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Lecture: Particle Physics

Heidelberg WS 09/10

Prof. A. SchöningPhysikalisches Institut der Universität

Heidelberg

Introduction

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Goal of this Lecture

Comprehensive overview over Particle Physics: ● experimental methods and applications● theoretical concepts and fundamental laws

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OrganisationPrerequisites: Knowledge: Quantum Mechanics (Schrödinger Eq.), special relativity Lectures: Physics I-V, Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics

Addressing: Master Students or Diploma students

Focus of this lecture: Accelerator Physics, Detector Physics, Quantum Electrodynamics, Weak

Interaction, Quantum Chromodynamics, Standard Model, Beyond the Standard Model, Astroparticle Physics

Accompanying Tutorials: Tuesday (11:00, KIP) and Wednesday (14:00, PI)

Basis for other Lectures: LHC Physics, Standard Model, Beyond the SM, Supersymmetry, String-

Theory

More Information on the Web: http://www.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/~schoning/Vorlesungen/PPLect/

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Literature on Particle Physics

Ch. Berger: Elementarteilchenphysik (main book for lecture), in German, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-3143-9

B.R. Martin, Nuclear and Particle Physics, An Introduction, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-470-74275-4

D.H. Perkins, Introduction to High Energy Physics, Addison Wesley (older standard book)

Povh, Rith, Scholz and Zetsche, Particles and Nuclei, An Introduction, Springer Verlag

P. Schmüser, Feynmann Graphen (Theory book for Experimentalists) Springer Verlag

by far not complete. Many, many more books...

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Lecture DatesDates: Tuesday 15:00-16:45 and Thursday 11:00-12:45Place: Neuer Hörsaal , Philosophenweg 12

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Lecture Dates

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Dates of Tutorials

First Tutorials: October 20th/21st

Two groups:● Tuesday: U. Husemann● Wednesday: A.S.

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Leistungskontrolle

Tutorials: ● 11 series of exercises ● one series has typically 4 exercises● exercises are checked and corrected● learning target is at minimum 40% of the total score● number of credit points = 8

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Introduction

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Experimental Tools

ATLAS (LHC)

CDF (Tevatron)

ZEUS (HERA)

CMS (LHC)

H1 (HERA)

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The (Proton)Machines

Center of Mass Energies:

HERA (ep): 320 GeVTevatron (pp) 2 TeVLHC (pp) 10-14 TeV

_

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(1992-2007 Hamburg)

H1

HERMES

ZEUS

Supermikroskop HERA

920 GeV Protonen

26.7 GeV Elektronenx

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Study of the Proton Structure

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Large Hadron Collider (CERN)

26.7 km circumference!

LHC (pp) 10-14 TeV

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Direct and Indirect Higgs Searches

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SM Lagrangian

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Tevatron (Fermilab, USA)

Proton-Antiproton Collider

D0 Experiment

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Electroweak Fit of the W-Boson Mass

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The Standard Model Pull PlotZ-pole parameters

=> consistent with SM

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Masses of Quarks

m*u = 1.5-3.0 MeV

m*d = 3-7 MeV

m*s = 95 ± 25 MeV

m*c = 1.25 ± 0.09 GeV

Mb = 4.7 ± 0.07 GeV

Mt = 173.1 ± 1.3 GeV

m* = mass in MS scheme__

M = pole (propagator mass)

average

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Masses of Leptons

Me = 0.5109989 MeV

= 105.658 MeV

= 1777.99 ± 0.29 MeV

Neutrino mass direct limits (Warning: not mass eigenstates!):e

< 2 eV

< 0.19 MeV

< 18.2 MeV

Atmospheric neutrino mixing

m2atm = 8.0−0.40.6×10−5eV 2

origin of mass hierarchy?

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Questions and Problems related to Neutrinos

● In the SM neutrinos are massless and there is no lepton flavour violation● Because neutrino-oscillations were observed neutrinos must have masses and lepton flavour is violated!● What generates neutrino masses:

● Right-handed Dirac Neutrino?● Majorana Neutrino?

● What are the masses and the mass hierarchy?● CP-Violation in Lepton Sector?

atmospheric neutrinos:

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Theoretical Problems of the SM

Grand Unification ???

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HERA Result: Electroweak Unification

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The SM and Astro- Particle Physics

Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry in Universe

● Dark Matter Problem (only 1% of the mass is visible in the universe)● Formation of galaxies and structures in the universe● Dark energy (from microwave back-ground anisotropy)● Nucleosynthesis constraints ● Big-Bang

N BN

≈10−9

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Search for Dark Matter

Several Search Experiments for Dark Matter Search for WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles

Revived: Search for CHAMPs (charged massive particles

DAMA Collaboration reported 8.2 sigma evidance for dark matter based on an annual modulation signature

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Particle Physics in Medicine● X-ray therapy● proton therapy (tumour treatment)

Berlin, Darmstadt, Erlangen, Munich, PSI (Switzerland), ...

→ ionisation loss in materials