Shrimp, Prawn, Crayfish Shrimp, Prawn, Crayfish AquacultureAquaculture

Thailand – 200,000 MTChina – 110,000 MTIndonesia – 100,000 MTEcuador – 85,000 MTIndia – 70,000 MT

World harvest of farmed/wild marine World harvest of farmed/wild marine shrimp in 2006 was 6.6 million MT!shrimp in 2006 was 6.6 million MT!

Shrimp Gee-WhizShrimp Gee-Whiz

• Shrimp, crabs, lobsters and crayfish all decapods Shrimp, crabs, lobsters and crayfish all decapods (they have 10 feet)(they have 10 feet)

• Hundreds of spp. found in brackish and marineHundreds of spp. found in brackish and marine

• All farm-raised shrimp and most of the shrimp All farm-raised shrimp and most of the shrimp caught by fishermen belong to the Penaeidae caught by fishermen belong to the Penaeidae family of decapod crustaceans and are referred to family of decapod crustaceans and are referred to as "penaeids". as "penaeids".

Gulf Shrimp IdentificationGulf Shrimp Identification• Brown Brown

– Groove on either side of spine on Groove on either side of spine on back of headback of head

– Similar groove on the last Similar groove on the last body segment before the body segment before the tail segment (A)tail segment (A)

• PinkPink– Groove on either side of spine on Groove on either side of spine on

back of headback of head– Similar groove on the last body Similar groove on the last body

segment before the tail segmentsegment before the tail segment– Dark or pinkish blotch on each side of Dark or pinkish blotch on each side of

body between carapace and tail (B)body between carapace and tail (B)• WhiteWhite

– No grooves on spine or last segment No grooves on spine or last segment before tail (C)before tail (C)

A

B

C

Penaeid Shrimp Life CyclePenaeid Shrimp Life Cycle

Shrimp have a maximum life span of about 24 months.Shrimp have a maximum life span of about 24 months.

Larval StagingLarval Staging

• Penaeid Shrimp pass through three Penaeid Shrimp pass through three larval stageslarval stages– NaupliiNauplii– ZoealZoeal– MysisMysis

• Postlarval (PL) follows larval stagesPostlarval (PL) follows larval stages– Look like shrimp by this stageLook like shrimp by this stage

Nauplii StageNauplii Stage

• Six sub-stagesSix sub-stages– May lose 25%May lose 25%– Nauplii sub-stages Nauplii sub-stages

take approximately 48 take approximately 48 hours hours • 36-51 hour range 36-51 hour range

depending on depending on temperaturetemperature

– Begin feeding at N6Begin feeding at N6

Zoeal StageZoeal Stage

• Zoea feed on Zoea feed on phytoplanktonphytoplankton

• Three zoeal Three zoeal substagessubstages– 120 hrs 120 hrs – 36-48 hrs per stage36-48 hrs per stage

Mysis StageMysis Stage

• Look like adult Look like adult shrimpshrimp

• Begin to swim Begin to swim backwardsbackwards

• Three sub-Three sub-stages stages – Each last 24 hrs Each last 24 hrs

Post LarvaePost Larvae

• Postlarvae (PL) Postlarvae (PL) – PL1: one day PLPL1: one day PL

• 0.0008 g/PL10.0008 g/PL1

– PL 20: 20 day PLPL 20: 20 day PL• 0.02 g/PL200.02 g/PL20

• Swimming seta present on pleopodsSwimming seta present on pleopods• Reared in tanks or racewaysReared in tanks or raceways• Stocked in ponds beginning around Stocked in ponds beginning around

PL15-PL20.PL15-PL20.

