaneTs da qmnian ekonomikis
erT mTlian organizms.
15. ekonomikuri reformebis pirobebSi biznesis efeqtiani funqcioni-
rebis erT-erTi fundamenturi sakiTxia TiToeuli biznessubieqtis sabaz-
ro urTierTobebis adekvaturi strategiuli miznebis formireba da misi
finansur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizis safuZvelze marTvis srul-
yofa. miznis miRwevis SemecnebiTi saSualebaa biznessistemis funqcioni-
rebis kanonzomierebaTa gamokvleva, rac biznes garemosa da misi marTvis
SesaZleblobebis SeswavliT iwyeba.MmniSvnelovania garemos sirTulisa
da faqtorTa urTierTkavSiris gansazRvra, maTi zemoqmedebis Sefaseba.B
16. Cven vTvliT, rom yovelma subieqtma, bazris moTxovnebis Sesabami-
sad unda gamoZebnos Tavisi ganviTarebis mimarTuleba, risTvisac auci-
lebelia kapitalis gamoyenebis axali formebis, warmoebis ekonomikurad
efeqturi teqnologiebis, produqciiT bazris uzrunvelyofis axali
formebis danergva, rac moiTxovs bazris koniunqturis kargad codnas da
organizaciis mier Tavisi ganviTarebis adekvaturi ekonomikuri
strategiis Camoyalibebas.
17. potenciuri biznes-subieqtis mier konkretuli organizaciul-samar-
Tlebrivi formis arCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia remdenime faqtor-gare-
moeba, kerZod: a) ekonomikis romel dargSi da sferoSi unda moaxdinos
saqmianobis koncentracias; b) ekonomikis romel seqtorSi aqvs gadaw-
yvetili saqmianobis wamowyeba; g) rogori iqneba biznesis ganTavsebis
areali da funqcionirebis masStabebi; d) vin iqnebian biznesis damfuZ-
nebeli partniorebi samewarmeo-samarTlebrivi statusis mixedviT; e)
rogoria potenciur mewarmeTa biznes gamocdileba; v) Tu arsebobs
164
SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado reJimebi an sainvesticio meqanizmebi biznesis
calkeuli organizaciuli formebis mimarT da sxva.
18. garemosadmi adaptirebisaTvis biznessubieqtma Tavad unda gansazRv-
ros romeli faqtorebi da ra zomiT imoqmedeben misi saqmianobis Sedege-
bze amJamad da perspeqtivaSi da ra zomebia misaRebi biznesis warmatebi-
saTvis.
19. saintereso gansxvavebebi arsebobs sazRvargareTis qveynebsa da
postsabWoTa qveynebs, maT Soris saqarTvelos Soris, mcire mewarmeobis
arCevis motivebSi. sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi umuSevroba ar aris indi-
vidualuri biznesis sferosaken adamianebis ltolvis ZiriTadi faqtori.
es ufro nakarnaxevia grZelvadiani, myari motivebiT, SromiTi
faseulobebis ufro axleburad gaazrebiT. ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul
ufro izrdeba wvril, arakorporirebul fermaTa ricxvi, romlebSic
Sromis anazRaurebis gareSe momuSave ojaxis wevrebTan, an daqiravebul
muSakTa gverdiT TviTon mesakuTreebic muSaoben, romelTa mier miRebuli
Semosavali am sawarmoebSi dabandebuli kapitalis meSveobiT, zogjer ki
mxolod sakuTari Sromisa da mewarmeobrivi niWis ukugebiT miiReba. Tu
ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sromis motivacia ZiriTadad “mimzidveli” faqto-
rebiT ganisazRvreba;
20. ganviTarebad qveynebSi gadamwyvetia “iZulebiTi” faqtorebi, rome-
lTa mixedviTac mcire biznesiT Tavis dasaqmebis motivia samuSaos ver
povna, an kidev ojaxis rCenis mizniT meti Semosavlis miReba. zemoT
aRniSnuli dasturdeba Cvens mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevis SedegebiTac.
mewarmeTa 19,9%-s undoda, rom meti Semosavali hqonoda, 35,7%- ma samuSao
ver iSova, 32,5%-s surda Tavisi saqmisa da sakuTari ideebis ganxorcie-
leba, xolo 11,9% Tvlis, rom misi winandeli saqmianoba uperspeqtivo
iyo. amasTan mewarmeebis ZiriTadi nawili saqmianobis im saxes irCevs,
romelSic aqvs gamocdileba.
21. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani warmatebebia
biznesis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT da xelisuflebac etapobrivad
SeimuSavebs mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWeris meqanizmebs, mewarmeebi kvlav
samewarmeo garemos gaumjobesebis molodinSi arian.Cvens mier gamokiT-
xul mewarmeTa umravlesoba - 80,2% ar fiqrobs saqmianobis gafarTo-
165
ebaze, Tumca 19,8% mopovebuli aqvs resursebi kidev ufro masStaburi
saqmianobisaTvis.
22. gamokvlevebiT Cans, rom mewarmeebisaTvis dResac aqtualuria iseTi
xelisSemSleli faqtorebi, rogoricaa: finansebze xelmisawvdomoba, kre-
ditis maRali saprocento ganakveTi, maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi.
mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgens aseve falsificirebuli produqciisagan
bazrisa da sakuTrebis uflebis daucveloba. mewarmeebi Tvlian, rom ma-
Ti biznesis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis zemoT aRniSnul problemeb-
Tan erTad aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunari-
anobas. aqedan gamomdinare zogadad biznesisaTvis mniSvnelovania mosax-
leobis keTildReoba, romelzec jaWvurad aris mibmuli biznesis gafar-
Toebis SesaZleblobebi.
23. qveynisa da biznesis konkurentunarianoba mniSvnelovanwilad sam-
Tavrobo politikasa da sabazro Zalebis Sedegs warmoadgens. axalma in-
dustriulma qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT samxreT aRmosavleT aziaSi, aCvena,
rom konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba miRweul iqnas SezRuduli regu-
lirebis gziT, sainvesticio stimulebiT, vaWrobis ganviTarebiT, fina-
nsebze xelmisawvdomobis gamartivebiT, saganmanaTleblo valdebulebebis
aRebisa da adamianuri resursebis ganiTarebiT. saxelmwifos mier
Sesabamisi politikis ganviTarebam SesaZloa arsebiTi gavlena iqonios
biznesis ganviTarebaze.
24. biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis miRweuli Sedegebi, romelic faqtiur-
ad biznesis dawyebis simartives da ara biznesis Semdgomi gafarToebis
SesaZleblobebs asaxavs, qveynis winsvlis saqmeSi gasatarebel RonisZieb-
aTa mxolod nawilia da is azri, rom biznesis warmoebis sakiTxi mogvar-
ebulia gadaWarbebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mier zemoT aRniSnuli biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis tend-
enciebisa, saqarTvelos biznesklimati kvlavac mravali mniSvnelovani ga-
mowvevis winaSe dgas. magaliTad, globaluri konkurentunarianobis” 2011
wlis angariSis mixedviT, saqarTvelos 139 qveyanas Soris 88-e adgili uk-
avia, xolo misi sareitingo qula Seadgens 3,95 (zomieri maCvenebeli), aze-
rbaijani 55-e poziciazea, ruseTi – 66-e, ukraina – 82-e, TurqeTi 59-e, xo-
lo somxeTi saqarTvelos CamorCa oTxi poziciiT da 92-e adgilzea.
166
25. Cven vTvliT, rom saqarTvelom unda daCqaros konkurentunariano-
bis erovnuli modelebis damuSaveba msoflio ekonomikuri forumisa da
msoflio bankis reitingebis, rekomendaciebisa da daskvnebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT, (globaluri konkurentunarianobisa da biznesis konkurentunaria-
nobis modelebis analogiuri erovnuli modelebi), romelTa gaumjobese-
bisaken swrafvac gamoiwvevs saqarTveloSi arsebuli biznes klimatis
gaumjobesebas, srulyofasa da Sesabamisad biznes subieqtebisaTvis xel-
sayreli saqmini pirobebis Seqmnas.
26. saxelmwifom, pirvel rigSi, unda ganaxorcielos aucilebeli str-
uqturuli adaptaciebi da gamoiyenos stabilizaciis politika, raTa Ta-
vidan aicilos inflacia, moaxdinos vaWrobis liberalizacia da eko-
nomikis daregulireba. amasTan erTad aucilebelia Seiqmnas sabazro ope-
raciaTa gatarebis uzrunvelmyofi institutebis mTeli qseli, romelSic
moiazreba safinanso da iuridiuli organizaciebi, ganaTlebis sistema,
efeqturad moqmedi Sromis bazrebi, kerZo sakuTrebis instituti da sxva.
