lectures 8-11-bacillus anthracis; b. cereus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium tetani;...
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8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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ح ر ل ا ن م ح ر ل ا ه ل ا س ب
ح ر ل ا ن م ح ر ل ا ه ل ا س ب
FAMILY: BACILLACEAE FAMILY: BACILLACEAE
Prof. Khalifa Sifaw GhengheshProf. Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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1. GENUS:1. GENUS: BACILLUS BACILLUS
• Gram +ve bacilli
• Aerobic
• Spore-Forming
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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i.i. Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis
•
>> Anthrax.
• Large S!"are - en#e# $o#% Arrange# in&hain%.
• Non-'otile.• Spore%:• &ap%"le:
–("rple Staine# >> 'cFa#)an*% 'etho#
(ol)chrome 'eth)lene ,l"e.
• &olonie% on ,A: 'e#"%a /ea# Appearance
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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An electron micrograph o0 %pore% 0romAn electron micrograph o0 %pore% 0rom
the Sterne %train o0 the Sterne %train o0 Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis 'cFa)#ean cap%"le'cFa)#ean cap%"le
%tain gron at 23%tain gron at 23oo& in #e0ibrinate#& in #e0ibrinate#
hor%e bloo#.hor%e bloo#.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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45SEASE:
• 5n Animal%: >> Septicaemia.
•
5n /"man%: i. &"taneo"% Anthrax > Malignan !usule
ii. ("lmonar) Anthrax 6ool-Sorter*%4i%ea%e.
iii. Ga%trointe%tinal Anthrax.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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&"taneo"% Anthrax&"taneo"% Anthrax
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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Anthrax le%ion on the %7in o0 theAnthrax le%ion on the %7in o0 the
0orearm ca"%e# b)0orearm ca"%e# b) Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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(A8/9GENES5S
• &ap%"le > 5nva%ivene%%
– 4-gl"tamic aci#
• Exotoxin (la%mi# me#iate#
i. (rotective Factor Antigen.
ii. 9e#ema Factor.
iii. Lethal Factor.
,loc7% the A#en)l &)cla%e (atha) >
5ncrea%e% va%c"lar (ermeabilit) > Shoc7
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:• Specimen% obtaine# 0rom:
a malignant p"%t"le %p"t"m bloo#.- Gram %tain + 0l"ore%cent-antibo#) %tain.
- 'otilit)
- &ap%"le 0ormation: So#i"m bicarbonate
+&9;
- String-o0-pearl% reaction:
- 'o"%e te%t:
- A(5
>> 4emon%tration o0 Ab% to the organi%m:
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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,icarbonate agar an# bloo# agar,icarbonate agar an# bloo# agar
plate c"lt"re% o0plate c"lt"re% o0 Bacillus anhracisBacillus anhracis
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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Negative encap%"lation: ,loo# agar an#Negative encap%"lation: ,loo# agar an#
bicarbonate agar plate c"lt"re% o0bicarbonate agar plate c"lt"re% o0
Bacillus cereusBacillus cereus
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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• 8$EA8'EN8 – (enicillin &ipro0loxacin
• 5''UN5<A859N
–Animal% > Live %pore vaccine
Sterne %train
–
6or7er% at $i%7 o0 Expo%"re >Anthrax =accine Ab%orbe# A=A >>
Al"m precipitate# toxoi#?
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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ii.ii. Bacillus cereusBacillus cereus
• Foo# (oi%oning.
• &linical S)n#rome%:
i. Severe Na"%ea @=omiting.
ii. Ab#ominal &ramp% @ 4iarrhoea.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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(A8/9GEN5&58:
>> 4"e to an Enterotoxin.
• Al%o &a"%e% 4i%ea%e in (atient% ithUn#erl)ing 4i%ea%e.
• 8$EA8'EN8:
>> 8etrac)cline Er)throm)cin.
• iii. B. su"ilis:
• iv. B. searoher#o!hilus.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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;. GENUS:;. GENUS: CL$S%&I'IUM CL$S%&I'IUM
• Gram +ve bacilli
• Anaerobic
•Spore Forming- Spore%:
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5n7 Stain o0 Spor"lating5n7 Stain o0 Spor"lating Closri(iu#Closri(iu#--
%pore% appear clear vegetative cell% #ar7%pore% appear clear vegetative cell% #ar7
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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i.i. Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens
• Nonmotile
• Spore% Not (ro#"ce# in 9r#inar)
'e#ia.
