lecture 7: hydrograph and base flow...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 7: Hydrograph and Base flow separation
By: Prof. Ahmed Ali A. Hassan
Dr. Peter Hany S. Riad
Ain Shams University Irrigation and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering Environmental Hydrology
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Syllabus Introduction and review
Hydrology and Environment
Precipitation
Statistical analysis of rainfall data
Statistical analysis of rainfall data
Watershed characteristics, morphology, and time
of concentration equations.
Hydrograph component and base flow separation
Runoff Estimation (SCS method and indexes)
Unit Hydrograph and Synthetic UH (Snyder UH,
Dimensionless UH)
Changing UH duration
Hydrologic Routing
Storm Water Drainage Network and Protection
Works
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Precipitation
Groundwater flow
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Catchment
Catchment Area
One Catchment
The Other
Watershed divides the flow of water along different slopes.
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Picture Shows Two Catchments
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Hydrograph •What can we get from hydrograph
•a) the peak runoff flows(Qp) •b) To estimate runoff volume.
Qp
Time
Volume of runoff
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The influence of catchment characteristics on hydrographs
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Exercise: catchment characteristics - hydrographs
Steeper catchment
Less rough catchment
Lesser storage capacity
More connections between impervious areas
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The influence of partial rain coverage
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The influence of storm direction on hydrograph
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Lag time
Time of concentration
Duration of excess precip.
Base flow
Duration Lag Time Time of Concentration Rising Limb Recession Limb (falling limb) Peak Flow Time to Peak (rise time) Recession Curve Separation Base flow
Hydrograph Components
Time Base
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– Time to Peak, Tp: Time from the beginning of the rising limb to the occurrence of the peak discharge.
• The time to peak is largely determined by drainage characteristics such as drainage density, slope, channel roughness, and soil infiltration characteristics. Rainfall distribution in space also affects the time to peak.
– Time of Concentration, Tc: Time required for water to travel from the most hydraulically remote point in the basin to the basin outlet.
• The drainage characteristics of length and slope, together with the hydraulic characteristics of the flow paths, determine the time of concentration.
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– Lag Time, Tl: Time between the center of mass of the effective rainfall hyetograph and the center of mass of the direct runoff hydrograph. • The basin lag is an important concept in linear
modeling of basin response. The lag time is a parameter that appears often in theoretical and conceptual models of basin behavior. However, it is sometimes difficult to measure in real world situations. Many empirical equations have been proposed in the literature. The simplest of these equations computes the basin lag as a power function of the basin area.
– Time Base, Tb: Duration of the direct runoff hydrograph.
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Description of hydrograph shape
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Runoff hydrograph
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Description of hydrograph
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Time of Concentration Contd. •It is the time taken for the most remote area of the catchment to contribute water to the outlet.
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Time of Concentration Contd.
•Tc can be related to catchment area, slope etc. using the Kirpich equation: • Tc = 0.015 L 0.77 S – 0.385 •Tc is the time of concentration (min); • L is the maximum length of flow (m); •S is the watershed gradient (m/m).
•Also, Tc = 1.67 TL
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Time of Concentration Contd.
L
Et
Eo
S = (Et - Eo)/L where Et is the elevation at top of the watershed and Eo is the elevation at the outlet. Tc can also be obtained from Table 3.1 of Hudson's Field Engineering.
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Time of Concentration Contd. •From next figure, the highest runoff of a catchment (worst case) is obtained when rainfall duration (D) is equal to Tc.
•T will give lower intensity of rainfall so lower runoff while T' will give higher intensity but not all parts of the watershed are contributing to runoff since Tc has not been reached.
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Rainfall Intensity Duration Curve
Rainfall Duration (D)
2 5 10 Return periods
T’ Tc T
Rainfall Intensity
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Runoff Prediction Methods The Rational Formula:
• It states that: •Qp = (CIA)/360 •where Qp is the peak flow(m3 /s); • C is dimensionless runoff coefficient; I is the intensity (mm/hr) of a storm of rainfall depth (mm) for a given return period Tc (hr). This is the worst case of runoff. •A is the area of catchment(ha). •Note: ha = 104 m2
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Runoff Coefficient, C
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STEP 1 Hydrograph separation: base flow recession
Linear Reservoir S = k* Q
All groundwater in storage at a certain time t is equal to all discharge between time t and infinite.
That is also equal to the groundwater volume in the graph.
∫∞
=t
tt dtQS
The amount of water in storage is: Reversed proof kt
0eQQ tt−⋅=
∫∞
=t
-0t dteQS k
t
[ ]∞−−⋅= t0tkt
keQS
( )[ ]kt
ke0QS 0t−−−⋅=
t0t QkeQkS kt
⋅=⋅= −
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Hydrograph separation: base flow recession
Linear Reservoir
kt
eQQ 1-tt
∆−⋅=
tQlnlnQ k1
1-tt ∆⋅−=
STEP 2:
Determine direct flow
Qdir
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So…. The hydrograph gives information of hydrological processes in catchment
But how do we separate a hydrograph?
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Hydrograph separation
Engineering approach continued
a = constant slope method = straight line method (sometimes horizontal line)
b = fixed base method = concave method c = variable slope method
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Method 1: constant slope (straight line) method
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Method 2: Fixed base (concave method)
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Method 3: Variable slope
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Thank you for the Attention