27. zogadad qveynis ekonomikaSi mcire biznesis rolis gansazRvrisas
unda gamoviyenoT iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa: mcire biznesSi dasaqme-
bulTa wili, mSp-Si mcire biznesis wili, produqciis warmoebisa da bru-
nvis maCveneblebi mcire biznesSi, mcire sawarmoTa raodenoba 1000
mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT, mcire biznesis wili eqsportSi da a.S.
28. mcire biznesisa da konkurentuli garemos SenarCunebisadmi susti
mxardaWera, msxvili biznesis xelSi monopoliuri uflebebis Tavmoyra,
aseve investiciebis didi nakadebis msxvili biznesisaken warmarTva warmo-
adgens im faqtorebs, romlebic zegavlenas axdens mcire biznesis wilze
mTlian Sida produqtSi. miuxedavad msxvil da saSualo sawarmoebTan Se-
darebiT raodenobrivad maRali ricxovnobisa mcire biznesis mier Setan-
ili wvlili mTlian Sida produqtSi 10%-sac ar aWarbebs, maSin roca
germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, koreaSi da sxva qveynebSi es maCvenebeli merye-
obs 45-60%-is farglebSi.
29. mSp-Si mcire biznesis dabal xvedriT wils Cven vukavSirebT saqa-
rTveloSi mcire sawarmoebis gansazRvris kriteriumebs. maSin roca, sa-
qarTveloSi mcire sawarmoTa brunvis raodenoba Seadgens 100 aTas lars,
evrokomisiis mier miRebuli klasifikaciiT mikro sawarmoTa brunva 2
mln evros unda Seadgendes, xolo mcire sawarmosaTvis ki 10 mln evros.
167
30. mcire biznesis optimaluri sistemuri struqturis formirebazea
damokidebuli ara marto ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis daCqareba, aramed
socialuri problemebis gadaWrac. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
mcire bizness adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebaSi. amasTan mcire
biznesis ganviTareba regionebSi unda davukavSiroT aqtiur struqturul
politikas. es umjobesia ganxorcieldes mizanmimarTulad, im priorite-
tebis Sesabamisad, romlebic realurad uzrunvelyofen efeqtianobas.
dRevandel pirobebSi perspeqtiulad migvaCnia Semdegi mimarTulebebi:
fermeruli meurneoba, sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis gadamuSaveba,
samSeneblo masalebis warmoeba, turizmi da sakurorto meurneoba,
momsaxurebis sfero, saeqsporto produqciis, importSemcvleli produq-
ciis warmoebis zrda, inovaciebis sfero, xalxuri rewva, maRalteqnolo-
giuri warmoeba.
saxelmwifom unda Seqmnas xelsayreli makroekonomikuri da biznesga-
remo im produqciis sawarmoeblad, romelic dReisaTvis ucxoeTidan Se-
modis da mis adgilze warmoebisaTvis saWiro bunebrivi pirobebi da sa-
Tanado adgilobrivi iafi resursebi arsebobs.
31. Cvens mier ganxorcielebul kvlevebsa da statistikur monacemebze
dayrdnobiT SegviZlia gavakeToT mcire biznesis ramdenime maCveneblis
prognozi 2025 wlamde periodisaTvis. Cveni gaTvlebiT mosalodnelia
mcire biznesis ori umniSvnelovanesi maCveneblis, produqciis moculobi-
sa da dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mkveTri zrda. magaliTad, warmoebuli
produqciis moculoba 2015 wlisaTvis 2008 welTan SedarebiT 354 %-iT
gaizrdeba, xolo 2010 welTan SedarebiT 126%-iT. 2020 wlisaTvis 2010
wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels gadaaWarbebs 2664 milioni lariT. xolo da-
saqmebulTa ricxvi ki gaizrdeba 67480 kaciT, anu 85%-iT. 2025 wels 2015
welTan SedarebiT produqciis gamoSveba gaizrdeba 116%-iT, 2020 welTan
SedarebiT ki 36%-iT. rac Seexeba dasaqmebis maCvenebels Sesabamisad gaiz-
rdeba 59%-iT da 23%-iT, anu 79992 kaciT, rac 2010 wlis maCvenebels 2,3-
jer aRemateba.
32. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mcire biznesis ganviTarebis da bazarze po-
ziciebis gamyarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan Sida faqtors warmoadgens mar-
Tvis sistemis srulyofa. man unda moicvas prognozirebis, dagegmvis, aR-
ricxvis, analizisa da kontrolis procesebi. Sida garemos monitoringis
168
maCveneblebma unda misces sawarmos xelmZRvanelobas saSualeba miiRos
strategiuli gadawyvetilebebi. amitomac mcire sawarmoebSi msgavsi sis-
temis SemuSaveba da danergva warmoadgens sakmaod aqtualur sakiTxs.
33. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobiT dakavebulia mosa-
xleobis 6%. Cvens mier SemuSavebul prognozs garda socialuri mniSv-
nelobisa fiskaluri efeqtic mohyveba. ase magaliTad, samewarmeo aqtiv-
obis 12%-mde gazrda, (TiToeulis 100 000 larian wliuri Semosavali), sa-
xelmwifo biujets miscems minimum 13 milioni laris Semosavals yovelw-
liurad. 18%-mde gazrda 26 milioniT gazrdis biujets da a.S.
34. mcire biznesis mxardaWeris gaZliereba saxelmwifos mxridan eko-
nomikuri politikis umniSvnelovanesi nawili unda iyos, risi ganxorcie-
lebac mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo regulirebiTaa SesaZleb-
eli, gansakuTrebiT ki makroekonomikuri regulirebiT. sistematuri, miza-
nmimarTuli muSaoba unda mimdinareobdes sakanonmdeblo bazis mudmivi
srulyofis mimarTulebiT, mcire ekonomikis prioritetul, sazogadoeb-
rivi da socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtian mimarTulebaTa ganviTarebis
yovelmxrivi stimulirebisaTvis.
35. vfiqrobT, gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs mcire biznesisadmi sawarmoTa
mikuTvnebis parametrebi. mizanSewonili iqneboda muSakTa ricxovnobisa
da sawarmos wliuri brunvis normativebi misadagebuliyo dargebis speci-
fikas. magaliTad materialuri warmoebis dargebisaTvis muSakTa ric-
xovnoba gagvezarda 50 kacamde, xolo wliuri brunva 1 mln laramde;
vaWrobaSi ki SesaZlebelia mcire biznesis warmodgena 10-mde dasaqmebul-
iTa da 500 aTas laramde brunviT. vfiqrobT dReisaTvis arsebuli parame-
trebi ar Seesabameba ganviTarebuli qveynebis standartebs.
36. mcire biznesis ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebisas gansakuTre-
buli upiratesoba unda mieniWos mcire biznesis inovaciur xelSewyobas,
rac moiTxovs mecnierul-teqnikuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, iseTi
biznes-subieqtebis mxardaWeras romlebic orientirebuli arian inovacie-
bze da maRal teqnologiebze. inovaciuri strategiis SemuSaveba unda ai-
saxos inovaciuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo miznobriv programebSi. aseTi
programebi ama Tu im formiT arseboben ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad
qveynebSi, romelTa gamoyenebis efeqtianobas warmoadgens iaponiis, singa-
puris, israelis da sxvaTa gamocdileba.
169
37. Tanamedrove turizmi miCneulia siRaribis daZlevis mniSvnelovan
faqtorad. am sferoSi Seqmnili erTi samuSao adgili qmnis sul mcire
or axal samuSao adgils momijnave dargebSi, rogorebicaa vaWroba, sof-
lis meurneoba, transporti, kavSirgabmuloba, kultura, ganaTleba, jan-
dacva da sxva. turistis mier SeZenili produqcia eqspor-tirebulia im
gansxvavebiT, rom nacvlad misi gagzavnisa qveynis farglebs gareT, TviT
momxmarebeli Camodis mis Sesasyidad. es ki qveynis Semosavals zrdis. tu-
rizmidan miRebuli mogebis nakadi erTveba ekonomikur brunvaSi da iZle-
va efeqts.
38. gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia mcire biznesi mTiani regionebis tu-
ristul ganviTarebaSi. saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa romelzec modis mTe-
li teritoriis 54,4%. mTianeTi dRemde warmoadgens kulturuli memkvid-
reobis saganZurs, es iqneba arqiteqturis Zeglebi Tu sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis movlenebi, xalxuri rewva Tu folkloris unikaluri nimuSe-
bi. amitomacaa, rom Cveni qveynis mTianeTi gvevlineba Sida da saerTaSo-
riso turizmis ganviTarebis potenciur resursad.
