lectures 8-11-bacillus anthracis; b. cereus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium tetani;...

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 ح ر ل ا ن م ح ر ل ا ه ل ا س ب  ح ر ل ا ن م ح ر ل ا ه ل ا س ب FAMILY: BACILLACEAE FAMILY: BACILLACEAE Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh Prof. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh

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8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectures-8-11-bacillus-anthracis-b-cereus-clostridium-perfringens-clostridium 1/53

 

ح ر ل ا ن م ح ر ل ا ه ل ا س ب

 

ح ر ل ا ن م ح ر ل ا ه ل ا س ب

FAMILY: BACILLACEAE FAMILY: BACILLACEAE 

Prof. Khalifa Sifaw GhengheshProf. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectures-8-11-bacillus-anthracis-b-cereus-clostridium-perfringens-clostridium 2/53

1. GENUS:1. GENUS: BACILLUS BACILLUS 

• Gram +ve bacilli

• Aerobic

• Spore-Forming

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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i.i. Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis

>> Anthrax.

• Large S!"are - en#e# $o#% Arrange# in&hain%.

• Non-'otile.• Spore%:• &ap%"le: 

 –("rple Staine# >> 'cFa#)an*% 'etho# 

(ol)chrome 'eth)lene ,l"e.

• &olonie% on ,A: 'e#"%a /ea# Appearance

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectures-8-11-bacillus-anthracis-b-cereus-clostridium-perfringens-clostridium 4/53

Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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An electron micrograph o0 %pore% 0romAn electron micrograph o0 %pore% 0rom

the Sterne %train o0 the Sterne %train o0  Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis 'cFa)#ean cap%"le'cFa)#ean cap%"le

%tain gron at 23%tain gron at 23oo& in #e0ibrinate#& in #e0ibrinate#

hor%e bloo#.hor%e bloo#.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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45SEASE:

• 5n Animal%:  >> Septicaemia.

5n /"man%: i. &"taneo"% Anthrax > Malignan !usule

ii. ("lmonar) Anthrax 6ool-Sorter*%4i%ea%e.

iii. Ga%trointe%tinal Anthrax.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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&"taneo"% Anthrax&"taneo"% Anthrax

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Anthrax le%ion on the %7in o0 theAnthrax le%ion on the %7in o0 the

0orearm ca"%e# b)0orearm ca"%e# b) Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectures-8-11-bacillus-anthracis-b-cereus-clostridium-perfringens-clostridium 10/53

(A8/9GENES5S

• &ap%"le > 5nva%ivene%%

 – 4-gl"tamic aci#

• Exotoxin (la%mi# me#iate#

i. (rotective Factor Antigen.

ii. 9e#ema Factor.

iii. Lethal Factor.

,loc7% the A#en)l &)cla%e (atha) >

5ncrea%e% va%c"lar (ermeabilit) > Shoc7

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:• Specimen% obtaine# 0rom: 

a malignant p"%t"le %p"t"m bloo#.- Gram %tain + 0l"ore%cent-antibo#) %tain.

- 'otilit)

- &ap%"le 0ormation: So#i"m bicarbonate

+&9;

- String-o0-pearl% reaction:

- 'o"%e te%t:

- A(5

>> 4emon%tration o0 Ab% to the organi%m:

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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,icarbonate agar an# bloo# agar,icarbonate agar an# bloo# agar

plate c"lt"re% o0plate c"lt"re% o0 Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Negative encap%"lation: ,loo# agar an#Negative encap%"lation: ,loo# agar an#

bicarbonate agar plate c"lt"re% o0bicarbonate agar plate c"lt"re% o0

Bacillus cereusBacillus cereus

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lectures-8-11-bacillus-anthracis-b-cereus-clostridium-perfringens-clostridium 14/53

• 8$EA8'EN8 – (enicillin &ipro0loxacin

• 5''UN5<A859N

 –Animal% > Live %pore vaccine

Sterne %train

 –

6or7er% at $i%7 o0 Expo%"re >Anthrax =accine Ab%orbe# A=A >>

Al"m precipitate# toxoi#?

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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ii.ii. Bacillus cereusBacillus cereus

•  Foo# (oi%oning.

• &linical S)n#rome%:

i. Severe Na"%ea @=omiting.

ii. Ab#ominal &ramp% @ 4iarrhoea.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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(A8/9GEN5&58:

>> 4"e to an Enterotoxin.

• Al%o &a"%e% 4i%ea%e in (atient% ithUn#erl)ing 4i%ea%e.

• 8$EA8'EN8:

>> 8etrac)cline Er)throm)cin.

