lecture - chapter 20 - air pollution.ppt

7/18/2019 Lecture - Chapter 20 - Air Pollution.ppt

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Air PollutionAir Pollution



Atmosphere as a ResourceAtmosphere as a Resource

o AtmosphericAtmosphericCompositionComposition• Nitrogen 78.08%Nitrogen 78.08%• Oxygen 20.!%Oxygen 20.!%• Argon " Ar# an element$Argon " Ar# an element$

a nole gas& 0.'%a nole gas& 0.'%• Caron (ioxi(e 0.0)%Caron (ioxi(e 0.0)%

o *cosystem ser+ices*cosystem ser+ices• ,loc-s / ra(iation,loc-s / ra(iation• o(erates the climateo(erates the climate• Re(istriutes 1ater inRe(istriutes 1ater in

the hy(rologic cyclethe hy(rologic cycle1ater or rain c c e



ypes o3 Air Pollutionypes o3 Air Pollution

o Air PollutionAir Pollution• Chemicals a((e( to the atmosphere y naturalChemicals a((e( to the atmosphere y natural

e+ents or human acti+ities in high enoughe+ents or human acti+ities in high enough

concentrations to e harm3ulconcentrations to e harm3ulo 1o categories1o categories

• PrimaryPrimary Air PollutantAir Pollutant• 4arm3ul sustance that is emitte( (irectly into the4arm3ul sustance that is emitte( (irectly into the

atmosphereatmosphere• SecondarySecondary Air PollutantAir Pollutant

• 4arm3ul sustance 3orme( in the atmosphere 1hen a4arm3ul sustance 3orme( in the atmosphere 1hen aprimary air pollutant reacts 1ith sustances normallyprimary air pollutant reacts 1ith sustances normally3oun( in the atmosphere or 1ith other air pollutants3oun( in the atmosphere or 1ith other air pollutants



a5or Air Pollutantsa5or Air Pollutants



6ome AP relate( terms6ome AP relate( terms

o AesbestosAesbestos

it re3ers to a set o3 six naturally occurringit re3ers to a set o3 six naturally occurring3irous minerals# ha+ing six primary su$3irous minerals# ha+ing six primary su$classi3ications chyrosotile# crosi(olite#classi3ications chyrosotile# crosi(olite#amosite# anthophyllite# termolite an(amosite# anthophyllite# termolite an(actinolite. Among these chrysolite an(actinolite. Among these chrysolite an(

amosite are the most commonamosite are the most commono PANsPANs

Peroxyacyl nitratesPeroxyacyl nitrates




o SootSoot

mpure caron particles resulting 3rommpure caron particles resulting 3romincomplete comustionincomplete comustion

ArgonArgonAn element9a nole gas# 6ymol:An element9a nole gas# 6ymol:

ArAr

Ra(onRa(onAn element9a nole gas# 6ymol:An element9a nole gas# 6ymol:

RnRn




o TroposphereTroposphere

;o1est portion o3 atmosphere# up to aout;o1est portion o3 atmosphere# up to aout<7 -m up 3rom the mi((le o3 latitu(es#<7 -m up 3rom the mi((le o3 latitu(es#

containing 7!% o3 the atmosphere=s mass an(containing 7!% o3 the atmosphere=s mass an( percent o3 its 1ater +apor an( aerosols percent o3 its 1ater +apor an( aerosols

Green house gases (GHGs)Green house gases (GHGs)

/arious gases that loc- outgoing long 1a+e/arious gases that loc- outgoing long 1a+ein3rare( ra(iation 3rom easily lea+ing out thein3rare( ra(iation 3rom easily lea+ing out theatmosphere# li-e CO# C>Cs# Caron (ioxi(e.atmosphere# li-e CO# C>Cs# Caron (ioxi(e.




o Electrostatic Precipitator:Electrostatic Precipitator:

