LED BasicsLED Basics

LED 101LED 101September 1st, 2010

III/V-Technologies for Optoelectronics

AlN6,24,0

gy [

eV]

m]

400

InGaAlPGaN3,5

dgap

Ene

rg

leng

th [

nm

500

400SiC

AlP2,5

3,0

Ban

d

Wav

e

700600

InN

GaP

1 5

2,0

InPGaAsInGaN1,0

1,5

2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 2LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Lattice Parameter [A]2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 5,5 6,0 6,5

How Does a LED Emit Light?

n-Crystal p-CrystalLED Chip Structure

y

- +p-contact

n-doped

P-doped Active epitaxy l

Anode

ElectronsH l

Depletion zoneSubstratelayer

Cathode

Holesn-contact

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 3LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

contact h d i

Efficiency of an LED

Radiative recombination

total internal reflection

shadowingextraction

Non-radiative recombinatior

absorptionabsorption

Internal Efficiency: 60-90% Extraction Efficiency: 50-75%

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 4LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Thinfilm TechnologyStandard Power LED(generic)

Thinfilm Class - Chip Technology Comparison

gysurface emitter

top and bottom contacts

(generic)volume emitter

top or bottom contacts

top emissiontop emission> 97 %~ 49 %

OSRAM O t ’ Thi fil t h l th fi t th k t

pSide emission

pSide emission

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 5LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

OSRAM Opto’s Thin-film technology was the first on the market

ThinGAN® Scalable Technology PlatformLight Output with Scaleable

Chip Size5

Chip Size

45

ht O

utpu

t

23

Rel

ativ

e Li

gh

Constant Amp/ mm²1

1

2 3

Emitting Area

R Constant Amp/ mm²1 4

Optimize cost and “Usable Lumens”

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 6LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

pwith proper LED Selection

Conduction Band

Production of a LED and Efficiencies

Valence Band

Photons

Chip ProcessingLight extraction

Packaging

Electrical losses

Valence Band

“Bandgap Engineering”

Epitaxy Light extraction

Light extractionThermal

management-conversion

Internal quantum efficacy

int extr packageWall plug = . . .electr

.

Substrate

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 7LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

LED-Chip

Structure of the LED

Epoxy

Wire Bond

Lead Frame Chip

Epoxy

Bond Wire

Reflector

Lead frame

Cavity 0.25 mm

Reflector

Mold

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 8LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

1.0 ~ 4.0 mm

Structure of the High Power LED

GOLDEN DRAGON PLUS

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 9LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

O i f P k T t d f A li tiOverview of Packages – Targeted for ApplicationsAdvanced Power

TOPLED®OSTAR®

SMTHigh-Power LED Packages Diamond

DRAGON®Golden

DRAGON®

OSTAR®

Compact

3.4 x 3.3 x 1.9 mm

11.0 x 6.0 x 4.2 mm

OSLON SSL®Power

TOPLED®

Power TOPLED®

with lens

Plus

11.0 x 6.0 x

3.65 x 4.0 x 1.195 mm

4.68 x 5.75 x 1.1 mm

3.1 x 3.1 x 2.2 mm

MultiLED®

3 4 x 3 3 x

TOPLED®

3.5 x 2.8 x 1.9 mm

3.5 x 2.8 x 3.6 mm

3.1 mm

Dimensions: length x width x height

PointLED®Mini

3.4 x 3.3 x 1.9 mm

3.5 x 2.8 x 1.9 mm

SIDELED®

3.4 x 2.5 x 0.725 mm

1 6 x 0 8 x

ChipledMicro

SIDELED®

1.0 SmartLED® FIREFLY ® SmartLED®

2.2 x 1.4 x 1 3 mm

TOPLED®

4.0 x 4.0 x 3.6 mm

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 10LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Miniature LED Packages1.6 x 0.8 x

0.6 mm3.0 x 1.2 x

1.0 mm 1.7 x 0.8 x 0.6 mm

1.8 x 1.2 x 0.5 mm

1.7 x 0.8 x 0.35 mm

1.3 mm

LED Parameters

Optical Quantities Electrical Quantitiesp

Luminous Intensity IV mcd Luminous Flux V lm Luminance LV cd/m² (nits)

Beam angle φ

Forward Voltage VF Volts (min/typ/max) Forward Current IF Amperes (max/typ) Reverse Current IR

Beam angle φ Dominant Wavelength dom nm Color Coordinates Cx, Cy

Thermal Quantities

Junction Temperature ˚C Temperature Coefficients lm/K, V/K Thermal Resistance K/W

Misc

Lifetime h CRI CCT KThermal Resistance K/W CCT K Luminous Efficacy lm/W

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 11LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

S t l P Di t ib ti f Si l C l LED

A single-color LED emits light in a narrow spectral band,

Spectral Power Distribution of Single-Color LEDs

resulting in a saturated color.