Larval FeedingLarval FeedingZoea Zoea

• Isochrysis Isochrysis – Brown algaeBrown algae– (3-5 (3-5 m)m)

• Chaetoceros Chaetoceros – DiatomDiatom– (4-6 (4-6 m)m)

• Tetraselmis Tetraselmis • Green algaeGreen algae• (10-15 (10-15 m)m)

Isochrysis

Chaetoceros

Tetraselmis

Larval FeedingLarval FeedingMysisMysis

• Feed large algae Feed large algae cells early oncells early on

• Switch to artemia Switch to artemia (brine shrimp) for (brine shrimp) for later stageslater stages

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

A r t e m i a / m l

L a t e Z 3 - M I M I - M I I

M I I - M I I I M I I I - P L

Larval FeedingLarval FeedingPostlarvaePostlarvae

• ArtemiaArtemia– 6/ml at PL4 6/ml at PL4

decreasing to 0 by decreasing to 0 by PL11PL11

• Formulated dietFormulated diet– 35% protein35% protein– 3% fat3% fat

• Feeding rateFeeding rate– 200% bwt/day200% bwt/day– 50% X 4 times per 50% X 4 times per

dayday

General Shrimp Farming ConceptsGeneral Shrimp Farming Concepts

• Marine shrimp are grown in earthen Marine shrimp are grown in earthen ponds located in coastal areas of ponds located in coastal areas of countries with tropical and countries with tropical and subtropical climates. subtropical climates.

• Ponds are filled with saltwater Ponds are filled with saltwater pumped from estuaries and oceans. pumped from estuaries and oceans. Small shrimp reproduced and raised Small shrimp reproduced and raised in captivity are stocked into the in captivity are stocked into the ponds and are ready for harvest in 90 ponds and are ready for harvest in 90 to 120 days.to 120 days.

Farm LocationFarm Location

• Locate ponds close to good quality Locate ponds close to good quality brackish waterbrackish water– 5-30 ppt5-30 ppt– Farms can be inland if suitable aquifers Farms can be inland if suitable aquifers

are availableare available• Soil should have high clay contentSoil should have high clay content

– 25%25%• Water table should not be within Water table should not be within

three feet of surfacethree feet of surface

Farm PermitsFarm Permits

• Construction permits from Corps Construction permits from Corps of Engineersof Engineers

• Aquaculture Permits from stateAquaculture Permits from state

• Local permits Local permits

Farming StrategiesFarming Strategies

• ExtensiveExtensive– Large pondsLarge ponds– Low stocking densitiesLow stocking densities– Little management or investmentLittle management or investment

• Semi-IntensiveSemi-Intensive– Falls in between the two extreme of intensive and Falls in between the two extreme of intensive and

extensiveextensive• IntensiveIntensive

– Smaller pondsSmaller ponds– AerationAeration– High stocking densitiesHigh stocking densities– FeedingFeeding

Pond ConstructionPond Construction

• Ponds range in size from 1-10 acresPonds range in size from 1-10 acres• 4-7 feet deep4-7 feet deep• Gentle bottom slopeGentle bottom slope• Well maintained leveeWell maintained levee

Gulf and Inland Shrimp SpeciesGulf and Inland Shrimp Species

• FoodFood– Western white shrimpWestern white shrimp

• Penaeus vannameiPenaeus vannamei

– Northern white shrimpNorthern white shrimp• Litopenaeus setiferusLitopenaeus setiferus

– Freshwater shrimpFreshwater shrimp• Macrobrachium spp.Macrobrachium spp.

• BaitBait– Brown shrimpBrown shrimp

• Farfantepenaeus aztecusFarfantepenaeus aztecus

StockingStocking

• Stock with post larval Stock with post larval shrimp (PL)shrimp (PL)– ½ inch in length½ inch in length

– Stock 40,000-80,000 Stock 40,000-80,000 PLs per acrePLs per acre

– Havest 3,000lbs/acreaHavest 3,000lbs/acrea

ManagementManagement

• Fertilize ponds prior to stockingFertilize ponds prior to stocking

• Feed good quality shrimp feedFeed good quality shrimp feed– 35% protein35% protein

