lecture - chapter 20 - air pollution

7/17/2019 Lecture - Chapter 20 - Air Pollution

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Chapter 20Chapter 20

Air PollutionAir Pollution



Overview of Chapter 20Overview of Chapter 20

o Atmosphere as a ResourceAtmosphere as a Resourceo Types and Sources of Air PollutionTypes and Sources of Air Pollution

• Maor Classes of Air PollutantsMaor Classes of Air Pollutants• Sources of Outdoor Air PollutantsSources of Outdoor Air Pollutants• !r"an Air Pollution!r"an Air Pollution

o #ffects of Air Pollution#ffects of Air Pollutiono Controllin$ Air Pollution in the !SControllin$ Air Pollution in the !S



Atmosphere as a ResourceAtmosphere as a Resource

o AtmosphericAtmosphericCompositionComposition• %itro$en &'(0')%itro$en &'(0')• O*y$en 20(+,)O*y$en 20(+,)• Ar$on 0(+-)Ar$on 0(+-)• Car"on dio*ide 0(0.)Car"on dio*ide 0(0.)

o #cosystem services#cosystem services

• /locs !1 radiation/locs !1 radiation• Moderates theModerates the

climateclimate• Redistri"utes water inRedistri"utes water in

the hydrolo$ic cyclethe hydrolo$ic cycle



Types and Sources of Air PollutionTypes and Sources of Air Pollution

o Air PollutionAir Pollution• Chemicals added to the atmosphere "y naturalChemicals added to the atmosphere "y natural

events or human activities in hi$h enou$hevents or human activities in hi$h enou$h

concentrations to "e harmfulconcentrations to "e harmfulo Two cate$oriesTwo cate$ories

• Primary Air PollutantPrimary Air Pollutant• armful su"stance that is emitted directly into thearmful su"stance that is emitted directly into the

atmosphereatmosphere• Secondary Air PollutantSecondary Air Pollutant

• armful su"stance formed in the atmosphere when aarmful su"stance formed in the atmosphere when aprimary air pollutant reacts with su"stances normallyprimary air pollutant reacts with su"stances normallyfound in the atmosphere or with other air pollutantsfound in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants



Maor Air PollutantsMaor Air Pollutants



Maor Classes of Air PollutantsMaor Classes of Air Pollutants

o Particulate MaterialParticulate Materialo %itro$en O*ides%itro$en O*ideso

Sulfur O*idesSulfur O*ideso Car"on O*idesCar"on O*ideso ydrocar"onsydrocar"ons

o O3oneO3one



Particulate MaterialParticulate Material

o Thousands of different solid or li4uidThousands of different solid or li4uidparticles suspended in airparticles suspended in air• 5ncludes6 soil particles7 soot7 lead7 as"estos75ncludes6 soil particles7 soot7 lead7 as"estos7

sea salt7 and sulfuric acid dropletssea salt7 and sulfuric acid dropletso 8an$erous for 2 reasons8an$erous for 2 reasons

• May contain materials with to*ic orMay contain materials with to*ic or

carcino$enic effectscarcino$enic effects• #*tremely small particles can "ecome lod$ed in#*tremely small particles can "ecome lod$ed in

lun$slun$s



%itro$en and Sulfur O*ides%itro$en and Sulfur O*ides

o %itro$en O*ides%itro$en O*ides• 9ases produced "y the chemical interactions9ases produced "y the chemical interactions

"etween atmospheric nitro$en and o*y$en at"etween atmospheric nitro$en and o*y$en at

hi$h temperaturehi$h temperature• Pro"lemsPro"lems

• 9reenhouse $ases9reenhouse $ases• Cause difficulty "reathin$Cause difficulty "reathin$

o Sulfur O*idesSulfur O*ides• 9ases produced "y the chemical interactions9ases produced "y the chemical interactions

"etween sulfur and o*y$en"etween sulfur and o*y$en

• Causes acid precipitationCauses acid precipitation



Car"on O*ides and ydrocar"onsCar"on O*ides and ydrocar"ons

o Car"on O*idesCar"on O*ides• 9ases car"on mono*ide :CO; and car"on9ases car"on mono*ide :CO; and car"on

dio*ide :COdio*ide :CO22;;

• 9reenhouse $ases9reenhouse $aseso ydrocar"onsydrocar"ons

• 8iverse $roup of or$anic compounds that8iverse $roup of or$anic compounds that

contain only hydro$en and car"on :e*6 Ccontain only hydro$en and car"on :e*6 C..<<methane;methane;

• Some are related to photochemical smo$ andSome are related to photochemical smo$ and$reenhouse $ases$reenhouse $ases



O3oneO3one

o Tropospheric O3oneTropospheric O3one• Man< made pollutant in the lower atmosphereMan< made pollutant in the lower atmosphere• Secondary air pollutantSecondary air pollutant• Component of photochemical smo$Component of photochemical smo$

o Stratospheric O3oneStratospheric O3one• #ssential component that screens out !1#ssential component that screens out !1

radiation in the upper atmosphereradiation in the upper atmosphere• Man< made pollutants :e*6 C=Cs; can destroy itMan< made pollutants :e*6 C=Cs; can destroy it