• iii. B. su"ilis:

• iv. B. searoher#o!hilus.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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;. GENUS:;. GENUS: CL$S%&I'IUM CL$S%&I'IUM 

• Gram +ve bacilli

• Anaerobic

 

•Spore Forming- Spore%:

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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5n7 Stain o0 Spor"lating5n7 Stain o0 Spor"lating Closri(iu#Closri(iu#--

%pore% appear clear vegetative cell% #ar7%pore% appear clear vegetative cell% #ar7

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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i.i. Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens

• Nonmotile

• Spore% Not (ro#"ce# in 9r#inar)

'e#ia.

• Aerotolerant Anaerobe.

• 3 8)pe%: A - E

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Gram %tain o0Gram %tain o0 Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens

E # 0E # t 0

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Ex"#ate %mear o0Ex"#ate %mear o0

Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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8i%%"e %mear o08i%%"e %mear o0

Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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45SEASE:

• &lo%tri#ial ')onecro%i%.

• Le%% Severe 6o"n# 5n0ection%.

• Foo# (oi%oning.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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(atient ith ga% gangrene(atient ith ga% gangrene

A,9$A89$ 54EN85F5&A859N

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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LA,9$A89$ 54EN85F5&A859N

• 5n &hoppe# 'eat - Gl"co%e 'e#i"m:

• 9n ,A:

• 9n Egg ol7 Agar: 

>> (recipitation 9pale%cence.

• 'il7 'e#ia: Storm) Formation.

• Nagler $eacrion:

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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,loo# agar plate ith,loo# agar plate ith Cl. !erfringensCl. !erfringens 

characteri%tic #o"ble one o0 hemol)%i%characteri%tic #o"ble one o0 hemol)%i%

(A8/9GEN5&58 @ &L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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(A8/9GEN5&58 @ &L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N

∀ 

-8oxin: Act% on Lecithin-&ontaining Lipo-

protein &omplexe% in the &ell 'embrane.

• (re#i%po%ing Factor%:

i. 8ra"ma ith 4eep an# Lacerate# or &r"%h6o"n#% o0 '"%cle Etc.

ii. $e!"ire a $e#"ce# 9x)gen 8en%ion an#

$e#"ce# 9xi#ation $e#"ction (otential

0or Groth.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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F994 (95S9N5NG:

• Cl. !erfringens 8)pe A >> Enterotoxin.

> Ac"te Ab#ominal (ain an# 4iarrhoea.

LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:

• 5mportant: 4iagno%i% o0 &lo%tri#i"m

')onecro%i% Sho"l# ,e $api# an# 'a#e on&linical Gro"n#%.

i. 4irect Smear an# Gram Stain o0 'aterial0rom 4eep 6ithin the 6o"n#.

ii. &"lt"re: 8i%%"e A%pirate% or 4eep Sab% 8a7en

0rom A00ecte# '"%cle.

8$EA8'EN8

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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8$EA8'EN8:

• &lo%tri#i"m ')onecro%i%:

i. S"rgical $emoval o0 All 5n0ecte# an#

Necrotic 8i%%"e.

ii. Antibiotic an# Antitoxin 8herap).iii. A#min%tration o0 /)perbaric 9x)gen.

• Foo# (oi%oning:

&l t i#i 8h t ' , A i t #

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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&lo%tri#ia 8hat 'a) ,e A%%ociate#

ith Ga% Gangrene:

• Cl. !erfringens 8)pe A

• Cl. se!icu#

• Cl. no)*i  8)pe A

• Cl. hisol*icu#

•Cl. Sor(ellii 

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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/"man ca%e o0 malignant e#ema/"man ca%e o0 malignant e#ema

ca"%e# b)ca"%e# b) Cl. se!icu#Cl. se!icu#

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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ii.ii. Closri(iu# eani Closri(iu# eani 

• > 8etan"%.

• > 8erminal Spore% ith 4r"m%tic7

Appearance.

> 9bligate Anaerobe. 

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Closri(iu# eani Closri(iu# eani  

Gram (o%itive $o#%Gram (o%itive $o#%

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Closri(iu# eani Closri(iu# eani 

=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S:

• 8etan"% 8oxin 8etano%pa%min > 

Ne"rotoxin.i. An 5ntercell"lar 8oxin $elea%e# b)

&ell"lar A"tol)%i%.

ii. 5nhibit% the $elea%e o0 5nhibitor)

8ran%mitter%.

iii. 8oxoi#.