– 3-5% bwt per day3-5% bwt per day

• Provide aeration when necessaryProvide aeration when necessary

HarvestHarvest

• Harvest in OctoberHarvest in October

• 22-36 count22-36 count

• Drain and seine Drain and seine pondsponds

• Direct market or sell Direct market or sell to processorto processor

Common ProblemsCommon Problems

• Shortage of PLsShortage of PLs

• Shrimp virusesShrimp viruses

Commonly Cultured Marine Commonly Cultured Marine ShrimpShrimp

• Penaeus merguiensisPenaeus merguiensis – Banana prawn – Banana prawn• Penaeus indicusPenaeus indicus – Indian prawn – Indian prawn• Penaeus japonicusPenaeus japonicus - Kuruma prawn - Kuruma prawn• Penaeus duorarumPenaeus duorarum – Atlantic pink shrimp – Atlantic pink shrimp• Penaeus aztecusPenaeus aztecus – Atlantic brown shrimp – Atlantic brown shrimp• Penaeus setiferousPenaeus setiferous – Atlantic white shrimp – Atlantic white shrimp• Litopenaeus vannameiLitopenaeus vannamei – Pacific white shrimp – Pacific white shrimp• Penaeus monodonPenaeus monodon – Black tiger prawn – Black tiger prawn

Shrimp SpeciesShrimp Species

• Giant Tiger Prawn (Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodonPenaeus monodon))– Named for its huge size and banded tail, Named for its huge size and banded tail, P. monodonP. monodon

still accounts for most of the farmed shrimp coming out still accounts for most of the farmed shrimp coming out of Asia, but it's likely to lose that position to of Asia, but it's likely to lose that position to P. P. vannameivannamei over the next couple of years. over the next couple of years.

– Native to the Indian Ocean and the southwestern Native to the Indian Ocean and the southwestern Pacific Ocean from Japan to Australia, "tigers" are the Pacific Ocean from Japan to Australia, "tigers" are the largest (maximum length 363 mm) and fastest growing largest (maximum length 363 mm) and fastest growing of the farmed shrimp. of the farmed shrimp.

– They tolerate a wide range of salinities, but shortages They tolerate a wide range of salinities, but shortages of wild broodstock often exist, captive breeding is of wild broodstock often exist, captive breeding is difficult and hatchery survivals are low (20 to 30%). difficult and hatchery survivals are low (20 to 30%). Tigers are very susceptible to two of the most lethal Tigers are very susceptible to two of the most lethal shrimp viruses: yellowhead and whitespot.shrimp viruses: yellowhead and whitespot.

– Reddish-orange on the sides and pearly-white on the Reddish-orange on the sides and pearly-white on the top and bottom top and bottom

Penaeus monodonPenaeus monodonBlack Tiger PrawnBlack Tiger Prawn

Shrimp SpeciesShrimp Species

• Western White Shrimp (Western White Shrimp (Penaeus vannameiPenaeus vannamei))– Native to the Pacific coast of Central and South America, Native to the Pacific coast of Central and South America, – Leading farm-raised species in the Western Hemisphere, Leading farm-raised species in the Western Hemisphere,

representing more than 95% of production. representing more than 95% of production. – Because vannamei feeds on organisms which grow naturally Because vannamei feeds on organisms which grow naturally

in the pond, it is cheaper to feed than monodon.in the pond, it is cheaper to feed than monodon.– White shrimp can be stocked at small sizes, have a uniform White shrimp can be stocked at small sizes, have a uniform

growth rate and reach a maximum length of 230 millimeters. growth rate and reach a maximum length of 230 millimeters. – They breed in captivity better than monodonThey breed in captivity better than monodon– Hatchery survivals are high, from 50 to 60%. Throughout Latin Hatchery survivals are high, from 50 to 60%. Throughout Latin

America, hatcheries maintain captive stocks of vannamei America, hatcheries maintain captive stocks of vannamei broodstock. broodstock.

– Look for it to become the dominant species in Asia over the Look for it to become the dominant species in Asia over the next couple of years.next couple of years.

Litopenaeus vannameiLitopenaeus vannameiPacific White ShrimpPacific White Shrimp

Shrimp SpeciesShrimp Species• Chinese White Shrimp Chinese White Shrimp (Penaeus chinensis(Penaeus chinensis))

– Native to the coast of China and the west coast of the Native to the coast of China and the west coast of the Korean peninsula.Korean peninsula.

– Chinese white shrimp grow better in lower water Chinese white shrimp grow better in lower water temperatures (down to 16 degrees Celsius) than temperatures (down to 16 degrees Celsius) than vannameivannamei and and monodonmonodon

– Tolerate muddy bottoms and very low salinities—and, Tolerate muddy bottoms and very low salinities—and, unlike the above species, Chinese white shrimp readily unlike the above species, Chinese white shrimp readily mature and spawn in ponds. mature and spawn in ponds.

