Lecture 6

RFID Systems, Standards & Applications

What are RFID systems and components?

Important RFID Standards – ISO, EPC, JAISA

Various RFID Applications

RFID vs NFC (Near Field Communication)

Why RFID becomes ubiquitous?

But sometimes very low range

Depends onthe material

Only valid for low frequency tags

Not all tags have this functionality

Mainly valid forhigh frequency tags

RFID System (1)

RFID TAG DataProduct #: ASB33440988Arr. Date: 01-01-2010Exp. Date: 31-12-2010

HostComputer

Radio Waves

RFIDAntenna

RFIDTags

RFIDReader

Connection betw. Host & Reader Wired connection (RS232, USB, etc.) Wired LAN (Ethernet, etc.) Wireless LAN (WiFi, BT, etc.)

Secure Access

Multiple users

Real time data

Control and Tracking

Application Servers

Database, Web Server, etc.Properly distributed RFID

Readers covering large areas

Tags on vehicles, assets,

products, pallets, boxes…

RFID System (2)

RFID System (3)

Sun Java System RFID Software 3.0

RFID Standardization-ISO (1)

Automatic Identification in ISO

TC122/Ad Hoc GroupPackaging

TC104/SC4/WG2Container

JTC1/SC17Personal ID

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4Automatic Identification and

Data Capture Technique

TC23/SC19/WG3Animals TC204

Transportation

TC68/SC6Financial Transaction

JWGSupply Chain App

Identification of Things

ISO: International Standard Organization

TC: Technical Committee

JTC: Joint Technical Committee

SC: Sub-Committee

WG: Woking Group

RFID Standardization-ISO (2)

SG1ISO/IEC 15961ISO/IEC 15962

SG2 IOS/IEC 15963

SG1

Data Protocol: Application Interface Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions

Unique Identification for RF Tag

ISO/IEC 18000-2

ISO/IEC 18000-1

ISO/IEC 18000-3

ISO/IEC 18000-4

ISO/IEC 18000-6

ARP

ISO/IEC 18000-7

ISO/IEC TR 18000ISO/IEC 24729-1ISO/IEC 24729-2ISO/IEC 24729-3

Application Requirements ProfilesImplementation Guidlines – Part1: RFID-Enabled LabelsImplementation Guidlines – Part2: Recyclability of RF TagsImplementation Guidlines – Part3: RFID Reader/Antenna Installation

Part1: Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters

Part6: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 -960 MHz

Part4: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45GHz

Part3: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 13.56MHz

Part2: Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz

Part7: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4 ARP: Application Requirement ProfileSG: Sub-Group

ISO/IEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management Part 2 – 125 ~ 150 kHz Part 3 – 13.56 MHz Part 4 – 2.45 GHz Part 5 – 5.8 GHz Part 6 – 860 ~ 960 MHz Part 7 – 433.92 MHz (active)

Data Standards

ISO/IEC 15418 - Application Identifiers & Data Identifiers ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification ISO/IEC 15961 - Data Protocol: Application Interface ISO/IEC 15962 - Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and

Logical Memory Functions ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags

Sample ISO Application Standards (1)

Sample ISO Application Standards (2)

Interrogator(Reader /Encoder)

An

ten

na

RF Tag

Air InterfaceCommands

AirInterfaceResponses

ApplicationSoftware

ISO/IEC 18000

APPLICATIONCOMMANDS

APPLICATIONRESPONSES

ISO/IEC15961

Data ProtocolProcessor

Encoder

Decoder

Command /Response

UnitLogical

Memory

TagDriver(s)

ISO/IEC15962

ISO/IEC 15962

Sample ISO Application Standards (3)

ISO 10374 - Freight containers — Automatic identification

ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - RF communication protocol for electronic seal

ISO 11784 - RF Identification of Animals - Code Structure

ISO 11785 - RF Identification of Animals - Technical Concept

ISO 14223-1 - RF Identification of Animals - Advanced Transponders - Part 1: Air Interface

ISO 21007-1 - Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using RF Identification Technology - Part 1: Reference Architecture and Terminology

ISO 21007-2 - Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using RF Identification Technology - Part 2: Numbering Schemes for Radio Frequency

ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers

AIAG B-11 - Tire & Wheel Identification Standard

ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID

ISO 17363 - Freight containers

ISO 17364 - Returnable transport items

ISO 17365 - Transport units

ISO 17366 - Product packaging

ISO 17367 - Product tagging RFID – Wikipedia

RFID Standardization-EPCgobal EPCglobal (EPC: Electronic Product Code)