AA -in( o3 (ust collector ma-ing use o3 t1o-in( o3 (ust collector ma-ing use o3 t1oelectro(es# namely (ischarge electro(e an(electro(es# namely (ischarge electro(e an(

recei+ing electro(e. ?hen the electricalrecei+ing electro(e. ?hen the electricalsystem is on# the 1aste particles mo+e tosystem is on# the 1aste particles mo+e toone o3 the electro(es an( (eposit thereone o3 the electro(es an( (eposit there

ser+ing the purpose o3 (ust collection.ser+ing the purpose o3 (ust collection.Catalytic ConertorCatalytic Conertor

A +ehicle emission control (e+iceA +ehicle emission control (e+ice




o 6cruer6cruero 6cruer systems are (i+erse group o3 Air6cruer systems are (i+erse group o3 Air

Pollution control (e+ices that can e use( toPollution control (e+ices that can e use( to

remo+e some particulates an(@or gases 3romremo+e some particulates an(@or gases 3romn(ustrial *xhaust 6treams.n(ustrial *xhaust 6treams.

o ra(itionally# scruers use liui(s to 1ashra(itionally# scruers use liui(s to 1ashun1ante( pollutants 3rom a gas stream.un1ante( pollutants 3rom a gas stream.

o Recently# the term is also use( to (escrieRecently# the term is also use( to (escriesystems that in5ect a (ry reagent or slurry intosystems that in5ect a (ry reagent or slurry intoa (irty exhaust stream to 1ash out aci( gases.a (irty exhaust stream to 1ash out aci( gases.




o !ormaldehyde!ormaldehydeo C42O# a gas or liui( 1hich is colorless ha+ingC42O# a gas or liui( 1hich is colorless ha+ing

pungent irritating o(or use( usually 3orpungent irritating o(or use( usually 3or

preser+ation o3 iological specimens as apreser+ation o3 iological specimens as asolution in 1ater calle( 3ormalin.solution in 1ater calle( 3ormalin.

o StratosphereStratosphereo

6econ( ma5or layer o3 earth=s atmosphere 5ust6econ( ma5or layer o3 earth=s atmosphere 5ustao+e the troposphere an( elo1 the nextao+e the troposphere an( elo1 the nextlayer calle( mesosphere. At euator# it startslayer calle( mesosphere. At euator# it startsat altitu(es o3 <8 -m.at altitu(es o3 <8 -m.



a5or Classes o3 Air Pollutantsa5or Classes o3 Air Pollutants

o Particulate aterialParticulate aterialo Nitrogen Oxi(esNitrogen Oxi(eso

6ul3ur Oxi(es6ul3ur Oxi(eso Caron Oxi(esCaron Oxi(eso 4y(rocarons4y(rocarons

o OBoneOBone



Particulate aterialParticulate aterial

o housan(s o3 (i33erent soli( or liui(housan(s o3 (i33erent soli( or liui(particles suspen(e( in airparticles suspen(e( in air• nclu(es soil particles# soot# lea(# asestos#nclu(es soil particles# soot# lea(# asestos#

sea salt# an( sul3uric aci( (ropletssea salt# an( sul3uric aci( (ropletso angerous 3or 2 reasonsangerous 3or 2 reasons

• ay contain materials 1ith toxic oray contain materials 1ith toxic or

carcinogenic e33ectscarcinogenic e33ects• *xtremely small particles can ecome lo(ge( in*xtremely small particles can ecome lo(ge( in

lungslungs



Nitrogen an( 6ul3ur Oxi(esNitrogen an( 6ul3ur Oxi(es

o Nitrogen Oxi(esNitrogen Oxi(es• Dases pro(uce( y the chemical interactionsDases pro(uce( y the chemical interactions

et1een atmospheric nitrogen an( oxygen atet1een atmospheric nitrogen an( oxygen at

high temperaturehigh temperature• ProlemsProlems

• Dreenhouse gasesDreenhouse gases• Cause (i33iculty in reathingCause (i33iculty in reathing

o 6ul3ur Oxi(es6ul3ur Oxi(es• Dases pro(uce( y the chemical interactionsDases pro(uce( y the chemical interactions

et1een sul3ur an( oxygenet1een sul3ur an( oxygen

• Causes aci( precipitationCauses aci( precipitation



Caron Oxi(es an( 4y(rocaronsCaron Oxi(es an( 4y(rocarons

o Caron Oxi(esCaron Oxi(es• Dases caron monoxi(e "CO& an( caronDases caron monoxi(e "CO& an( caron