– On the negative side, they have a high protein requirement On the negative side, they have a high protein requirement (40 to 60%), a small size (maximum length of 183 (40 to 60%), a small size (maximum length of 183 millimeters), and a lower meat yield (56%) than millimeters), and a lower meat yield (56%) than monodonmonodon (61%) and (61%) and vannamei vannamei (63%). (63%).

– Also, Also, chinensischinensis appears to be more susceptible to viruses appears to be more susceptible to viruses than than vannamei.vannamei.

Shrimp SpeciesShrimp Species• Freshwater Prawns (Freshwater Prawns (Macrobrachium sppMacrobrachium spp.).)

– World production of farmed prawns has risen to around World production of farmed prawns has risen to around 200,000 metric tons, worth about a billion dollars, most of it 200,000 metric tons, worth about a billion dollars, most of it from Bangladesh and China. from Bangladesh and China.

– The genus Macrobrachium, which includes about 200 species, The genus Macrobrachium, which includes about 200 species, almost all of which live in freshwater for at least part of their almost all of which live in freshwater for at least part of their life cycle, native to all continents except Europe. life cycle, native to all continents except Europe.

– The favored species for farming has always been M. The favored species for farming has always been M. rosenbergii, sometimes called the "giant river prawn" or the rosenbergii, sometimes called the "giant river prawn" or the "Malaysian prawn"Malaysian prawn

– In the United States, there are more than 500 small freshwater In the United States, there are more than 500 small freshwater prawn farms (M. rosenbergii). prawn farms (M. rosenbergii).

– Resemble giant tiger shrimp, but they're bigger, chunkier, Resemble giant tiger shrimp, but they're bigger, chunkier, lighter in color, and their shells are always on. lighter in color, and their shells are always on.

– If the bottom part of the shell on the second tail segment If the bottom part of the shell on the second tail segment overlaps the shell on the first and third segments, it's a overlaps the shell on the first and third segments, it's a freshwater prawn.freshwater prawn.

Shrimp...Shrimp...• Brown shrimp (Brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecusFarfantepenaeus aztecus) )

– Found in Atlantic and Gulf of MexicoFound in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico– Most abundant of the three Gulf ShrimpMost abundant of the three Gulf Shrimp– Closely related to the pink shrimpClosely related to the pink shrimp– The brown shrimp is found in murkier and The brown shrimp is found in murkier and

often deeper water. often deeper water. – Spawn offshore from November to April.Spawn offshore from November to April.– Young adults move out of protected marsh Young adults move out of protected marsh

areas from May to July.areas from May to July.• Excellent bait species Excellent bait species candidate!candidate!

More SpeciesMore Species

• White (Atlantic) shrimp White (Atlantic) shrimp ((Litopenaeus setiferusLitopenaeus setiferus))– Found in Atlantic and Gulf of MexicoFound in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico– Second most harvested species in the three Gulf ShrimpSecond most harvested species in the three Gulf Shrimp– The white shrimp is generally found in waters that are The white shrimp is generally found in waters that are

muddier, shallower, and less salty than waters where muddier, shallower, and less salty than waters where pink shrimp and brown shrimp livepink shrimp and brown shrimp live

– Spawn offshore from March to OctoberSpawn offshore from March to October– Juvenile whites tolerate low salinity better than brownsJuvenile whites tolerate low salinity better than browns– Young adults migrate offshore from July to NovemberYoung adults migrate offshore from July to November

Shrimp SpeciesShrimp Species

• Pink shrimp Pink shrimp ((Farfantepenaeus duorarumFarfantepenaeus duorarum))– Found in Atlantic and Gulf of MexicoFound in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico– Least abundant of the three Gulf ShrimpLeast abundant of the three Gulf Shrimp– This species generally lives in clear This species generally lives in clear

waters.waters.– Spawn offshore from May through Spawn offshore from May through

NovemberNovember– Migrate out of marshes from April to Migrate out of marshes from April to