&L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N @ (A8/9GENES5S

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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&L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N @ (A8/9GENES5S

• 8etan"% i% Generalie# in Nat"re.

i. Unimm"nie# $"ral (op"lation.ii. 5n (ractice: Simple ("nct"re 6o"n#% >

Nail Splinter or 8horn.

iii. 5n 8ra"matic 6o"n#% > &ompo"n#Fract"re% 4ental Extraction% Etc.

iv. 8etan"% Neonatr"m:

v. (o%toperative 8etan"%:

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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4raing o0 a Sol#ier #)ing o04raing o0 a Sol#ier #)ing o0

8etan"% 9pi%thotono%8etan"% 9pi%thotono%

A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan)A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan)

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan).A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan).

Note the contraction o0 the ma%%eter an#Note the contraction o0 the ma%%eter an#

nec7 m"%cle%nec7 m"%cle%

LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:• > 4iagno%i% on &linical Gro"n#%.

8$EA8'EN8:• i. Antitoxin.

• ii. 4ebri#ement o0 6o"n# an# $emoval o0

  an) Foreign ,o#ie%.• iii. (encillin >>> 5n Large 4o%e%.

• iv. 'il# 8etano%pa%m: >>> ,arbit"rate%.

v. Severe &a%e%: • >>> U%e &"rare - Li7e Agent%.

• >>> 8racheo%tom).

>>> &are0"l &ontrol o0 the Environment.

($E=EN859N:

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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($E=EN859N:

> (rompt an# A#e!"ate &leaning o0

6o"n#%.

i. Active 5mm"nit).ii. (a%%ive 5mm"nit).

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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iii.iii. Closri(iu# "oulinu#Closri(iu# "oulinu#

• > ,ot"li%m.

•> Gram +ve Spore Forming ,acilli.

• > Strict Anaerobe.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Gram Stain o0Gram Stain o0 Cl. "oulinu#Cl. "oulinu#

&haracteri%tic Long $o#%&haracteri%tic Long $o#%

A photomicrograph o0A photomicrograph o0

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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A photomicrograph o0A photomicrograph o0

Closri(iu# "oulinu#Closri(iu# "oulinu# t)pe At)pe A

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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,loo# Agar (late ith,loo# Agar (late ith C. "oulinu#C. "oulinu#

=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S

• ,ot"lin"m 8oxin >>> Ne"rotoxin.

 –Serologicall) B 8oxin% >>A , &1 &; 4 E F @ G.

> A00ect the &holinergic S)%tem > ,loc7%

the $elea%e o0 Acet)lcholine at (oint%

in (eripheral Nervo"% S)%tem.

45SEASE 5N /U'ANS

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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45SEASE 5N /U'ANS

1. Foo# - ,orne ,ot"li%m:

> 5nc"bation (erio#: 1;-2C /o"r% to B #a)%.

;. 5n0ant ,ot"li%m:

LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5Si. 4iagno%i% 'a#e &linicall).

ii. 4etection o0 9rgani%m or 5t% 8oxin in theS"%pecte# Foo#

iii. Sample% o0 Stool or =omit

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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8$EA8'EN8 @ ($E=EN859N

5mportant: Speci0ic 8reatment Sho"l#

,egin a% D"ic7 a% (o%%ible.

>(ol)valent Antitoxin >>> 5mme#iatel).

>(h)%iological S"pport >>> 5&U.

>NE=E$ U%e a Sollen or 4e0ective &an.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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iv.iv. Closri(iu# (ifficileClosri(iu# (ifficile

• Antibiotic A%%ociate# &oliti%.

• (ro#"ce 8o 'aor (rotein 8oxin%

A @,.• $i%7 Factor%:

 –Antibiotic Expo%"re.

 –9l# Age.

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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S i l t i h 0S i l t i h 0

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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Scanning electron micrograph o0Scanning electron micrograph o0

Closri(iu# (ifficleClosri(iu# (ifficle

5 t ti l S &l A i ti5 t ti l S &l A i ti

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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5nte%tinal Smear- &lo%e A%%ociation5nte%tinal Smear- &lo%e A%%ociation

o0o0 Cl. (ifficileCl. (ifficile ith Ne"trophil%ith Ne"trophil%

• 5n0ection &an ,e:

8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle

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5n0ection &an ,e: 

 –En#ogeno"% or Exogeno"%.

No%ocomial Sprea#: 4"e to Spore%.

LA, 45AGN9S5S:

1. 4emon%tration o0 &)totoxin in Stool.;. 5%olation o0 the 'icroorgani%m.

8$EA8'EN8:

 –4i%contin"ing 8reatment.

 –=ancom)cin.