lecture(4) 2013-2014. measurement of system performance infrastructure performance measurement...
TRANSCRIPT
Measurement of System performance
Infrastructure performance measurement
Infrastructure performance measurement must be multidimensional, reflecting the full range of social objectives set for infrastructure system . The performance of infrastructure could be measured by effectiveness, reliability, and cost.
Measurement of System performance
Infrastructure performance measurement
Cost
ReliabilityEffectiveness
Effectiveness
Capacity and delivery of services
Quality of services delivered
The system’s compliance with regulatory concern
The system’s broad impact on the community
ReliabilityA recognition of various uncertainties inherent in infrastructure’s services, is the likelihood that infrastructure effectiveness will be maintained over an extended of time or the probability that service will be available at least at specified levels through the design life
CostThe costs are incurred and paid at different times and places, by different agencies and groups(e.g., users, neighbors, taxpayers), and in monetary and nonmonetary terms . When the cost is acceptable and low, this gives indication that the performance is well.
Examples of Measures of System Reliability
Examples Measures Type of Indicator, MeasureEngineering safety factors Deterministic
Percentage contingency allowance
Risk class rating
Statistical, probabilistic
Confidence limit
Confidence probabilities
Risk functions
Demand peak indicator Composite(typically deterministic indicator of statistical variation)
Peak-to-capacity ratio
Return frequency (flood)
Fault-tree analysis
Examples of Measures of System Cost
Planning and design cost Investment,
replacement, capital, or initial cost
Construction cost
Equity
Debt
Operation cost
Recurrent or O&M cost
Maintenance cost
Repair and replacement cost
Depreciation cost
Depletion cost
Timing of expenditure
Timing and source
Discount and interest rate
Exchange rate and restrictions
Sources of fund
Service life
Losses of Value of Infrastructure Facilitates
• Due to change in demand or change in amount and type of services requirement.
Functional
• Occurring when better approaches (e.g, better equipment) are available to carry out the functions of the facility.
Technological
• Due to ordinary wear and tear, corrosion from age or usePhysical
• Due to change in the buying power of moneyMonetary
• Arising from fires, explosions, earthquakes, etcCasualty-related
• Resulting from changes in legal requirements related to the serviceability or outputs of machines and structures
Legal
Losses of Value of Infrastructure Facilitates
Condition of being antiquated, old-fashioned, or out-of-date
No longer meets current needs or expectation levels Aging, technology, standard change 2-yr old computers good example
Inability to meet changing performance requirements
Obsolescence & Service Life
“Always remember that someone, somewhere is making a product that will make your product obsolete” -Georges Doriot
“Planned obsolescence” by Vince Packard’s The Waste Makers Practice of deliberately designing products to
last for a shorter period of time Systemically doing this leads to inferior
products
Obsolescence & Service Life, What Causes It?
Technological changeRegulatory change
SDWA forced upgradesEconomic / social changesValue / behavior changes
Service vs. Physical Lives
Physical Lives: time it takes for infrastructure to wear out/fail Predicting this may be irrelevant
Service life: time actually used In general these 2 are different
Power plants become obsolete because of technology/policy changes
In some cases, tax code drives expectations
Service Lives, Connections
“Design service life” only meaningful if defined in terms of obsolescence Assumptions about lifetime will likely change
over time Infrastructure seldom abandoned before
replacement in place Expectations will increase
Need to consider expectations and deterioration functions
Service Lives, Rates of Change
Information economy is making older transport modes obsolete E.g., ground -> air shipping
How long should infrastructure last? Physical or service? “How long do you want to use it?” Where will it go when we’re done? What could we do with Roman roads now?
Service Lives, Strategies to Mitigate
Plan and design for flexibilityBuild to assure optimum performance level
is achievedMonitor change to defer obsolescenceRefurbish and retrofit early
Cost-Effectiveness Measures for Projects of Routine Nature
1.Minimize the amount of resources required TO
• Achieve a given level of service• Meet other requirements demanded of the particular
situation
2.Maximize the level of services
Aims of Cost-Effectiveness Measures
Methods for comparing and Prioritizing :Infrastructure
Alternatives
1 • Simple Cost Basis
2• Simple Cost Basis Plus
Consideration of Other Specified Engineering Factors
3• Life-Cycle Cost Basis
(usually made on a present value basis
4• Cost Basis Including
Adjustments Made for Additional Screening Criteria
5• Additional Primarily Cost-
Driven Methodologies for State and Local Infrastructure Systems
6 • Full Financial Analyses
7 • Economic Analyses (or Benefit-Cost Analyses(
8 • Multi-Dimensional Analyses
9 • Special Studies
Parameters commonly used for formulas involving an
interest rate• Interest rate per interest
period.i• Number of interest period.n
• Present sum of money.P• Future sum of money at
the end of n period (equivalent to P with
interest rate i).F
• Amount of each end-of-period payment or receipt
in uniform series of n period.
A
F
Pn
P
AAAA A
AAAA A
F
(F/P, i , n)(P/F, i , n)
(P/A, i , n)(A/P, i , n)
(F/A, i , n)(A/F, i , n)
Sample Cash Flow Diagram
Common formulas for equivalency Calculations
F/P
P/F
Single
amount
niniPF )1(),,/(
niniFP
)1(
1),,/(
n
n
ii
iniAP
)1(
1)1(),,/(
i
iniAF
n 1)1(),,/(
P/A
A/P
F/A
A/F
Uniform
series
1)1(
)1(),,/(
n
n
i
iiniPA
1)1(),,/(
ni
iniFA
Examples
A project costs $40,000,000 and takes five years to construct. If all of this money is borrowed at the beginning of construction, how much money is owed by the sponsor when the project is ready to operate? If the money is borrowed in five equal installments, how much is owed? In each case, assume 7 percent interest for money borrowed.
40M$
F??=
$069,102,56
)07.01$(40)5%,7,/()( 5
MPFPFa
F??=
8M$ 8M$8M$8M$8M$
220413,11)07.01$(8)5%,7,/(
$912,005,38
$807.0
1)07.01($8)5%,7,/)((
52
5
1
MPF
MMAFb
F=F1+F2=38,005,912+11,220,413=49,226,325M$