SeptemberSeptember

Broodstock PerformanceBroodstock Performance

• 40 g females, 35 g males   40 g females, 35 g males   • Daily spawning rate (natural mating), Daily spawning rate (natural mating), • As a % of the total female population: 5-8%/day As a % of the total female population: 5-8%/day • Egg Production: Egg Production: 200-250,000 per female per 200-250,000 per female per

spawnspawn. . • Nauplii production: 100-150,000 per female per Nauplii production: 100-150,000 per female per

spawn. spawn. • Useful productive life of the broodstock: 3-6 Useful productive life of the broodstock: 3-6

months months • Total spawns per female during her useful life: Total spawns per female during her useful life:

10-1510-15

Specific Pathogen Free Specific Pathogen Free

• White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) • Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) • Yellow Head Virus (YHV) Yellow Head Virus (YHV) • IHHN Virus (IHHNV) IHHN Virus (IHHNV) • MBV MBV • BP/MBV BP/MBV • HPV HPV • NHP NHP • Gregarines Gregarines • Microsporidians Microsporidians • HaplosporidiansHaplosporidians

Pond DesignPond Design

• 1 to 25 A in size1 to 25 A in size• Silt soilSilt soil• Good water sourceGood water source

– Saline wellSaline well– Pumped from Pumped from

oceanocean– Hauled from oceanHauled from ocean

• Rectangular in shapeRectangular in shape

Pond PreparationPond Preparation

Levels of Pond CultureLevels of Pond Culture

ExtensiveExtensive Semi-Semi-intensiveintensive

IntensiveIntensive Super-Super-intensiveintensive

DensityDensity 0.2 – 5 /m0.2 – 5 /m22 5 – 20 /m5 – 20 /m22 15 – 50 /m15 – 50 /m22 50 – 200 /m50 – 200 /m22

NutritionNutrition Nat. Prod.Nat. Prod. Supp. + Nat. Supp. + Nat. Prod.Prod.

FeedFeed FeedFeed

AerationAeration NoneNone SometimesSometimes ContinuousContinuous ContinuousContinuous

Water Water Exchange Exchange Rate/dayRate/day

TidalTidal 1-20% Evap. 1-20% Evap. Loss Loss

5-30%5-30% 50-200%50-200%

Water Quality for Growout PondsWater Quality for Growout Ponds

• Temperature: Temperature: >> 68F 68F

• Salinity: 0.5 - 35 pptSalinity: 0.5 - 35 ppt

• Dissolved Oxygen: Dissolved Oxygen: >> 5 ppm 5 ppm

• pH: 7.0 – 8.3pH: 7.0 – 8.3

• Unionized Ammonia: Unionized Ammonia: << 0.01 ppm 0.01 ppm

• Nitrite: Nitrite: << 1.0 ppm 1.0 ppm

• Nitrate: Nitrate: << 60 ppm 60 ppm

Aeration!!!Aeration!!!

Potential Pond ProductionPotential Pond Production

• 1500-3000 lbs/A1500-3000 lbs/A– Low salinity 0 – 2000 lbs/A (Mean 650 Low salinity 0 – 2000 lbs/A (Mean 650

lbs/A)lbs/A)

• Mean individual weights should Mean individual weights should range between 15-30grange between 15-30g

• 80 + % survival80 + % survival

• Feed conversion 2:1Feed conversion 2:1

Biosecure Zero Exchange Biosecure Zero Exchange SystemSystem

BioZEST System in ArizonaBioZEST System in Arizona

Acclimation to Low SalinityAcclimation to Low Salinity

Salinity Salinity Change (PPT)Change (PPT)

Time Time

(hrs)(hrs)

Change Per Change Per Hour (PPT)Hour (PPT)

32 to 1632 to 16 88 22

16 to 816 to 8 88 11

8 to 48 to 4 88 0.50.5

4 to 24 to 2 88 0.250.25

2 to 12 to 1 88 0.1250.125

1 to 0.51 to 0.5 88 0.0630.063

Marketing ShrimpMarketing Shrimp

• Price ranges from $1-4/lb heads on or Price ranges from $1-4/lb heads on or $4-10/lb tails (Size dependant)$4-10/lb tails (Size dependant)