Developed by Auto-ID center, an academic research project

headquartered at MIT with other universities/companies

Spec/Standard Project Title Remarks

EPC

Specifications

900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag

Specification

RF and tag requirements for

each band

13.56 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF

Identification Tag Interface Specification

860 MHz – 930 MHz Class 1 RF

Identification Tag Radio Frequency &

Logical Communication Interface

Specification

Ratified EPC

Standards

EPC Tag Data Standard Version 1.1 rev 1.26 Tag data encoding schemes

Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface

Protocol Standard version 1.0.9

Physical/logical requirements

for passive RFID systems

EPC (Electronic Product Code)

GTIN

1 23 3 4 65 7 1 2 3 54

Company PrefixTrade Item

Reference

EPC Manager Number Trade Item

Reference

0000000123456

Serial Number

GTIN

1 2 3 4 65 7 1 2 3 54 6

EPC 8

96 Bits

• 2^96 = 79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336• 96 bits can uniquely label all products for the next 1,000 years

Every product has unique identifier

Global Trade Item Number

Header Filter

Value

Partition

ValueCompany Prefix

Document

Type Serial Number

8 bits 3 bits 3 bits 27 bits 14 bits 41 bits

0010 1100

[Static,

Binary value]

High-level

filter option

Determines

Company

Prefix

length

Equates to eight digits

to uniquely identify an

organization such as

DHS/CBP, DoS,

WA State, etc.

Equates to four

digits, allowing

up to 10,000

document types

Allows for over 2

trillion unique

values

EPCglobal/GS1 allocated and managed.

An organization could define and filter up

to 10,000 document types. Examples:

the number 1 = auto, 2 = motorcycle, etc.

Defined by Card/Tag Issuer

Used for unique serial number

Example: 00101101011011101

Defined by Card/Tag Issuer

DHS has requested ‘001’ be reserved

to represent ‘travel document’

EPC Numbers

More at EPCglobal website

ISO and EPCglobal Standards

ISO Requirement EPC UHF Gen2 v1.0.9

Standard to cover the widest possible set of

applications for a common protocolRestricted to “EPC-only” data structures

Top-down architecture Bottom-up architecture

Standard to embrace global applications Restricted to EPC applications

Active tags with ISO/IEC 18000-7 No accommodation for active tags

Extensible commands, e.g., sensors, write No extensibilities beyond Class 1

AFIs for multi-application use No AFIs

Consistent and common use of Tag ID,

Item ID, Object ID, Chip ID, etc.

Usages are not mainstream and are

confusing

Auto-ID Association in Japan

Organization of JAISA

JAISA (社)日本自動認識システム協会

RFID System and Standardizations

Antenna ReaderRFID TagMemory Code

Host Application

Identification code

object identification code - WG2, EPCglobal

tag identification code - ISO/IEC 15963

WG4/SG2

AIR interfaceAIR interface

ISO/IEC

18000-1 ~ 7 WG4/SG3

UHF GEN2 EPCglobal

Tag driversData protocol

processor

READER/HOST INTERFACE

Data protocol ISO/IEC

15961, 15962

Management protocol

Auto-ID Reader Protocol

EPCgobal

Data collection

Event handling

Event handling ALE EPCglobal

Application condition

ISO/IEC

TR18001,24729 WG4/ARP

Object information

search

ONS, EPCIS EPCglobal

WG4/SG1

RFID Tag Range, Speed and Applications

Frequency Range Data Speed Applications

120 – 150 kHz

18000-2

(passive)

< 1m

(~10cm)

Low Smart Card, Ticketing, animal tagging,

access, Laundry, and factory data collection

13.56 MHz

18000-3

(passive)

< 1m Low to moderate I.C. Cards (Smart Cards), small item

management, apssport, supply chain,

anti-theft, library, transportation

433 MHz

18000-7

(active)

1 – 100 m Moderate Container Security and Tracking, asset

tracking for U.S. DoD (Pallets) – Active

860 – 960 MHz

18000-6

EPC(18000-6C)

(passive)

2 – 7 m Moderate to high Transportation vehicle ID, Access/Security,

large item management, supply chain

2450 MHz

18000-4 Mode 1

(passive)

1 – 2 m High Transportation vehicle ID (road toll),

access/security, large item management,

supply chain

Early Applications of 125/135kHz RFID

Late eighties: RFID-Projects gave initial boost

Pigeons logging

Logistics

Gas bottles, Garbage cans, Container

Industry

Tool identification

Entertainment

Casino Roulette Chips

Access systems

Door locks, Working time recording

Popular Applications of 13.56 MHz RFID

Late nineties: Encryption and faster

Payment systems

Cafeteria, restaurants

Access systems / Events

Turnstile, Door locks

Stadium, Theme parks

Convention center

Public transportation

Bus, underground, ferries

in deliveryin production in distribution in storage

in disposal / recycling in use in retailin maintenance

in document managementin worker safety in access control in handling and storage

Potential RFID Applications

A set videos of ARFI applications

Sample Applications Deployed military cargo tracking

Library Books

Passports w/ embedded RFID

Drug distribution (expiration, tracking)