0 9

1,0GaN blue (465)n

0 6

0,7

0,8

0,9( )

InGaN blue (470)verde (505)true green (525)pure green (560)green (570)

ll (587)e LE

D ra

diat

ion

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6 yellow (587)orange (605)amber (617)super-red (632)hyper-red (645)

e in

tens

ity o

f the

0,0

0,1

0,2

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760

rela

tive

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 12LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760wavelength [nm]

LED M i l d C l

White

LED Materials and Colors

YellowY = Yellow (InGaAlP) 587nm

Green

W = White (GaN) (x=0.32/y=0.31)

W = White (InGaN) (x=0.32/y=0.31)

Orange

Y = Yellow (InGaAlP) 587nm

O = Orange (InGaAlP) 605nm

T= True Green (InGaN) 525nm

V= Verde-Green (InGaN) 505nm

Amber (Orange Red)

A = Org. Red (InGaAlP) 617nm

G= Green (InGaAlP) 570nm

P=Pure Green (InGaAlP) 560nm

RedS = Super-Red (InGaAlP) 630nm

BlueB = Blue (InGaN) 470nm

B = Blue (GaN) 466nm

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 13LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

H = Hyper-Red (GaAlAs) 645nmD = Deep Blue (InGaN) 455nm

How Does LED Generate White Light?

White LED ApproachesTri-Color Colorimetry

Red/ Green/ Blue – primary colorsWhit i t f 3 i l 400 500 600 700nm

RGB-Chips + +

White – mixture of 3 primary colors

400 500 600 700nm

Blue Chip

+ Yellow Chip

Blue Chip +

1 Phosphor

400 500 600 700nm

400 500 600 700nm

UV-Chip + + 3 Phosphors

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 14LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

White = Red + Green + Blue Emission Wavelength400 500 600 700nm

White light from LEDsBlue InGaN chip + Phosphor = White LED

(%) InGaN LED Single-Chip White, LW W5AM

Blue Chip Yellow Phosphor

ctra

l Pow

er (

YAG Phosphor

Rel

ativ

e Sp

ec

White LED

R

Wavelength (nm)

Wavelength (nm)

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 15LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Wavelength (nm)

Volume / Chiplevel Conversion (CLC) Yellow BlueVolume conversion

Converter particles dispersed in casting / molding material

Chiplevel Conversion (CLC)

Yellow Blue

Chiplevel Conversion (CLC)

Phosphor layer on surface emitting chip

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 16LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Phosphor TechnologyPhosphor Technology

Customer-selected LED color themes are possible t e es a e poss b e

New color regions capable with LED technology

Color on Demand

Epoxy with

Blue LED Chip

Phosphor

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 17LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

C l t d C l T t (CCT)

7000K

Color Temperature Chart

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)

Standard white LED6,500 K

6000K

7000KCorrelated Color Temperature (CCT)Defines a color as the temperature [K] that a "black body" source must reach in order to produce that same color.

Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)Defines a color as the temperature [K] that a "black body" source must reach in order to produce that same color.

5000K Noon sunlight

Std. Metal Halide4 000 K

Cold Fluorescent4,200 K

4000K

Std. Incandescent

Halogen3,000 K

4,000 K

3000K

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 18LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Std. Incandescent2,850 K

2000K

S t f Whit LED i V i C l BiSpectrum of White LED in Various Color Bins

1 5L-7139K6L 6819K

7139K6819K

0 7

0.8

0.9 6L-6819K7L-5423K8L-4831KJ4-3945K

6819K5423K4831K3945K

0.5

0.6

0.7

Radi

ant P

ower

J4-3945KM4-3374KQ4-2833K

3945K3374K2833K

0 2

0.3

0.4

Rel

ativ

e R

0

0.1

0.2

380 00 20 0 60 80 00 20 0 60 80 600 620 6 0 660 680 00 20 0 60 80

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 19LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780

Wavelength (nm)

Color Rendering Index (CRI) – is a quantitative measure of the ability of a

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural reference light source with the same CCT

R f Li ht SReference Light Source: For CCT<5000K, Planckian radiator of

that CCT; For CCT>5000K, mathematically

d i d d li ht t th t CCT

8 Standard Color Samples

derived daylight at the nearest CCT

Color Samples: 8 standard color samples for

l l ti CRI lcalculating CRI values6 special color samples for evaluating

saturated color rendering, skin tone and green foliage Special Color Samples #9 to #14

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 20LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Disclaimer

All information contained in this document has been checked with the greatest care. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH can however, not be made liable for any damage that occurs in connection with the use of these contentsthat occurs in connection with the use of these contents.

OSRAM Opto Semiconductor GmbH makes no representations and warranties as to a possible interference with third parties' intellectual property rights in view of products originating from one of OSRAM Opto Semiconductor GmbH's partners, or in view of products being a combination of an OSRAM Opto Semiconductor GmbH's product and a product of one of OSRAM Opto Semiconductor GmbH's partners. Furthermore, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH cannot be made liable for any damage that occurs in connection with the use of a product of one of OSRAM Opto Semiconductor GmbH's partners, or with the use of a combination of an OSRAM Opto Semiconductor GmbH's product and a product of one of OSRAM Opto Semiconductor GmbH's partners.

LED 101 | 09/01/2010 | Page 21LED Basics | Date: 09/01/2010 | OS SJ AE | RS

Thank you for your attention.