(ioxi(e "CO(ioxi(e "CO22&&

• Dreenhouse gasesDreenhouse gaseso 4y(rocarons4y(rocarons

• i+erse group o3 organic compoun(s thati+erse group o3 organic compoun(s that

contain only hy(rogen an( caron "ex C4contain only hy(rogen an( caron "ex C4))$$methane&methane&

• 6ome are relate( to photochemical smog an(6ome are relate( to photochemical smog an(greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases



OBoneOBone

o ropospheric OBoneropospheric OBone• an$ ma(e pollutant in the lo1er atmospherean$ ma(e pollutant in the lo1er atmosphere• 6econ(ary air pollutant6econ(ary air pollutant• Component o3 photochemical smogComponent o3 photochemical smog

o 6tratospheric OBone6tratospheric OBone• *ssential component that screens out /*ssential component that screens out /

ra(iation in the upper atmospherera(iation in the upper atmosphere• an$ ma(e pollutants "ex C>Cs& can (estroy itan$ ma(e pollutants "ex C>Cs& can (estroy it



6ources o3 Out(oor Air Pollution6ources o3 Out(oor Air Pollution

o 1o main sources1o main sources• ransportationransportation• n(ustryn(ustry

o ntentional 3orestntentional 3orest3ires also high3ires also high



ran Air Pollutionran Air Pollutiono Photochemical 6mog "ex ;os Angeles elo1&Photochemical 6mog "ex ;os Angeles elo1&

• ,ro1nish$orange haBe 3orme( y chemical reactions,ro1nish$orange haBe 3orme( y chemical reactionsin+ol+ing sunlight# nitrogen oxi(e# an( hy(rocaronsin+ol+ing sunlight# nitrogen oxi(e# an( hy(rocarons



>ormation o3 Photochemical 6mog>ormation o3 Photochemical 6mog



6ources o3 6mog in ;os Angeles6ources o3 6mog in ;os Angeles



Case$n$Point Air Pollution in ,ei5ingCase$n$Point Air Pollution in ,ei5ingan( exico Cityan( exico City

o ,ei5ing "le3t&,ei5ing "le3t&o exico City "ao+e&exico City "ao+e&



*33ects o3 Air Pollution*33ects o3 Air Pollution

o

;o1 le+el exposure;o1 le+el exposure• rritates eyesrritates eyes• Causes in3lammation o3 respiratory tractCauses in3lammation o3 respiratory tract

o Can (e+elop into chronic respiratoryCan (e+elop into chronic respiratory(iseases(iseases



4ealth *33ects o3 Air Pollution4ealth *33ects o3 Air Pollution

o 6ul3ur ioxi(e an( Particulate material6ul3ur ioxi(e an( Particulate material• rritate respiratory tract an( impair aility o3rritate respiratory tract an( impair aility o3

lungs to exchange gaseslungs to exchange gases

o Nitrogen ioxi(esNitrogen ioxi(es• Causes air1ay restrictionCauses air1ay restriction

o Caron monoxi(eCaron monoxi(e• ,in(s 1ith iron in loo( hemogloin,in(s 1ith iron in loo( hemogloin• Causes hea(ache# 3atigue# (ro1siness# (eathCauses hea(ache# 3atigue# (ro1siness# (eath

o OBoneOBone• Causes urning eyes# coughing# an( chestCauses urning eyes# coughing# an( chest

(iscom3ort(iscom3ort



Chil(ren an( Air PollutionChil(ren an( Air Pollution

o Dreater health threat to chil(ren thanDreater health threat to chil(ren thana(ultsa(ults• Air pollution can restrict lung (e+elopmentAir pollution can restrict lung (e+elopment• Chil(ren reath more o3ten than a(ultsChil(ren reath more o3ten than a(ults

o Chil(ren 1ho li+e in high oBone areas areChil(ren 1ho li+e in high oBone areas aremore li-ely to (e+elop asthmamore li-ely to (e+elop asthma