Sources of Outdoor Air PollutionSources of Outdoor Air Pollution

o Two main sourcesTwo main sources• TransportationTransportation• 5ndustry5ndustry

o 5ntentional forest5ntentional forestfires is also hi$hfires is also hi$h



!r"an Air Pollution!r"an Air Pollutiono Photochemical Smo$ :e*6 >os An$eles "elow;Photochemical Smo$ :e*6 >os An$eles "elow;

• /rownish<oran$e ha3e formed "y chemical reactions/rownish<oran$e ha3e formed "y chemical reactionsinvolvin$ sunli$ht7 nitro$en o*ide7 and hydrocar"onsinvolvin$ sunli$ht7 nitro$en o*ide7 and hydrocar"ons



=ormation of Photochemical Smo$=ormation of Photochemical Smo$



Sources of Smo$ in >os An$elesSources of Smo$ in >os An$eles



Case<5n<Point Air Pollution in /eiin$Case<5n<Point Air Pollution in /eiin$and Me*ico Cityand Me*ico City

o /eiin$ :left;/eiin$ :left;o Me*ico City :a"ove;Me*ico City :a"ove;



#ffects of Air Pollution#ffects of Air Pollution

o

>ow level e*posure>ow level e*posure• 5rritates eyes5rritates eyes• Causes inflammation of respiratory tractCauses inflammation of respiratory tract

o Can develop into chronic respiratoryCan develop into chronic respiratorydiseasesdiseases



ealth #ffects of Air Pollutionealth #ffects of Air Pollution

o Sulfur 8io*ide and Particulate materialSulfur 8io*ide and Particulate material• 5rritate respiratory tract and impair a"ility of5rritate respiratory tract and impair a"ility of

lun$s to e*chan$e $aseslun$s to e*chan$e $ases

o %itro$en 8io*ides%itro$en 8io*ides• Causes airway restrictionCauses airway restriction

o Car"on mono*ideCar"on mono*ide•

/inds with iron in "lood hemo$lo"in/inds with iron in "lood hemo$lo"in

• Causes headache7 fati$ue7 drowsiness7 deathCauses headache7 fati$ue7 drowsiness7 death

o O3oneO3one• Causes "urnin$ eyes7 cou$hin$7 and chestCauses "urnin$ eyes7 cou$hin$7 and chest

discomfortdiscomfort



Children and Air PollutionChildren and Air Pollution

o 9reater health threat to children than9reater health threat to children thanadultsadults• Air pollution can restrict lun$ developmentAir pollution can restrict lun$ development• Children "reath more often than adultsChildren "reath more often than adults

o Children who live in hi$h o3one areas areChildren who live in hi$h o3one areas aremore liely to develop asthmamore liely to develop asthma



Controllin$ Air PollutionControllin$ Air Pollutionin !Sin !S

o Smoestacs withSmoestacs withelectrostatic precipitatorelectrostatic precipitator:ri$ht;:ri$ht;

?ithout?ithout#lectrostatic#lectrostaticprecipitatorprecipitator

?ith #lectrostatic?ith #lectrostaticprecipitatorprecipitator



Controllin$ Air PollutionControllin$ Air Pollutionin the !Sin the !S

o Smoestacs withSmoestacs withscru""ers :ri$ht;scru""ers :ri$ht;

o Particulate material canParticulate material canalso "e controlled "yalso "e controlled "yproper e*cavatin$proper e*cavatin$techni4uestechni4ues



Controllin$ Air Pollution in the !SControllin$ Air Pollution in the !S

o Phase 5 1apor Recovery System forPhase 5 1apor Recovery System for$asoline$asoline



The Clean Air ActThe Clean Air Act

o Authori3es #PA to setAuthori3es #PA to setlimits on amount oflimits on amount ofspecific air pollutantsspecific air pollutantspermittedpermitted

o =ocuses on @=ocuses on @pollutants6pollutants6• lead7 particulatelead7 particulate

matter7 sulfur dio*ide7matter7 sulfur dio*ide7car"on mono*ide7car"on mono*ide7nitro$en o*ides7 andnitro$en o*ides7 ando3oneo3one

o Act has led toAct has led todecreasesdecreases



Other ?ays to 5mprove Air BualityOther ?ays to 5mprove Air Buality

o Reduce sulfur content in $asoline from itsReduce sulfur content in $asoline from itscurrent avera$e of --0 ppm to -0 ppmcurrent avera$e of --0 ppm to -0 ppm• Sulfur clo$s catalytic convertersSulfur clo$s catalytic converters

o Re4uire federal emission standards for allRe4uire federal emission standards for allpassen$er vehiclespassen$er vehicles• 5ncludin$ S!1s7 trucs and minivans5ncludin$ S!1s7 trucs and minivans

o Re4uire emission testin$ for all vehiclesRe4uire emission testin$ for all vehicles• 5ncludin$ diesel5ncludin$ diesel