• Aerotolerant Anaerobe.
• 3 8)pe%: A - E
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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Gram %tain o0Gram %tain o0 Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens
E # 0E # t 0
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Ex"#ate %mear o0Ex"#ate %mear o0
Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens
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8i%%"e %mear o08i%%"e %mear o0
Closri(iu# !erfringensClosri(iu# !erfringens
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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45SEASE:
• &lo%tri#ial ')onecro%i%.
• Le%% Severe 6o"n# 5n0ection%.
• Foo# (oi%oning.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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(atient ith ga% gangrene(atient ith ga% gangrene
A,9$A89$ 54EN85F5&A859N
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LA,9$A89$ 54EN85F5&A859N
• 5n &hoppe# 'eat - Gl"co%e 'e#i"m:
• 9n ,A:
• 9n Egg ol7 Agar:
>> (recipitation 9pale%cence.
• 'il7 'e#ia: Storm) Formation.
• Nagler $eacrion:
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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,loo# agar plate ith,loo# agar plate ith Cl. !erfringensCl. !erfringens
characteri%tic #o"ble one o0 hemol)%i%characteri%tic #o"ble one o0 hemol)%i%
(A8/9GEN5&58 @ &L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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(A8/9GEN5&58 @ &L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N
∀
-8oxin: Act% on Lecithin-&ontaining Lipo-
protein &omplexe% in the &ell 'embrane.
• (re#i%po%ing Factor%:
i. 8ra"ma ith 4eep an# Lacerate# or &r"%h6o"n#% o0 '"%cle Etc.
ii. $e!"ire a $e#"ce# 9x)gen 8en%ion an#
$e#"ce# 9xi#ation $e#"ction (otential
0or Groth.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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F994 (95S9N5NG:
• Cl. !erfringens 8)pe A >> Enterotoxin.
> Ac"te Ab#ominal (ain an# 4iarrhoea.
LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S
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LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:
• 5mportant: 4iagno%i% o0 &lo%tri#i"m
')onecro%i% Sho"l# ,e $api# an# 'a#e on&linical Gro"n#%.
i. 4irect Smear an# Gram Stain o0 'aterial0rom 4eep 6ithin the 6o"n#.
ii. &"lt"re: 8i%%"e A%pirate% or 4eep Sab% 8a7en
0rom A00ecte# '"%cle.
8$EA8'EN8
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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8$EA8'EN8:
• &lo%tri#i"m ')onecro%i%:
i. S"rgical $emoval o0 All 5n0ecte# an#
Necrotic 8i%%"e.
ii. Antibiotic an# Antitoxin 8herap).iii. A#min%tration o0 /)perbaric 9x)gen.
• Foo# (oi%oning:
&l t i#i 8h t ' , A i t #
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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&lo%tri#ia 8hat 'a) ,e A%%ociate#
ith Ga% Gangrene:
• Cl. !erfringens 8)pe A
• Cl. se!icu#
• Cl. no)*i 8)pe A
• Cl. hisol*icu#
•Cl. Sor(ellii
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/"man ca%e o0 malignant e#ema/"man ca%e o0 malignant e#ema
ca"%e# b)ca"%e# b) Cl. se!icu#Cl. se!icu#
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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ii.ii. Closri(iu# eani Closri(iu# eani
• > 8etan"%.
• > 8erminal Spore% ith 4r"m%tic7
Appearance.
•
> 9bligate Anaerobe.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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Closri(iu# eani Closri(iu# eani
Gram (o%itive $o#%Gram (o%itive $o#%
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Closri(iu# eani Closri(iu# eani
=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S
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=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S:
• 8etan"% 8oxin 8etano%pa%min >
Ne"rotoxin.i. An 5ntercell"lar 8oxin $elea%e# b)
&ell"lar A"tol)%i%.
ii. 5nhibit% the $elea%e o0 5nhibitor)
8ran%mitter%.
iii. 8oxoi#.
&L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N @ (A8/9GENES5S
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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&L5N5&AL 5NFE&859N @ (A8/9GENES5S
• 8etan"% i% Generalie# in Nat"re.
i. Unimm"nie# $"ral (op"lation.ii. 5n (ractice: Simple ("nct"re 6o"n#% >
Nail Splinter or 8horn.
iii. 5n 8ra"matic 6o"n#% > &ompo"n#Fract"re% 4ental Extraction% Etc.
iv. 8etan"% Neonatr"m:
v. (o%toperative 8etan"%:
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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4raing o0 a Sol#ier #)ing o04raing o0 a Sol#ier #)ing o0
8etan"% 9pi%thotono%8etan"% 9pi%thotono%
A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan)A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan)
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A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan).A patient pre%ente# ith 0acial tetan).