Controlling Air PollutionControlling Air Pollutionin 6in 6

o 6mo-estac-s 1ith6mo-estac-s 1ithelectrostatic precipitatorelectrostatic precipitator"right&"right&

?ithout?ithout*lectrostatic*lectrostaticprecipitatorprecipitator

?ith *lectrostatic?ith *lectrostaticprecipitatorprecipitator



Controlling Air PollutionControlling Air Pollution

o 6mo-estac-s 1ith6mo-estac-s 1ithscruers "right&scruers "right&

o Particulate material canParticulate material can

also e controlle( yalso e controlle( yproper exca+atingproper exca+atingtechniuestechniues

o *ntrainment *ntrapment*ntrainment *ntrapmento3 one sustance yo3 one sustance yanother.another.



Controlling Air PollutionControlling Air Pollution

o Phase /apor Reco+ery 6ystem 3orPhase /apor Reco+ery 6ystem 3orgasolinegasoline



he Clean Air Acthe Clean Air Act

o AuthoriBes *PA to setAuthoriBes *PA to setlimits on amount o3limits on amount o3speci3ic air pollutantsspeci3ic air pollutantspermitte(permitte(

o >ocuses on E>ocuses on Epollutantspollutants• lea(# particulatelea(# particulate

matter# sul3ur (ioxi(e#matter# sul3ur (ioxi(e#caron monoxi(e#caron monoxi(e#nitrogen oxi(es# an(nitrogen oxi(es# an(oBoneoBone

o Act has le( toAct has le( to(ecreasesF(ecreasesF



Other ?ays to mpro+e Air GualityOther ?ays to mpro+e Air Guality

o Re(uce sul3ur content in gasoline 3rom itsRe(uce sul3ur content in gasoline 3rom itscurrent a+erage o3 ''0 ppm to '0 ppmcurrent a+erage o3 ''0 ppm to '0 ppm• 6ul3ur clogs catalytic con+erters6ul3ur clogs catalytic con+erters

o Reuire 3e(eral emission stan(ar(s 3or allReuire 3e(eral emission stan(ar(s 3or allpassenger +ehiclespassenger +ehicles• nclu(ing# truc-s an( mini+ansnclu(ing# truc-s an( mini+ans

o Reuire emission testing 3or all +ehiclesReuire emission testing 3or all +ehicles• nclu(ing (ieselnclu(ing (iesel



OBone epletion in 6tratosphereOBone epletion in 6tratosphere

o OBone Protects earth 3rom / ra(iationOBone Protects earth 3rom / ra(iation• Part o3 the electromagnetic spectrum 1ithPart o3 the electromagnetic spectrum 1ith

1a+elengths 5ust shorter than +isile light1a+elengths 5ust shorter than +isile light




o OBone thinning@holeOBone thinning@hole• >irst i(enti3ie( in <8!>irst i(enti3ie( in <8!

o+er Antarcticao+er Antarctica

o Cause( yCause( y• human$pro(uce( rominehuman$pro(uce( romine

an( chlorine containingan( chlorine containingchemicalschemicals

• *x C>Cs*x C>Cs




o 4ole o+er Antarctica reuires t1o4ole o+er Antarctica reuires t1ocon(itionscon(itions• 6unlight 5ust returning to polar region6unlight 5ust returning to polar region• Circumpolar +ortex$ a mass o3 col( air thatCircumpolar +ortex$ a mass o3 col( air that

circulates aroun( the southern polar regioncirculates aroun( the southern polar region• solates it 3rom the 1armer air in the rest o3 thesolates it 3rom the 1armer air in the rest o3 the

planetplanet

o Polar stratospheric clou(s 3ormPolar stratospheric clou(s 3orm• *nales Cl an( ,r to (estroy oBone*nales Cl an( ,r to (estroy oBone