O3one 8epletion in StratosphereO3one 8epletion in Stratosphere

o O3one Protects earth from !1 radiationO3one Protects earth from !1 radiation• Part of the electroma$netic spectrum withPart of the electroma$netic spectrum with

wavelen$ths ust shorter than visi"le li$htwavelen$ths ust shorter than visi"le li$ht




o O3one thinnin$holeO3one thinnin$hole• =irst identified in D+',=irst identified in D+',

over Antarcticaover Antarctica

o Caused "yCaused "y• human<produced "rominehuman<produced "romine

and chlorine containin$and chlorine containin$

chemicalschemicals

• #*6 C=Cs#*6 C=Cs




o ole over Antarctica re4uires twoole over Antarctica re4uires twoconditions6conditions6• Sunli$ht ust returnin$ to polar re$ionSunli$ht ust returnin$ to polar re$ion• Circumpolar vorte*< a mass of cold air thatCircumpolar vorte*< a mass of cold air that

circulates around the southern polar re$ioncirculates around the southern polar re$ion• 5solates it from the warmer air in the rest of the5solates it from the warmer air in the rest of the

planetplanet

o Polar stratospheric clouds formPolar stratospheric clouds form• #na"les Cl and /r to destroy o3one#na"les Cl and /r to destroy o3one



#ffects of O3one 8epletion#ffects of O3one 8epletion

o i$her levels of !1<i$her levels of !1<radiation hittin$ theradiation hittin$ theearthearth• #ye cataracts#ye cataracts• Sin cancer :ri$ht;Sin cancer :ri$ht;• ?eaened immunity?eaened immunity

o May disruptMay disruptecosystemsecosystems

o May dama$e cropsMay dama$e crops

and forestsand forests



Recovery of O3one >ayerRecovery of O3one >ayer

o Montreal Protocol :D+'&;Montreal Protocol :D+'&;• Reduction of C=CsReduction of C=Cs• Started usin$ C=Cs :$reenhouse $as;Started usin$ C=Cs :$reenhouse $as;

o Phase out of all o3one destroyin$ chemicalsPhase out of all o3one destroyin$ chemicalsis underway $lo"allyis underway $lo"ally

o Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated thatSatellite pictures in 2000 indicated that

o3one layer was recoverin$o3one layer was recoverin$o =ull recovery will not occur until 20,0=ull recovery will not occur until 20,0



Acid 8epositionAcid 8eposition

o Sulfur dio*ide and nitro$en dio*ideSulfur dio*ide and nitro$en dio*ideemissions react with water vapor in theemissions react with water vapor in theatmosphere and form acids that return toatmosphere and form acids that return to

the surface as either dry or wet depositionthe surface as either dry or wet depositiono p scalep scale



ow Acid 8eposition 8evelopsow Acid 8eposition 8evelops



#ffects of Acid 8eposition#ffects of Acid 8eposition

o 8eclinin$ A4uatic8eclinin$ A4uaticAnimal PopulationsAnimal Populations

o Thin<shelled e$$sThin<shelled e$$s

prevent "irdprevent "irdreproductionreproduction• /ecause calcium is/ecause calcium is

unavaila"le in acidic soilunavaila"le in acidic soil

o =orest decline=orest decline• #*6 /lac forest in#*6 /lac forest in

9ermany :,0) is9ermany :,0) isdestroyed;destroyed;



Acid 8eposition and =orest 8eclineAcid 8eposition and =orest 8ecline



Air Pollution Around the ?orldAir Pollution Around the ?orld

o Air 4uality is deterioratin$Air 4uality is deterioratin$rapidly in developin$ countriesrapidly in developin$ countries

o Shenyan$7 ChinaShenyan$7 China

• Residents only see sunli$ht a fewResidents only see sunli$ht a fewwees each yearwees each year

o 8evelopin$ countries have older8evelopin$ countries have oldercarscars

• Still use leaded $asolineStill use leaded $asolineo , worst cities in world, worst cities in world

• /eiin$7 ChinaE Me*ico City7 Me*icoE/eiin$7 ChinaE Me*ico City7 Me*icoEShan$hai7 ChinaE Tehran7 5ranE andShan$hai7 ChinaE Tehran7 5ranE and

Calcutta7 5ndiaCalcutta7 5ndia



>on$ 8istance Transport of Air>on$ 8istance Transport of AirPollutantsPollutants



5ndoor Air5ndoor AirPollutionPollution

o Pollutants can "ePollutants can "e,<D00F $reater,<D00F $reaterthan outdoorsthan outdoors

o Most common6Most common6• Radon7 ci$aretteRadon7 ci$arettesmoe7 car"onsmoe7 car"onmono*ide7mono*ide7nitro$en dio*ide7nitro$en dio*ide7

formaldehydeformaldehydepesticides7 lead7pesticides7 lead7cleanin$ solvents7cleanin$ solvents7o3one7 ando3one7 andas"estosas"estos



5ndoor Air Pollution < Radon5ndoor Air Pollution < Radon

lecture - chapter 20 - air pollution

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