39. regionebSi mcire biznesis stimulirebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani
nabijia biznesidan miRebuli gadasaxadebis adgilobriv biujetebSi ga-
moyeneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi TviT adgilobrivi xelisufleba iqneboda da-
interesebuli biznes-subieqtebis ricxvis zrdiTa da maTi saqmianobis
mxardamWeri RonisZiebebis SemuSavebiT, Sesabamisad ki adgilobriv biuje-
tebSi Senatanebis gazrdiT.
40. saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi unda aisaxos da gatardes
mcire biznesis finansur mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi Ronis-
Ziebebi:
_ mcire biznesis sastarto kapitaliT finansirebis programebis Sem-
uSaveba, romlebic mimarTuli iqneba mcire sawarmoTa dabali saprocento
ganakveTiT dakreditebaze;
_ mcire biznesis daxmarebis fondis Camoyalibeba, romlebic ikisr-
ebs Tavdebobas bankebTan kreditis miRebisas;
_ mcire biznesis sawarmoebisaTvis SeRavaTiani dabegvris sistemis
SemoReba da a.S.
Cvenis azriT aseTi midgomebi calkeul biznes sistemebSi ekonomiku-
ri, inovaciuri meTodebis gamoyenebasTan erTad xels Seuwyobs mis masS-
tabur gavrcelebas da bizneskulturis amaRlebas qveyanaSi, mis calkeul
regionSi.
170
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25. inovaciebi . . .2010:inovaciebi . . .2010:inovaciebi . . .2010:inovaciebi . . .2010: “inovaciebi biznesSi”, samecniero-praqtikuli
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“statistika ekonomikasa da biznesSi”, gamomc. “universali”, Tbilisi;
27. karaliZe 2009: 27. karaliZe 2009: 27. karaliZe 2009: 27. karaliZe 2009: karaliZe jemal “aWara 1878-1903 wlebSi”, gamomcemloba
“SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti”, baTumi;
28. 28. 28. 28. keinsikeinsikeinsikeinsi 1995: 1995: 1995: 1995: keinsi jon, “dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis
zogadi Teoria”, gamomc. “macne”, quTaisi;
29292929.... kotleri 1993: kotleri 1993: kotleri 1993: kotleri 1993: kotleri filip, “marketingis safuZvlebi”, gamomc.
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“qarTveli da ucxoeli mewarmeebi da maTi saqmianoba saqarTveloSi”. (XIX
s.-XXs-is I ocwleuli). gamomcemloba “meridiani”. Tbilisi.
31. lomaia . . .2008:31. lomaia . . .2008:31. lomaia . . .2008:31. lomaia . . .2008: lomaia c. zarnaZe n. “mcire da saSualo biznesis
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33333333. mamulaZe 2008:. mamulaZe 2008:. mamulaZe 2008:. mamulaZe 2008: mamulaZe gela “marketingi”, gamomc. “SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universiteti”, baTumi;
34343434.... masuraSvili 2008:masuraSvili 2008:masuraSvili 2008:masuraSvili 2008: masuraSvili soso, “inovaciebis bazris
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi biznesSi”, J. “axali ekonomisti” #2.
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qarCxaZis gamomcemloba;
37. menqiu 200837. menqiu 200837. menqiu 200837. menqiu 2008:::: menqiu gregori, “ekonomikis principebi”, gamomcemloba
“diogene”, Tbilisi;
38383838. mesxia 2011: . mesxia 2011: . mesxia 2011: . mesxia 2011: mesxia iakob, “biznesis safuZvlebi”, Tbilisi;
39. mesxia . . .2007:39. mesxia . . .2007:39. mesxia . . .2007:39. mesxia . . .2007: mesxia i. xmalaZe k. “mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis
makroekonomikuri problemebi”, “gadasaxadebi” #23-24;
40404040.... miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008aaaa:::: miqelaSvili merab, “mewarmis gzamkvlevi”,
gamomcemloba “saari”, Tbilisi;
41414141.... miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008miqelaSvili 2008bbbb:::: miqelaSvili merab, “biznesisa da mewarmeobis
safuZvlebi”, saswavlo-meToduri masala, Tbilisi;
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mimarTulebebi regionis agrosamrewvelo kopmpleqsSi” gamomcemloba
“aWara”, baTumi;
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49494949.... samadaSvili 2009:samadaSvili 2009:samadaSvili 2009:samadaSvili 2009: samadaSvili uSangi, “biznesis safuZvlebi”,
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teqnologiur inovaciaTa menejmenti”, gamomc. “teqnikuri universiteti”,
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51515151. . . . sisvaZe 2009:sisvaZe 2009:sisvaZe 2009:sisvaZe 2009: sisvaZe aziko, “firmis finansuri menejmenti”, gamom-
cemloba “universali”, Tbilisi.