Note the contraction o0 the ma%%eter an#Note the contraction o0 the ma%%eter an#
nec7 m"%cle%nec7 m"%cle%
LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:
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LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5S:• > 4iagno%i% on &linical Gro"n#%.
8$EA8'EN8:• i. Antitoxin.
• ii. 4ebri#ement o0 6o"n# an# $emoval o0
•
an) Foreign ,o#ie%.• iii. (encillin >>> 5n Large 4o%e%.
• iv. 'il# 8etano%pa%m: >>> ,arbit"rate%.
•
v. Severe &a%e%: • >>> U%e &"rare - Li7e Agent%.
• >>> 8racheo%tom).
•
>>> &are0"l &ontrol o0 the Environment.
($E=EN859N:
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($E=EN859N:
> (rompt an# A#e!"ate &leaning o0
6o"n#%.
i. Active 5mm"nit).ii. (a%%ive 5mm"nit).
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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iii.iii. Closri(iu# "oulinu#Closri(iu# "oulinu#
• > ,ot"li%m.
•> Gram +ve Spore Forming ,acilli.
• > Strict Anaerobe.
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Gram Stain o0Gram Stain o0 Cl. "oulinu#Cl. "oulinu#
&haracteri%tic Long $o#%&haracteri%tic Long $o#%
A photomicrograph o0A photomicrograph o0
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A photomicrograph o0A photomicrograph o0
Closri(iu# "oulinu#Closri(iu# "oulinu# t)pe At)pe A
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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,loo# Agar (late ith,loo# Agar (late ith C. "oulinu#C. "oulinu#
=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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=5$ULEN&E FA&89$S
• ,ot"lin"m 8oxin >>> Ne"rotoxin.
–Serologicall) B 8oxin% >>A , &1 &; 4 E F @ G.
> A00ect the &holinergic S)%tem > ,loc7%
the $elea%e o0 Acet)lcholine at (oint%
in (eripheral Nervo"% S)%tem.
45SEASE 5N /U'ANS
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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45SEASE 5N /U'ANS
1. Foo# - ,orne ,ot"li%m:
> 5nc"bation (erio#: 1;-2C /o"r% to B #a)%.
;. 5n0ant ,ot"li%m:
LA,9$A89$ 45AGN9S5Si. 4iagno%i% 'a#e &linicall).
ii. 4etection o0 9rgani%m or 5t% 8oxin in theS"%pecte# Foo#
iii. Sample% o0 Stool or =omit
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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8$EA8'EN8 @ ($E=EN859N
5mportant: Speci0ic 8reatment Sho"l#
,egin a% D"ic7 a% (o%%ible.
>(ol)valent Antitoxin >>> 5mme#iatel).
>(h)%iological S"pport >>> 5&U.
>NE=E$ U%e a Sollen or 4e0ective &an.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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iv.iv. Closri(iu# (ifficileClosri(iu# (ifficile
• Antibiotic A%%ociate# &oliti%.
• (ro#"ce 8o 'aor (rotein 8oxin%
A @,.• $i%7 Factor%:
–Antibiotic Expo%"re.
–9l# Age.
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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S i l t i h 0S i l t i h 0
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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Scanning electron micrograph o0Scanning electron micrograph o0
Closri(iu# (ifficleClosri(iu# (ifficle
5 t ti l S &l A i ti5 t ti l S &l A i ti
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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5nte%tinal Smear- &lo%e A%%ociation5nte%tinal Smear- &lo%e A%%ociation
o0o0 Cl. (ifficileCl. (ifficile ith Ne"trophil%ith Ne"trophil%
• 5n0ection &an ,e:
8/7/2019 Lectures 8-11-Bacillus anthracis; B. cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani; Clostridium botulinum; Clostridium difficle
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5n0ection &an ,e:
–En#ogeno"% or Exogeno"%.
•
No%ocomial Sprea#: 4"e to Spore%.
LA, 45AGN9S5S:
1. 4emon%tration o0 &)totoxin in Stool.;. 5%olation o0 the 'icroorgani%m.
8$EA8'EN8:
–4i%contin"ing 8reatment.
–=ancom)cin.