• Sell to wholesalerSell to wholesaler

• Process Process

– Remove head Remove head

– HACCP certification requiredHACCP certification required– Market IQF or block frozen productMarket IQF or block frozen product

Culture of Marine ShrimpCulture of Marine Shrimp

By

Leonard LovshinDepartment of Fisheries and

Allied AquacultureAuburn University, AL 36849

USA

Major Culture Species

Pacific white shrimpPeneaus vannamei

Pacific tiger shrimpPeneaus monodon

Native Range

P. vannameiP. monodon

Pacific white shrimp biology

Food habits – benthic organizms, detritus

Preferred water temperatures – 25 to 30o C

Preferred salinity – 15 to 25 ppt

Sexual maturity - 1 year

Life Cycle

Adults spawn at sea, the eggs and larvae drift to inshore estuaries where the juveniles grow. Adults move back to sea to spawn.

Marine shrimp have been harvested from coastal waters, processed and shipped as frozen product for many years. Shrimp farmers took advantage of the infrastructure to market cultured shrimp.

Shrimp postlarvae can be captured from the wild

Push nets

Shrimp postlarvae can be produced in hatcheries Nauplii stage

Zoea stage

Mysisstage

Mature adults for spawning in hatcheries are captured from the ocean or raised in captivity.

Ocean

captivity broodstock

Wild and hatchery produced postlarvae are stocked into earthen ponds for grow-out

Ponds should be built on salt flats, which are covered during high tide twice a month.

Mangrove forest should be preserved. Mangroves are flooded daily by the high tides

Ponds are 5 to 10 ha in area, water depth averages 1 m and bottoms are flat and slope to a drain to aid shrimp harvest.

Ponds are filled with saltwater pumped from estuaries into canals that distribute water to every pond.

diesel pumps

Drain structures are “monks” or sluice gates which control water level, top or bottom water release and keep shrimp from escaping the pond.

Shrimp can be cultured:

1.Extensively

2.Semi-intensively

3.Intensively

Postlarvae enter the pond with the tide or are stocked at < 4/m3. Sometimes the pond entrance is screened to limit entrance of predators. Water is not fertilized and shrimp are not fed.

Extensive culture

Semi-intensive culture

Postlarvae are stocked into ponds at 15 to 25/m3 and are fed daily. Some water exchange is practiced to maintain water quality.

Shrimp are fed sinking pellets which are distributed over the pond surface. Feeding trays are sometimes used to help determine shrimp appetite.

Intensive Culture

Shrimp are stocked at 35 -250/m2 in tanks and small ponds with heavy aeration and water exchange.

Ponds are fed daily

Shrimp are sampled weekly to check growth rate

Intensive Culture

Expansion of pond area leads to poor water quality and high shrimp mortality

Water intake pipes and effluent release in Taiwan

Diseases have reduced the shrimp harvest in many countries.

Black-spot disease

Taura virus

Shrimp are benthic animals and live on the pond bottom. Pond bottoms should be dried to oxidize organic matter in pond mud before stocking shrimp. Reducing organic material improves water quality.

Shrimp are harvested as they pass through the sluice gate during pond draining.

Yields are:1. Extensive – 500 kg/ha/crop

2. Semi-intensive – 1,000 to 1,500 kg/ha/crop

3. Intensive – 10,000 to 20,000 kg/ha/crop

Shrimp are transported to processors that freeze the whole or deheaded shrimp in blocks of water by size.

Most cultured shrimp is exported to the U. S., Europe and Japan.

capture74%

aquaculture26%

3,081 mmt1,087 mmt

The harvest of marine shrimp by wild capture and aquaculture in 2000

World harvest of farmed marine shrimp in 2000 was 1,087,111 MT

Ecuador81000 MT

India73,000 MT

China114,000 MT

Thailand204,000 MT

Indonesia98,000 MT

The East produced 90% of the world farmed marine shrimp while the West produced 10 %.

Harvest of marine shrimp in the U. S. in 1999 was 2,098 MT, less than 0.2 % of world harvest.

Excellent markets and ease of culture has made shrimp one of the fastest growing aquaculture industries during the

past 20 years.

Excellent markets and ease of culture has made shrimp one of the fastest growing aquaculture industries during the

past 20 years. THE END