lecture 6: sedimentology: a refresher on basinal shales...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 6:
Sedimentology: a refresher on basinal shales,
turbidites and deep-sea sediments
.
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Models of Basin Fill
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A digression – why deep-water interests?
Exploration areas in 2000, with deep-water in black
Stow and Mayall, 2000
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Stow et al., in Reading’s text 1996
Controls on Deep-Water Sedimentation
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TODAY: examine three aspects…….
• Turbidity currents and deep-water sediment dispersal• Submarine fans and sedimentary sequences• Black Shales and fine-grained sedimentation
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loftingplume
ramb1<rflow<ramb2
descendingplume
rflow>ramb1
overflow
rflow<ramb
1
underflow
rflow>ramb2
interflow
ramb1<rflow<ramb2
ramb1
ramb2
Hyperpycnal
Hypopycnal
Mesopycnal or
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Initiation of turbidity currents
•Slope failure (surge)•Waves/shelf reworking (surging)•Breaching (surging/sustained)•Sustained underflows (fluvial source; sustained)
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Kneller & Buckee, 2000
Experimental Density Current
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The idealised turbidity current: inception to deposition
...................the Bouma Sequence
Normally graded, very coarse to medium sand (and gravel)without tractional structures, erosive base with sole marks
… representing rapid deposition & turbulence suppression
Medium to fine sand with plane-parallel lamination… representing deposition on upper flow regime plane bed
Very fine sand to coarse silt with ripple cross-lamination, climbing ripples, wavy lamination and/or convolutions
… representing deposition in lower flow regime
Alternation of even silt and mud laminae… representing shear sorting during deposition of fines
Homogenous to finely laminated mud … representing deposition from low-density tail of turbidity current followed by settling from (hemi)pelagic suspension
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Proximity to source area
TabcdeTa Tab Tabc
top-missing
downflow sortingthrough deposition
and bypassing
Proximal Distal
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velocityaccumulative
depletive
NON-UNIFORM
time
waxingwaning
UNSTEADY STEADY
Temporal changes in velocity Spatial changes in velocity
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from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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Stow et al., in Reading’s text 1996
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Dispersal of sediment to deepwater
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from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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Mud-rich Fan
from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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Sand-rich Fan
from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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Mixed Sand-Mud rich Fan
from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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Chapin et al., 1994
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The principal architectural elements in deep-water sedimentary systems
Stow and Mayall, 2000
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The principal architectural elements in deep-water sedimentary systems
Stow and Mayall,
2000
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The principal architectural elements in deep-water sedimentary systems
Stow and Mayall, 2000
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from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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Scales of Hierarchy
from Christopher Kendall’s USC website
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Droz et al., 2000
An example: the Zaire Fan
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Droz et al., 2000
An example: the Zaire Fan
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Stow and Mayall, 2000Erosion on fans
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Pyles, 2008
Western Eire- types of facies
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Western Eire – Ross Fm model??
Chapin et al., 1994
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Western Eire –Ross Fm model??
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Pyles, 2008
Western Eire – deep water architecture
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Preservation of Organic Matter in Deep Marine Environments
Stow and Mayall, 2000
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Wignall, 1994
Depositional processes and products of fine-grained sediments
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Wignall, 1994
Oxygen levels in sedimentary environments
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Western Eire – black shale
PaleoenvironmentPaleoecologyGeochemistry
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References
See GEOL440 Sedimentology lectures (see website)Chapters by Walker and Postamentier in Facies Models Revisited
Chapin, M.A., Davies, P., Gibson, J.L. & Pettingill, H.S. 1994, Reservoir architecture of turbidite
sheet sandstones in laterally extensive outcrops, Ross Formation, western Ireland. In Weimer, P.,
Bouma, A.H. & Perkins, R.F (eds), Submarine fans and turbidite systems, GCSSEPM Foundation
15th Annual Research Conference, 53-68.
Collinson, J.D., Martinsen, O. Bakken, B. and Kloster, A. 1991, Early fill of the western Irish
Namurian Basin: a complex relationship between turbidites and deltas. Basin Research, 3, 223-
242.
Lien, T., Walker, R. & Martinsen, O., 2003. Turbidites in the Upper Carboniferous Ross Formation,
western Ireland: reconstruction of a channel and spillover system. Sedimentology 50: 113-148.
Stow, D.A.V., and Mayall, M. 2000 Deep-water sedimentary systems: New models for the 21st
century, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17, 125-135.
Stow, D.A.V., Hue. A.-Y. and Betrand, P. 2001 Depositional processes of black shales in deep
water, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 18, 491-498.
Strachan, L.J. 2002 Slump-initiated and controlled syndepositional sandstone remobilization: an
example from the Namurian of County Clare, Ireland. Sedimentology, 49, 25–42.
.
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Next week
Carboniferous seafloor communities,
paleoecology and trace fossils