Drug dispensing (right patient, drug, and dosage)

Medical Record Tracking

Operating Room Equipment Configuration Validation

Border Crossing Inventory (People, Cargo)

Predictive Monitoring of maintainable parts

Track Prisoners

Track Weapons, Evidence

Environmental monitoring

Tolling

RFID-based Library Video

Contactless Smart Cards Standards

ISO 7618 - A set of international standards covering the basic characteristics of contactless smart cards, such as physical and electrical characteristics, communication protocols and others.

Proximity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) Range = 4 inches (10 centimeter)

Baud rate = 106 kilobaud

ISO/IEC 14443

Vicinity Smart Cards (13.56 MHz) Range = 3 feet (1 meter)

Baud rate = 26.48 kilobaud

ISO/IEC 15693

Animal Identification Standards

Pets such as dogs and cats

Livestock such as cattle, pigs, etc.

International standard 134.2 kHz ISO 11784: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” –

code structure

ISO 11785: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” –Technical concept

ISO 14223: “Radio-frequency identification of animals” –Advanced transponders

U.S. standard 125 kHz

At these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, blood, and water

Electronic Passports

Dept. of State begins issuing e-passports Aug. 14, 2006

Contactless chip in rear cover ISO 14443

Name, date of birth, gender, place of birth, dates of passport issuance and expiration, passport number, digital image of the bearer’s photograph stored electronically

Digital photograph is used as biometric identifier

Anti-skimming material in cover to prevent unauthorized reading when it is closed

Eavesdropping prevented by reading machine readable key inside passport to unlock chip

Randomized unique identification (RUID) to prevent tracking

Information signed with a digital signature

New industry for wallet makers creating Faraday cages for passports

26

RFID Implants

BeforeAfter

VeriChip

Human implantable RFID tag operating at about 134 KHz because at these frequencies the RF can penetrate mud, blood, and water

Healthcare applications Implanted medical device identification

Emergency access to patient-supplied health information

Portable medical records access including insurance information

In-hospital patient identification

Medical facility connectivity via patient

Disease/treatment management of at-risk populations

Implant V1

Implant V2

Logistics

Tracking and tracing

Inventory management

Automated goods receiving and shipment

27

RFID-based Logistics

Video demo

NTTコムウェア、RFIDを利用した来場者動線分析サービスを提供

イベント会場などで、来場者にセミアクティブタグを携行してもらい、会場に設置したRFID機器が、入退場時間記録や、ポイントごとの滞留時間の記録データを自動的に収集する。

RFID-based User Location Information

Ｌｉｎｋ

Supply Chain Management (SCM) RFID adds visibility as the items flow through the supply chain from

the manufacturer, shippers, distributors, and retailers.

Factory

Warehouse

Store

Raw Materials

YOU

A Supply Chain

Reduce Cost

Enhance Competitiveness

EPC-based SCM Scenario

Event

Registries

Search &

Discovery

Secure Internet Exchange

EPC

MW

EPC

IS

EPC Gen2

Reader

Internal Systems

ERP, WMS, etc.

Enterprise

System

EPC Gen2

Tags with EPC

EPC

MW

EPC

IS

Internal Systems

ERP, WMS, etc.

Enterprise

System

ONS

Authentication

Authorisation

EPC Gen2

Reader

EPC Gen2

Tags with EPC

EPC-based SCM System

Reduce

Cost

Automation

Increased

Outcome

Increased

Visibility

Higher

Quality

Increase

Security

Tracking

Traceability

Control

Authentication

Fulfill

Require

mentsLaw

Mandate

Generate

ValueNew

Service

New

Product

Feature

CRM

Hard

Soft

RFID Benefits and Issues

Some Challenges and Concerns about RFID

RFID and Smartphone: V1, V2, V3

RFID vs NFC

RFID

Difference

NFC

RFID NFC

RFID

Difference

NFC

Access the following websites to learn more about RFID

products, systems, standards, technologies, applications,

and problems such as security and privacy.

RFIDソリューション : 富士通

RFID活用ソリューション: ソリューション・サービス | NEC

A Summary of RFID Standards - RFID Journal

EPCglobal website

JAISA (社)日本自動認識システム協会

RFID Applications and Solutions: Overview

Others you like Important to get materials from Web!!

Homework