lecture 2c 16 january 2015 ingestion digestion absorption metabolism transport excretion common...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 2c 16 January 2015
IngestionDigestionAbsorptionMetabolismTransportExcretionCommon digestive tract problems
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Overview of lecture 2c
1) ingestion 2) digestion3) absorption4) transport5) metabolism6) excretion7) regulation of IDATME8) common digestive tract disorders
-dysregulation of IDATME
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INGESTION
a) Mouth-open, chew and swallow
b) Tube feeding c) IV and catheter
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DIGESTIONa) Sequencing of eventsb) Digestion -process by which food is broken down into absorbable units -anatomy
-function of each of anatomical parts-figure 3-1 Rolfes et al-mechanics
-muscular action of digestion-peristalsis-stomach action-segmentation
http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=1&debug=0
-sphincters-secretions of digestion
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Fig. 3-1, p. 71
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digestive glands/secretions (enzymes)-saliva-gastric – water, HCl and pepsin-proteins-pancreatic juice/intestinal enzymes
carbohydraseslipasesproteases
summary of digestive secretions-pg 74-76
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E:\Media\Animations\chapter3\Digestive_Sandwich\0308.html
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Absorption
1) define-passage of nutrients from gi tract into blood or lymph
A) simple diffusion-water small lipids/fat solublevitamins
B) facilitated diffusion-fructose/water soluble vitamins
C) active transport-glucose/amino acidsdo not confuse active transport with the transport
discussed below
2) anatomy-goblet cells/crypts/villi and microvilli
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Fig. 3-10, p. 79
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Transport
defined
getting nutrients, via blood or lymphatic systems,
to where needed (W)when needed (W)in the form needed (F)and in the correct quantities needed (Q)
WWFQ
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anatomy of transport
two routes
-blood and lymph
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Anatomy BLOOD ROUTE
Heart to artery to capillaries (intestine) to vein to capillaries (liver)–in liver get detoxification and preparation of nutrients for body use-vein to heart from liver for distribution to the rest of the body .
water soluble nutrients and smaller products of fat digestion go this route
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Lymph route
Lymph (tissue spaces to blood) intestine to heart directly for distribution to rest of body
-larger fat digestion products and fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
use this route
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E:\Media\Animations\chapter3\Vascular_System\311.html
file:///E:/Media/Animations/chapter3/Vascular_System/311.html
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Metabolism
Building up - requires energy
Tearing down- gives energy
Tearing down-provides building blocks to build up
-also leads to excretion
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Excretion-in whole or as a metabolite
-urine-protein (urea), minerals, water, carbohydrate, vitamins
-feces-carbohydrates, lipid, vitamins, protein, water, minerals
-sweat-minerals,water-saliva?-minerals?, carbohydrates?,
lipids?, protein?, water?, vitamins?
-breathing-O2 and CO2
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Regulation of IDATME-pgs 83-86 Rolfes et al.
-all hinges on homeostasishomeostasis-maintenance of constant internal conditionshomeostasis can be disrupted by physical immaturity,
aging, illness, nutrition
-stomach pH homeostasis – pH 1.5-hormonalregulation-important for digestion
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Regulation of IDATME
Digestion regulation
Pyloric sphincter
hold food ready for duodenum duodenum has pH sensors -too acid-close pyloric sphincter
and bicarbonate added to chymemaking chyme neutral and thenpyloric sphincter opens again
why? -pH important for enzyme function
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Regulation of IDATME
Digestion regulation continued
hormonal regulation of 3 types of enzymes- type and amount of enzymesfrom pancreas
bile-fat emulsion-amount under hormonal regulation
fat slows peristalsis-hormonal
digestion regulation leads to absorption regulation
leads totransport regulation
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Regulation of IDATME
•Ingestion regulates digestion •Digestion regulates absorption•Absorption regulates transport•Transport regulates metabolism (WWFQ)•Metabolism regulates excretion
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Common digestive problemschoking- epiglottis-tough meats, hot dogs, nuts, grapes
carrots, hard candies, popcorn and peanut butter
vomiting-cause-gastric irritation -effects are : dehydration
: nutrient loss (salts) : teeth damage if excessive
(bulimia) : aspiration
-solution-replace salts/fluids by oral or IV
diarrhea-cause-infection, drugs, sorbitol, olestra, colitis -effects-if not reversed get dehydration and nutrient loss -solutions-oral or IV replacement of fluid and
nutrients with low fat small mealsand a gradual increase in fibre
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Common digestive problemsconstipation-cause-failure to respond to defecation
signal -lack of activity (intestinal muscle tone) -medications -tumours
-solution-eat fibre(eg prunes)- attracts water -drink more water -eat fat- bile produced-attracts water
belching -cause-swallowing air, gallbladder disease or peptic ulcer
-solution-medical treatment of cause
gas-cause-carbohydrate rich diet with partial digestion of fibre ingut and rest goes to bacteria that make gas
-solution-change diet
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Common digestive problems
heartburn and acid indigestioncause-acid reflux-anatomical defect
-eat or drink too much -chew too little -smoking
-solution- if not an anatomical defect- eliminate other causes
ulcers-gastric or peptic (duodenal)-cell erosion -cause-not stress or spicy foods -H. pylori story
-AIDS drugs
-solution-avoid pertinent infections
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disorders causing excessive gastric acid secretion
treat via- antibiotics
- withdrawl of offending foods
-withdrawal of caffeine or
alcohol on acase by case basis
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Next lecture
Carbohydrates-structure and classification
-IDATME of carbohydrate