lecture 4 2014 final... · microsoft powerpoint - lecture 4 2014 final author: tljones created...
TRANSCRIPT
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ANTHROPOLOGY 202 October 1, 2014An Introduction to World Prehistory
IV. The Beginning: AfricaB. The Fossil record (Pre-Homo)C. The Artifact RecordD. LifewaysE. Early Homo
V. Out of Africa: Middle Homo
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WELCOME BACK BBQSOCIAL SCIENCES STUDENTS
FRIDAY OCTOBER 4 5:00-7:30 PM
Dr. Keese’s BEACH HOUSE, 234 Front Street
Avila Beach
Directions and SIGN-UP In Department Office Building 47 Room 13
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ANT 202 Wednesday October 1, 2014
STUDENTS WITH LAST NAMES L-RPLEASE
STAY FOR A DEMONSTRATION AT THE END OF CLASS
ALL OTHER STUDENTS WILL BE DISMISSED
10-15 minutes Early!!
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Walking like a Human
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Common human Chimp Ancestor5-7 MYA
Ardipithecus (4.5 MYA)
Australopithecus
Chimp
Hominidae Family
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis 6-7 MYA
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Cranial Capacity:
Modern Chimp 350-400 cc
Modern Human 1400 cc
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
MYA
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
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Woman of the Year 2009 Ardipithecus ramidusor “Ardi”
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Ardipithecusramidus
4.4 MYA
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Artist’s Reconstruction Ardipithecus ramidus or “Ardi”4.4 MYA
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“Ardi” discovered by Tim White, UC Berkeley
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Walking like a Human
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Finds of Ardipithecus
ramidus
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
Australopithecus afarensis“Lucy”
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Defining traits of Australopithecus:
BipedalismSmall brainsLarge cheek teeth
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Finds of Ardipithecus
ramidus
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A. afarensisor
“Lucy”
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Australopithecus afarensis best representedby “Lucy” 3.2 MYA
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(a) Size variation
(b) Bipedal
(c) Prognathic
(d) Chimp-like brain
(e) No tools
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Hominin footprints at Laetoli 3.5 MYA
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
Australopithecus afarensis“Lucy”
Australopithecusafricanus
(Gracile line) Robust australopithecinesRobust line
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Australopithecus africanus 3.0-2.5 MYAbest represented by the Taung Baby
from South Africa
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Raymond Dart with the “Taung Baby” Fossil
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Australopithecus africanus 3.0-2.5 MYAbest represented by the Taung Baby
from South Africa
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The Piltdown Hoax: Greatest Scientific Fraud of the 20th century?
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
Australopithecus afarensis“Lucy”
Australopithecusafricanus
(Gracile line) Robust australopithecinesRobust line
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Louis and Mary Leakey Early 1960s Africa
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Robust Australopithecines 3-1 MYA
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Robust Australopithecine
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Gracile line Robust Line
A. africanus A. boisei3.0-2.5 mya 3.0-1.0 myaSlightly larger brain 435-530 cc 500-530Less prognathic Large molarsLarge molars Sagittal crest
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Australopithecus garhi 2.5 MYA: at Kada Gona,Ethiopia Found by Tim White The first tool user?
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“So what’s this? I asked for a hammer! A hammer! This is a crescent wrench!… Well, maybe it’s a hammer…
Damn these stone tools.”
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Terms related to early Stone Tools:
Core: The objective piece (The piece that is struck)
Flake: Thin piece that is removed
Hammerstone: The stone used to hammer
Pebble Tool: Pebble from which two or three flakes wereremoved to make a tool
Oldowon Tool: Pebble Tools like those found at Olduvai Gorgeand near Australopithecus garhi
Basal Paleolithic: 2.5-1.8 MYA Period marked by Oldowon toolsand flakes
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
Australopithecus afarensis“Lucy”
Australopithecusafricanus
(Gracile line) Robust australopithecinesRobust lineA. garhi
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Early hominins: Hunters or Scavengers?
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Raymond Dart: The “Killer Ape Hypothesis”
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C. K. BrainInsideThe CaveAt Sterkfontein
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C.K. BrainInsideThe CaveAt Sterkfontein
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
Australopithecus afarensis“Lucy”
Australopithecusafricanus
(Gracile line)
Robust australopithecinesRobust lineA. garhi
Homohabilis2.5-2.0
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4. The Human Genus: Homo
a. Defining traits of Homo:
Cranial capacity > 600 ccLess prognathic
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b. Homo habilis 2.5-2.0 MYA
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Olduvai Gorge
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Louis and Mary Leakey Early 1960s atOlduvai Gorge
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VI Out of Africa: Middle Homo (Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and the Dmanisi skulls)
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A Simplified Phylogeny of Early Hominins
Sahelathropus tchadensis
Ardipithecus ramidus“Ardi”
MYA
Australopithecus afarensis“Lucy”
Australopithecusafricanus
(Gracile line)
Robust australopithecinesRobust lineA. garhi
Homohabilis
2.5-2.0
Homo ergaster
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A. Classification of the species
Early Homo= Homo habilis 2.5-2.0 MYA Cranial capacity: 600 cc
Middle Homo= Homo ergaster 1.8- 0.2 MYA Cranial capacity: 800-1000 cc
Late Homo = Homo sapiens >1200 cc
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B. Traits of Homo ergaster:
•Very robust
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B. Traits of Homo ergaster:
•Very robust•Cranial capacity •800-1000 cc
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B. Traits of Homo ergaster:
•Very robust•Cranial capacity• 800-1000 cc•Massive supraorbital tori(brow ridges)
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B. Traits of Homo ergaster:
•Very robust•Cranial capacity• 800-1000 cc•Massive supraorbital tori(brow ridges)•Thick cranial wall
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B. Traits of Homo ergaster:
•Very robust•Cranial capacity •800-1000 cc•Massive supraorbital tori(brow ridges)•Thick cranial wall•Almost no forehead
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B. Traits of Homo ergaster:
•Very robust•Cranial capacity• 800-1000 cc•Massive supraorbital tori(brow ridges)•Thick cranial wall•Almost no forehead•No chin
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B. Traits of Homo ergaster:
•Very robust•Cranial capacity •800-1000 cc•Massive supraorbital tori(brow ridges)•Thick cranial wall•Almost no forehead•No chin•Almost fully modern post-cranially (below the neck)—indistinguishable from modern humans
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Forehead
Chin
Comparison with Homo sapiens sapiens
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An IntroductionTo LithicTechnology