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sagamomc. saxli “inovacia, Tb.
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60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: 60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: 60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: 60. qeSelaSvili . . .2010: qeSelaSvili giuli, faresaSvili nino,
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rogorc regionebisa da mcire biznesis ganviTarebis saSualeba”. sta-
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74747474. Caganava 2012:. Caganava 2012:. Caganava 2012:. Caganava 2012: Caganava paata, “turizmis politika”, gamomcemloba
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75757575.... CixlaZe 20CixlaZe 20CixlaZe 20CixlaZe 2009090909aaaa:::: CixlaZe niko, “ekonomika da marTlmadidebluri
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saerTaSoriso praqtikuli konferenciis “ganaTleba da ganviTareba”
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7. “soflis meurneobis produqciis kvleva”, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa
da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro. 2010. www. economy.gov.ge
8. “pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi 2010” 15 agvisto 2011w. saqstati,
www. Geostat.ge
9. Cvens mier anketuri wesiT ganxorcielebuli kvlevebi.
179
b)b)b)b) danarTebidanarTebidanarTebidanarTebi
danarTi1.
mcire biznesis wili saqarTvelos mSp-Si1
mSp (mln. lari) mcire biznesis
gamoSvebuli produqcia
wili mSp-Si, %
2004 9824.3 386.3 3.9
2005 11620.9 551.2 4.7
2006 13789.9 588.9 4.2
2007 16999.3 513.3. 3.0
2008 19074.9 527.4 2.7
2009 17986.0 881.3 4.8
2010 20791.3 1060.1 5.1
1 cxrili Sedgenilia “saqstatis” monacemebis safuZvelze.
danarTi 2.
individualur sawarmoTa wili sawarmoTa mTel raodenobaSi, %1
regionebi 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
q. Tbilisi 36.2 38.8 30.9 22.8 25.2
aWara 59.0 65.1 64.2 54.5 51.5
guria 81.3 79.7 78.4 74.1 75.9
imereTi 69.3 70.0 65.2 58.7 53.5
kaxeTi 76.0 76.9 73.6 68.1 68.1
mcxeTa-TianeTi 72.8 65.1 59.5 63.0 68.1
raWa-leCxumi, qvemo svaneTi 79.5 75.2 73.6 59.6 63.0
samegrelo, zemo svaneTi 66.3 64.4 51.6 54.3 50.1
samcxe javaxeTi 75.7 72.7 72.5 67.5 64.1
qvemo qarTli 59.9 71.1 68.1 63.6 59.0
Sida qarTli 68.5 67.1 63.7 60.1 58.6
1cxrili Sedgenilia “saqstatis” monacemebis safuZvelze.
180
danarTi 3. funqcionirebad sawarmoTa raodenoba regionebis mixedviT 2009 wels.1
regionebi % msxvili saSualo mcire reg. mTel
saw-idan sul % su
l % sul % mcire
sawarmoTa %-li wili
sawarmoebi sul:
38966 100 1853 100 3125 100 33988 100
Tbilisi 14583 39,74 1196 64,5 1622 51,9 11765 34,6 80,7% aWara 3125 8,5 170 9,1 289 9,2 2666 7,8 85,3% guria 869 2,3 15 0,8 41 1,3 813 2,64 93,5% kaxeTi 2673 7,2 51 2,7 126 4,0 2496 7,3 93,3% imereTi 4877 13,2 115 6,2 308 9,8 4454 13,1 91% mcxeTa-TianeTi
604 1,6 31 1,6 45 1,4 528 1,6 87,4%
qvemo qarTli 3591 9,7 106 5,7 237 7,5 3238 9,5 90,1% raWa-leCxumi da qv svaneTi
388 1,0 4 0,2 30 0,9 354 1,0 91,0%
samcxe-javax. 3344 2,9 25 1,3 81 2,5 3238 9,5 96,8% samegrelo-zemo svaneTi
3249 8,85 95 5,1 216 6,9 2938 8,6 90,0%
Sida qarTli 1663 4,5 45 2.4 120 3,8 1498 4,4 90,1% 1 cxrili Sedgenilia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministros monacemebis safuZvelze (www.economy.gov.ge.)