*33ects o3 OBone epletion*33ects o3 OBone epletion

o 4igher le+els o3 /$4igher le+els o3 /$ra(iation hitting thera(iation hitting theearthearth• *ye cataracts*ye cataracts• 6-in cancer "right&6-in cancer "right&• ?ea-ene( immunity?ea-ene( immunity

o ay (isruptay (isruptecosystemsecosystems

o ay (amage cropsay (amage crops

an( 3orestsan( 3orests



Reco+ery o3 OBone ;ayerReco+ery o3 OBone ;ayer

o ontreal Protocol "<87&ontreal Protocol "<87&• Re(uction o3 C>CsRe(uction o3 C>Cs• 6tarte( using 4C>Cs "greenhouse gas&6tarte( using 4C>Cs "greenhouse gas&

o Phase out o3 all oBone (estroying chemicalsPhase out o3 all oBone (estroying chemicalsis un(er1ay gloallyis un(er1ay gloally

o 6atellite pictures in 2000 in(icate( that6atellite pictures in 2000 in(icate( that

oBone layer 1as reco+eringoBone layer 1as reco+eringo >ull reco+ery 1ill not occur until 20!0>ull reco+ery 1ill not occur until 20!0



Aci( epositionAci( eposition

o 6ul3ur (ioxi(e an( nitrogen (ioxi(e6ul3ur (ioxi(e an( nitrogen (ioxi(eemissions react 1ith 1ater +apor in theemissions react 1ith 1ater +apor in theatmosphere an( 3orm aci(s that return toatmosphere an( 3orm aci(s that return to

the sur3ace as either (ry or 1etthe sur3ace as either (ry or 1et(eposition(eposition

o p4 scalep4 scale



4o1 Aci( eposition e+elops4o1 Aci( eposition e+elops



*33ects o3 Aci( eposition*33ects o3 Aci( eposition

o eclining Auaticeclining AuaticAnimal PopulationsAnimal Populations

o hin$shelle( eggshin$shelle( eggs

pre+ent ir(pre+ent ir(repro(uctionrepro(uction• ,ecause calcium is,ecause calcium is

una+ailale in aci(ic soiluna+ailale in aci(ic soil

o >orest (ecline>orest (ecline• *x ,lac- 3orest "name*x ,lac- 3orest "name

o3 the 3orest& ino3 the 3orest& inDermany "!0% isDermany "!0% is

(estroye(&(estroye(&



Aci( eposition an( >orest eclineAci( eposition an( >orest ecline



Air Pollution Aroun( the ?orl(Air Pollution Aroun( the ?orl(

o Air uality is (eterioratingAir uality is (eterioratingrapi(ly in (e+eloping countriesrapi(ly in (e+eloping countries

o 6henyang# China6henyang# China•

Resi(ents only see sunlight a 3e1Resi(ents only see sunlight a 3e11ee-s each year1ee-s each year

o e+eloping countries ha+e ol(ere+eloping countries ha+e ol(ercarscars

• 6till use lea(e( gasoline6till use lea(e( gasolineo ! 1orst cities in 1orl(! 1orst cities in 1orl(

• ,ei5ing# ChinaH exico City# exicoH,ei5ing# ChinaH exico City# exicoH6hanghai# ChinaH ehran# ranH an(6hanghai# ChinaH ehran# ranH an(

Calcutta# n(iaCalcutta# n(ia



n(oor Airn(oor AirPollutionPollution

o Pollutants can ePollutants can e!$<00I greater!$<00I greaterthan out(oorsthan out(oors

o ost commonost common• Ra(on# cigaretteRa(on# cigarettesmo-e# caronsmo-e# caronmonoxi(e#monoxi(e#nitrogen (ioxi(e#nitrogen (ioxi(e#

3ormal(ehy(e3ormal(ehy(epestici(es# lea(#pestici(es# lea(#cleaning sol+ents#cleaning sol+ents#oBone# an(oBone# an(asestosasestos

lecture - chapter 20 - air pollution.ppt

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